TEDxRotterdam 2010
Bart Weetjens: How I taught rats to sniff out land mines
Bart Weetjens: Kako sam podučio pacove da nanjuše mine
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Na TEDxRotterdam, Bart Weetjens govori o svom izuzetnom projektu: podučavanju pacova da nanjuše mine. On pokazuje video snimke svojih "pacova-heroja" u akciji, i najavljuje svoj rad ovako: podučavam ih da otkriju tuberkulozu u laboratoriji.
Bart Weetjens - Product developer
The founder of Apopo, Bart Weetjens, is training rats to detect landmine explosives in minute amounts. Full bio
The founder of Apopo, Bart Weetjens, is training rats to detect landmine explosives in minute amounts. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:16
I'm here today to share with you
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Došao sam da sa vama podjelim
00:18
an extraordinary journey --
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izuzetno iskustvo --
00:20
extraordinarily rewarding journey, actually --
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izuzetno bogato iskustvo, ustvari --
00:23
which brought me into
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preko kojeg sam došao do
00:25
training rats
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treniranja pacova
00:27
to save human lives
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za spašavanje ljudskih života
00:29
by detecting landmines
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time što pronalaze mine
00:31
and tuberculosis.
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i tuberkulozu.
00:33
As a child, I had two passions.
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Kao dijete sam imao dvije strasti.
00:36
One was a passion for rodents.
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Jedna je bila strast za glodarima.
00:39
I had all kinds of rats,
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Imao sam više vrsta pacova,
00:41
mice, hamsters,
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miševa, hrčaka,
00:43
gerbils, squirrels.
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gerbila (skočimiš), vjeverica.
00:45
You name it, I bred it, and I sold them to pet shops.
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Date mu ime, uzgojite ga, i prodate - kao što sam ja uradio.
00:48
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
00:50
I also had a passion for Africa.
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I Afrika je bila moja strast.
00:53
Growing up in a multicultural environment,
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Kako sam odrastao u multikulturnom okruženju,
00:55
we had African students in the house,
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kući su me posjećivali afrički studenti
00:57
and I learned about their stories,
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i ja sam učio o njihovim pričama
00:59
so different backgrounds,
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i njihovom različitom porijeklu,
01:01
dependency on imported know-how,
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ovisnosti o uvoznom znanju,
01:04
goods, services,
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dobrima, uslugama,
01:06
exuberant cultural diversity.
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o bogatim kulturnim razlikama.
01:09
Africa was truly fascinating for me.
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Afrika me istinski fascinirala.
01:11
I became an industrial engineer,
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Postao sam inženjer,
01:13
engineer in product development,
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inženjer za razvoj proizvoda.
01:15
and I focused on appropriate detection technologies,
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Fokusirao sam se na minimalističku tehnologiju za detekciju,
01:18
actually the first appropriate technologies
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zapravo prvu takvu
01:20
for developing countries.
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za zemlje u razvoju.
01:23
I started working in the industry,
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Počeo sam raditi u toj industriji
01:25
but I wasn't really happy to contribute
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ali nisam bio sretan što
01:27
to a material consumer society
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doprinosim materijalističkom društvu
01:30
in a linear, extracting
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na linearan, izrabljivački
01:33
and manufacturing mode.
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i proizvodni način.
01:35
I quit my job to focus on the real world problem:
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Dao sam otkaz kako bih se posvetio stvarnom svjetskom problemu:
01:37
landmines.
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minama.
01:40
We're talking '95 now.
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Govorimo o '95. godini.
01:43
Princess Diana is announcing on TV
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Princeza Diana na televiziji najavljuje
01:46
that landmines form a structural barrier
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da mine čine prepreku
01:48
to any development, which is really true.
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bilo kakvom razvoju, što je uistinu tako.
01:51
As long as these devices are there,
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Dok god su te naprave tu
01:53
or there is suspicion of landmines,
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ili postoji sumnja o postojanju mina,
01:55
you can't really enter into the land.
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ne možete ući na to tlo.
01:57
Actually, there was an appeal worldwide
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Postojala je molba
01:59
for new detectors
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za novim detektorima
02:02
sustainable in the environments
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u održivim okolinama
02:04
where they're needed to produce,
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gdje su potrebni za proizvodnju,
02:06
which is mainly in the developing world.
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što je većim dijelom u zemljama u razvoju.
02:08
We chose rats.
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Mi smo izabrali pacove.
02:10
Why would you choose rats?
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Zašto biste izabrali pacove?
02:12
Because, aren't they vermin?
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Jer su štetočini?
02:14
Well, actually rats are,
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Pacovi su, ustvari,
02:16
in contrary to what most people think about them,
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za razliku od onoga što većina misli o njima,
02:18
rats are highly sociable creatures.
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druželjubiva stvorenja.
02:22
And actually, our product -- what you see here.
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I, ustvari, naš proizvod - kao što možete vidjeti.
02:25
There's a target somewhere here.
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Tu negdje postoji meta.
02:27
You see an operator, a trained African
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Vidite operatera, obučenog afrikanca
02:29
with his rats in front
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sa svojim pacovima ispred
02:31
who actually are left and right.
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koji su ustvari s lijeva i desna.
02:33
There, the animal finds a mine.
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Vidite, životinja je našla minu.
02:35
It scratches on the soil.
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Grebe po površini, i
02:37
And the animal comes back for a food reward.
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vraća se po hranu, njegovu nagradu.
02:40
Very, very simple.
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Veoma, veoma jednostavno.
02:42
Very sustainable in this environment.
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Veoma održivo u ovoj okolini.
02:45
Here, the animal gets its food reward.
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Vidite, pacov dobija svoju nagradu.
02:48
And that's how it works.
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I ovako sve funkcioniše.
02:50
Very, very simple.
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Krajnje jednostavno.
02:52
Now why would you use rats?
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Ali, zašto biste koristili pacove?
02:54
Rats have been used since the '50s last century,
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Oni se koriste već od 50-ih godina prošlog stoljeća,
02:56
in all kinds of experiments.
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u eksperimentima svih vrsta.
02:59
Rats have more genetic material
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Pacovi imaju više genetskog materijala
03:02
allocated to olfaction
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posvećenog čulu mirisa
03:04
than any other mammal species.
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nego ijedna vrsta sisara.
03:06
They're extremely sensitive to smell.
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Krajnje su osjetljivi na miris.
03:09
Moreover, they have the mechanisms to map all these smells
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Štaviše, u mogućnosti su locirati te mirise
03:12
and to communicate about it.
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i komunicirati putem njih.
03:15
Now how do we communicate with rats?
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Ali, kako mi komuniciramo s pacovima?
03:17
Well don't talk rat,
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Pa, mi ne pričamo njihov jezik
03:20
but we have a clicker,
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ali imamo kliker,
03:22
a standard method for animal training,
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standardni metod dresiranja životinja.
03:24
which you see there.
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Vidite to ovdje.
03:26
A clicker, which makes a particular sound
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Kliker koji proizvodi određeni zvuk
03:29
with which you can reinforce particular behaviors.
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kojim možete pojačati određene sheme ponašanja.
03:32
First of all, we associate the click sound with a food reward,
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Prije svega, mi povežemo zvuk klika sa nagradom,
03:35
which is smashed banana and peanuts together in a syringe.
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što je gnječena banana i kikiriki u šprici.
03:39
Once the animal knows click, food,
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Onda kada životinja shvati niz klik, hrana,
03:41
click, food, click, food --
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klik, hrana, klik, hrana --
03:43
so click is food --
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da klik znači hranu --
03:45
we bring it in a cage with a hole,
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mi je uvedemo u kavez sa rupom
03:47
and actually the animal learns
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gdje životinja nauči
03:49
to stick the nose in the hole
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da stavi svoj nos u rupu
03:51
under which a target scent is placed,
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ispod koje je smješten miris mete.
03:53
and to do that for five seconds --
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On to radi pet sekundi --
03:55
five seconds, which is long for a rat.
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pet sekundi, što je dugo za jednog pacova.
03:57
Once the animal knows this, we make the task a bit more difficult.
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Kad životinja nauči ovo, zadatak učinimo malo težim.
04:00
It learns how to find the target smell
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Pacov nauči da pronađe miris mete
04:03
in a cage with several holes, up to 10 holes.
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u kavezu sa više rupa -- do 10 rupa.
04:06
Then the animal learns
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Onda životinja nauči
04:08
to walk on a leash in the open
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da hoda na uzici na otvorenom
04:10
and find targets.
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i da pronalazi mete.
04:12
In the next step, animals learn
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Sljedeći korak je da životinja nauči
04:15
to find real mines in real minefields.
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da pronađe stvarne mine u stvarnim minskim poljima.
04:17
They are tested and accredited
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One se testiraju i akreditiraju
04:20
according to International Mine Action Standards,
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prema Međunarodnom Standardu za Mine,
04:22
just like dogs have to pass a test.
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kao što psi moraju položiti test.
04:25
This consists of 400 square meters.
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Veličina polja je 400 kvadratnih metara
04:27
There's a number of mines
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gdje je nekoliko mina
04:30
placed blindly,
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postavljeno nasumično
04:32
and the team of trainer and their rat
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a tim, trener i njegov pacov,
04:35
have to find all the targets.
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mora naći sve mete.
04:39
If the animal does that, it gets a license
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Ukoliko životinja ovo uspije, dobija licencu
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as an accredited animal
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čime se akredituje
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to be operational in the field --
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za rad na polju --
04:46
just like dogs, by the way.
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baš kao psi,
04:48
Maybe one slight difference:
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uz malu razliku:
04:50
we can train rats at a fifth of the price
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pacovi se mogu izdresirati za peti dio cijene
04:53
of training the mining dog.
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za koju se psi demineri dresiraju.
04:55
This is our team in Mozambique:
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Ovo je naš tim u Mozambiku:
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one Tanzanian trainer,
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jedan tanzanijski trener
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who transfers the skills
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koji prenosi vještine
05:01
to these three Mozambican fellows.
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ovoj trojici kolega iz Mozambika.
05:03
And you should see the pride in the eyes of these people.
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I trebali biste vidjeti ponos u očima tih ljudi.
05:06
They have a skill,
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Imaju vještinu
05:08
which makes them much less dependent
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koja ih čini manje ovisnim
05:10
on foreign aid.
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o stranoj pomoći.
05:12
Moreover, this small team
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Štaviše, ovaj mali tim,
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together with, of course, you need the heavy vehicles
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pored teških vozila, treba
05:18
and the manual de-miners to follow-up.
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i deminere da posao privedu kraju.
05:21
But with this small investment in a rat capacity,
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Ovom malom investicijom u dresiranje pacova
05:24
we have demonstrated in Mozambique
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u Mozambiku smo pokazali da
05:27
that we can reduce the cost-price per square meter
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možemo smanjiti cijenu po kvadratnom metru
05:30
up to 60 percent
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za 60 posto
05:32
of what is currently normal --
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od onog što se trenutno ostvaruje.
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two dollars per square meter, we do it at $1.18,
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Sa dva dolara, troškove smanjujemo na 1,18
05:36
and we can still bring that price down.
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i možemo još niže.
05:38
Question of scale.
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Pitanje obima.
05:40
If you can bring in more rats,
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Ako uključimo više pacova,
05:42
we can actually make the output even bigger.
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možemo povećati učinkovitost.
05:44
We have a demonstration site in Mozambique.
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U Mozambiku imamo mjesto za demonstraciju.
05:47
Eleven African governments
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Jedanaest afričkih vlada
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have seen that they can become less dependent
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je uvidjelo da mogu postati manje ovisnim
05:53
by using this technology.
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koristeći ovu tehnologiju.
05:55
They have signed the pact for peace
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Oni su potpisali pakt o sigurnosti
05:57
and treaty in the Great Lakes region,
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i stabilnosti u regiji Great Lakes (Velika Jezera).
06:00
and they endorse hero rats
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Ove vlade podržavaju pacove-heroje
06:03
to clear their common borders of landmines.
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kako bi se zajedničke granice očistile od mina.
06:06
But let me bring you to a very different problem.
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Dopustite mi da vas upoznam sa potpuno drugačijim problemom.
06:09
And there's about 6,000 people last year
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Oko 6.000 ljudi je prošle godine
06:11
that walked on a landmine,
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nagazilo na mine,
06:13
but worldwide last year,
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ali je u isto vrijeme u čitavom svijetu
06:15
almost 1.9 million died from tuberculosis
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skoro 1,9 miliona ljudi umrlo od tubrkuloze
06:17
as a first cause of infection.
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kao prvog uzroka infekcije -
06:21
Especially in Africa
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naročito u Africi.
06:23
where T.B. and HIV are strongly linked,
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Tamo su TBC i HIV snažno povezani
06:26
there is a huge common problem.
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što čini veliki problem.
06:31
Microscopy, the standard WHO procedure,
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Uobičajeni postupak Svjetske zdravstvene oraganizacije,
06:34
reaches from 40 to 60 percent reliability.
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mikroskopija, dostiže pouzdanost od 40 do 60 posto.
06:38
In Tanzania -- the numbers don't lie --
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U Tanzaniji se kod samo 45 posto ljudi
06:41
45 percent of people -- T.B. patients --
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uspije dijagnosticirati TBC prije nego umru --
06:44
get diagnosed with T.B. before they die.
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a brojevi ne lažu.
06:48
It means that, if you have T.B.,
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To znači da, ako imate TBC
06:51
you have more chance that you won't be detected,
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postoji veća mogućnost da vam se neće otkriti
06:53
but will just die from T.B. secondary infections and so on.
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tako da ćete jednostavno umrijeti od sekundarnih posljedica TBCa.
07:00
And if, however,
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Ako vam se ipak
07:02
you are detected very early, diagnosed early,
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bolest dijagnosticira vrlo rano
07:04
treatment can start,
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liječenje može početi --
07:06
and even in HIV-positives, it makes sense.
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čak kod HIV pozitivnih ljudi to ima smisla.
07:09
You can actually cure T.B.,
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Možete, ustvari, izliječiti TBC --
07:11
even in HIV-positives.
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čak i HIV.
07:14
So in our common language, Dutch,
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U našem jeziku, holandskom,
07:17
the name for T.B.
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naziv za TBC
07:19
is "tering,"
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je ''tering''
07:21
which, etymologically,
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što se etimološki
07:23
refers to the smell of tar.
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odnosi na miris katrana.
07:26
Already the old Chinese
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Još su stari kinezi
07:28
and the Greek, Hippocrates,
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i grci, Hipokrat,
07:31
have actually published,
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objavili i dokumentovali
07:33
documented, that T.B. can be diagnosed
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da se TBC može dijagnosticirati
07:36
based on the volatiles
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na kratkotrajnim izlučevinama
07:38
exuding from patients.
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koje pacijenti proizvode.
07:41
So what we did is we collected some samples --
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Mi smo skupili uzorke
07:43
just as a way of testing --
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iz bolnica --
07:45
from hospitals,
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kao obično testiranje,
07:47
trained rats on them
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dresirali pacove na njima
07:50
and see if this works,
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da vidimo da li funkcioniše --
07:52
and wonder, well,
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i uspjeli smo.
07:54
we can reach 89 percent sensitivity,
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Možemo dostići 89 posto osjetiljivosti
07:56
86 percent specificity
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i 86 posto specifičnosti
07:58
using multiple rats in a row.
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koristeći više pacova zaredom.
08:00
This is how it works,
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Ovako to funkcioniše,
08:03
and really, this is a generic technology.
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i ovo je zapravo generička tehnologija.
08:06
We're talking now explosives, tuberculosis,
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Ovdje govorimo o eksplozivima i tuberkulozi
08:09
but can you imagine,
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ali, zamislite,
08:11
you can actually put anything under there.
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možete staviti bilo šta ovdje ispod.
08:13
So how does it work?
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Dakle, kako ovo radi?
08:15
You have a cassette with 10 samples.
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Imate kasetu sa 10 uzoraka.
08:17
You put these 10 samples at once in the cage.
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Stavite tih 10 uzoraka odjednom u kavez.
08:20
An animal only needs two hundredths of a second
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Životinji treba tek dvjestoti dio sekunde
08:22
to discriminate the scent, so it goes extremely fast.
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da prepozna miris -- ide, dakle, veoma brzo.
08:25
Here it's already at the third sample.
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Ovdje je pacov već kod trećeg uzorka.
08:28
This is a positive sample.
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Ovaj uzorak je pozitivan,
08:32
It gets a click sound and comes for the food reward.
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nakon kog životinja čuje ''klik'' i dolazi po nagradu.
08:37
And by doing so, very fast,
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Radeći ovo, veoma brzo
08:39
we can have like a second-line opinion
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možemo doći do, neke vrste, drugogstepenog mišljenja
08:42
to see which patients are positive,
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kako bi se utvrdilo koji su pacijenti pozitivni,
08:44
which are negative.
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a koji negativni.
08:47
Just as an indication,
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Poređenja radi,
08:49
whereas a microscopist can process
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dok mikroskopist može provjeriti
08:51
40 samples in a day,
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40 uzoraka na dan,
08:53
a rat can process
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pacov može provjeriti
08:55
the same amount of samples
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isti broj uzoraka
08:57
in seven minutes only.
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za samo sedam minuta.
08:59
A cage like this --
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U kavezu poput ovoga --
09:01
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
09:06
A cage like this -- provided that you have rats,
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U kavezu poput ovoga, ako imate pacove,
09:09
and we have now currently
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a mi trenutno imamo
09:11
25 tuberculosis rats --
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25 pacova za TBC,
09:13
a cage like this, operating throughout the day,
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možete provjeriti 1.680 uzoraka,
09:16
can process 1,680 samples.
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radite li čitav dan.
09:21
Can you imagine the potential offspring applications --
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Možete li zamisliti šta može potencijalno proizaći iz ovog?
09:24
environmental detection
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Detekcija štetnih tvari
09:26
of pollutants in soils,
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u zemlji.
09:28
customs applications,
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Na carini,
09:30
detection of illicit goods in containers and so on.
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za detekciju nelegalnih dobara u kontejnerima itd.
09:34
But let's stick first to tuberculosis.
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Ali zadržimo se na tuberkulozi.
09:36
I just want to briefly highlight,
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Želim vrlo kratko naglasiti --
09:38
the blue rods
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plavi stupci
09:40
are the scores of microscopy only
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su rezultati mikroskopa
09:42
at the five clinics in Dar es Salaam
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na samo pet klinika u Dar es Salaamu
09:45
on a population of 500,000 people,
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na populaciji od 500.000 ljudi
09:47
where 15,000 reported to get a test done.
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gdje je testirano njih 15.000.
09:50
Microscopy for 1,800 patients.
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Mikroskopija za 1.800 pacijenata.
09:53
And by just presenting the samples once more to the rats
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A, time što smo uzorke ponovo dali pacovima
09:57
and looping those results back,
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i ponovo razmotrili rezultate
10:00
we were able to increase case detection rates
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povećali smo učinkovitost otkirvanja
10:02
by over 30 percent.
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za preko 30 posto.
10:04
Throughout last year,
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Tokom prošle godine --
10:06
we've been -- depending on which intervals you take --
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ovisno od intervala koje uzimate --
10:08
we've been consistently
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dosljedno smo povećavali
10:10
increasing case detection rates
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broj otkrivenih uzoraka
10:12
in five hospitals in Dar es Salaam
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u pet bolnica u Dar es Salaamu
10:14
between 30 and 40 percent.
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između 30 i 40 posto.
10:17
So this is really considerable.
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Ovo je, dakle, veoma značajno.
10:19
Knowing that a missed patient by microscopy
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Znajući da jedna osoba koju mikroskopija ne otkrije
10:21
infects up to 15 people,
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zarazi do 15 ljudi,
10:23
healthy people, per year,
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zdravih ljudi, tokom jedne godine,
10:25
you can be sure
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možete biti sigurni
10:27
that we have saved lots of lives.
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da smo spasili mnogo života.
10:29
At least our hero rats have saved lots of lives.
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Bar su to učinili naši pacovi-heroji.
10:32
The way forward for us
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Sljedeći naš korak bi bio
10:34
is now to standardize this technology.
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da standardiziramo ovu tehnologiju.
10:36
And there are simple things
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Jednostavne stvari
10:38
like, for instance, we have a small laser in the sniffer hole
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kao, na primjer, mali laser u rupi
10:42
where the animal has to stick for five seconds.
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gdje životinja stavlja svoj nos na pet sekundi.
10:44
So, to standardize this.
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Dakle, standardizacija ovoga.
10:46
Also, to standardize the pellets,
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Također, standardizacija pilula,
10:48
the food rewards,
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nagradne hrane,
10:50
and to semi-automate this
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i poluautomatizovati ovo
10:52
in order to replicate this on a much larger scale
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kako bismo ovo mogli podići na veću razinu
10:55
and affect the lives of many more people.
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i utjecati na živote još više ljudi.
10:58
To conclude, there are also other applications at the horizon.
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Mogu zaključiti da mogu postojati i druge aplikacije ovoga.
11:01
Here is a first prototype
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Ovo je prvi prototip
11:03
of our camera rat,
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našeg ''pacova-kamermana''
11:05
which is a rat with a rat backpack
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što je ustvari pacov sa ruksakom
11:07
with a camera that can go under rubble
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s kamerom koja može ići ispod ruševina
11:09
to detect for victims
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da pronađe žrtve
11:11
after earthquake and so on.
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poslije zemljotresa itd.
11:13
This is in a prototype stage.
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Ovo je faza prototipa.
11:15
We don't have a working system here yet.
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Kod ovog još nemamo sistem koji bi radio.
11:18
To conclude, I would actually like to say,
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U zaključku bih želio reći,
11:21
you may think this is about rats, these projects,
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pomislit ćete da je o pacovima ili ovim projektima,
11:23
but in the end it is about people.
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ali je se u konačnici radi o ljudima.
11:25
It is about empowering vulnerable communities
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Radi se o davanju snage ranjivim zajednicama
11:27
to tackle difficult, expensive
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kako bi se nosili sa skupim
11:30
and dangerous humanitarian detection tasks,
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i opasnim humanitarnim zadacima detekcije
11:33
and doing that with a local resource,
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i to domaćim resursima
11:36
plenty available.
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kojih dosta ima.
11:38
So something completely different
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Dakle nešto posve drugačije je
11:41
is to keep on challenging your perception
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da nastavite izazivati vlastitu percepciju
11:44
about the resources surrounding you,
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o resursima oko vas
11:47
whether they are environmental,
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bilo da se radi o okolišu,
11:50
technological, animal, or human.
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tehnologiji, životinjama ili ljudima --
11:55
And to respectfully harmonize with them
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i, da se uljudno uskladimo sa ovim resursima
11:58
in order to foster a sustainable work.
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kako bismo stimulirali održiv rad.
12:01
Thank you very much.
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Hvala vam.
12:03
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Bart Weetjens - Product developerThe founder of Apopo, Bart Weetjens, is training rats to detect landmine explosives in minute amounts.
Why you should listen
Dutch product designer Bart Weetjens works with locals in Morogoro, Tanzania, to trains rats to do something astonishing: sniff out land mines. (The African giant pouched rat, the species used in the project, is widespread in the region.) The rats that pass the training -- and the same rigorous testing applied to land mine-sniffing canines -- become what Weetjens calls "HeroRATS."
Weetjens and Apopo.org are now applying a similar approach to other fields, training rats to diagnose tuberculosis in hospitals.
Bart Weetjens | Speaker | TED.com