TEDxRainier
Patricia Kuhl: The linguistic genius of babies
Patricia Kuhl: Bebe kao lingvistički genijalci
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Na TEDxRainier, Patricia Kuhl nam predstavlja zapanjujuća otkrića o tome kako bebe uče jedan jezik umesto drugog - tako što slušaju odrasle oko njih i "prave statistiku" glasova koje trebaju da znaju. Inteligentni laboratorijski eksperimenti (i skreniranja mozga) pokazuju da šestomjesečne bebe spoznaju svijet na sofisticiran način.
Patricia Kuhl - Language
Patricia Kuhl studies how we learn language as babies, looking at the ways our brains form around language acquisition. Full bio
Patricia Kuhl studies how we learn language as babies, looking at the ways our brains form around language acquisition. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
I want you to take a look at this baby.
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Pogledajte ovu bebu
00:18
What you're drawn to are her eyes
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Privlače vas njene oči
00:21
and the skin you love to touch.
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i koža koju volite dodirivati.
00:24
But today I'm going to talk to you about something you can't see --
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Ali danas ću vam govoriti o nečemu što se ne vidi,
00:27
what's going on up in that little brain of hers.
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a događa se u njenom malom mozgu.
00:31
The modern tools of neuroscience
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Savremeni alati neuroznanosti
00:33
are demonstrating to us that what's going on up there
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nam pokazuju da ono što se dešava u mozgu
00:36
is nothing short of rocket science.
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nije naučna fantastika.
00:39
And what we're learning
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Ono što saznajemo
00:41
is going to shed some light
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će nam pružiti uvid u
00:43
on what the romantic writers and poets
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ono što su romantični pisci i pjesnici
00:46
described as the "celestial openness"
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opisali kao "božansku otvorenost"
00:49
of the child's mind.
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dječijeg uma.
00:51
What we see here
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Ovdje vidimo
00:53
is a mother in India,
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jednu majku u Indiji,
00:55
and she's speaking Koro,
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koja govori Koro,
00:57
which is a newly discovered language.
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novootkriveni jezik.
00:59
And she's talking to her baby.
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Ona se obraća svojoj bebi na ovom jeziku.
01:01
What this mother --
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Ova majka -
01:03
and the 800 people who speak Koro in the world --
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kao i ostalih 800 ljudi u svijetu koji govore Koro -
01:06
understands [is] that, to preserve this language,
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razumije sljedeće, da bi se jezik očuvao,
01:09
they need to speak it to the babies.
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moramo ga koristiti kada se obraćamo bebama.
01:12
And therein lies a critical puzzle.
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Tu se krije važna zagonetka.
01:15
Why is it that you can't preserve a language
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Zašto se jezik ne može očuvati
01:17
by speaking to you and I, to the adults?
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kroz komunikaciju između nas odraslih?
01:20
Well, it's got to do with your brain.
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Pa, to ima veze sa mozgom.
01:23
What we see here
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Ovdje vidimo
01:25
is that language has a critical period for learning.
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da jezik ima kritični preirod za učenje.
01:28
The way to read this slide is to look at your age on the horizontal axis.
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Na ovom dijapozitivu možemo vidjeti godine na horizontalnoj osi.
01:31
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
01:34
And you'll see on the vertical
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A na vertikalnoj
01:36
your skill at acquiring a second language.
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je vještina u usvajanju drugog jezika.
01:38
Babies and children are geniuses
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Bebe i djeca su geniji
01:40
until they turn seven,
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do svoje sedme godine,
01:42
and then there's a systematic decline.
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a nakon toga slijedi sistematično opadanje.
01:45
After puberty, we fall off the map.
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Nakon puberteta, nema nas više na ovoj mapi.
01:47
No scientists dispute this curve,
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Nijedan naučnik ne osporava ovu krivulju,
01:50
but laboratories all over the world
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ali laboratorije širom svijeta
01:52
are trying to figure out why it works this way.
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pokušavaju odgonetnuti zašto je to tako.
01:55
Work in my lab is focused
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Rad u svojoj laboratoriji sam usmjerila
01:57
on the first critical period in development --
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na prvi kritični period u razvoju -
01:59
and that is the period in which
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period u kome
02:01
babies try to master which sounds are used in their language.
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bebe pokušavaju savladati glasove koji se koriste u njihovom jeziku.
02:04
We think, by studying how the sounds are learned,
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Mislimo da, ako proučimo kako se uče glasovi jezika,
02:07
we'll have a model for the rest of language,
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da ćemo imati model za ostatak jezika,
02:09
and perhaps for critical periods that may exist in childhood
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i za odlučujuće periode koji možda postoje u djetinjstvu
02:12
for social, emotional
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za društveni, emocionalni
02:14
and cognitive development.
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i kognitivni razvoj.
02:16
So we've been studying the babies
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Stoga smo proučavali bebe
02:18
using a technique that we're using all over the world
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koristeći istu tehniku širom svijeta
02:20
and the sounds of all languages.
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i glasove svih jezika.
02:22
The baby sits on a parent's lap,
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Bebe sjede na krilu roditelja,
02:24
and we train them to turn their heads when a sound changes --
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i treniramo ih da okrenu glavu kada se promijeni zvuk -
02:26
like from "ah" to "ee."
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naprimjer, "ee" umjesto "ah".
02:28
If they do so at the appropriate time,
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Ako to urade na vrijeme,
02:30
the black box lights up
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crna kutija zasvijetli
02:32
and a panda bear pounds a drum.
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i plišana panda udari u bubanj.
02:34
A six-monther adores the task.
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Svaki šestomjesečnjak obožava ovaj zadatak.
02:36
What have we learned?
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Šta smo naučili iz ovoga?
02:38
Well, babies all over the world
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Pa, bebe širom svijeta su,
02:40
are what I like to describe
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kako ih ja volim nazvati,
02:42
as "citizens of the world."
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građani svijeta;
02:44
They can discriminate all the sounds of all languages,
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oni mogu razaznati sve glasove svih jezika,
02:47
no matter what country we're testing and what language we're using,
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bez obzira u kojoj zemlji vršimo test i koji jezik koristimo.
02:50
and that's remarkable because you and I can't do that.
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To je značajno jer vi i ja to ne možemo.
02:53
We're culture-bound listeners.
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Mi kao slušaoci zavisimo od kulture.
02:55
We can discriminate the sounds of our own language,
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Mi možemo izdvojiti glasove svog jezika,
02:57
but not those of foreign languages.
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ali ne i stranih jezika.
02:59
So the question arises:
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Stoga se javlja pitanje,
03:01
when do those citizens of the world
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kada građani svijeta
03:03
turn into the language-bound listeners that we are?
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postaju vazani za jezik kojim govore kao i mi?
03:06
And the answer: before their first birthdays.
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A odgovor je: prije prvog rođendana.
03:09
What you see here is performance on that head-turn task
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Ovdje vidite uspjeh na zadatku sa okretanjem glave
03:12
for babies tested in Tokyo and the United States,
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beba testiranih u Tokiju i Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama,
03:14
here in Seattle,
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ovdje u Seattleu,
03:16
as they listened to "ra" and "la" --
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dok su slušali "ra" i "la" -
03:18
sounds important to English, but not to Japanese.
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važne glasove u engleskom, ali ne i u japanskom.
03:21
So at six to eight months the babies are totally equivalent.
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Dakle bebe između šest i osam mjeseci su potpuno jednake.
03:24
Two months later something incredible occurs.
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Dva mjeseca poslije nešto nevjerovatno se dešava.
03:27
The babies in the United States are getting a lot better,
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Bebe u Sjedinjenim Državama su znatno bolje,
03:29
babies in Japan are getting a lot worse,
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a bebe u Japanu lošije,
03:31
but both of those groups of babies
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ali obje grupe beba
03:33
are preparing for exactly the language that they are going to learn.
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se spremaju za upravo onaj jezik koji će učiti.
03:36
So the question is: what's happening
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Stoga se javlja pitanje, šta se dešava
03:39
during this critical two-month period?
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tokom ovog kritičnog dvomjesečnog perioda?
03:41
This is the critical period for sound development,
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Ovo je period u kojem se razvijaju glasovi,
03:43
but what's going on up there?
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ali šta se zapravo dešava?
03:45
So there are two things going on.
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Dešavaju se dvije stvari.
03:47
The first is that the babies are listening intently to us,
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Bebe nas pažljivo slušaju,
03:50
and they're taking statistics as they listen to us talk --
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i one se bave statistikom dok nas slušaju kako pričamo -
03:53
they're taking statistics.
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bave se statistikom.
03:55
So listen to two mothers speaking motherese --
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Zato poslušajte dvije majke kako tepaju -
03:58
the universal language we use when we talk to kids --
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univerzalnim jezikom kojim se obraćamo djeci -
04:01
first in English and then in Japanese.
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prvo na engleskom a onda na japanskom.
04:04
(Video) English Mother: Ah, I love your big blue eyes --
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(Video) Engleska majka: Aah, volim tvoje velike, plave okice -
04:07
so pretty and nice.
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tako su slatke i lijepe.
04:11
Japanese Mother: [Japanese]
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Japanska majka: [Japanski]
04:17
Patricia Kuhl: During the production of speech,
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Patricia Kuhl: Tokom govora,
04:19
when babies listen,
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dok bebe slušaju,
04:21
what they're doing is taking statistics
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one statistički obrađuju
04:23
on the language that they hear.
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jezik koji slušaju.
04:26
And those distributions grow.
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I te distribucije rastu.
04:29
And what we've learned
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I naučili smo
04:31
is that babies are sensitive to the statistics,
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da su bebe osjetljive na statistiku,
04:34
and the statistics of Japanese and English are very, very different.
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i da su statistike japanskog i engleskog veoma različite.
04:37
English has a lot of Rs and Ls.
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Engleski ima mnogo R i L glasova
04:40
The distribution shows.
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kako vidimo iz distribucije.
04:42
And the distribution of Japanese is totally different,
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Distribucija japanskog je potpuno različita,
04:44
where we see a group of intermediate sounds,
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gdje postoji grupa prijelaznih glasova,
04:47
which is known as the Japanese "R."
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poznata kao japansko R.
04:50
So babies absorb
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Stoga bebe upijaju
04:52
the statistics of the language
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statistiku jezika
04:54
and it changes their brains;
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koja mijenja njihov mozak;
04:56
it changes them from the citizens of the world
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mijenja ih od građana svijeta
04:58
to the culture-bound listeners that we are.
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do slušatelja koji zavise od kulture kao i mi.
05:01
But we as adults
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Ali mi kao odrasli
05:03
are no longer absorbing those statistics.
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više ne upijamo tu statistiku.
05:05
We're governed by the representations in memory
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Nas vodi sjećanje
05:08
that were formed early in development.
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formirano u ranoj fazi razvoja.
05:11
So what we're seeing here
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Ova saznanja
05:13
is changing our models of what the critical period is about.
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mijenjaju ono što znamo o kritičnom periodu.
05:16
We're arguing from a mathematical standpoint
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S matematičkog stajališta se može tvrditi
05:19
that the learning of language material may slow down
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da učenje jezika može da uspori
05:22
when our distributions stabilize.
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kada nam se distribucije stabiliziraju.
05:24
It's raising lots of questions about bilingual people.
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To otvara mnogo pitanja o dvojezičnim ljudima.
05:27
Bilinguals must keep two sets of statistics in mind at once
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Oni moraju pohraniti dvije statistike istovremeno
05:31
and flip between them, one after the other,
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i mijenjati ih naizmjenično,
05:34
depending on who they're speaking to.
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u zavisnosti od osobe s kojom pričaju.
05:36
So we asked ourselves,
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Stoga smo se pitali,
05:38
can the babies take statistics on a brand new language?
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mogu li bebe statistički obraditi i potpuno novi jezik?
05:41
And we tested this by exposing American babies
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To smo testirali izlažući američke bebe
05:43
who'd never heard a second language
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koje nikada nisu čule drugi jezik
05:45
to Mandarin for the first time during the critical period.
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mandarinskom po prvi put tokom kritičnog perioda.
05:48
We knew that, when monolinguals were tested
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Kada smo testirali jednojezične bebe
05:50
in Taipei and Seattle on the Mandarin sounds,
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na glasove iz mandarinskog jezika u Tajpeju i Seattleu,
05:53
they showed the same pattern.
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pokazali su isti model.
05:55
Six to eight months, they're totally equivalent.
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Potpuno su jednake sa šest ili osam mjeseci.
05:57
Two months later, something incredible happens.
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Dva mjeseca poslije, nešto nevjerovatno se dešava.
06:00
But the Taiwanese babies are getting better, not the American babies.
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Bebe u Tajvanu napreduju, a ne bebe u Americi.
06:03
What we did was expose American babies during this period
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Mi smo tokom ovog perioda izložili američke bebe
06:06
to Mandarin.
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mandarinskom jeziku.
06:08
It was like having Mandarin relatives come and visit for a month
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To je kao da vam dođu rođaci na mjesec dana
06:11
and move into your house
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i borave u kući
06:13
and talk to the babies for 12 sessions.
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i razgovaraju sa bebama tokom 12 sesija.
06:15
Here's what it looked like in the laboratory.
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Ovako je to izgledalo u laboratoriji.
06:17
(Video) Mandarin Speaker: [Mandarin]
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(Video) Govornik: [Mandarinski]
06:39
PK: So what have we done to their little brains?
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PK: Šta smo to uradili njihovim malenim mozgovima?
06:41
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
06:44
We had to run a control group
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Oformili smo kontrolnu grupu
06:46
to make sure that just coming into the laboratory
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da bi se uvjerili da samo prisustvo u laboratoriji
06:48
didn't improve your Mandarin skills.
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ne upaređuje znanje mandarinskog.
06:50
So a group of babies came in and listened to English.
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Stoga je grupa beba slušala engleski.
06:52
And we can see from the graph
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Sa grafičkog prikaza možemo vidjeti
06:54
that exposure to English didn't improve their Mandarin.
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da izloženost engleskom nije poboljšala njihovo znanje mandarinskog.
06:56
But look at what happened to the babies
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Ali pogledajte šta se desilo bebama
06:58
exposed to Mandarin for 12 sessions.
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koje su bile izložene mandarinskom tokom 12 sesija.
07:00
They were as good as the babies in Taiwan
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Bile su jednako uspješne kao i bebe u Tajvanu
07:02
who'd been listening for 10-and-a-half months.
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koje su slušale 10 i po mjeseci.
07:05
What it demonstrated
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Ovo nam pokazuje
07:07
is that babies take statistics on a new language.
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da se bebe bave statistikom i novog jezika.
07:09
Whatever you put in front of them, they'll take statistics on.
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One će se baviti statistikom bilo čega što im je na raspolaganju.
07:13
But we wondered what role
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Ali pitali smo se
07:15
the human being played
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koja je uloga ljudi
07:17
in this learning exercise.
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u ovoj vježbi s učenjem.
07:19
So we ran another group of babies
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Stoga smo oformili još jednu grupu beba
07:21
in which the kids got the same dosage, the same 12 sessions,
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sa jednakim brojem sesija - svih 12,
07:24
but over a television set
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ali putem televizije
07:26
and another group of babies who had just audio exposure
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a druga grupa beba je bila izložena samo zvuku
07:29
and looked at a teddy bear on the screen.
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i gledali su u medvjedića na ekranu.
07:31
What did we do to their brains?
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Šta smo im uradili?
07:34
What you see here is the audio result --
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Ovdje vidite rezultat grupe koja je slušala zvuk --
07:37
no learning whatsoever --
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nema nikakvog napretka --
07:39
and the video result --
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i rezultat grupe koja je gledala video --
07:42
no learning whatsoever.
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nema nikakvog napretka u učenju.
07:44
It takes a human being
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Potreban je čovjek
07:46
for babies to take their statistics.
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da bi se bebe bavile statistikom.
07:48
The social brain is controlling
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Centar mozga sa društvenu interakciju određuje
07:50
when the babies are taking their statistics.
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kada se bebe bave statistikom.
07:52
We want to get inside the brain
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Mi želimo da zavirimo u njihov mozak
07:54
and see this thing happening
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da bi vidjeli šta se dešava
07:56
as babies are in front of televisions,
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kada su bebe ispred televizora,
07:58
as opposed to in front of human beings.
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i ispred čovjeka.
08:00
Thankfully, we have a new machine,
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Na sreću, imamo novu mašinu,
08:02
magnetoencephalography,
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magnetoencefalograf,
08:04
that allows us to do this.
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koji nam ovo omogućuje.
08:06
It looks like a hair dryer from Mars.
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Izgleda kao sušilo za kosu sa Marsa.
08:08
But it's completely safe,
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Ali je potpuno bezbjedan,
08:10
completely non-invasive and silent.
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potpuno nenapadan i nečujan.
08:13
We're looking at millimeter accuracy
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Ovaj uređaj ima milimetarsku preciznost
08:15
with regard to spatial
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u smislu prostora
08:17
and millisecond accuracy
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i milisekundnu preciznost
08:19
using 306 SQUIDs --
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koristeći 306 SQUID-ova --
08:21
these are Superconducting
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to su superprovodljivi
08:23
QUantum Interference Devices --
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uređaju za kvantnu interferenciju --
08:25
to pick up the magnetic fields
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da bismo pronašli magnetna polja
08:27
that change as we do our thinking.
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koja se mijenjaju dok razmišljamo.
08:29
We're the first in the world
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Mi smo prvi u svijetu
08:31
to record babies
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koji su snimili bebe
08:33
in an MEG machine
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na MEG mašinama
08:35
while they are learning.
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dok su učile.
08:37
So this is little Emma.
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Ovo je mala Emma.
08:39
She's a six-monther.
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Ona ima šest mjeseci.
08:41
And she's listening to various languages
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Ona sluša različite jezike
08:43
in the earphones that are in her ears.
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uz pomoć slušalica u ušima.
08:46
You can see, she can move around.
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Kao što vidite, ona se može kretati.
08:48
We're tracking her head
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Pratimo pomjeranje glave
08:50
with little pellets in a cap,
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uz pomoć malih kuglica u kapi,
08:52
so she's free to move completely unconstrained.
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tako da se ona može slobodno pomijerati.
08:55
It's a technical tour de force.
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Ovo je tehnički tour de force.
08:57
What are we seeing?
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Šta vidimo?
08:59
We're seeing the baby brain.
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Vidimo bebin mozak.
09:01
As the baby hears a word in her language
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Kada beba čuje riječ svog jezika
09:04
the auditory areas light up,
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auditivna područja se osvijetle,
09:06
and then subsequently areas surrounding it
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a potom i područja okolo
09:08
that we think are related to coherence,
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za koja mislimo da se odnose na povezanost,
09:11
getting the brain coordinated with its different areas,
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koordiniraje mozga sa drugim područjima,
09:13
and causality,
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i uzročnost,
09:15
one brain area causing another to activate.
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jedan dio mozga uzrokuje aktiviranje drugog.
09:18
We are embarking
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Mi ulazimo u
09:20
on a grand and golden age
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veliko i zlatno doba
09:23
of knowledge about child's brain development.
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znanja o razvoju dječijeg mozga.
09:26
We're going to be able to see a child's brain
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Mi ćemo biti u stanju vidjeti dječiji mozak
09:28
as they experience an emotion,
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dok doživljavaju emocije,
09:30
as they learn to speak and read,
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dok uče da govore i čitaju,
09:32
as they solve a math problem,
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dok rješavaju matematički problem,
09:34
as they have an idea.
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kada imaju neku ideju.
09:36
And we're going to be able to invent brain-based interventions
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Moći ćemo izumiti intervencije na mozgu
09:39
for children who have difficulty learning.
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za djecu koja imaju poteškoće u učenju.
09:42
Just as the poets and writers described,
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Kao što su pisci i pjesnici opisali,
09:45
we're going to be able to see, I think,
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mislim da ćemo moći vidjeti
09:47
that wondrous openness,
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tu prekasnu otvorenost,
09:49
utter and complete openness,
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krajnju i potpunu otvorenost,
09:51
of the mind of a child.
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dječijeg uma.
09:54
In investigating the child's brain,
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Ispitivanjem dječijeg mozga,
09:56
we're going to uncover deep truths
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otkrićemo istine
09:58
about what it means to be human,
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o tome šta to znači biti čovjek,
10:00
and in the process,
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i usput,
10:02
we may be able to help keep our own minds open to learning
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možda ćemo pomoći sebi samima da budemo spremni za učenje
10:04
for our entire lives.
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čitavog života.
10:06
Thank you.
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Hvala vam.
10:08
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Patricia Kuhl - LanguagePatricia Kuhl studies how we learn language as babies, looking at the ways our brains form around language acquisition.
Why you should listen
Patricia Kuhl is co-director of the Institute for Brain and Learning Sciences at the University of Washington. She's internationally recognized for her research on early language and brain development, and studies that show how young children learn. Kuhl’s work has played a major role in demonstrating how early exposure to language alters the brain. It has implications for critical periods in development, for bilingual education and reading readiness, for developmental disabilities involving language, and for research on computer understanding of speech.
Patricia Kuhl | Speaker | TED.com