ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Geraldine Hamilton - Bio researcher
Geraldine Hamilton builds organs and body parts on a chip -- to test new, custom cures.

Why you should listen

Geraldine Hamilton’s career spans from academic research to biotech start-ups to pharma. Her research focus has been on the development and application of human-relevant in-vitro models for drug discovery. She was one of the founding scientists, VP of Scientific Operations and Director of Cell Products, in a start-up biotech company (CellzDirect), that successfully translated and commercialized technology from academic research to supply the pharmaceutical industry with hepatic cell products and services for safety assessment and drug-metabolism studies.

Hamilton received her Ph.D. in cell biology/toxicology from the University of Hertfordshire (England) in conjunction with GlaxoSmithkline, followed by a post-doctoral research fellowship at the University of North Carolina. Her current research interests and prior experience include: organs on-a-chip, toxicology and drug metabolism, liver cell biology, mechanisms regulating gene expression and differentiation, regulation of nuclear receptors and transcriptional activation in hepatocytes by xenobiotics, human cell isolation and cryopreservation techniques.

More profile about the speaker
Geraldine Hamilton | Speaker | TED.com
TEDxBoston

Geraldine Hamilton: Body parts on a chip

Geraldine Hamilton: Dijelovi tijela na cipu

Filmed:
1,644,547 views

Relativno je lako zamisliti novu medicinu, bolji lijek za neku bolest. Ali je tesko testirati ga, to moze odgoditi dostupnost lijeka godinama. U ovom detaljnom govoru, Geraldine Hamilton nam objasnjava kako njen laboratorij kreira organe i dijelove tijela na cipu, jednostavne strukture sa svim dijelovima neophodnim za testiranje novog lijeka--pa cak i lijekova po narudbi za odredenu osobu. (Snimio TEDxBoston)
- Bio researcher
Geraldine Hamilton builds organs and body parts on a chip -- to test new, custom cures. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:12
We have a globalglobalno healthzdravlje challengeizazov
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Danas imamo jedan globalni zdravstveni izazov
00:14
in our handsruke todaydanas,
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na nasim ledima,
00:16
and that is that the way we currentlytrenutno
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a to je da je nacin na koji trenutno
00:19
discoverotkriti and developrazviti newnovo drugsdroge
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otkrivamo i razvijamo nove lijekove
00:22
is too costlyskupo, takes fardaleko too long,
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preskup, traje predugo,
00:26
and it failsne uspeva more oftenčesto than it succeedsuspeva.
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i mnogo cesce nas razocara nego sto obraduje.
00:30
It really just isn't workingraditi, and that meansznači
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Jednostavno ne funkcionise, a to znaci
00:33
that patientspacijenti that badlyloše need newnovo therapiesterapije
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da pacijenti ne dobivaju terapiju koja im je
00:36
are not gettingdobivanje them,
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prijeko potrebna
00:38
and diseasesbolesti are going untreatedNe liječi.
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a bolesti se ne liječe.
00:41
We seemizgleda to be spendingtrošenje more and more moneynovac.
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Cini mi se da se trosi sve vise i vise novaca.
00:44
So for everysvaki billionmilijardu dollarsdolara we spendpotrošiti in R&D,
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Tako da za svaku milijardu dolara koju potrosimo za istrazivanje i razvoj
00:48
we're gettingdobivanje lessmanje drugsdroge approvedodobrena into the markettržište.
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manje lijekova dobije dozvolu za koristenje.
00:52
More moneynovac, lessmanje drugsdroge. HmmHmm.
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Vise novaca, manje lijekova. Hmm.
00:55
So what's going on here?
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Pa sta se to desava?
00:57
Well, there's a multitudemnoštvo of factorsfaktori at playigraj,
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Pa, u igri su mnostvo faktora,
01:00
but I think one of the keyključ factorsfaktori
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ali mislim da je kljucni faktor
01:02
is that the toolsalati that we currentlytrenutno have
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taj da su alati koji su nam danas
01:04
availabledostupan to testtest whetherbilo da a druglijek is going to work,
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dostupni za utvrdivanje da li je lijek djelotvoran,
01:08
whetherbilo da it has efficacydjelotvornost,
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da li je uspjesan,
01:10
or whetherbilo da it's going to be safesigurno
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i da li ce biti siguran za upotrebu
01:12
before we get it into humančovjek clinicalklinički trialssuđenja,
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prije nego ga pocnemo testirati na ljudima,
01:15
are failingneuspjeh us. They're not predictingpredviđajući
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nedovoljni. Ne mogu predvidjeti
01:17
what's going to happenda se desi in humansljudi.
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sta ce se desiti u ljuskom organizmu.
01:21
And we have two mainglavni toolsalati availabledostupan
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Ono sto imamo dostupno za upotrebu su
01:23
at our disposalna raspolaganju.
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dva alata.
01:25
They are cellsćelije in dishesposuđe and animalživotinja testingtestiranje.
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Celije u posudicama i testiranje na zivotinjama.
01:29
Now let's talk about the first one, cellsćelije in dishesposuđe.
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Porazgovarajmo o prvom, celije u posudicama.
01:33
So, cellsćelije are happilySretno functioningfunkcionira in our bodiestela.
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Pa, celije sasvim uredno funkcionisu u nasim tijelima.
01:36
We take them and ripPočivaj u miru them out
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Mi ih izvadimo, otrgnemo
01:38
of theirnjihova nativematernji environmentokruženje,
throwbacanje them in one of these dishesposuđe,
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iz njihovog prirodnog okruzenja,
ubacimo u jednu od ovih posudica,
01:41
and expectocekujem them to work.
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i ocekujemo da i dalje funkcionisu.
01:42
GuessIzgleda da what. They don't.
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Ali pogadate: to ne funkcionise.
01:45
They don't like that environmentokruženje
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Celije ne vole tu sredinu
01:46
because it's nothing like
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koja ne lici na sredinu
01:48
what they have in the bodytelo.
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u ljudskom organizmu.
01:51
What about animalživotinja testingtestiranje?
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A testiranje na zivotinjama?
01:53
Well, animalsživotinje do and can providepružiti
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Zivotinje mogu i pruzaju nam
01:55
extremelyekstremno usefulkorisno informationinformacije.
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izuzetno korisne informacije.
01:58
They teachnaučiti us about what happensse dešava
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Na njima ucimo sta se desava
01:59
in the complexkompleks organismorganizam.
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u kompleksnim organizmima.
02:02
We learnuči more about the biologybiologija itselfsam.
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Ucimo vise o samoj biologiji.
02:05
HoweverMeđutim, more oftenčesto than not,
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Medutim, cesto se desi da
02:08
animalživotinja modelsmodeli failneuspešno to predictpredviđaju
what will happenda se desi in humansljudi
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ovo testiranje ne moze predvidjeti
sta ce se desiti u ljudskom organizmu
02:12
when they're treatedtretirani with a particularposebno druglijek.
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kada budu podvrgnuti terapiji sa odredenim lijekom.
02:15
So we need better toolsalati.
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Zato nam trebaju bolji alati.
02:17
We need humančovjek cellsćelije,
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Potrebne su nam ljudske celije,
02:19
but we need to find a way to keep them happysrećan
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ali moramo naci nacin da ih drzimo u prirodnoj sredini
02:22
outsidespolja the bodytelo.
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van nasih tijela.
02:24
Our bodiestela are dynamicdinamičan environmentsokruženja.
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Nasa tijela su dinamicka okruzenja.
02:26
We're in constantkonstantno motionkretanje.
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Konstantno se krecemo.
02:28
Our cellsćelije experienceiskustvo that.
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Nase celije to osjete.
02:31
They're in dynamicdinamičan environmentsokruženja in our bodytelo.
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U nasim tijelima, one su u dinamickom okruzenju.
02:33
They're underispod constantkonstantno mechanicalmehanički forcessnage.
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Pod stalnim su mehanickim uticajima.
02:36
So if we want to make cellsćelije happysrećan
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Ukoliko zelimo da kreiramo jedno
02:39
outsidespolja our bodiestela,
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takvo okruzenje,
02:40
we need to becomepostati cellćelija architectsarhitekte.
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moramo da postanemo arhitekti celija.
02:42
We need to designdizajn, buildizgraditi and engineerinženjer
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Treba da dizajniramo, izgradimo i planiramo
02:47
a home away from home for the cellsćelije.
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dom van doma za celije.
02:50
And at the WyssWyss InstituteInstitut,
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Mi, na ViS institutu,
02:52
we'vemi smo donezavršeno just that.
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smo ucinili upravo to,
02:54
We call it an organ-on-a-chiporgulje-na-na-čip.
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i nazvali smo ga organ-na-cipu.
02:57
And I have one right here.
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I upravo imam jedan ovdje.
02:58
It's beautifulprelepo, isn't it?
But it's prettylepo incrediblenevjerovatno.
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Prelijep je, zar ne?
Ali je i prilicno nevjerovatan.
03:01
Right here in my handruka is a breathingdisanje, livingživi
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Ovdje, u mojoj ruci, se nalaze ziva, ljudska
03:06
humančovjek lungpluća on a chipčip.
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pluca na cipu koja disu.
03:08
And it's not just beautifulprelepo.
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I nisu samo lijepa na izgled.
03:11
It can do a tremendousogroman amountiznos of things.
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Sa njima se moze uciniti mnogo toga.
03:13
We have livingživi cellsćelije in that little chipčip,
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U ovom malom cipu imamo zive celije,
03:17
cellsćelije that are in a dynamicdinamičan environmentokruženje
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celije koje se nalaze u dinamicnom okruzenju
03:19
interactinginteraktivno with differentdrugačiji cellćelija typesvrste.
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koje medusobno djeluju sa drugim tipovima celija.
03:22
There's been manymnogi people
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Mnogi ljudi su
03:24
tryingpokušavajući to growraste cellsćelije in the lablab.
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pokusali da uzgajaju celije u laboratoriju.
03:26
They'veNemaju triedpokušao manymnogi differentdrugačiji approachespristupa.
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Probali su razne pristupe.
03:29
They'veNemaju even triedpokušao to growraste
little mini-organsmini organe in the lablab.
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Cak su pokusali da uzgoje
male mini organe u laboratoriju.
03:32
We're not tryingpokušavajući to do that here.
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To nije ono sto mi ovdje pokusavamo.
03:33
We're simplyjednostavno tryingpokušavajući to recreateponovno
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Jednostavno pokusavamo da rekonstruisemo
03:35
in this tinysitni chipčip
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u ovom malom cipu
03:37
the smallestnajmanji functionalfunkcionalan unitjedinica
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najmanju funkcionalnu jedinicu
03:40
that representspredstavlja the biochemistrybiokemija,
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koja simulira biohemiju,
03:43
the functionfunkcija and the mechanicalmehanički strainstrain
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funkciju i mehanicka opterecenja
03:46
that the cellsćelije experienceiskustvo in our bodiestela.
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kojima su podvrgnute celije u nasim tijelima.
03:49
So how does it work? Let me showshow you.
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Kako to radimo? Pokazat cu vam.
03:52
We use techniquestehnike from the computerkompjuter chipčip
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Koristimo tehniku industrije za proizvodnju
03:55
manufacturingproizvodnja industryindustrija
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racunarskih cipova
03:56
to make these structuresstrukture at a scaleskala
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da bi izgradili ove strukture na razini
03:59
relevantrelevantan to bothoboje the cellsćelije and theirnjihova environmentokruženje.
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relevantnoj i celijama i njihovom okruzenju.
04:02
We have threetri fluidicfluidni channelskanala.
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Tu se nalaze tri kanala za tecnosti.
04:04
In the centercentar, we have a porousporozno, flexiblefleksibilan membranemembrana
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U centru se nalazi porozna, fleksibilna membrana
04:07
on whichšto we can adddodati humančovjek cellsćelije
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na koju mozemo postaviti ljudske celije
04:09
from, say, our lungspluća,
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recimo iz nasih pluca,
04:11
and then underneathispod, they had capillarykapilara cellsćelije,
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a ispod njih se nalaze kapilarne celije,
04:13
the cellsćelije in our bloodkrv vesselsplovila.
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celije u nasim krvnim zilama.
04:15
And we can then applyprimijeniti mechanicalmehanički forcessnage to the chipčip
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Zatim mozemo na cip aplicirati mehanicke sile
04:19
that stretchrastezanje and contractugovor the membranemembrana,
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koje rastezu i skupljaju membranu,
04:22
so the cellsćelije experienceiskustvo the sameisto mechanicalmehanički forcessnage
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tako da celije osjecaju iste mehanicke sile
04:25
that they did when we breathedisati.
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kako i kad disemo.
04:28
And they experienceiskustvo them how they did in the bodytelo.
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Dozivljavaju ih na isti nacin kao i u tijelu.
04:31
There's airzrak flowingteče throughkroz the topvrh channelkanal,
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Kroz gornji kanal prolazi vazduh,
04:34
and then we flowtok a liquidtečnost that containssadrži nutrientshranljive materije
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a kroz krvne kanale ulijevamo tecnost
04:37
throughkroz the bloodkrv channelkanal.
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koja sadrzi hranjive sastojke.
04:40
Now the chipčip is really beautifulprelepo,
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Da cip je zaista divan,
04:42
but what can we do with it?
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ali sta mozemo sa njim postici?
04:44
We can get incrediblenevjerovatno functionalityfunkcionalnost
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Mozemo postici izuzetnu funkcionalnost
04:47
insideunutra these little chipsčips.
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unutar ovog malog cipa.
04:49
Let me showshow you.
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Pokazat cu vam.
04:50
We could, for exampleprimer, mimicmimik infectioninfekcija,
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Na primjer, mogli bismo simulirati infekciju,
04:53
where we adddodati bacterialbakterijski cellsćelije into the lungpluća.
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tako sto dodamo celije bakterija u pluca.
04:56
then we can adddodati humančovjek whitebela bloodkrv cellsćelije.
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A zatim dodamo ljudska bijela krvna zrnca.
04:59
Whitebijeli bloodkrv cellsćelije are our body'stijelo je defenseodbrana
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Bijela krvna zrnca su nacin na koji se nasa tijela brane
05:02
againstprotiv bacterialbakterijski invadersosvajači,
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od invazivnih bakterija,
05:03
and when they sensesmisao this
inflammationupala duedue to infectioninfekcija,
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i kada osjete upalu izazvanu infekcijom,
05:06
they will enterunesite from the bloodkrv into the lungpluća
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iz krvi ce da udu u pluca
05:09
and engulfuhvatiti the bacteriabakterije.
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i okruziti bakteriju.
05:11
Well now you're going to see this happeningdešava se
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Sada cemo to vidjeti uzivo
05:13
liveuživo in an actualstvarno humančovjek lungpluća on a chipčip.
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na ljudskim plucima na cipu.
05:17
We'veMoramo labeleds oznakom the whitebela bloodkrv cellsćelije
so you can see them flowingteče throughkroz,
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oznacili smo bijela krvna zrnca
kako biste ih lakse uocili dok prolaze,
05:20
and when they detectdetektovati that infectioninfekcija,
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a kada uoce infekciju,
05:22
they beginzapočeti to stickštap.
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pocnu prijanjati.
05:24
They stickštap, and then they try to go into the lungpluća
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Prijanjaju, a onda pokusavaju da produ iz krvne zile
05:28
sidestrana from bloodkrv channelkanal.
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na stranu gdje su pluca.
05:29
And you can see here, we can actuallyzapravo visualizevizualizirati
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A kao sto mozete vidjeti ovdje, mozemo si vizualizovati
05:33
a singlesingl whitebela bloodkrv cellćelija.
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i samo jedno bijelo krvno zrnce.
05:37
It sticksštapići, it wigglesWiggles its way throughkroz
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Prijanjaju, probija svoj put kroz
05:39
betweenizmeđu the cellćelija layersslojeva, throughkroz the porepora,
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slojeve celija, kroz pore,
05:41
comesdolazi out on the other sidestrana of the membranemembrana,
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izlazi na drugu stranu membrane,
05:44
and right there, it's going to engulfuhvatiti the bacteriabakterije
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i upravo sada ce da okruzi bakteriju
05:47
labeleds oznakom in greenzeleno.
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koja je markirana zelenom bojom.
05:49
In that tinysitni chipčip, you just witnessedsvjedocio
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Taj mali cip vam je omogucio da budete svjedoci
05:52
one of the mostnajviše fundamentalfundamentalni responsesreakcija
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jednom od najosnovnijih reakcija
05:55
our bodytelo has to an infectioninfekcija.
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koje nase tijelo ima na infekciju.
05:57
It's the way we respondodgovorite to -- an immuneimun responseodgovor.
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Tako nase tijelo reaguje--imuna reakcija.
06:01
It's prettylepo excitinguzbudljivo.
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Poprilicno uzbudljivo.
06:03
Now I want to sharepodeliti this pictureslika with you,
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Zelim vam sada pokazati ovu sliku,
06:06
not just because it's so beautifulprelepo,
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ne zato sto je divna,
06:08
but because it tellskaže us an enormousogromno
amountiznos of informationinformacije
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vec zato sto nam pruza ogromnu
kolicinu informacija
06:11
about what the cellsćelije are doing withinunutar the chipsčips.
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o tome sta celije rade unutar cipa.
06:14
It tellskaže us that these cellsćelije
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Vidimo da celije
06:16
from the smallmali airwaysDišnih puteva in our lungspluća,
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iz malih disnih puteva u plucima,
06:19
actuallyzapravo have these hairlikehairlike structuresstrukture
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ustvari imaju ove male dlakice
06:20
that you would expectocekujem to see in the lungpluća.
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koje biste ocekivali da vidite u plucima.
06:22
These structuresstrukture are calledpozvana ciliacilija,
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Te strukture se zovu cilija,
06:24
and they actuallyzapravo movekretati se the mucussluzi out of the lungpluća.
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i one pomazu u izbacivanju sluzi iz pluca.
06:27
Yeah. MucusSluzi. YuckBljak.
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Da, Sluz. Bljak.
06:28
But mucussluzi is actuallyzapravo very importantbitan.
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Ali sluz je ustvari veoma vazna.
06:31
MucusSluzi trapszamke particulatesbroj čestica, virusesviruse,
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Sluz hvata cestice, viruse,
06:33
potentialpotencijal allergensalergena,
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potencijalne alergene,
06:35
and these little ciliacilija movekretati se
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a cilije kretanjem
06:36
and clearjasno the mucussluzi out.
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izbacuju sluz vani.
06:39
When they get damagedoštećeno, say,
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Ako se ostete, recimo
06:41
by cigarettecigareta smokedim for exampleprimer,
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dimom iz cigarete na primjer,
06:43
they don't work properlyispravno,
and they can't clearjasno that mucussluzi out.
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ne rade kako trebaju,
i nisu ustanju izbaciti sluz.
06:46
And that can leadolovo to diseasesbolesti suchtakve as bronchitisbronhitis.
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3817
A to vodi do bolesti poput bronhitisa.
06:50
CiliaCilija and the clearanceklirens of mucussluzi
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2647
Cilije i izbacivanje sluzi
06:52
are alsotakođe involveduključeni in awfulstrašno diseasesbolesti like cysticcistični fibrosisfibroza.
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su takoder kljucni kod groznih bolesti poput cisticne fibroze.
06:57
But now, with the functionalityfunkcionalnost
that we get in these chipsčips,
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405227
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Ali sada, zahvaljujuci funkcionalnosti u ovim cipovima,
07:00
we can beginzapočeti to look
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1824
mozemo poceti da trazimo
07:02
for potentialpotencijal newnovo treatmentstretmani.
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potencijalne nove tretmane.
07:05
We didn't stop with the lungpluća on a chipčip.
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Nismo se zaustavili samo na plucima na cipu.
07:07
We have a gutgut on a chipčip.
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Imamo crijevo na cipu.
07:08
You can see one right here.
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2030
Evo jednoga.
07:10
And we'vemi smo put intestinalcrijevne humančovjek cellsćelije
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Postavili smo ljudske crijevne celije
07:14
in a gutgut on a chipčip,
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1905
u ovo crijevo na cipu,
07:16
and they're underispod constantkonstantno peristalticperistaltic motionkretanje,
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i one su pod stalnim peristaltickim kretanjem,
07:18
this tricklingcuri flowtok throughkroz the cellsćelije,
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ovaj protok kroz celije,
07:22
and we can mimicmimik manymnogi of the functionsfunkcije
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i mozemo imitirati mnoge funkcije
07:24
that you actuallyzapravo would expectocekujem to see
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koje bi inace ocekivali da vidite
07:26
in the humančovjek intestinecreva.
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u ljudskom crijevu.
07:28
Now we can beginzapočeti to createstvoriti modelsmodeli of diseasesbolesti
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Tako da sada mozemo poceti da kreiramo modele bolesti
07:32
suchtakve as irritableUpalna bolest bowelcrijeva syndromesindrom.
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poput bolesti upaljenog crijeva.
07:34
This is a diseasebolesti that affectspogađa
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Ovo je bolest koja muci
07:36
a largeveliko numberbroj of individualspojedinci.
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1911
veliki broj ljudi.
07:38
It's really debilitatingoslabiti,
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1774
Oslabljuje organizam,
07:40
and there aren'tnisu really manymnogi good treatmentstretmani for it.
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a ne postoji bas mnogo dobrih tretmana.
07:44
Now we have a wholecjelina pipelinecjevovod
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Imamo cijeli niz
07:46
of differentdrugačiji organorgan chipsčips
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razlicitih organa na cipu
07:49
that we are currentlytrenutno workingraditi on in our labslaboratorije.
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na kojima trenutno radimo u nasim laboratorijama.
07:52
Now, the trueistinito powermoć of this technologytehnologija, howeverkako god,
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Ali prava snaga ove tehnologije ustvari dolazi
07:56
really comesdolazi from the factčinjenica
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iz cinjenice
07:58
that we can fluidicallyfluidically linkveza them.
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da ih sve mozemo fluidno povezati.
08:00
There's fluidtekućine flowingteče acrosspreko these cellsćelije,
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1947
Posto kroz ove celije tece tecnost,
08:02
so we can beginzapočeti to interconnectinterkonekt
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mozemo poceti da povezijemo
08:04
multiplevišestruko differentdrugačiji chipsčips togetherzajedno
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razlicite cipove
08:07
to formobrazac what we call a virtualvirtualno humančovjek on a chipčip.
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kako bismo formirali ono sto mi zovemo virtualni covjek na cipu.
08:12
Now we're really gettingdobivanje exciteduzbuđeni.
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Sada ste stvarno uzbudeni.
08:15
We're not going to ever recreateponovno
a wholecjelina humančovjek in these chipsčips,
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Nikada necemo kreirati citavo ljudsko bice na ovim cipovima,
08:19
but what our goalcilj is is to be ablesposoban to recreateponovno
186
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4169
ali nas gol je da budemo ustanju kreirati
08:23
sufficientdovoljan functionalityfunkcionalnost
187
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2013
dovoljnu funkcionalnost
08:25
so that we can make better predictionspredviđanja
188
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kako bismo bolje mogli predvidjeti
08:27
of what's going to happenda se desi in humansljudi.
189
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2214
sta ce se desiti u ljudskom organizmu.
08:29
For exampleprimer, now we can beginzapočeti to exploreistražiti
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2924
Na primjer, mozemo poceti istrazivati
08:32
what happensse dešava when we put
a druglijek like an aerosolaerosola druglijek.
191
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sta ce se desiti kada ubacimo neki inhalatorni lijek.
08:36
Those of you like me who have asthmaastma,
when you take your inhalerinhalator,
192
504284
2986
Oni od vas koji imaju astmu poput mene, kada uzmete inhaler,
08:39
we can exploreistražiti how that druglijek comesdolazi into your lungspluća,
193
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2926
mozemo istraziti kako lijek ulazi u pluca,
08:42
how it entersulazi the bodytelo,
194
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kako ulazi u tijelo,
08:43
how it mightMožda affectutiču, say, your heartsrce.
195
511822
1754
i kako moze uticati, recimo, na srce.
08:45
Does it changepromjena the beatingpremlaćivanje of your heartsrce?
196
513576
1908
Da li mijenja otkucaje srca?
08:47
Does it have a toxicitytoksičnosti?
197
515484
1641
Da li je toksican?
08:49
Does it get clearedočišćeno by the liverjetra?
198
517125
2008
Da li ga jetra ocisti iz organizma?
08:51
Is it metabolizedmetabolizira in the liverjetra?
199
519133
2152
Da li metabolira u jetri?
08:53
Is it excretedizlučuje in your kidneysbubrezi?
200
521285
1891
Da li se izlucuje u vase bubrege?
08:55
We can beginzapočeti to studystudija the dynamicdinamičan
201
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2212
Mozemo poceti da izucava dinamican
08:57
responseodgovor of the bodytelo to a druglijek.
202
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2625
odgovor tijela na lijek.
09:00
This could really revolutionizerevolucionirati
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528028
1919
Ovo bi mogla biti revolucija
09:01
and be a gameigra changermjenjač
204
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1649
i promjena nacina dosadasnjeg rada
09:03
for not only the pharmaceuticalfarmaceutski industryindustrija,
205
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2938
ne samo za farmaceutsku industriju,
09:06
but a wholecjelina hosthost of differentdrugačiji industriesindustrije,
206
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2373
vec za citav niz raznih industrija,
09:08
includinguključujući the cosmeticskozmetika industryindustrija.
207
536907
2400
ukljucujuci i kozmeticku industriju.
09:11
We can potentiallypotencijalno use the skinkožu on a chipčip
208
539307
2882
Mogli bismo koristiti kozu na cipu
09:14
that we're currentlytrenutno developingrazvoj in the lablab
209
542189
1961
kojutrenutno razvijamo u laboratoriji
09:16
to testtest whetherbilo da the ingredientssastojci in those productsproizvodi
210
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2554
kako bismo testirali da li su sastojci u ovim preparatima
09:18
that you're usingkoristeći are actuallyzapravo
safesigurno to put on your skinkožu
211
546704
3283
koje koristite stvarno sigurni za nanosenje na kozu
09:21
withoutbez the need for animalživotinja testingtestiranje.
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i to bez potrebe za testiranjem na zivotinjama.
09:24
We could testtest the safetysigurnost
213
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1944
Mogli bismo testirati sigurnost
09:26
of chemicalshemikalije that we are exposedizloženo to
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2253
hemikalija kojima smo izloceni
09:28
on a dailydnevno basisosnova in our environmentokruženje,
215
556873
1914
svaki dan u nasoj okolini,
09:30
suchtakve as chemicalshemikalije in regularregularan householddomaćinstvo cleanerssredstva za čišćenje.
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3731
poput hemikalija koje se nalaze u obicnim sredstvima za ciscenje.
09:34
We could alsotakođe use the organsorgani on chipsčips
217
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3202
Takoder bismo mogli koristiti organe na cipu
09:37
for applicationsaplikacije in bioterrorismbioterorizma
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za testiranje izlocenosto biohemikalijama
09:40
or radiationzračenje exposureizloženost.
219
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2571
ili radijaciji.
09:43
We could use them to learnuči more about
220
571070
3350
Mogli bismo ih koristiti da nesto vise naucimo
09:46
diseasesbolesti suchtakve as ebolaebola
221
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o bolestima poput ebole
09:49
or other deadlysmrtonosno diseasesbolesti suchtakve as SARSSARS-A.
222
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3892
ili drugim smrtonosnim bolestima poput SARS-a.
09:53
OrgansOrgani on chipsčips could alsotakođe changepromjena
223
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1838
Organi na cipu bi takoder mogli promijeniti
09:55
the way we do clinicalklinički trialssuđenja in the futurebudućnost.
224
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3374
nacin na koji cemo u buducnosti raditi klinicka ispitivanja.
09:58
Right now, the averageprosek participantučesnik
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2587
Trenutno, prosjecan ucesnik
10:01
in a clinicalklinički trialsuđenje is that: averageprosek.
226
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3370
u klinickom istrazivanju je upravo to: prosjecan.
10:04
TendsIma tendenciju to be middlesrednji agedstariji, tendsteži to be femaležensko.
227
592525
3326
Obicno je srednjih godina, cesto zena.
10:07
You won'tneće find manymnogi clinicalklinički trialssuđenja
228
595851
2472
Necete naci puno klinickih ispitivanja
10:10
in whichšto childrendjeca are involveduključeni,
229
598323
1515
u koja su ukljucena djeca,
10:11
yetjoš uvek everysvaki day, we give childrendjeca medicationslijekovi,
230
599838
3547
iako djeci svakodnevno dajemo lijekove,
10:15
and the only safetysigurnost datapodaci we have on that druglijek
231
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3746
a jedine sigurnosne cinjenice koje imamo o tom lijeku
10:19
is one that we obtainedDobivene from adultsodrasli.
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3074
potjece od ipitivanja na odraslima.
10:22
ChildrenDjeca are not adultsodrasli.
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Djeca nisu odrasli.
10:23
They maymože not respondodgovorite in the sameisto way adultsodrasli do.
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Mozda nece reagovati na isti nacin kao i odrasli.
10:27
There are other things like geneticgenetski differencesrazlike
235
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2412
Zatim druge razlike u populaciji,
10:29
in populationspopulacije
236
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1433
poput genetskih
10:30
that maymože leadolovo to at-riskrizičnih populationspopulacije
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3106
koje mogu dovesti do rizika od
10:34
that are at riskrizik of havingimati an adversenepovoljne druglijek reactionreakcija.
238
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3437
nezeljene reakcije na lijek.
10:37
Now imaginezamislite if we could take cellsćelije
from all those differentdrugačiji populationspopulacije,
239
625520
3389
Zamislite kada bismo mogli sakupiti celije svih ovih razlicitih populacija,
10:40
put them on chipsčips,
240
628919
1908
staviti ih u cipove,
10:42
and createstvoriti populationspopulacije on a chipčip.
241
630827
1964
i stvoriti populacije na cipovima.
10:44
This could really changepromjena the way
242
632791
1838
To bi stvarno moglo promijeniti nacin
10:46
we do clinicalklinički trialssuđenja.
243
634629
2069
na koji vrsimo klinicka istrazivanja.
10:48
And this is the teamtim and the people
that are doing this.
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Ovo je tim ljudi koji to rade.
10:51
We have engineersinženjeri, we have cellćelija biologistsbiolozi,
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3257
Imamo inzinjere, histologe,
10:54
we have clinicianskliničara, all workingraditi togetherzajedno.
246
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3774
klinicare, i svi rade zajedno.
10:58
We're really seeingvidjeti something quitesasvim incrediblenevjerovatno
247
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1926
Sudjelujemo u necemu zaista izvanrednom
11:00
at the WyssWyss InstituteInstitut.
248
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1605
na ViS institutu.
11:02
It's really a convergencekonvergencija of disciplinesDisciplina,
249
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2171
To je takvo uskladivanje disciplina,
11:04
where biologybiologija is influencingkoji utječu na the way we designdizajn,
250
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3720
gdje bilogija utice na nacin na koji dizajniramo,
11:07
the way we engineerinženjer, the way we buildizgraditi.
251
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na nacin na koji stvaramo.
11:10
It's prettylepo excitinguzbudljivo.
252
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1403
Uzbudljivo je.
11:12
We're establishinguspostavljanje importantbitan industryindustrija collaborationssuradnje
253
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3564
Uspostavljamo veoma vaznu industrijsku saradnju
11:15
suchtakve as the one we have with a companykompanija
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3373
poput ove koju imamo sa kompanijom
11:18
that has expertisestručnost in large-scalevelike
digitaldigitalni manufacturingproizvodnja.
255
666985
3599
koja ima iskustvo u proizvodnji digitalne opreme na veliko.
11:22
They're going to help us make,
256
670584
2019
Pomocice nam da napravimo
11:24
insteadumjesto toga of one of these,
257
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1526
samo jedan ovaj,
11:26
millionsmiliona of these chipsčips,
258
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1583
milione ovakvih cipova
11:27
so that we can get them into the handsruke
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kako bismo ih napravili dostupnim
11:29
of as manymnogi researchersistraživači as possiblemoguće.
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sto vecem broju istrazivaca.
11:32
And this is keyključ to the potentialpotencijal of that technologytehnologija.
261
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A to je kljucni potencijal ove tehnologije.
11:36
Now let me showshow you our instrumentinstrument.
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A sada cu vam pokazati nas instrument.
11:39
This is an instrumentinstrument that our engineersinženjeri
263
687023
1989
Ovo je instrument za kojeg nasi inzinjeri
11:41
are actuallyzapravo prototypingprototip right now in the lablab,
264
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upravo sada izraduju prototip u laboratoriju,
11:43
and this instrumentinstrument is going to give us
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a on ce nam omoguciti
11:45
the engineeringinženjering controlskontrole that we're going to requirezahtevaju
266
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strucne kontrole koje su nam potrebne
11:48
in ordernaruči to linkveza 10 or more organorgan chipsčips togetherzajedno.
267
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kako bismo povezalo 10 ili vise organ cipova zajedno.
11:52
It does something elsedrugo that's very importantbitan.
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2229
Radi jos nesto veoma vazno.
11:54
It createsstvara an easylako userkorisnik interfaceinterfejs.
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Posjeduje jednostavan interfejs za korisnike.
11:57
So a cellćelija biologistbiolog like me can come in,
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705639
2990
Histolog poput mene moze doci,
12:00
take a chipčip, put it in a cartridgeuložak
271
708629
2008
staviti cip u kasetu
12:02
like the prototypeprototip you see there,
272
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1932
poput prototipa kojeg ovdje vidite
12:04
put the cartridgeuložak into the machinemašina
273
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2071
staviti kasetu u masinu
12:06
just like you would a C.D.,
274
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1488
kao sto biste vi stavili CD,
12:08
and away you go.
275
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1132
i to je to.
12:09
PlugUtikač and playigraj. EasyLako.
276
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2749
Ukljuci i pokreni. Jednostavno.
12:12
Now, let's imaginezamislite a little bitbit
277
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2514
A sada razmislimo malo
12:14
what the futurebudućnost mightMožda look like
278
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1379
kakva bi nam mogla biti buducnost
12:15
if I could take your stemstub cellsćelije
279
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2413
kada bih mogla uzeti vase maticne celije
12:18
and put them on a chipčip,
280
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1440
i staviti ih na cip,
12:19
or your stemstub cellsćelije and put them on a chipčip.
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3219
ili vase maticne celije i staviti ih na cip.
12:22
It would be a personalizedpersonalizirane chipčip just for you.
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3501
To bi bio presonalizovan cip samo za vas.
12:26
Now all of us in here are individualspojedinci,
283
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3208
Svi smo mi ovdje individue,
12:29
and those individualindividualno differencesrazlike mean
284
737683
2838
a te individualne razlike znace
12:32
that we could reactreagovati very differentlydrugačije
285
740521
2442
da bi mogli veoma razlicito reagovati
12:34
and sometimesponekad in unpredictablenepredvidiv waysnačina to drugsdroge.
286
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4247
a ponekade. i na ne predvidljiv nacin na lijekove.
12:39
I myselfja, a couplepar of yearsgodine back,
had a really badloše headacheglavobolja,
287
747210
4568
Licno sma, prije nekoliko godina, imala veoma jake glavobolje,
12:43
just couldn'tnije mogao shaketrese it, thought,
"Well, I'll try something differentdrugačiji."
288
751778
2413
kojih se nisam mogla rijesiti, pa sam odlucila iprobati nesto drugo.
12:46
I tookuzela some AdvilAdvil. Fifteen15 godina minutesminuta laterkasnije,
289
754191
2135
Uzela sam ibuprofen. Petnaest minuta kasnije,
12:48
I was on my way to the emergencyhitan slučaj roomsoba
290
756326
1880
bila sam na putu za hitno pomoc
12:50
with a full-blowncvijetu asthmaastma attacknapad.
291
758206
1893
sa napadom astme u punom zamahu.
12:52
Now, obviouslyočigledno it wasn'tnije fatalfatalan,
292
760099
1830
Ocigledno je da nije bila smrtonosna,
12:53
but unfortunatelynažalost, some of these
293
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3173
ali nazalost, neke od ovih
12:57
adversenepovoljne druglijek reactionsreakcije can be fatalfatalan.
294
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3609
nezeljenih reakcija na lijekove moze biti fatalna.
13:00
So how do we preventsprečiti them?
295
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1941
Kako to mozemo sprijeciti?
13:02
Well, we could imaginezamislite one day
296
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2580
Mozemo zamisliti da cemo jednog dana
13:05
havingimati GeraldineGeraldine on a chipčip,
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2343
imati Geraldine na cipu,
13:07
havingimati DanielleDanielle on a chipčip,
298
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1749
imati Danijelu na cipu,
13:09
havingimati you on a chipčip.
299
777324
1473
imati tebe na cipu.
13:10
PersonalizedPersonalizirane medicinemedicine. Thank you.
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Personalizovana medicina. Hvala vam.
13:13
(ApplausePljesak)
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(Aplauz)
Translated by Ema Bilbija Zulic
Reviewed by Samra Cebiric

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Geraldine Hamilton - Bio researcher
Geraldine Hamilton builds organs and body parts on a chip -- to test new, custom cures.

Why you should listen

Geraldine Hamilton’s career spans from academic research to biotech start-ups to pharma. Her research focus has been on the development and application of human-relevant in-vitro models for drug discovery. She was one of the founding scientists, VP of Scientific Operations and Director of Cell Products, in a start-up biotech company (CellzDirect), that successfully translated and commercialized technology from academic research to supply the pharmaceutical industry with hepatic cell products and services for safety assessment and drug-metabolism studies.

Hamilton received her Ph.D. in cell biology/toxicology from the University of Hertfordshire (England) in conjunction with GlaxoSmithkline, followed by a post-doctoral research fellowship at the University of North Carolina. Her current research interests and prior experience include: organs on-a-chip, toxicology and drug metabolism, liver cell biology, mechanisms regulating gene expression and differentiation, regulation of nuclear receptors and transcriptional activation in hepatocytes by xenobiotics, human cell isolation and cryopreservation techniques.

More profile about the speaker
Geraldine Hamilton | Speaker | TED.com