INK Conference
Arvind Gupta: Turning trash into toys for learning
Arvind Gupta: Convertint deixalles en joguines per aprendre.
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A la Conferència INK, n'Arvind Gupta comparteix els seus plans senzills, però sorprenents, de convertir deixalles en joguines divertides i ben dissenyades que els nens poden construir ells mateixos, alhora que aprenen principis bàsics de ciència i disseny.
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
My name is Arvind Gupta, and I'm a toymaker.
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Em dic Anrinv Gupta i construeixo joguines.
00:18
I've been making toys for the last 30 years.
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Fà 30 anys que faig joguines.
00:21
The early '70s, I was in college.
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A principis dels 70 estava a la universitat.
00:23
It was a very revolutionary time.
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Era una època molt revolucionària.
00:25
It was a political ferment, so to say --
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Era un ferment polític, per dir-ho així,
00:28
students out in the streets of Paris,
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amb els estudiants sortint als carrers de París
00:30
revolting against authority.
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revoltant-se contra l'autoritat.
00:32
America was jolted
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Amèrica estava sacsejada
00:34
by the anti-Vietnam movement, the Civil Rights movement.
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pel moviment anti-Vietnam, el moviment pels Drets Civils.
00:37
In India, we had the Naxalite movement,
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A l'Índia, teniem el moviment Naxalita,
00:40
the [unclear] movement.
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el moviment revolucionari.
00:42
But you know, when there is a political churning of society,
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Però, sabeu, quan hi ha agitació política a la societat,
00:44
it unleashes a lot of energy.
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deixa anar molta energia.
00:47
The National Movement of India
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El Moviment Nacional de la Índia
00:49
was testimony to that.
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en va ser testimoni.
00:51
Lots of people resigned from well-paid jobs
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Molta gent va deixar feines ben pagades
00:55
and jumped into the National Movement.
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per unir-se al Moviment Nacional.
00:57
Now in the early '70s,
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Doncs a principis dels 70,
00:59
one of the great programs in India
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un dels grans programes de la Índia
01:01
was to revitalize
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va fer revifar
01:03
primary science in village schools.
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la ciència primària a les escoles rurals.
01:05
There was a person, Anil Sadgopal, did a Ph.D. from Caltech
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Hi havia una persona, Anil Gopal, que va fer un doctorat a Caltech
01:08
and returned back as a molecular biologist
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i va tornar per a treballar com a biòleg molecular
01:10
in India's cutting-edge research institute, the TIFR.
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a l'institut de recerca punter de la Índia, el TIFR.
01:13
At 31, he was not able
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Als 31 anys, no era capaç
01:15
to relate the kind of [unclear] research,
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de relacionar el tipus de recerca
01:17
which he was doing with the lives of the ordinary people.
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que feia amb la vida de la gent normal.
01:20
So he designed and went and started a village science program.
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Així que va dissenyar i posar en marxa un programa de ciència rural.
01:23
Many people were inspired by this.
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Va inspirar a molta gent.
01:25
The slogan of the early '70s
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L'eslògan dels principis dels 70
01:27
was "Go to the people.
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era "Vés a la gent.
01:29
Live with them; love them.
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Viu amb ells, estima'ls.
01:31
Start from what they know. Build on what they have."
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Comença pel que conèixen. Construeix a partir del que tenen."
01:34
This was kind of the defining slogan.
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Era una espècie d'eslògan definidor.
01:36
Well I took one year.
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Vaig agafar-me un any.
01:38
I joined Telco, made TATA trucks, pretty close to Pune.
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Vaig unir-me a Telco, fent camions TATA, a prop de Pune.
01:41
I worked there for two years,
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Vaig treballar-hi dos anys,
01:43
and I realized that I was not born to make trucks.
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i em vaig adonar que no vaig nèixer per a fer camions.
01:46
Often one doesn't know what one wants to do,
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Sovint no sabem el que volem fer,
01:48
but it's good enough to know what you don't want to do.
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però no està malament saber què no vols fer.
01:50
So I took one year off, and I went to this village science program.
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Així que vaig agafar-me un any i vaig anar al programa de ciència rural.
01:53
And it was a turning point.
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I em va canviar la vida.
01:55
It was a very small village --
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Era un poblat molt petit
01:57
a weekly bazaar
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amb un mercat setmanal
01:59
where people, just once in a week, they put in all the vats.
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on la gent, un cop per setmana, ho exposava tot.
02:02
So I said, "I'm going to spend a year over here."
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Vaig dir-me: "Passaré un any aquí."
02:04
So I just bought one specimen
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Així que vaig comprar una peça
02:06
of everything which was sold on the roadside.
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de cada cosa que es venia a la carretera.
02:08
And one thing which I found
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I una de les coses que vaig trobar
02:10
was this black rubber.
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va ser aquesta goma negra.
02:12
This is called a cycle valve tube.
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És una vàlvula de càmera de bicicleta.
02:14
When you pump in air in a bicycle, you use a bit of this.
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Per inflar la roda d'una bicicleta, n'utilitzes una.
02:17
And some of these models --
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I alguns d'aquests models...
02:19
so you take a bit of this cycle valve tube,
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prens un troç d'aquesta vàlvula de càmera de bicicleta,
02:21
you can put two matchsticks inside this, and you make a flexible joint.
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pots posar-hi dos mistos, i fas una junta flexible.
02:24
It's a joint of tubes. You start by teaching angles --
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És una junta de tubs. Comences ensenyant els angles:
02:27
an acute angle, a right angle, an obtuse angle, a straight angle.
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un angle agut, un angle recte, un angle obtuse, un angle recte.
02:29
It's like its own little coupling.
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És com la seva pròpia unió.
02:31
If you have three of them, and you loop them together,
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Si en tens tres, els ajuntes
02:33
well you make a triangle.
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i en fas un triangle.
02:35
With four, you make a square,
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Amb 4, fas un quadrat,
02:37
you make a pentagon, you make a hexagon,
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un pentàgon, un hexàgon,
02:39
you make all these kind of polygons.
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fas tot tipus de polígons.
02:41
And they have some wonderful properties.
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I tenen propietats maravelloses.
02:43
If you look at the hexagon, for instance,
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Si prenem l'hexàgon, per exemple,
02:45
it's like an amoeba, which is constantly changing its own profile.
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és com una ameba, que canvia constantment d'aparença.
02:48
You can just pull this out, this becomes a rectangle.
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Si treus això, es converteix en un rectangle.
02:50
You give it a push, this becomes a parallelogram.
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Ho empenys, es converteix en un paral.lelogram.
02:52
But this is very shaky.
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Però és poc estable.
02:54
Look at the pentagon, for instance,
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Mireu el pentagon, per exemple,
02:56
pull this out -- it becomes a boat shape trapezium.
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treiem això i tenim un trapezi en forma de vaixell.
02:58
Push it and it becomes house shaped.
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Empeny i pren forma de casa.
03:00
This becomes an isosceles triangle --
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Es converteix en un triangle isòsceles,
03:02
again, very shaky.
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també, poc estable.
03:04
This square might look very square and prim.
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Aquest quadrat sembla molt quadrat i correcte.
03:06
Give it a little push -- this becomes a rhombus.
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Però si l'empenys una mica es torna un rombe.
03:08
It becomes kite-shaped.
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Agafa forma d'estel.
03:10
But give a child a triangle,
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Però si li dones un triangle a un nen,
03:12
he can't do a thing to it.
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no en pot fer res.
03:14
Why use triangles?
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Perquè utilitzar triangles?
03:16
Because triangles are the only rigid structures.
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Els triangles son les úniques estructures rígides.
03:18
We can't make a bridge with squares
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No podem fer un pont amb quadrats,
03:20
because the train would come, it would start doing a jig.
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per que arribaria un tren i tot tremolaria.
03:23
Ordinary people know about this
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La gent normal ho sap
03:25
because if you go to a village in India,
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perque si vas a un poblet a l'Índia
03:27
they might not have gone to engineering college,
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potser no hauran anat a una escola d'enginyeria,
03:29
but no one makes a roof placed like this.
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però ningú construeix un sostre com ells.
03:31
Because if they put tiles on top, it's just going to crash.
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Perque si hi posen rajoles, caurà.
03:34
They always make a triangular roof.
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Sempre fant sostres triangulars.
03:36
Now this is people science.
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Això és ciència popular.
03:38
And if you were to just poke a hole over here
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I si li fas un forat aquí
03:40
and put a third matchstick,
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i hi poses un tercer misto,
03:42
you'll get a T joint.
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i tens una junta en forma de T.
03:44
And if I were to poke all the three legs of this
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Si estiro les tres potes així
03:46
in the three vertices of this triangle,
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en els tres vèrtexs del triangle,
03:48
I would make a tetrahedron.
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en faria un tetraedre.
03:50
So you make all these 3D shapes.
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Pots fer totes aquestes formes en 3D.
03:52
You make a tetrahedron like this.
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Així fas un tetraedre.
03:55
And once you make these,
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I si fas això
03:59
you make a little house.
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tens una caseta.
04:03
Put this on top.
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Posa-hi això a sobre.
04:05
You can make a joint of four. You can make a joint of six.
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Pots juntar-ne quatre. Pots juntar-ne sis.
04:07
You just need a ton.
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Només en necessites una tona.
04:10
Now this was -- you make a joint of six,
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On estavem... n'ajuntes sis
04:12
you make an icosahedron.
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i fas un icosaedre.
04:14
You can play around with it.
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Pots jugar-hi.
04:16
This makes an igloo.
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Així fas un iglú.
04:18
Now this is in 1978.
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Era l'any 1978.
04:20
I was a 24-year-old young engineer.
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Jo era un enginyer de 24 anys.
04:23
And I thought this was so much better than making trucks.
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I pensava que era molt millor que fer camions.
04:27
(Applause)
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(Aplaudiments)
04:32
If you, as a matter of fact, put four marbles inside,
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Si, de fet, hi poses quatre bales a dintre,
04:35
you simulate the molecular structure of methane, CH4.
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simules l'estructura molecular del metà, CH4.
04:38
Four atoms of hydrogen, the four points of the tetrahedron,
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Quatre àtoms d'hidrògen, quatre punts del tetraedre,
04:40
which means the little carbon atom.
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que vol dir un petit àtom de carboni.
04:42
Well since then,
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Bé, fins aleshores
04:44
I just thought that I've been really privileged
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pensava que era un privilegiat
04:47
to go to over 2,000 schools in my country --
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per anar a més de 2.000 escoles del país,
04:51
village schools, government schools,
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escoles rurals, escoles públiques,
04:53
municipal schools, Ivy League schools --
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escoles municipals, de l'ivy league (Lliga de l'heura)
04:55
I've been invited by most of them.
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M'han convidat la majoria d'elles.
04:57
And every time I go to a school,
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Cada vegada que vaig a una escola,
04:59
I see a gleam in the eyes of the children.
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veig una brillantor en els ulls dels nens.
05:01
I see hope. I see happiness in their faces.
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Hi veig esperança. Veig felicitat a les seves cares.
05:04
Children want to make things. Children want to do things.
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Els nens volen fer coses. Volen fer coses.
05:07
Now this, we make lots and lots of pumps.
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Doncs fem moltes bombes.
05:10
Now this is a little pump
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Aquesta és una bomba petita
05:12
with which you could inflate a balloon.
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amb la qual podries inflar un globus.
05:14
It's a real pump. You could actually pop the balloon.
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És una bomba de debó. Podríes inflar un globus amb ella.
05:17
And we have a slogan
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Tenim un eslògan que diu
05:19
that the best thing a child can do with a toy is to break it.
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que el millor que un nen pot fer amb una joguina és trencar-la.
05:22
So all you do is --
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El que fas és,
05:24
it's a very kind of provocative statement --
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com un declaració provocativa,
05:26
this old bicycle tube and this old plastic [unclear]
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amb aquesta càmera de bicicleta vella i aquest tros de plàstic.
05:28
This filling cap will go very snugly into an old bicycle tube.
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Aquest casquet entraria molt bé en qualsevol càmera de bicicleta.
05:31
And this is how you make a valve.
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I així és com fas una vàlvula.
05:33
You put a little sticky tape.
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Hi poses una mica de cinta adhesiva.
05:37
This is one-way traffic.
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És d'un sol sentit.
05:41
Well we make lots and lots of pumps.
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Fem moltes bombes.
05:43
And this is the other one --
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I aquesta és una altra,
05:45
that you just take a straw, and you just put a stick inside
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agafes una canya, li poses un pal a dintre,
05:47
and you make two half-cuts.
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hi fas dos talls.
05:49
Now this is what you do,
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En fas això,
05:51
is you bend both these legs into a triangle,
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doblegues les potes en un triangle
05:53
and you just wrap some tape around.
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i hi poses una mica de cinta adhesiva.
05:55
And this is the pump.
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I això és una bomba.
05:57
And now, if you have this pump,
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I ara, si tens la bomba,
06:00
it's like a great, great sprinkler.
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és un gran aspersor.
06:03
It's like a centrifuge.
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És com una centrifugadora.
06:05
If you spin something, it tends to fly out.
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Si centrifugues quelcom, tendeix a sortir disparat.
06:08
(Applause)
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(Aplaudiments)
06:10
Well in terms of -- if you were in Andhra Pradesh,
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Bé, en termes de.. si fos [no s'entén]
06:12
you would make this with the palmyra leaf.
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ho faria amb una fulla de Palmira.
06:14
Many of our folk toys
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Moltes de les nostres joguines rurals
06:16
have great science principles.
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tenen grans principis científics.
06:18
If you spin-top something, it tends to fly out.
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Si centrifugues quelcom, tendeix a sortir disparat.
06:20
If I do it with both hands, you can see this fun Mr. Flying Man.
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Si ho faig amb lles dues mans, és com un divertit Home Volador.
06:25
Right.
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Bé.
06:29
This is a toy which is made from paper. It's amazing.
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Aquesta joguina la vaig fer de paper. És increïble.
06:32
There are four pictures.
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Aquí tenen 4 dibuixos.
06:34
You see insects,
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Hi veieu insectes,
06:36
you see frogs, snakes, eagles, butterflies,
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granotes, serps, àligues, papallones,
06:38
frogs, snakes, eagles.
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granotes, serps, àligues.
06:40
Here's a paper which you could [unclear] --
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Aquí tenen un paper
06:42
designed by a mathematician at Harvard in 1928,
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dissenyat per un matemàtic de Harvard el 1928,
06:44
Arthur Stone,
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Arthur Stone,
06:46
documented by Martin Gardner in many of his many books.
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documentat per Martin Gardner en molts dels seus llibres.
06:49
But this is great fun for children.
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És molt divertit per als nens.
06:51
They all study about the food chain.
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Tots estudien sobre la cadena alimentícia.
06:53
The insects are eaten by the frogs; the frogs are eaten by the snakes;
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Les granotes mengen insectes; les serps mengen granotes;
06:55
the snakes are eaten by the eagles.
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les àguiles mengen serps.
06:57
And this can be, if you had a whole photocopy paper --
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I això podria ser, si tinguesis un full de fotocòpia,
06:59
A4 size paper --
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un paper mida A4
07:01
you could be in a municipal school, you could be in a government school --
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podries estar en una escola municipal, o en una gran escola pública,
07:04
a paper, a scale and a pencil -- no glue, no scissors.
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un paper, una regla i un llapis, sense cola ni tissores.
07:07
In three minutes, you just fold this up.
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En tres minuts ho plegues.
07:10
And what you could use it for is just limited by your imagination.
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I el que en pots fer només té la teva imaginació com a límit.
07:13
If you take a smaller paper, you make a smaller flexagon.
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Si agafes un paper més petit, en fas un flexagon més petit.
07:16
With a bigger one, you make a bigger one.
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Amb un de més gran, en fas un de més gran.
07:21
Now this is a pencil with a few slots over here.
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Aqui teniu un llapis amb unes quantes ranures.
07:23
And you put a little fan here.
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Hi poses un petit ventilador.
07:25
And this is a hundred-year-old toy.
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I aqui teniu una joguina centenària.
07:27
There have been six major research papers on this.
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S'han escrit sis articles importants sobre el tema.
07:30
There's some grooves over here, you can see.
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Aquí hi ha uns quants solcs, com veuen.
07:32
And if I take a reed -- if I rub this,
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Si hi poses una canya i ho fregues així,
07:34
something very amazing happens.
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passa una cosa increïble.
07:36
Six major research papers on this.
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Sis grans articles de recerca sobre això.
07:38
As a matter of fact, Feynman, as a child, was very fascinated by this.
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De fet, Feynman, de nen, estava fascinat per això.
07:40
He wrote a paper on this.
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Va escriure'n un article.
07:42
And you don't need the three billion-dollar Hadron Collider
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I no necessiten un colisionador d'hadrons de 3 mil milions de dòlars
07:44
for doing this. (Laughter) (Applause)
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per a fer-lo.
07:46
This is there for every child,
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Això és per a tots els nens
07:48
and every child can enjoy this.
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i tots els nens en poden gaudir.
07:50
If you want to put a colored disk,
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Si vols posar-hi un disc de colors
07:53
well all these seven colors coalesce.
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hi tens una fusió de set colors
07:55
And this is what Newton talked about 400 years back,
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I això és del que parlava Newton fa 400 anys,
07:58
that white light's made of seven colors,
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que la llum blance està feta de 7 colors,
08:00
just by spinning this around.
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només fent girar això.
08:02
This is a straw.
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Aqui tenen una canya.
08:05
What we've done, we've just sealed both the ends with tape,
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El que hem fet és segellar les puntes amb cinta,
08:08
nipped the right corner and the bottom left corner,
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pessigar la cantonada dreta superior amb l'esquerra inferior,
08:10
so there's holes in the opposite corners, there's a little hole over here.
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per a que hi hagi forats en els cantons oposats, hi ha un forat aquí.
08:13
This is a kind of a blowing straw.
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És com una canyeta.
08:15
I just put this inside this.
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Hi poso això a dintre.
08:17
There's a hole here, and I shut this.
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Aquí hi ha un forat i tanco això.
08:25
And this costs very little money to make --
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Costa molt pocs diners fer-ho
08:27
great fun for children to do.
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i és molt divertit de fer per als nens.
08:29
What we do
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El que fem
08:31
is make a very simple electric motor.
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és agafar un motor electric simple.
08:33
Now this is the simplest motor on Earth.
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Aquest és el motor més simple del planeta.
08:37
The most expensive thing is the battery inside this.
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El més car és la pila que porta dintre.
08:40
If you have a battery, it costs five cents to make it.
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Si tens una pila, només costa 5 cèntims fer-ho.
08:43
This is an old bicycle tube,
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Aquí hi ha una càmera vella de bicicleta,
08:45
which gives you a broad rubber band, two safety pins.
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que proporciona una tira de goma ampla, dos imperdibles.
08:47
This is a permanent magnet.
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Aquest és un imant permanent.
08:49
Whenever current flows through the coil, this becomes an electromagnet.
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Quant la corrent pasa per la bobina, es torna un electroimant.
08:52
It's the interaction of both these magnets
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És la interacció entre els dos imants
08:54
which makes this motor spin.
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que fà girar el motor.
08:56
We made 30,000.
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N'hem fet 30.000.
08:58
Teachers who have been teaching science for donkey years,
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Professors que han estat ensenyant ciència durant molts anys,
09:01
they just muck up the definition and they spit it out.
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memoritzen la definició i la repeteixen.
09:04
When teachers make it, children make it.
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Quan els professors ho fan, els nens ho fan.
09:06
You can see a gleam in their eye.
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Podeu veure la brillantor en els seus ulls.
09:08
They get a thrill
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S'emocionen
09:11
of what science is all about.
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sobre el que és la ciència.
09:13
And this science is not a rich man's game.
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I la ciència no és només per a rics.
09:15
In a democratic country,
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En un país democràtic,
09:17
science must reach to our most oppressed,
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la ciència ha d'arribar als més oprimits,
09:20
to the most marginalized children.
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als nens més marginats.
09:22
This program started with 16 schools
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Aquest programa va començar amb 16 escoles
09:25
and spread to 1,500 government schools.
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i s'ha estès a 1.500 escoles públiques.
09:28
Over 100,000 children learn science this way.
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Més de 100.000 nens aprenen ciència així.
09:32
And we're just trying to see possibilities.
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I només estem intentant veure'n les possibilitats.
09:34
Look, this is the tetrapak --
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Mirin, aqui tenen el tetrapak,
09:36
awful materials from the point of view of the environment.
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materials horribles des del punt de vista mediambiental.
09:39
There are six layers -- three layers of plastic, aluminum --
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Té sis capes, tres capes de plàstic, alumini,
09:42
which are are sealed together.
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que han estat segellades juntes.
09:44
They are fused together, so you can't separate them.
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Esten enganxades de manera que no es poden separar.
09:46
Now you can just make a little network like this
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En pots fer una petita xarxa així
09:48
and fold them and stick them together
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i doblegar-los i enganxar-los junts
09:50
and make an icosahedron.
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i fer un icosaedre.
09:52
So something which is trash,
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Així que les deixalles
09:54
which is choking all the seabirds,
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que ofeguen a moltes aus marines,
09:57
you could just recycle this into a very, very joyous --
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podriem reciclar-les i fer-ne aquesta cosa tant i tant alegre...
10:00
all the platonic solids can be made with things like this.
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tots els sòlids platònics de la ciència es podrien fer així.
10:03
This is a little straw,
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Aquesta és una canyeta
10:06
and what you do is you just nip two corners here,
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I el que fas es pessigar les dues cantonades,
10:10
and this becomes like a baby crocodile's mouth.
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i és com la boca d'una cria de cocodril.
10:14
You put this in your mouth, and you blow.
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T'ho poses a la boca i bufes.
10:16
(Honk)
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(Botzina)
10:18
It's children's delight, a teacher's envy, as they say.
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És la delícia d'un nen, l'enveja dels professors, com diuen.
10:22
You're not able to see how the sound is produced,
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No pots veure com es produeix el so
10:24
because the thing which is vibrating goes inside my mouth.
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perquè el que vibra és dins la boca.
10:27
I'm going to keep this outside, to blow out. I'm going to suck in air.
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Ho mantindré fora, per bufar. Xuclaré aire.
10:30
(Honk)
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(Botzina)
10:32
So no one actually needs to muck up the production of sound
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No cal simular la producció del so
10:35
with wire vibrations.
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amb vibracions de filferros.
10:37
The other is that you keep blowing at it,
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Segueixes bufant
10:39
keep making the sound,
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segueixes fent el so,
10:41
and you keep cutting it.
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i segueixes tallant-ho.
10:43
And something very, very nice happens.
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I passa una cosa molt bonica.
10:45
(Honk)
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(Botzina)
10:57
(Applause)
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(Aplaudiments)
11:00
And when you get a very small one --
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I quan queda molt petit
11:02
(Honk)
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(Botzina)
11:05
This is what the kids teach you. You can also do this.
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Això t'ho ensenyen els nens. També pots fer això.
11:08
Well before I go any further,
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Abans d'anar més enllà,
11:10
this is something worth sharing.
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val la pena compartir una cosa.
11:12
This is a touching slate meant for blind children.
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Aquesta és una pissarra tàctil per a nens cecs.
11:14
This is strips of Velcro, this is my drawing slate,
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Aquí tinc tires de Velcro, la meva pissarra
11:17
and this is my drawing pen,
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i el meu rotulador
11:19
which is basically a film box.
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que és bàsicament una caixa de rodet fotogràfic.
11:21
It's basically like a fisherman's line,
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És bàsicament com fil de pescar,
11:25
a fishing line.
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fil de pescar.
11:27
And this is wool over here.
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Hi aquí teniu llana.
11:29
If I crank the handle, all the wool goes inside.
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Si giro la maneta, la llana hi entra.
11:32
And what a blind child can do is to just draw this.
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I un nen cec pot dibuxar així.
11:36
Wool sticks on Velcro.
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La llana s'enganxa al Velcro.
11:40
There are 12 million blind children in our country --
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Hi ha 12 milions de nens cecs al nostre país,
11:43
(Applause)
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(Aplaudiments)
11:45
who live in a world of darkness.
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que viuen en un mon de foscor.
11:47
And this has come as a great boon to them.
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Això ha estat una gran benedicció per a ells.
11:50
There's a factory out there making our children blind,
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És una fàbrica per als nostres nens cecs,
11:53
not able to provide them with food,
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que no els proporciona aliments,
11:55
not able to provide them with vitamin A.
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no els proporciona vitamina A.
11:57
But this has come as a great boon for them.
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Però és una benedicció per a ells.
11:59
There are no patents. Anyone can make it.
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No hi ha patents. Tothom ho pot fer.
12:03
This is very, very simple.
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És molt, molt simple.
12:05
You can see, this is the generator. It's a crank generator.
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Veieu, això és un generador. És un generador amb maneta.
12:08
These are two magnets.
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Aquí hi ha dos imans.
12:10
This is a large pulley made by sandwiching rubber between two old CDs.
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Això és una politja feta possant goma entre dos CDs.
12:13
Small pulley and two strong magnets.
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Una petita politja amb dos imans forts.
12:15
And this fiber turns a wire attached to an LED.
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Aquesta fibra gira un cable lligat a una LED.
12:18
If I spin this pulley, the small one's going to spin much faster.
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Si gires la politja, el disc petit gira molt més ràpid.
12:20
There will be a spinning magnetic field.
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Crea un camp magnètic giratori.
12:22
Lines, of course, would be cut, the force will be generated.
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Els cables, és clar, es tallaràn i es generarà força.
12:25
And you can see, this LED is going to glow.
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I com veuran, aquesta LED brillarà.
12:27
So this is a small crank generator.
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És un petit generador de maneta.
12:31
Well, this is, again,
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Aquí teniu, un cop més,
12:34
it's just a ring, a steel ring with steel nuts.
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una anella d'acer amb femelles d'acer.
12:37
And what you can do
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I el que es pot fer
12:39
is just, if you give it a twirl,
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si ho gires
12:42
well they just keep going on.
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segueixen funcionant.
12:48
And imagine a bunch of kids
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Imagineu-vos uns quants nens
12:50
standing in a circle
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fent un cercle
12:52
and just waiting for the steel ring to be passed on.
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i esperant que els passin l'anella d'acer.
12:54
And they'd be absolutely joyous playing with this.
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I seran molt feliços jugant'hi.
12:59
Well in the end, what we can also do:
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Finalment, el que també podem fer,
13:01
we use a lot of old newspapers
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utilitzant diaris vells
13:04
to make caps.
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per a fer barrets.
13:06
This is worthy of Sachin Tendulkar.
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És digne de Sachin Tendulkar.
13:08
It's a great cricket cap. (Laughter) (Applause)
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És un bon barret de criquet.
13:11
When first you see Nehru and Gandhi,
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El primer cop que vaig veure Nehru i Gandhi,
13:13
this is the Nehru cap -- just half a newspaper.
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aquest el el barret de Nehru, amb només mig diari.
13:16
We make lots of toys with newspapers,
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Fem moltes joguines amb diaris,
13:18
and this is one of them.
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aquesta n'és una.
13:20
And this is -- you can see --
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I aquí tenen, com poden veure,
13:22
this is a flapping bird.
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un ocell aletejant.
13:25
All of our old newspapers, we cut them into little squares.
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Tots els diaris vells, els tallem a quadrets.
13:28
And if you have one of these birds --
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Si tenen un d'aquest ocells,
13:30
children in Japan have been making this bird for many, many years.
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fa molts i molts anys que els nens del Japó en fan.
13:35
And you can see,
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I aquí teniu
13:37
this is a little fantail bird.
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un petit ocell cua-de-ventall.
13:41
Well in the end, I'll just end with a story.
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Per acabar, sempre acabo amb una història.
13:44
This is called "The Captain's Hat Story."
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És diu "La història del barret del capità."
13:46
The captain was a captain of a sea-going ship.
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Era el capità d'un vaixell que navegava pel mar.
13:48
It goes very slowly.
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Anava molt poc a poc.
13:50
And there were lots of passengers on the ship,
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Hi havia molts passatgers al vaixell,
13:52
and they were getting bored, so the captain invited them on the deck.
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i s'avorrien, així que el capità els va convidar a coberta.
13:54
"Wear all your colorful clothes and sing and dance,
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"Poseu-vos roba de colors, canteu i balleu,
13:56
and I'll provide you with good food and drinks."
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i us donaré bon menjar i begudes."
13:58
And the captain would wear a cap everyday
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El capità portaria un barret cada dia
14:00
and join in the regalia.
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i s'uniria a la festa.
14:02
The first day, it was a huge umbrella cap,
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El primer dia, va portar un barret-paraigües enorme,
14:04
like a captain's cap.
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com a barret de capità.
14:06
That night, when the passengers would be sleeping,
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Aquella nit, mentre els passatgers dormien,
14:09
he would give it one more fold,
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el va doblegar un cop més,
14:11
and the second day, he would be wearing a fireman's cap --
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i el segon dia, portava un barret de bomber,
14:13
with a little shoot just like a designer cap,
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amb una petita ala al darrera com de disseny,
14:15
because it protects the spinal cord.
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per que protegeix la columna vertebral.
14:18
And the second night, he would take the same cap
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I la segona nit, va agafar el mateix barret
14:20
and give it another fold.
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i el va tornar a doblegar.
14:22
And the third day, it would be a Shikari cap --
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I el tercer dia, portava un barret de safari,
14:24
just like an adventurer's cap.
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com el barret d'un aventurer.
14:27
And the third night, he would give it two more folds --
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I la tercera nit, el va tornar a doblegar un parell de cops,
14:30
and this is a very, very famous cap.
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i aquest és un barret molt, molt famós,
14:32
If you've seen any of our Bollywood films,
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si heu vist alguna pel.lícula de Bollywood,
14:34
this is what the policeman wears,
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això ho porten els policies,
14:36
it's called a zapalu cap.
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s'anomena barret zapalu.
14:38
It's been catapulted to international glory.
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Ha estat catapultat a la fama mundial.
14:41
And we must not forget that he was the captain of the ship.
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I no oblidem que era el capità del vaixell.
14:44
So that's a ship.
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Aquí tenim el vaixell.
14:46
And now the end:
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I ara el final.
14:48
everyone was enjoying the journey very much.
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Tothom gaudia molt del viatge.
14:50
They were singing and dancing.
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Cantaven i ballaven.
14:52
Suddenly there was a storm and huge waves.
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De sobte va esclatar una tempesta i grans onades.
14:55
And all the ship can do is to dance and pitch along with the waves.
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El vaixell només podia ballar i saltar entre les ones.
14:58
A huge wave comes and slaps the front
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Una ona enorme va abofetejat la proa
15:00
and knocks it down.
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i la va trencar.
15:02
And another one comes and slaps the aft and knocks it down.
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Una altra golpeja la popa i la va trencar.
15:05
And there's a third one over here.
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I la tercera.
15:07
This swallows the bridge and knocks it down.
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Es va empassar el pont i el va trencar.
15:09
And the ship sinks,
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El vaixell es va enfonsar
15:11
and the captain has lost everything,
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el capità ho va perdre tot,
15:13
but for a life jacket.
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excepte l'armilla salvavides.
15:16
Thank you so much.
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Moltes gràcies.
15:18
(Applause)
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(Aplaudiments)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Arvind Gupta - ToymakerScience educator Arvind Gupta uses simple toys to teach.
Why you should listen
Arvind Gupta is an Indian toy inventor and popularizer of science for kids. Creating simple toys out of trash and everyday goods, he illustrates principles of science and design in a memorably hands-on fashion. He works at the Children's Science Centre in Pune, India.
He's the author of numerous books available in English, Hindi and other Indian languages, including Little Toys, Amazing Activities, Science from Scrap, and Science Skills & Thrills: The Best of Arvind Gupta. His Low-Cost Equipment for Science and Technology Eduction is available as a PDF download through UNESCO. Many of his toy designs are explained in one-minute films >>
Arvind Gupta | Speaker | TED.com