TEDGlobal 2011
Paul Bloom: The origins of pleasure
Paul Bloom: Els origens del plaer
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Per què preferim un quadre original per sobre d'una falsificació? El psicòleg Paul Bloom argumenta que els éssers humans som essencialistes, que les nostres creences sobre la història d'un objecte afecten com l'experimentem, no només com a il·lusió, sinó com a una profunda característica del que és el plaer (i el dolor).
Paul Bloom - Psychologist
Paul Bloom explores some of the most puzzling aspects of human nature, including pleasure, religion, and morality. Full bio
Paul Bloom explores some of the most puzzling aspects of human nature, including pleasure, religion, and morality. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
I'm going to talk today
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Avui parlaré
00:17
about the pleasures of everyday life.
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sobre els plaers de la vida quotidiana.
00:19
But I want to begin with a story
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Però primer vull començar amb una història
00:21
of an unusual and terrible man.
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sobre un home terrible i inusual.
00:23
This is Hermann Goering.
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Es tracta de Hermann Goering.
00:25
Goering was Hitler's second in command in World War II,
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Goering era el segon de Hitler durant la WWII,
00:28
his designated successor.
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el seu designat successor.
00:30
And like Hitler,
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I com Hitler,
00:32
Goering fancied himself a collector of art.
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en Goering es veia com un col·leccionista d'art.
00:34
He went through Europe, through World War II,
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Va travessar Europa, durant la segona guerra mundial,
00:36
stealing, extorting and occasionally buying
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robant, extorsionant i de vegades comprant
00:39
various paintings for his collection.
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diversos quadres per a la seva col·lecció.
00:41
And what he really wanted was something by Vermeer.
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I el que de debò volia era alguna obra de Vermeer.
00:44
Hitler had two of them, and he didn't have any.
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En Hitler en tenia dues, i ell cap.
00:47
So he finally found an art dealer,
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Finalment va trobar un traficant d'obres d'art,
00:49
a Dutch art dealer named Han van Meegeren,
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un traficant holandès anomenat Han van Meegeren,
00:52
who sold him a wonderful Vermeer
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el qual li va vendre un meravellós Vermeer
00:54
for the cost of what would now be 10 million dollars.
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pel que, avui dia, serien 10 milions de dòlars.
00:57
And it was his favorite artwork ever.
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I era la seva obra preferida de totes.
01:00
World War II came to an end,
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La segona guerra mundial va acabar,
01:02
and Goering was captured, tried at Nuremberg
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i en Goering va ser capturat, portat a judici a Nuremberg,
01:05
and ultimately sentenced to death.
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i finalment sentenciat a mort.
01:08
Then the Allied forces went through his collections
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Llavors les forces aliades van examinar les seves col·leccions,
01:10
and found the paintings
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van trobar les pintures,
01:12
and went after the people who sold it to him.
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i van anar a buscar la gent que les hi havia venut.
01:14
And at some point the Dutch police came into Amsterdam
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Al final la policia holandesa va anar a Amsterdam
01:17
and arrested Van Meegeren.
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i van arrestar en Van Meegeren.
01:19
Van Meegeren was charged with the crime of treason,
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En Van Meegeren va ser acusat de crim de traïció,
01:22
which is itself punishable by death.
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que, per si mateix, era castigat amb la mort.
01:25
Six weeks into his prison sentence,
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Al cap de sis setmanes tancat a la presó,
01:27
van Meegeren confessed.
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en Van Meegeren va confessar.
01:29
But he didn't confess to treason.
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Però no va confessar d'haver traït.
01:31
He said, "I did not sell a great masterpiece
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Va dir, "No vaig vendre una gran obra mestra
01:34
to that Nazi.
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a aquell nazi.
01:36
I painted it myself; I'm a forger."
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La vaig pintar jo mateix, sóc un falsificador".
01:39
Now nobody believed him.
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Ningú el va creure.
01:42
And he said, "I'll prove it.
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Llavors va dir, "Ho demostraré.
01:44
Bring me a canvas and some paint,
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Porteu-me un llenç i una mica de pintura,
01:46
and I will paint a Vermeer much better
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i pintaré un Vermeer molt millor
01:48
than I sold that disgusting Nazi.
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que el que vaig vendre a aquell fastigós nazi.
01:50
I also need alcohol and morphine, because it's the only way I can work."
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També necessito alcohol i morfina, és l'única manera de que pugui treballar.
01:53
(Laughter)
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(Riure)
01:55
So they brought him in.
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Així que li van portar.
01:57
He painted a beautiful Vermeer.
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Va pintar un bell Vermeer.
02:00
And then the charges of treason were dropped.
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I llavors els càrrecs de traïció li van ser retirats.
02:03
He had a lesser charge of forgery,
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Tenia un càrrec menor de falsificació,
02:05
got a year sentence
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va rebre una sentència d'un any,
02:07
and died a hero to the Dutch people.
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i va morir éssent un heroi per la gent holandesa.
02:11
There's a lot more to be said about van Meegeren,
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Hi ha molt més a dir sobre Van Meegeren,
02:14
but I want to turn now to Goering,
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però ara vull parlar sobre Goering,
02:16
who's pictured here being interrogated at Nuremberg.
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el qual podeu veure aquí, éssent interrogat a Nuremberg.
02:19
Now Goering was, by all accounts, a terrible man.
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Goering va ser, per descomptat, un home terrible.
02:21
Even for a Nazi, he was a terrible man.
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Fins i tot per un nazi, era un home terrible.
02:24
His American interrogators described him
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Els seus interrogadors americans el van descriure com
02:27
as an amicable psychopath.
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un psicòpata amigable.
02:29
But you could feel sympathy
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Però podríeu sentir simpatia
02:31
for the reaction he had
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per la reacció que va tenir
02:33
when he was told that his favorite painting
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quan li van dir que el seu quadre preferit
02:35
was actually a forgery.
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era en realitat una falsificació.
02:37
According to his biographer,
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Segons el seu biògraf,
02:39
"He looked as if for the first time
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"Va mirar com si, per primer cop,
02:41
he had discovered there was evil in the world."
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s'hagués adonat de que hi havia maldat al món."
02:43
(Laughter)
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(Riure)
02:46
And he killed himself soon afterwards.
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I es va suïcidar poc després.
02:49
He had discovered after all
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Havia descobert, al cap i a la fi,
02:51
that the painting he thought was this
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que la pintura que ell creia que era aquesta,
02:53
was actually that.
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era en realitat aquesta altra.
02:56
It looked the same,
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Era igual,
02:58
but it had a different origin, it was a different artwork.
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però tenia un origen diferent, era una obra d'art diferent.
03:00
It wasn't just him who was in for a shock.
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No només va ser ell el que es va endur una sorpresa.
03:02
Once van Meegeren was on trial, he couldn't stop talking.
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Un cop en Van Meegeren va ser a judici, no va poder parar de parlar.
03:05
And he boasted about all the great masterpieces
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Es va vantar de totes les grans obres mestres
03:07
that he himself had painted
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que ell mateix havia pintat
03:09
that were attributed to other artists.
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i que havien sigut atribuïdes a altres artistes.
03:11
In particular, "The Supper at Emmaus"
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En concret, "El Sopar a Emaús",
03:13
which was viewed as Vermeer's finest masterpiece, his best work --
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el qual era vist com la millor obra d'en Vermeer
03:16
people would come [from] all over the world to see it --
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i la gent d'arreu del món havia anat a veure,
03:19
was actually a forgery.
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era en realitat una falsificació.
03:21
It was not that painting, but that painting.
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No era aquell quadre, sinó aquest.
03:23
And when that was discovered,
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I quan es va descobrir,
03:25
it lost all its value and was taken away from the museum.
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va perdre tot el seu valor i es va treure del museu.
03:28
Why does this matter?
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Per què importa, això?
03:30
I'm a psychologists -- why do origins matter so much?
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Vosaltres, psicòlegs, per què importen tant, els origens?
03:33
Why do we respond so much
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Per què ens importa tant
03:35
to our knowledge of where something comes from?
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d'on prové certa cosa?
03:38
Well there's an answer that many people would give.
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Bé, hi ha una resposta que molta gent donaria.
03:40
Many sociologists like Veblen and Wolfe
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Molts sociòlegs com Veblen i Wolfe
03:43
would argue that the reason why we take origins so seriously
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argumentarien que la raó de per què ens importen tant els origens
03:46
is because we're snobs, because we're focused on status.
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és perquè som esnobs, perquè ens importa la posició social i econòmica.
03:49
Among other things,
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Entre d'altres coses,
03:51
if you want to show off how rich you are, how powerful you are,
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si vols demostrar com de ric ets, o com de poderós ets,
03:53
it's always better to own an original than a forgery
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sempre és millor posseir un original que una falsificació
03:55
because there's always going to be fewer originals than forgeries.
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perquè sempre hi haurà menys originals que falsificacions.
03:59
I don't doubt that that plays some role,
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No dubto que aquesta raó tingui el seu pes,
04:01
but what I want to convince you of today
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però del que us vull convèncer avui
04:03
is that there's something else going on.
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és que hi ha una altra raó.
04:05
I want to convince you
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Us vull convèncer
04:07
that humans are, to some extent, natural born essentialists.
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de que els humans som, fins a cert punt, essencialistes per naturalesa.
04:10
What I mean by this
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El que vull dir amb això
04:12
is we don't just respond to things as we see them,
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és que no només responem a les coses segons les veiem,
04:14
or feel them, or hear them.
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o les sentim, o les escoltem.
04:16
Rather, our response is conditioned on our beliefs,
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Més aviat, la nostra resposta està condicionada per les nostres creences,
04:19
about what they really are, what they came from,
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el que realment són, d'on vénen,
04:22
what they're made of, what their hidden nature is.
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de què estan fetes, quina és la seva naturalesa oculta.
04:25
I want to suggest that this is true,
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Vull suggerir que això és cert,
04:27
not just for how we think about things,
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no només per com valorem les coses,
04:29
but how we react to things.
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sinó també per com reaccionem a aquestes.
04:31
So I want to suggest that pleasure is deep --
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Així doncs vull suggerir que el plaer és profund,
04:33
and that this isn't true
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i que això no és només cert
04:35
just for higher level pleasures like art,
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per plaers d'alt nivell com l'art,
04:38
but even the most seemingly simple pleasures
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sinó que també fins i tot els plaers aparentment més simples
04:41
are affected by our beliefs about hidden essences.
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són afectats per les nostres creences sobre essències amagades.
04:44
So take food.
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Per exemple, el menjar.
04:46
Would you eat this?
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Us menjarieu això?
04:48
Well, a good answer is, "It depends. What is it?"
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Bé, una bona resposta és "Depèn. Què és?"
04:51
Some of you would eat it if it's pork, but not beef.
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Alguns de vosaltres us ho menjaríeu si fos carn de porc, però no si fos carn de vaca.
04:53
Some of you would eat it if it's beef, but not pork.
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Alguns us ho menjaríeu si fos carn de vaca, però no de porc.
04:56
Few of you would eat it if it's a rat
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Pocs de vosaltres us ho menjaríeu si fos una rata
04:58
or a human.
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o un ésser humà.
05:00
Some of you would eat it only if it's a strangely colored piece of tofu.
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Alguns de vosaltres només us ho menjaríeu si es tractés d'un tros de tofu d'un color estrany.
05:04
That's not so surprising.
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No és tant sorprenent.
05:06
But what's more interesting
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Però el que és més interessant
05:08
is how it tastes to you
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és que el gust que tindrà per a tu
05:10
will depend critically on what you think you're eating.
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dependrà críticament del que creguis que estàs menjant.
05:13
So one demonstration of this was done with young children.
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Una demostració d'això es va fer amb nens petits.
05:16
How do you make children
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Com fas que els nens
05:18
not just be more likely to eat carrots and drink milk,
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no només prefereixin menjar pastanagues i beure llet,
05:21
but to get more pleasure from eating carrots and drinking milk --
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sinó que també n'obtinguin més plaer fent-ho,
05:24
to think they taste better?
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que creguin que tenen més bon gust?
05:26
It's simple, you tell them they're from McDonald's.
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És simple, els hi dius que són del McDonald's.
05:29
They believe McDonald's food is tastier,
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Creuen que el menjar del McDonald's és més bo,
05:31
and it leads them to experience it as tastier.
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i això fa que ho notin més saborós.
05:34
How do you get adults to really enjoy wine?
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Com pots aconseguir que els adults gaudeixin realment del vi?
05:36
It's very simple:
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És ben senzill:
05:38
pour it from an expensive bottle.
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serveix-lo d'una ampolla de les cares.
05:40
There are now dozens, perhaps hundreds of studies showing
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Ara hi ha dotzenes, potser centenars d'estudis que mostren
05:43
that if you believe you're drinking the expensive stuff,
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que si creus que estàs bevent de la beguda cara,
05:45
it tastes better to you.
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t'agrada més.
05:47
This was recently done with a neuroscientific twist.
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Això es va fer fa poc, però amb una peculiaritat neurocientífica.
05:50
They get people into a fMRI scanner,
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Porten gent a un escànner dMRI,
05:52
and while they're lying there, through a tube,
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i mentre rauen allà estirats, els hi fan provar vi
05:54
they get to sip wine.
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a través d'un tub.
05:56
In front of them on a screen is information about the wine.
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Davant seu, a un monitor, es mostra informació sobre el vi.
05:59
Everybody, of course,
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Tothom, evidentment,
06:01
drinks exactly the same wine.
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beu exactament el mateix vi.
06:03
But if you believe you're drinking expensive stuff,
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Però si creus que estàs prenent una beguda cara,
06:06
parts of the brain associated with pleasure and reward
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parts del cervell associades amb el plaer i la recompensa
06:09
light up like a Christmas tree.
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s'il·luminen com un arbre de nadal.
06:11
It's not just that you say it's more pleasurable, you say you like it more,
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No és només que diguis que és més plaent, dius que t'agrada més,
06:14
you really experience it in a different way.
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és realment una experiència diferent.
06:17
Or take sex.
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O el sexe, per exemple.
06:20
These are stimuli I've used in some of my studies.
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Aquests són estímuls que he fet servir en alguns dels meus estudis.
06:23
And if you simply show people these pictures,
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I si simplement ensenyes aquestes imatges a la gent,
06:26
they'll say these are fairly attractive people.
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diran que són persones bastant atractives.
06:28
But how attractive you find them,
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Però com d'atractives les trobes,
06:31
how sexually or romantically moved you are by them,
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o com t'atrauen sexualment o romàntica,
06:34
rests critically on who you think you're looking at.
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està altament influenciat per qui creus que és a qui estàs mirant.
06:37
You probably think the picture on the left is male,
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Probablement creguis que la imatge a l'esquerra sigui mascle,
06:40
the one on the right is female.
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la de la dreta femella.
06:42
If that belief turns out to be mistaken, it will make a difference.
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Si aquesta creença resulta ser errònia, t'importarà.
06:45
(Laughter)
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(Riure)
06:47
It will make a difference if they turn out to be
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T'importarà si resulta que són
06:49
much younger or much older than you think they are.
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molt més joves o més grans que el que creus que són.
06:52
It will make a difference if you were to discover
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T'importarà si descobreixes
06:54
that the person you're looking at with lust
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que la persona a qui estàs observant amb luxúria
06:56
is actually a disguised version of your son or daughter,
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és en realitat algú disfressat del teu fill o filla,
06:58
your mother or father.
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mare o pare.
07:00
Knowing somebody's your kin typically kills the libido.
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Saber que és algú de la teva família sol acabar amb el libido.
07:03
Maybe one of the most heartening findings
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Potser, un dels descobriments més encoratjadors
07:05
from the psychology of pleasure
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de la psicologia del plaer
07:07
is there's more to looking good than your physical appearance.
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és que la teva aparença física no ho és tot per a tenir bon aspecte.
07:10
If you like somebody, they look better to you.
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Si t'agrada algú, el/la veuràs més guapo/a.
07:13
This is why spouses in happy marriages
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És per això que les dones en matrimonis feliços
07:16
tend to think that their husband or wife
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solen pensar que el seu marit o dona
07:18
looks much better than anyone else thinks that they do.
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és més guapo/a que el que la resta creu.
07:21
(Laughter)
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(Riure)
07:23
A particularly dramatic example of this
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Un exemple particularment dramàtic d'això
07:26
comes from a neurological disorder known as Capgras syndrome.
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és causat per un desordre neurològic conegut com a síndrome de Capgras.
07:29
So Capgras syndrome is a disorder
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El síndrome de Capgras és un desordre
07:32
where you get a specific delusion.
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en què tens una il·lusió concreta.
07:34
Sufferers of Capgras syndrome
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Els malalts d'aquesta síndrome
07:36
believe that the people they love most in the world
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creuen que la gent que estimen més del món
07:38
have been replaced by perfect duplicates.
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han estat substituïts per duplicats perfectes.
07:40
Now often, a result of Capgras syndrome is tragic.
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Sovint, el resultat de la síndrome de Capgras és tràgic.
07:43
People have murdered those that they loved,
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Gent ha matat als que més estimaven,
07:45
believing that they were murdering an imposter.
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creient que estaven assassinant un impostor.
07:48
But there's at least one case
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Però hi ha com a mínim un cas
07:50
where Capgras syndrome had a happy ending.
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en què la síndrome va tenir un final feliç.
07:52
This was recorded in 1931.
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Això va ser gravat l'any 1931.
07:54
"Research described a woman with Capgras syndrome
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"La investigació descrivia una dona amb la síndrome de Capgras
07:57
who complained about her poorly endowed and sexually inadequate lover."
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que es queixava del seu estimat, pobrament dotat i sexualment inadequat".
08:00
But that was before she got Capgras syndrome.
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Però això va ser abans de que tingués la síndrome de Capgras.
08:03
After she got it, "She was happy to report
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Després de tenir-la, "Estava contenta d'informar
08:05
that she has discovered that he possessed a double
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que havia descobert que tenia un doble
08:08
who was rich, virile, handsome and aristocratic."
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que era ric, viril, guapo i aristocràtic."
08:10
Of course, it was the same man,
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És clar, era el mateix home,
08:12
but she was seeing him in different ways.
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però el veia d'una forma diferent.
08:14
As a third example,
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Com a tercer exemple,
08:16
consider consumer products.
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considereu els productes pel consumidor.
08:18
So one reason why you might like something is its utility.
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Una raó per la que et pot agradar una cosa és la seva utilitat.
08:21
You can put shoes on your feet; you can play golf with golf clubs;
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Pots posar-te sabates als peus, pots jugar a golf amb pals de golf,
08:24
and chewed up bubble gum doesn't do anything at all for you.
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i el xiclet mastegat no et serveix de res.
08:27
But each of these three objects has value
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Però cadascun d'aquests tres objectes té valor
08:29
above and beyond what it can do for you
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per sobre i més enllà del que pugui fer per tu
08:31
based on its history.
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basat en la seva història.
08:33
The golf clubs were owned by John F. Kennedy
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Els pals de golf eren de John F. Kennedy
08:36
and sold for three-quarters of a million dollars at auction.
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i es van vendre per tres quarts de milió (de dòlars) a una subhasta.
08:39
The bubble gum was chewed up by pop star Britney Spears
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El xiclet va ser mastegat per l'estrella del pop Britney Spears
08:42
and sold for several hundreds of dollars.
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i es va vendre per centenars de dòlars.
08:44
And in fact, there's a thriving market
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I, de fet, hi ha un pròsper mercat
08:46
in the partially eaten food of beloved people.
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pel menjar-a-mitges de la gent popularment estimada.
08:49
(Laughter)
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(Riure)
08:51
The shoes are perhaps the most valuable of all.
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Les sabates són, potser, el més valuós de tot.
08:54
According to an unconfirmed report,
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Segons un informe no confirmat,
08:56
a Saudi millionaire offered 10 million dollars
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un milionari saudita va oferir 10 milions de dòlars
08:58
for this pair of shoes.
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per aquest parell de sabates.
09:00
They were the ones thrown at George Bush
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Són les que es van tirar a George Bush
09:03
at an Iraqi press conference several years ago.
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a una conferència de premsa iraquiana ara fa uns quants anys.
09:05
(Applause)
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(Aplaudiment)
09:07
Now this attraction to objects
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Bé, aquesta atracció cap als objectes
09:09
doesn't just work for celebrity objects.
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no només funciona amb els objectes de famosos.
09:11
Each one of us, most people,
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Cadascú de nosaltres, la majoria,
09:13
have something in our life that's literally irreplaceable,
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tenim alguna cosa a la nostra vida que és literalment insubstituïble,
09:16
in that it has value because of its history --
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en el sentit de que té valor per la seva història.
09:19
maybe your wedding ring, maybe your child's baby shoes --
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Potser el teu anell de casament, potser les sabatetes de nadó del teu fill,
09:22
so that if it was lost, you couldn't get it back.
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que si ho perdessis, no ho podries recuperar.
09:25
You could get something that looked like it or felt like it,
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Podries aconseguir alguna cosa que s'hi assemblés,
09:27
but you couldn't get the same object back.
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però no podries recuperar el mateix objecte.
09:30
With my colleagues George Newman and Gil Diesendruck,
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Amb els meus col·legues George Newman i Gil Diesendruck,
09:33
we've looked to see what sort of factors, what sort of history, matters
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hem examinat quina mena de factors, quin tipus d'història, importa
09:36
for the objects that people like.
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pels objectes que agraden a la gent.
09:38
So in one of our experiments,
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En un dels nostres experiments,
09:40
we asked people to name a famous person who they adored,
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vam demanar a la gent que digués el nom d'algun famós que adoressin,
09:43
a living person they adored.
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una persona viva que els agradés.
09:45
So one answer was George Clooney.
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Una resposta va ser George Clooney.
09:47
Then we asked them,
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Llavors els vam preguntar,
09:49
"How much would you pay for George Clooney's sweater?"
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"Quant pagaries pel suèter d'en George Clooney?"
09:51
And the answer is a fair amount --
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I la resposta és una quantitat raonable,
09:53
more than you would pay for a brand new sweater
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més del que pagaries per un suèter nou
09:56
or a sweater owned by somebody who you didn't adore.
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o un que fos d'algú que no adoressis.
09:59
Then we asked other groups of subjects --
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Llavors vam preguntar a altres grups de subjectes,
10:01
we gave them different restrictions
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els vam donar restriccions diferents
10:03
and different conditions.
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i diferents condicions.
10:05
So for instance, we told some people,
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Així que, per exemple, vam dir a uns quants:
10:07
"Look, you can buy the sweater,
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"Mira, pots comprar el suèter,
10:09
but you can't tell anybody you own it,
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però no pots dir a ningú que el tens,
10:11
and you can't resell it."
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i no el pots revendre."
10:13
That drops the value of it,
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Això fa que el valor disminueixi,
10:15
suggesting that that's one reason why we like it.
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suggerint que aquesta és una de les raons de per què ens agrada.
10:18
But what really causes an effect
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Però el que realment causa un efecte
10:20
is you tell people, "Look, you could resell it, you could boast about it,
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és quan dius a la gent "Mira, pots revendre-ho, pots presumir-ne tant com vulguis,
10:23
but before it gets to you,
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però abans d'arribar a tu,
10:25
it's thoroughly washed."
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s'haurà rentat completament."
10:27
That causes a huge drop in the value.
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Això fa que el valor caigui en picat.
10:30
As my wife put it, "You've washed away the Clooney cooties."
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Tal com va dir la meva dona, "T'has desfet d'els polls d'en Clooney."
10:33
(Laughter)
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(Riure)
10:35
So let's go back to art.
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Bé, tornem a l'art.
10:37
I would love a Chagall. I love the work of Chagall.
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M'encantaria un Chagall. M'agraden molt, les obres d'en Chagall.
10:39
If people want to get me something at the end of the conference,
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Si algú em vol donar alguna cosa al final de la conferència,
10:41
you could buy me a Chagall.
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em podríeu comprar un Chagall.
10:43
But I don't want a duplicate,
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Però no en vull una dúplica,
10:45
even if I can't tell the difference.
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fins i tot si no en sé reconèixer la diferència.
10:47
That's not because, or it's not simply because,
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No és perquè, o simplement perquè,
10:49
I'm a snob and want to boast about having an original.
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sigui un esnob i vulgui presumir de tenir un original.
10:52
Rather, it's because I want something that has a specific history.
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Més aviat és perquè vull una cosa amb una història específica.
10:55
In the case of artwork,
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En el cas de l'art,
10:57
the history is special indeed.
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la història és realment especial.
10:59
The philosopher Denis Dutton
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El filòsof Denis Dutton,
11:01
in his wonderful book "The Art Instinct"
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al seu meravellós llibre "L'instint de l'art"
11:03
makes the case that, "The value of an artwork
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recalca que "El valor d'una peça d'art
11:05
is rooted in assumptions about the human performance underlying its creation."
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té arrel a les suposicions sobre l'exercici humà subjacent a la seva creació."
11:08
And that could explain the difference
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I això podria explicar la diferència
11:10
between an original and a forgery.
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entre un original i una falsificació.
11:12
They may look alike, but they have a different history.
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Poden semblar iguals, però tenen una història diferent.
11:14
The original is typically the product of a creative act,
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L'original és típicament el producte d'un art creatiu,
11:17
the forgery isn't.
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la falsificació no.
11:19
I think this approach can explain differences
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Crec que aquest enfocament pot explicar diferències
11:22
in people's taste in art.
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en el gust artístic de la gent.
11:24
This is a work by Jackson Pollock.
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Aquesta és una obra de Jackson Pollock.
11:26
Who here likes the work of Jackson Pollock?
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A qui d'aquí li agrada les obres d'en Jackson Pollock?
11:30
Okay. Who here, it does nothing for them?
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Val. A qui no li diuen res?
11:32
They just don't like it.
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Simplement no els agrada.
11:35
I'm not going to make a claim about who's right,
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No diré qui té raó,
11:37
but I will make an empirical claim
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però diré un fet empíric
11:39
about people's intuitions,
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sobre la intuició de la gent,
11:41
which is that, if you like the work of Jackson Pollock,
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que és que, si t'agrada la feina d'en Jackson Pollock,
11:43
you'll tend more so than the people who don't like it
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tendiràs a creure més que a la gent que simplement no li agrada
11:46
to believe that these works are difficult to create,
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que aquestes obres són difícils de crear,
11:49
that they require a lot of time and energy
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que requereixen gran quantitat de temps i energia
11:51
and creative energy.
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i energia creativa.
11:53
I use Jackson Pollock on purpose as an example
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Faig servir en Jackson Pollock com a exemple expressament
11:56
because there's a young American artist
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perquè hi ha una jove artista americana
11:58
who paints very much in the style of Jackson Pollock,
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que pinta amb un estil similar al d'aquest,
12:00
and her work was worth
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i la seva feina tenia una valor de
12:02
many tens of thousands of dollars --
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desenes de milers de dòlars,
12:04
in large part because she's a very young artist.
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en gran part perquè és una artista molt jove.
12:06
This is Marla Olmstead
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Aquesta és la Marla Olmstead,
12:08
who did most of her work when she was three years old.
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la qual va fer la majoria de les seves obres quan tenia tres anys.
12:10
The interesting thing about Marla Olmstead
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El que és interessant d'ella
12:12
is her family made the mistake
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és que la seva família va cometre l'error
12:14
of inviting the television program 60 Minutes II into their house
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de convidar el programa de televisió "60 minuts II" a casa seva
12:18
to film her painting.
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per gravar-la mentre pintava.
12:20
And they then reported that her father was coaching her.
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I llavors van dir que el seu pare la guiava.
12:23
When this came out on television,
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Quan això es va emetre per televisió,
12:25
the value of her art dropped to nothing.
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el valor del seu art va baixar a res.
12:28
It was the same art, physically,
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Era físicament el mateix art,
12:30
but the history had changed.
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però la seva història havia canviat.
12:33
I've been focusing now on the visual arts,
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He estat parlant en concret sobre les arts visuals,
12:35
but I want to give two examples from music.
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però vull posar dos exemples de música.
12:37
This is Joshua Bell, a very famous violinist.
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Aquest és en Joshua Bell, un violinista molt famós.
12:39
And the Washington Post reporter Gene Weingarten
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I el periodista Gene Weingarter del Washington Post
12:42
decided to enlist him for an audacious experiment.
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va decidir allistar-lo per a un audaç experiment.
12:45
The question is: How much would people like Joshua Bell,
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La pregunta és: Els agradaria tant en Joshua Bell,
12:47
the music of Joshua Bell,
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la seva música,
12:49
if they didn't know they were listening to Joshua Bell?
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si la gent no sabés que està escoltant a aquest?
12:53
So he got Joshua Bell to take his million dollar violin
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Així que va demanar-li que agafés el seu violí valorat en un milió de dòlars
12:56
down to a Washington D.C. subway station
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cap a una estació de metro de Washington D.C.
12:59
and stand in the corner and see how much money he would make.
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i que s'assegués a un costat i comprovés quants diners acabaria guanyant.
13:02
And here's a brief clip of this.
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Aquí en teniu un breu vídeo.
13:04
(Violin music)
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(Música de violí)
13:11
After being there for three-quarters of an hour,
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Passats tres quarts d'hora,
13:13
he made 32 dollars.
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només havia guanyat 32$.
13:16
Not bad. It's also not good.
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No està malament. Tampoc està bé.
13:18
Apparently to really enjoy the music of Joshua Bell,
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Sembla ser que per gaudir de la música d'en Joshua Bell,
13:21
you have to know you're listening to Joshua Bell.
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has de saber que estàs escoltant a en Joshua Bell.
13:24
He actually made 20 dollars more than that,
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En realitat va guanyar 20$ més,
13:26
but he didn't count it.
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però no els va comptar.
13:28
Because this woman comes up --
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Perquè aquesta dona ve,
13:30
you see at the end of the video -- she comes up.
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com veieu al final del vídeo... apareix.
13:32
She had heard him at the Library of Congress a few weeks before
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L'havia sentit a la biblioteca del congrés feia unes quantes setmanes
13:34
at this extravagant black-tie affair.
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durant un extravagant afer formal.
13:37
So she's stunned that he's standing in a subway station.
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Així que es sorprèn de trobar-se'l a una estació de metro.
13:40
So she's struck with pity.
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Li fa molta pena.
13:42
She reaches into her purse and hands him a 20.
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Obre la seva bossa i li dóna un bitllet de 20.
13:44
(Laughter)
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(Riure)
13:46
(Applause)
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(Aplaudiment)
13:48
The second example from music
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El segon exemple de música
13:50
is from John Cage's modernist composition,
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és de la composició modernista " 4'33" "
13:52
"4'33"."
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d'en John Cage.
13:54
As many of you know,
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Com molts sabeu,
13:56
this is the composition where the pianist sits at a bench,
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aquesta és la composició en què el pianista seu a un banc,
13:59
opens up the piano
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obre el piano,
14:01
and sits and does nothing for four minutes and 33 seconds --
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seu i no fa res durant 4 minuts i 33 segons,
14:03
that period of silence.
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aquest període de silenci.
14:05
And people have different views on this.
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La gent té diferents opinions sobre el tema.
14:07
But what I want to point out
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Però el que vull ressaltar
14:09
is you can buy this from iTunes.
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és que ho pots comprar per l'iTunes.
14:11
(Laughter)
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(Riure)
14:13
For a dollar 99,
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Per un dòlar amb noranta-nou cèntims
14:15
you can listen to that silence,
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pots escoltar a aquest silenci,
14:17
which is different than other forms of silence.
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que és diferent dels altres tipus de silenci.
14:20
(Laughter)
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(Riure)
14:22
Now I've been talking so far about pleasure,
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De moment he parlat sobre el plaer,
14:25
but what I want to suggest
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però el que vull suggerir
14:27
is that everything I've said applies as well to pain.
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és que tot el que he dit també és aplicable al dolor.
14:30
And how you think about what you're experiencing,
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I què creus sobre el que estàs experimentant,
14:32
your beliefs about the essence of it,
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les teves creences sobre la seva essència,
14:34
affect how it hurts.
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afecten si fa molt o poc mal.
14:36
One lovely experiment
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Es va fer un encantador experiment
14:38
was done by Kurt Gray and Dan Wegner.
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per en Kurt Gray i Dan Wegner.
14:40
What they did was they hooked up Harvard undergraduates
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Van enganxar estudiants no llicenciats de Harvard
14:42
to an electric shock machine.
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a una màquina de xocs elèctrics.
14:44
And they gave them a series of painful electric shocks.
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I els van donar una sèrie de dolorosos xocs elèctrics.
14:47
So it was a series of five painful shocks.
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Va ser una sèrie de cinc dolorosos xocs elèctrics.
14:50
Half of them are told that they're being given the shocks
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A la meitat els van dir que rebien xocs
14:52
by somebody in another room,
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per culpa d'algú a una altra habitació,
14:54
but the person in the other room doesn't know they're giving them shocks.
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però que aquest no sabia que l'estava electrocutant.
14:57
There's no malevolence, they're just pressing a button.
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No hi ha maldat, simplement premien un botó.
14:59
The first shock is recorded as very painful.
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El primer xoc va ser molt dolorós, segons els subjectes.
15:02
The second shock feels less painful, because you get a bit used to it.
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El segon menys, perquè t'hi acabes acostumant.
15:05
The third drops, the fourth, the fifth.
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El tercer baixa, el quart, el cinquè.
15:07
The pain gets less.
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El dolor disminueix.
15:10
In the other condition,
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En l'altre cas,
15:12
they're told that the person in the next room
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se'ls diu que la persona a l'habitació del costat
15:14
is shocking them on purpose -- knows they're shocking them.
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els està electrocutant expressament, sap el que està fent.
15:17
The first shock hurts like hell.
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El primer xoc és extremadament dolorós.
15:19
The second shock hurts just as much,
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El segon tant com el primer,
15:21
and the third and the fourth and the fifth.
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i el tercer, el quart i el cinquè.
15:23
It hurts more
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Fa més mal
15:25
if you believe somebody is doing it to you on purpose.
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si creus que algú t'ho està fent expressament.
15:28
The most extreme example of this
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L'exemple més extrem d'això
15:31
is that in some cases,
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és que en alguns casos,
15:33
pain under the right circumstances
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el dolor sota les circumstàncies adequades
15:35
can transform into pleasure.
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es pot transformar en plaer.
15:37
Humans have this extraordinarily interesting property
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Els éssers humans tenen aquesta propietat extraordinàriament interessant,
15:40
that will often seek out low-level doses of pain
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sovint buscaran dosis de dolor de baix nivell
15:42
in controlled circumstances
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en circumstàncies controlades
15:44
and take pleasure from it --
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i en gaudiran.
15:46
as in the eating of hot chili peppers
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Com a l'hora de menjar pebrots calents de xili
15:48
and roller coaster rides.
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i els viatges en muntanya russa.
15:51
The point was nicely summarized
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Això ho va resumir molt bé
15:53
by the poet John Milton
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el poeta John Milton,
15:55
who wrote, "The mind is its own place,
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que va escriure "La ment és el seu propi lloc,
15:57
and in itself can make a heaven of hell,
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i en sí mateixa pot fer de l'infern el cel,
15:59
a hell of heaven."
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del cel un infern."
16:01
And I'll end with that. Thank you.
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I bé, aquí acaba la meva xerrada. Gràcies.
16:03
(Applause)
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(Aplaudiment)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Paul Bloom - PsychologistPaul Bloom explores some of the most puzzling aspects of human nature, including pleasure, religion, and morality.
Why you should listen
In Paul Bloom’s last book, How Pleasure Works, he explores the often-mysterious enjoyment that people get out of experiences such as sex, food, art, and stories. His latest book, Just Babies, examines the nature and origins of good and evil. How do we decide what's fair and unfair? What is the relationship between emotion and rationality in our judgments of right and wrong? And how much of morality is present at birth? To answer these questions, he and his colleagues at Yale study how babies make moral decisions. (How do you present a moral quandary to a 6-month-old? Through simple, gamelike experiments that yield surprisingly adult-like results.)
Paul Bloom is a passionate teacher of undergraduates, and his popular Introduction to Psychology 110 class has been released to the world through the Open Yale Courses program. He has recently completed a second MOOC, “Moralities of Everyday Life”, that introduced moral psychology to tens of thousands of students. And he also presents his research to a popular audience though articles in The Atlantic, The New Yorker, and The New York Times. Many of the projects he works on are student-initiated, and all of them, he notes, are "strongly interdisciplinary, bringing in theory and research from areas such as cognitive, social, and developmental psychology, evolutionary theory, linguistics, theology and philosophy."
He says: "A growing body of evidence suggests that humans do have a rudimentary moral sense from the very start of life."
Paul Bloom | Speaker | TED.com