TED@BCG Paris
Shubhendu Sharma: How to grow a forest in your backyard
Shubhendu Sharma: Hvordan du kan lave en skov i baghaven
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Skove behøver ikke være fjerne naturreservater, isolerede fra menneskeliv.
Istedet, så kunne du lave en her hvor vi er - selv i byer. Øko-iværksætteren og Ted Fellow Shubhendu Sharma laver ultra-tætte mini-skove med masser af biodiversitet, fra lokale arter, i byområder, ved at producere jord, mikrober og biomasse, til at kickstarte naturlige vækstprocesser. Følg med, når han beskriver hvordan man laver en 100 år gammel skov på kun 10 år, og lær hvordan du kan komme med i den lille junglefest.
Shubhendu Sharma - Eco-entrepreneur
Shubhendu Sharma creates afforestation methods that make it easy to plant maintenance-free, wild and biodiverse forests. Full bio
Shubhendu Sharma creates afforestation methods that make it easy to plant maintenance-free, wild and biodiverse forests. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
This is a man-made forest.
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Dette er en menneskeskabt skov.
00:15
It can spread over acres
and acres of area,
and acres of area,
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Den kan brede sig over flere hektarer
00:19
or it could fit in a small space --
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eller det kan passe ned på små steder,
00:22
as small as your house garden.
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så lille som din baghave.
00:27
Each of these forests
is just two years old.
is just two years old.
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Hver af disse skove er kun to år gammel.
00:31
I have a forest in the backyard
of my own house.
of my own house.
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Jeg har selv en skov i min egen baghave.
00:35
It attracts a lot of biodiversity.
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Den tiltrækker megen biodiversitet.
00:37
(Bird call)
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(Fuglefløjt)
00:42
I wake up to this every morning,
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Jeg vågner til det hver morgen,
00:43
like a Disney princess.
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som en Disneyprinsesse.
00:45
(Laughter)
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(Latter)
00:47
I am an entrepreneur
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Jeg er en iværksætter
00:48
who facilitates the making
of these forests professionally.
of these forests professionally.
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der letter det at lave en skov.
00:52
We have helped factories,
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Vi har hjulpet fabrikker,
00:54
farms,
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gårde,
00:55
schools,
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skoler,
00:58
homes,
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hjem,
01:00
resorts,
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feriesteder,
01:02
apartment buildings,
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lejlighedsboliger,
01:04
public parks
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offentlige parker
01:06
and even a zoo
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og endda en zoologisk have
01:08
to have one of such forests.
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til at få en af sådanne skove.
01:10
A forest is not an isolated piece of land
where animals live together.
where animals live together.
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En skov er ikke et isoleret stykke jord,
hvor dyr lever sammen.
hvor dyr lever sammen.
01:16
A forest can be an integral part
of our urban existence.
of our urban existence.
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En skov kan være en integreret del
af vores byområder.
af vores byområder.
01:22
A forest, for me,
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En skov, for mig,
01:23
is a place so dense with trees
that you just can't walk into it.
that you just can't walk into it.
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er et sted, så tæt pakket med træer,
at men næsten ikke kan gå derind.
at men næsten ikke kan gå derind.
01:27
It doesn't matter
how big or small they are.
how big or small they are.
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Størrelsen har ingen betydning.
01:31
Most of the world
we live in today was forest.
we live in today was forest.
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Det meste af verden, som vi
nu lever i, var skov før.
nu lever i, var skov før.
01:34
This was before human intervention.
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Det var før de menneskelige indgreb.
01:36
Then we built up our cities
on those forests,
on those forests,
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Så byggede vi byer ovenpå,
01:39
like São Paulo,
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ligesom i Sao Paulo,
01:40
forgetting that we belong
to nature as well,
to nature as well,
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og glemte,
at vi selv var en del af naturen,
at vi selv var en del af naturen,
01:43
as much as 8.4 million
other species on the planet.
other species on the planet.
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sammen med 8,4 millioner
andre arter.
andre arter.
01:48
Our habitat stopped being
our natural habitat.
our natural habitat.
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Vores levesteder var ikke længere
vore naturlige levesteder.
vore naturlige levesteder.
01:52
But not anymore for some of us.
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Men ikke længere, for nogle af os.
01:54
A few others and I today make
these forests professionally --
these forests professionally --
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Nogle få andre, og jeg selv,
laver i dag disse skove -
laver i dag disse skove -
01:58
anywhere and everywhere.
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overalt.
02:01
I'm an industrial engineer.
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Jeg er industriel ingeniør.
02:03
I specialize in making cars.
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Mit speciale er biler.
02:06
In my previous job at Toyota,
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I mit tidligere job, hos Toyota,
02:08
I learned how to convert
natural resources into products.
natural resources into products.
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lærte jeg, hvordan man omdanner
naturlige ting til produkter.
naturlige ting til produkter.
02:13
To give you an example,
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For at give et eksempel,
02:14
we would drip the sap
out of a rubber tree,
out of a rubber tree,
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vi ville tage saften fra
et gummitræ,
et gummitræ,
02:17
convert it into raw rubber
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omdanne det til rågummi
02:18
and make a tire out of it -- the product.
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og lave et dæk ud af det - produktet.
02:21
But these products can never
become a natural resource again.
become a natural resource again.
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Men disse produkter,
kan ikke blive naturlige ressourcer igen.
kan ikke blive naturlige ressourcer igen.
02:25
We separate the elements from nature
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Vi deler elementerne fra naturen
02:28
and convert them
into an irreversible state.
into an irreversible state.
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og laver dem til en ikke omdannelig ting.
02:31
That's industrial production.
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Det er industriel produktion.
02:34
Nature, on the other hand,
works in a totally opposite way.
works in a totally opposite way.
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Naturen, på den anden side,
arbejder fuldstændig modsat.
arbejder fuldstændig modsat.
02:37
The natural system produces
by bringing elements together,
by bringing elements together,
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Det naturlige system producerer
ved at bringe elementer sammen,
ved at bringe elementer sammen,
02:41
atom by atom.
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atom efter atom.
02:44
All the natural products
become a natural resource again.
become a natural resource again.
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Alle de naturlige produkter,
bliver naturlige ressourcer igen.
bliver naturlige ressourcer igen.
02:50
This is something which I learned
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Det er noget jeg har lært
02:53
when I made a forest
in the backyard of my own house.
in the backyard of my own house.
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da jeg lavede en skov
i min baghave.
i min baghave.
02:56
And this was the first time
I worked with nature,
I worked with nature,
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Og det var første gang,
at jeg arbejdede med naturen,
at jeg arbejdede med naturen,
02:59
rather than against it.
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i stedet for imod den.
03:01
Since then,
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Siden da,
03:03
we have made 75 such forests
in 25 cities across the world.
in 25 cities across the world.
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har vi lavet 75 skove,
i 25 byer rundt i verden.
i 25 byer rundt i verden.
03:09
Every time we work at a new place,
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Hver gang vi arbejder et nyt sted,
03:11
we find that every single element
needed to make a forest
needed to make a forest
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finder vi hvert enkelt element
vi skal bruge til at lave skoven
vi skal bruge til at lave skoven
03:16
is available right around us.
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lige i nærheden.
03:18
All we have to do is to bring
these elements together
these elements together
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Alt hvad vi skal gøre, er at
føre disse elementer sammen
føre disse elementer sammen
03:21
and let nature take over.
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og lade naturen tage over.
03:25
To make a forest we start with soil.
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For at lave en skov,
så starter vi med jord.
så starter vi med jord.
03:28
We touch, feel and even taste it
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Vi rører, føler og endda smager på den
03:30
to identify what properties it lacks.
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for at se hvilke egenskaber
den mangler.
den mangler.
03:33
If the soil is made up of small particles
it becomes compact --
it becomes compact --
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Hvis jorden er lavet af små partikler,
så bliver det kompakt -
så bliver det kompakt -
03:36
so compact, that water cannot seep in.
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så kompakt,
at vand ikke kan synke ned i det.
at vand ikke kan synke ned i det.
03:40
We mix some local biomass
available around,
available around,
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Vi blander noget lokalt tilgængeligt
biomasse
biomasse
03:44
which can help soil become more porous.
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som kan hjælpe jorden til,
at blive mere porøs.
at blive mere porøs.
03:49
Water can now seep in.
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Nu kan vandet synke ned i det.
03:51
If the soil doesn't have
the capacity to hold water,
the capacity to hold water,
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Hvis ikke jorden har evnen,
til at holde på vand,
til at holde på vand,
03:55
we will mix some more biomass --
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blander vi mere biomasse i -
03:57
some water-absorbent material
like peat or bigas,
like peat or bigas,
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noget vand-absorberende materiale,
som tørv,
som tørv,
04:00
so soil can hold this water
and it stays moist.
and it stays moist.
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så jorden kan holde vandet
og det forbliver fugtigt.
og det forbliver fugtigt.
04:05
To grow, plants need water,
sunlight and nutrition.
sunlight and nutrition.
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For at vokse, behøver planter vand,
sollys og næring.
sollys og næring.
04:11
What if the soil doesn't have
any nutrition in it?
any nutrition in it?
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Hvad nu hvis, at jorden ikke
har nok næring i sig?
har nok næring i sig?
04:14
We don't just add nutrition
directly to the soil.
directly to the soil.
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Vi tilføjer ikke næring
direkte i jorden.
direkte i jorden.
04:16
That would be the industrial way.
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Det er den industrielle metode.
04:18
It goes against nature.
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Det går imod naturen.
04:19
We instead add microorganisms to the soil.
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I stedet tilføjer vi mikroorganismer.
04:22
They produce the nutrients
in the soil naturally.
in the soil naturally.
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De producerer næringsstoffer
naturligt i jorden.
naturligt i jorden.
04:26
They feed on the biomass
we have mixed in the soil,
we have mixed in the soil,
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De lever af biomassen,
som vi har blandet i jorden,
som vi har blandet i jorden,
04:29
so all they have to do
is eat and multiply.
is eat and multiply.
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så det eneste de skal gøre,
er at spise og formere sig.
er at spise og formere sig.
04:32
And as their number grows,
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Og mens antallet vokser,
04:34
the soil starts breathing again.
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begynder jorden at ånde igen.
04:35
It becomes alive.
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Den kommer til live.
04:38
We survey the native
tree species of the place.
tree species of the place.
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Vi laver en oversigt over
lokale træsorter.
lokale træsorter.
04:40
How do we decide what's native or not?
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Hvordan bestemmes om sorten er lokal?
04:43
Well, whatever existed
before human intervention is native.
before human intervention is native.
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Det der eksisterede
før menneskelig indgreb, er lokal.
før menneskelig indgreb, er lokal.
04:47
That's the simple rule.
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Det er den simple regel.
04:49
We survey a national park
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Vi kortlægger en national park
04:54
to find the last remains
of a natural forest.
of a natural forest.
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for at finde de sidste rester
af en naturlig skov.
af en naturlig skov.
04:58
We survey the sacred groves,
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Vi kortlægger hellige pladser
05:01
or sacred forests around old temples.
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eller hellige skove
rundt om gamle templer.
rundt om gamle templer.
05:04
And if we don't find anything at all,
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Og hvis vi ikke finder noget,
05:07
we go to museums
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så går vi på museer
05:08
to see the seeds or wood of trees
existing there a long time ago.
existing there a long time ago.
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for at frøene eller træ fra træer
som var her for lang tid siden.
som var her for lang tid siden.
05:14
We research old paintings,
poems and literature from the place,
poems and literature from the place,
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Vi undersøger gamle malerier,
digte og litteratur fra stedet,
digte og litteratur fra stedet,
05:20
to identify the tree species
belonging there.
belonging there.
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for at identificere den træ sort
som hører til.
som hører til.
05:23
Once we know our trees,
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Når vi kender vores træer,
05:24
we divide them in four different layers:
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deler vi dem
i fire forskellige lag:
i fire forskellige lag:
05:26
shrub layer, sub-tree layer,
tree layer and canopy layer.
tree layer and canopy layer.
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busk, sub-træ,
træ og krone.
træ og krone.
05:30
We fix the ratios of each layer,
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Vi laver en fordeling af hvert lag,
05:33
and then we decide the percentage
of each tree species in the mix.
of each tree species in the mix.
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og så bestemmer vi procentdelen
af hver træ art i blandingen.
af hver træ art i blandingen.
05:38
If we are making a fruit forest,
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Hvis vi laver en frugtskov,
05:40
we increase the percentage
of fruit-bearing trees.
of fruit-bearing trees.
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øger vi procentdelen
af frugtbærende træer.
af frugtbærende træer.
05:43
It could be a flowering forest,
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Det kunne være en blomsterskov,
05:46
a forest that attracts
a lot of birds or bees,
a lot of birds or bees,
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en skov der tiltrækker
mange fugle eller bier,
mange fugle eller bier,
05:50
or it could simply be a native,
wild evergreen forest.
wild evergreen forest.
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eller det kunne være en lokal
vild stedsegrøn skov.
vild stedsegrøn skov.
05:55
We collect the seeds
and germinate saplings out of them.
and germinate saplings out of them.
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Vi samler frø
og samler spirer fra dem.
og samler spirer fra dem.
05:59
We make sure that trees
belonging to the same layer
belonging to the same layer
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Vi sikre os, at træerne
fra samme lag
fra samme lag
06:01
are not planted next to each other,
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ikke plantes ved siden af hinanden,
06:03
or they will fight for the same
vertical space when they grow tall.
vertical space when they grow tall.
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ellers vil de kæmpe om samme
lodrette rum når de gror.
lodrette rum når de gror.
06:07
We plant the saplings close to each other.
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Vi planter spirerne tæt på hinanden.
06:10
On the surface, we spread
a thick layer of mulch,
a thick layer of mulch,
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På overfladen, spreder vi et
trykt lag barkflis,
trykt lag barkflis,
06:13
so when it's hot outside
the soil stays moist.
the soil stays moist.
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så når der er varmt udenfor,
forbliver jorden fugtig.
forbliver jorden fugtig.
06:16
When it's cold,
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Når det er koldt,
06:18
frost formation happens only on the mulch,
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fryser det kun ovenpå barkflisen,
06:21
so soil can still breathe
while it's freezing outside.
while it's freezing outside.
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så kan jorden stadig ånde
når der er frost.
når der er frost.
06:25
The soil is very soft --
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Jorden er meget blød -
06:28
so soft, that roots
can penetrate into it easily,
can penetrate into it easily,
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så blød, at rødder
nemt kan gennemtrænge det,
nemt kan gennemtrænge det,
06:32
rapidly.
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hurtigt.
06:34
Initially, the forest doesn't
seem like it's growing,
seem like it's growing,
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I starten, ser det ikke ud som
om at skoven gror,
om at skoven gror,
06:36
but it's growing under the surface.
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men den gror under overfladen.
06:38
In the first three months,
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I de første tre måneder,
06:40
roots reach a depth of one meter.
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når rødderne en dybde på en meter.
06:42
These roots form a mesh,
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De rødder danner et net,
06:44
tightly holding the soil.
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tæt omkring jorden.
06:46
Microbes and fungi live
throughout this network of roots.
throughout this network of roots.
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Mikrober og svampe lever
på disse netværk af rødder.
på disse netværk af rødder.
06:50
So if some nutrition is not available
in the vicinity of a tree,
in the vicinity of a tree,
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Så hvis noget næring ikke er tilgængeligt
i nærheden af træet,
i nærheden af træet,
06:54
these microbes are going to get
the nutrition to the tree.
the nutrition to the tree.
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vil mikroberne skaffe næring til træet.
06:57
Whenever it rains,
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Når det regner,
06:59
magically,
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på magisk vis,
07:00
mushrooms appear overnight.
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kommer svampe til syne natten over.
07:02
And this means the soil below
has a healthy fungal network.
has a healthy fungal network.
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Og det betyder at jorden nedenunder,
har et sundt svampe netværk.
har et sundt svampe netværk.
07:06
Once these roots are established,
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Når rødderne er etableret,
07:08
forest starts growing on the surface.
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begynder skoven at gro på overfladen.
07:11
As the forest grows we keep watering it --
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Mens skoven vokser, vander vi den -
07:16
for the next two to three years,
we water the forest.
we water the forest.
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i de næste to til tre år,
vander vi skoven.
vander vi skoven.
07:20
We want to keep all the water
and soil nutrition only for our trees,
and soil nutrition only for our trees,
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Vi sørger for at alt vandet og
næringen fra jorden kun er til træerne,
næringen fra jorden kun er til træerne,
07:25
so we remove the weeds
growing on the ground.
growing on the ground.
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så vi fjerner alt det der gror på bunden.
07:28
As this forest grows,
it blocks the sunlight.
it blocks the sunlight.
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Når skoven gror,
blokerer den for sollyset.
blokerer den for sollyset.
07:32
Eventually, the forest becomes so dense
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Til sidst, bliver skoven så tæt
07:35
that sunlight can't reach
the ground anymore.
the ground anymore.
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at sollys ikke kan nå
bunden mere.
bunden mere.
07:37
Weeds cannot grow now,
because they need sunlight as well.
because they need sunlight as well.
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Så kan ukrudt ikke længere gro,
for de skal også bruge sollys.
for de skal også bruge sollys.
07:42
At this stage,
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På dette stadie,
07:43
every single drop of water
that falls into the forest
that falls into the forest
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vil hver eneste dråbe vand,
som falder i skoven,
som falder i skoven,
07:46
doesn't evaporate back
into the atmosphere.
into the atmosphere.
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ikke fordampe ud i atmosfæren.
07:49
This dense forest condenses the moist air
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Den tætte skov fortætter den fugtige luft
07:52
and retains its moisture.
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og beholder fugtigheden.
07:54
We gradually reduce and eventually
stop watering the forest.
stop watering the forest.
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Vi gradvist reducerer og til sidst
stopper med at vande skoven.
stopper med at vande skoven.
07:59
And even without watering,
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Og selv uden at vi vander,
08:00
the forest floor stays moist
and sometimes even dark.
and sometimes even dark.
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er skovbunden fugtig
og nogle gange mørk.
og nogle gange mørk.
08:05
Now, when a single leaf
falls on this forest floor,
falls on this forest floor,
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Når der falder et blad
på skovbunden,
på skovbunden,
08:09
it immediately starts decaying.
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vil det øjeblikkeligt nedbrydes.
08:12
This decayed biomass forms humus,
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Det nedbrudte biomasse bliver til humus,
08:15
which is food for the forest.
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hvilket er mad for skoven.
08:17
As the forest grows,
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Mens skoven vokser,
08:19
more leaves fall on the surface --
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falder der flere blade til jorden -
08:20
it means more humus is produced,
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det betyder, at mere humus produceres
08:22
it means more food so the forest
can grow still bigger.
can grow still bigger.
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og mere mad til skoven,
så den kan blive endnu større.
så den kan blive endnu større.
08:26
And this forest keeps
growing exponentially.
growing exponentially.
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Skoven vil vokse eksponentielt.
08:30
Once established,
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Når de først er etableret,
08:31
these forests are going to regenerate
themselves again and again --
themselves again and again --
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vil disse skove regenerere sig selv,
igen og igen -
igen og igen -
08:35
probably forever.
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formodentlig for evigt.
08:38
In a natural forest like this,
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I en naturlig skov, som denne,
08:40
no management is the best management.
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er ingen indblanding,
det bedste.
det bedste.
08:44
It's a tiny jungle party.
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Det er en lille junglefest.
08:46
(Laughter)
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(Latter)
08:48
This forest grows as a collective.
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Skoven gror i fællesskab.
08:51
If the same trees --
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Hvis de samme træer -
08:52
same species --
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samme arter -
08:54
would have been planted independently,
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var plantet individuelt,
08:56
it wouldn't grow so fast.
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ville de ikke gro nær så hurtigt.
08:58
And this is how we create
a 100-year-old forest
a 100-year-old forest
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Og det er sådan, at vi laver
en 100 år gammel skov
en 100 år gammel skov
09:02
in just 10 years.
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på kun 10 år.
09:04
Thank you very much.
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Mange tak.
09:05
(Applause)
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(Bifald)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Shubhendu Sharma - Eco-entrepreneurShubhendu Sharma creates afforestation methods that make it easy to plant maintenance-free, wild and biodiverse forests.
Why you should listen
Industrial engineer Shubhendu Sharma was working at Toyota in India when he met Japanese forest expert Akira Miyawaki, who'd arrived to plant a forest at the factory, using a methodology he'd developed to make a forest grow ten times faster that normal. Fascinated, Sharma interned with Miyawaki, and grew his first successful forest on a small plot behind a house.
Today, his company Afforestt promotes a standardized method for seeding dense, fast-growing, native forests in barren lands, using his car-manufacturing acumen to create a system allowing a multilayer forest of 300 trees to grow on an area as small as the parking spaces of six cars -- for less than the price of an iPhone. Afforestt has helped grow forests at homes, schools and factories. Sharma seen improvement in air quality, an increase in biodiversity -- and the forests even generate fresh fruit. Afforestt is at work on a platform that will offer hardware probes to analyze soil quality, allowing the company to offer step-by-step instructions for anyone who wants to grow a native forest anywhere in the world.
Shubhendu Sharma | Speaker | TED.com