TED2004
Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi: Flow, the secret to happiness
Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi: Flow, hemmeligheden bag lykke.
Filmed:
Readability: 4.2
5,809,721 views
Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi spørger "Hvad gør livet værd at leve?". Han påpeger, at penge ikke kan gøre os lykkelige, så han søger svaret blandt dem, der kan opnå glæde og vedvarende tilfredsstillelse ved aktiviteter, der bringer dem i en tilstand af flow.
Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi - Positive psychologist
Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi has contributed pioneering work to our understanding of happiness, creativity, human fulfillment and the notion of "flow" -- a state of heightened focus and immersion in activities such as art, play and work. Full bio
Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi has contributed pioneering work to our understanding of happiness, creativity, human fulfillment and the notion of "flow" -- a state of heightened focus and immersion in activities such as art, play and work. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
I grew up in Europe, and World War II caught me
0
0
5000
Jeg voksede op i Europa og blev fanget af 2. verdenskrig,
00:17
when I was between seven and 10 years old.
1
5000
4000
da jeg var mellem 7 og 10 år gammel.
00:21
And I realized how few of the grown-ups that I knew
2
9000
7000
Og jeg indså, hvor få af de voksne jeg kendte,
00:28
were able to withstand the tragedies that the war visited on them --
3
16000
10000
der kunne klare de tragedier, som krigen havde påført dem.
00:38
how few of them could even resemble a normal, contented,
4
26000
8000
Hvor få af dem der var i stand til at genoptage
et velfungerende og lykkeligt liv
et velfungerende og lykkeligt liv
00:46
satisfied, happy life once their job, their home, their security
5
34000
9000
efter at have mistet deres job, hjem og sikkerhed
00:55
was destroyed by the war.
6
43000
2000
pga. krigen.
00:57
So I became interested in understanding
7
45000
3000
Jeg blev derfor interesseret i at forstå,
01:00
what contributed to a life that was worth living.
8
48000
5000
hvad der er medvirkende til at gøre et liv værd at leve.
01:05
And I tried, as a child, as a teenager, to read philosophy
9
53000
6000
Og jeg forsøgte som teenager at læse filosofi
01:11
and to get involved in art and religion and many other ways
10
59000
8000
og give mig i kast med kunst, religion og mange andre ting,
01:19
that I could see as a possible answer to that question.
11
67000
4000
som jeg kunne se som mulige svar på mit spørgsmål.
01:23
And finally I ended up encountering psychology by chance.
12
71000
9000
Til sidst endte jeg med at støde ind i psykologi ved et tilfælde.
01:32
I was at a ski resort in Switzerland without any money
13
80000
5000
Jeg var i et skisportssted i Schweiz
uden penge til at have det sjovt for,
uden penge til at have det sjovt for,
01:37
to actually enjoy myself, because the snow had melted and
14
85000
8000
fordi sneen var smeltet
01:45
I didn't have money to go to a movie. But I found that on the --
15
93000
5000
og jeg havde ingen penge til at gå i biografen for.
01:50
I read in the newspapers that there was to be a presentation
16
98000
5000
Jeg læste i avisen, at der ville være en forelæsning
01:55
by someone in a place that I'd seen in the center of Zurich,
17
103000
6000
et sted jeg havde set i centrum af Zûrich.
02:01
and it was about flying saucers [that] he was going to talk.
18
109000
6000
og det ville handle om flyvende tallerkner.
Og jeg tænkte at eftersom jeg ikke kan gå i biografen,
02:07
And I thought, well, since I can't go to the movies,
19
115000
2000
02:09
at least I will go for free to listen to flying saucers.
20
117000
6000
så kan jeg i det mindste komme til
gratis at høre om flyvende tallerkner.
gratis at høre om flyvende tallerkner.
02:15
And the man who talked at that evening lecture was very interesting.
21
123000
9000
Og den mand der talte til aftenens
forelæsning var meget interessant.
forelæsning var meget interessant.
02:24
Instead of talking about little green men,
22
132000
3000
I stedet for at snakke om små grønne mænd,
02:27
he talked about how the psyche of the Europeans
23
135000
5000
snakkede han om, hvordan europæernes psyke
02:32
had been traumatized by the war, and now they're projecting
24
140000
4000
var blevet traumatiserede af krigen og nu forestillede de sig så
02:36
flying saucers into the sky.
25
144000
3000
flyvende tallerkner oppe i himlen.
02:40
He talked about how the mandalas of ancient Hindu religion
26
148000
5000
Han snakkede om hvordan Mandalaer
fra den gamle Hinduistiske religion
fra den gamle Hinduistiske religion
02:45
were kind of projected into the sky as an attempt to regain
27
153000
7000
blev projiceret op på himlen i et forsøg på
at genoprette orden efter kaos fra krige.
02:52
some sense of order after the chaos of war.
28
160000
4000
02:56
And this seemed very interesting to me.
29
164000
3000
Og dette vakte min interesse.
02:59
And I started reading his books after that lecture.
30
167000
3000
Jeg startede med at læse hans bøger efter den forelæsning.
03:02
And that was Carl Jung, whose name or work I had no idea about.
31
170000
8000
Og det var Carl Jung,
hvis navn eller arbejde jeg intet kendte til.
hvis navn eller arbejde jeg intet kendte til.
03:10
Then I came to this country to study psychology
32
178000
3000
Så kom jeg her til landet for at studere psykologi
03:13
and I started trying to understand the roots of happiness.
33
181000
7000
og jeg startede med at prøve at forstå grundene til lykke.
03:20
This is a typical result that many people have presented,
34
188000
5000
Dette er et typisk resultat som mange har præsenteret
03:25
and there are many variations on it.
35
193000
3000
og der er mange variationer af det.
03:28
But this, for instance, shows that about 30 percent of the people
36
196000
4000
Men dette viser f.eks., at omkring 30 procent af de
03:32
surveyed in the United States since 1956
37
200000
4000
adspurgte amerikanere siden 1956 har sagt,
03:36
say that their life is very happy.
38
204000
4000
at deres liv er meget lykkeligt.
03:40
And that hasn't changed at all.
39
208000
2000
Og det har ikke ændret sig.
03:42
Whereas the personal income,
40
210000
2000
Hvorimod den personlige indkomst,
03:44
on a scale that has been held constant to accommodate for inflation,
41
212000
6000
på en konstant skala, der er korrigeret for inflation,
03:50
has more than doubled, almost tripled, in that period.
42
218000
4000
er mere end fordobledes, næsten tredoblet i den periode.
03:54
But you find essentially the same results,
43
222000
4000
Men man vil finde nærmest de samme resultater,
03:58
namely, that after a certain basic point -- which corresponds more or less
44
226000
5000
nemlig at at efter et særligt punkt - der svarer nogenlunde
04:03
to just a few 1,000 dollars above the minimum poverty level --
45
231000
4000
til bare et par tusinde dollars over fattigdomsgrænsen -
04:07
increases in material well-being don't seem to affect how happy people are.
46
235000
7000
så ser en forøgelse i vores materielle velstand ikke ud til
at have nogen påvirkning på, hvor lykkelige folk er.
at have nogen påvirkning på, hvor lykkelige folk er.
04:14
In fact, you can find that the lack of basic resources,
47
242000
7000
Man kan påvise, at manglen på basale ressourcer
04:21
material resources, contributes to unhappiness,
48
249000
3000
bidrager til følelsen af ulykkelighed,
04:24
but the increase in material resources does not increase happiness.
49
252000
6000
men en forøgelse af materielle ressourcer øger ikke lykken.
04:30
So my research has been focused more on --
50
258000
5000
Derfor har min forskning været mere fokuseret på,
04:35
after finding out these things that actually corresponded
51
263000
7000
efter jeg fandt ud af, at denne sammenhæng passede
04:42
to my own experience, I tried to understand:
52
270000
3000
med min egen erfaring, at forstå det følgende:
04:45
where -- in everyday life, in our normal experience --
53
273000
6000
hvor, i vores dagligdag, i vores normale liv
04:51
do we feel really happy?
54
279000
3000
føler vi os rigtigt lykkelige.
04:54
And to start
55
282000
4000
Som start på de studier for 40 år siden,
04:58
those studies about 40 years ago, I began to look at creative people --
56
286000
5000
begyndte jeg at undersøge kreative mennesker,
05:03
first artists and scientists, and so forth -- trying to understand
57
291000
6000
først kunstnere, så forskere osv. for at prøve at forstå,
05:09
what made them feel that it was worth essentially spending their life
58
297000
10000
hvad der fik dem til at føle, at det var værd at bruge deres liv på
05:19
doing things for which many of them didn't expect either fame or fortune,
59
307000
6000
at gøre ting som mange af dem ikke forventede
hverken rigdom eller berømmelse for,
hverken rigdom eller berømmelse for,
05:25
but which made their life meaningful and worth doing.
60
313000
5000
men som gjorde at deres liv gav mening og var værd at udføre.
05:30
This was one of the leading composers of American music back in the '70s.
61
318000
6000
Det her var en de førende komponister
i amerikansk musik tilbage i 70erne.
i amerikansk musik tilbage i 70erne.
05:36
And the interview was 40 pages long.
62
324000
3000
Og interviewet var 40 sider langt.
05:39
But this little excerpt is a very good summary
63
327000
4000
Men dette lille udklip er en god opsummering af,
05:43
of what he was saying during the interview.
64
331000
4000
hvad han sagde under interviewet.
05:47
And it describes how he feels when composing is going well.
65
335000
5000
Og det beskriver hvordan han har det,
når det går godt med at komponere.
når det går godt med at komponere.
05:52
And he says by describing it as an ecstatic state.
66
340000
4000
Og han beskrev det som et ekstatisk stadie.
05:56
Now, "ecstasy" in Greek meant
67
344000
2000
Ekstase på græsk
05:58
simply to stand to the side of something.
68
346000
3000
betyder at stå ved siden af noget.
06:01
And then it became essentially an analogy for a mental state
69
349000
7000
Og har siden hen nærmest været ensbetydende
med en mental tilstand,
med en mental tilstand,
06:08
where you feel that you are not doing your ordinary everyday routines.
70
356000
6000
hvor man føler, man ikke laver ens dagligdags-rutiner.
06:14
So ecstasy is essentially a stepping into an alternative reality.
71
362000
6000
Ekstase kan derfor betragtes som at træde
ind i en alternativ virkelighed.
ind i en alternativ virkelighed.
06:20
And it's interesting, if you think about it, how, when we think about
72
368000
5000
Og det er interessant, hvis man tænker over det, når vi tænker
06:25
the civilizations that we look up to as having been pinnacles of human achievement --
73
373000
6000
på de civilisationer, som vi ser op til som foregangsmænd
for den menneskelige udvikling,
for den menneskelige udvikling,
06:31
whether it's China, Greece, the Hindu civilization,
74
379000
5000
hvad enten det er den kinesiske, græske
eller den hinduistiske civilisation
eller den hinduistiske civilisation
06:36
or the Mayas, or Egyptians -- what we know about them
75
384000
5000
eller mayaerne eller egypterne - det vi kender til dem,
06:41
is really about their ecstasies, not about their everyday life.
76
389000
5000
er deres ekstaser og ikke deres daglige liv.
06:46
We know the temples they built, where people could come
77
394000
3000
Vi kender de templer de byggede, hvor folk kunne komme
06:49
to experience a different reality.
78
397000
2000
og opleve en anderledes virkelighed.
06:51
We know about the circuses,
79
399000
3000
Vi kender deres cirkus,
06:54
the arenas, the theaters.
80
402000
3000
arenaer og teatre.
06:57
These are the remains of civilizations and they are the places that people went
81
405000
8000
Dette er resterne af af civilisationer og
det er de steder, som folk tog hen,
det er de steder, som folk tog hen,
07:05
to experience life in a more concentrated, more ordered form.
82
413000
9000
for at opleve livet i en mere koncentreret,
en mere ordnet form.
en mere ordnet form.
07:14
Now, this man doesn't need to go to a place like this,
83
422000
4000
Denne mand har ikke behov for at gå sådan et sted hen -
07:18
which is also -- this place, this arena, which is built
84
426000
4000
det her sted, denne arena, der er bygget
07:22
like a Greek amphitheatre, is a place for ecstasy also.
85
430000
4000
som et græsk amfiteater, det er også et sted for ekstase.
07:26
We are participating in a reality that is different
86
434000
4000
Vi deltager i en virkelighed, der er forskellig
07:30
from that of the everyday life that we're used to.
87
438000
3000
fra den dagligdag vi er vant til.
07:33
But this man doesn't need to go there.
88
441000
3000
Men denne mand har ikke brug for at gå sådan et sted hen.
07:36
He needs just a piece of paper where he can put down little marks,
89
444000
6000
Han har bare behov for et stykke papir,
hvor han kan nedfælde nogle små tegn
hvor han kan nedfælde nogle små tegn
07:42
and as he does that, he can imagine sounds
90
450000
6000
og når han gør det, kan han forestille sig lyde,
07:48
that had not existed before in that particular combination.
91
456000
4000
der ikke før har eksisteret i den særlige kombination.
07:52
So once he gets to that point of beginning to create,
92
460000
6000
Når han når til den tilstand, hvor han begynder at kreere,
07:58
like Jennifer did in her improvisation,
93
466000
3000
som Jennifer gjorde i hendes improvisation,
08:01
a new reality -- that is, a moment of ecstasy --
94
469000
5000
vil en ny virkelighed, dvs. et øjebliks ekstase -
08:06
he enters that different reality.
95
474000
3000
så vil han træde ind i den nye virkelighed.
08:09
Now he says also that this is so intense an experience
96
477000
4000
Han siger også, at dette er en så intens oplevelse,
08:13
that it feels almost as if he didn't exist.
97
481000
3000
at det nærmest føles som om han ikke eksisterede.
08:16
And that sounds like a kind of a romantic exaggeration.
98
484000
6000
Og det lyder lidt som en romantisk overdrivelse.
08:22
But actually, our nervous system is incapable of processing
99
490000
4000
Men i virkeligheden er vores nervesystem
ikke i stand til at behandle
ikke i stand til at behandle
08:26
more than about 110 bits of information per second.
100
494000
5000
mere end 110 bits information per sekund.
08:31
And in order to hear me and understand what I'm saying,
101
499000
4000
For at I kan høre og forstå hvad jeg siger,
08:35
you need to process about 60 bits per second.
102
503000
4000
kræver det 60 bit per sekund.
08:39
That's why you can't hear more than two people.
103
507000
3000
Det er derfor man ikke kan høre på mere end to personer.
08:42
You can't understand more than two people talking to you.
104
510000
3000
Man kan ikke forstå mere end to personer der taler til en.
08:45
Well, when you are really involved in this completely engaging process
105
513000
11000
Så, når man er dybt involveret i
denne meget krævende proces,
denne meget krævende proces,
08:56
of creating something new, as this man is,
106
524000
3000
som det at skabe noget nyt, som denne mand er,
08:59
he doesn't have enough attention left over to monitor
107
527000
6000
så har han ikke nok opmærksomhed til overs til at registrere,
09:05
how his body feels, or his problems at home.
108
533000
4000
hvordan hans krop har det, eller hans problemer derhjemme.
09:09
He can't feel even that he's hungry or tired.
109
537000
3000
Han kan ikke engang føle, at han er sulten eller træt.
09:12
His body disappears,
110
540000
3000
Hans krop forsvinder,
09:15
his identity disappears from his consciousness,
111
543000
5000
hans identitet forsvinder fra hans bevidsthed,
09:20
because he doesn't have enough attention, like none of us do,
112
548000
4000
fordi han har ikke nok opmærksomhed, som ingen af os har,
09:24
to really do well something that requires a lot of concentration,
113
552000
6000
til at udføre noget ordentligt, der kræver meget koncentration
09:30
and at the same time to feel that he exists.
114
558000
2000
og på samme tid registrere, at han eksisterer.
09:32
So existence is temporarily suspended.
115
560000
4000
Så eksistensen er midlertidig suspenderet.
09:37
And he says that his hand seems to be moving by itself.
116
565000
5000
Og han siger, at hans hånd bevæger sig af sig selv.
09:43
Now, I could look at my hand for two weeks, and I wouldn't feel
117
571000
8000
Jeg kunne kigge på min hånd i to uger
og ville ikke føle noget fantastisk,
fordi jeg ikke kan komponere.
fordi jeg ikke kan komponere.
09:51
any awe or wonder, because I can't compose. (Laughter)
118
579000
4000
09:55
So what it's telling you here
119
583000
2000
Så hvad det fortæller os her er,
09:57
is that obviously this automatic,
120
585000
7000
at denne spontane automatiske proces,
10:04
spontaneous process that he's describing can only happen to someone
121
592000
5000
som han omtaler, kun kan forekomme hos en,
10:09
who is very well trained and who has developed technique.
122
597000
4000
der er meget trænet og har en veludviklet teknik
10:13
And it has become a kind of a truism in the study of creativity
123
601000
7000
Og det er blevet en form for sandhed i
undersøgelser af kreativitet,
undersøgelser af kreativitet,
10:20
that you can't be creating anything with less than 10 years
124
608000
5000
at man ikke kan skabe noget med mindre end ti års
10:25
of technical-knowledge immersion in a particular field.
125
613000
6000
fordybelse indenfor dette særlige felt.
10:31
Whether it's mathematics or music, it takes that long
126
619000
5000
Hvad enten det er matematik eller musik,
så tager det så lang tid,
så tager det så lang tid,
10:36
to be able to begin to change something in a way that it's better
127
624000
8000
før man er i stand til at ændre noget til det bedre,
10:44
than what was there before.
128
632000
3000
end hvad det var.
10:47
Now, when that happens,
129
635000
2000
Når det sker,
10:49
he says the music just flows out.
130
637000
2000
siger han at musikken flyder automatisk.
10:51
And because all of these people I started interviewing --
131
639000
4000
Og fordi mange af de personer jeg begyndte at interviewe -
10:55
this was an interview which is over 30 years old --
132
643000
4000
dette er et interview, der er over 30 år gammelt -
11:01
so many of the people described this as a spontaneous flow
133
649000
4000
så mange personer beskrev det som et spontant flow,
11:05
that I called this type of experience the "flow experience."
134
653000
5000
at jeg opkaldte denne for for oplevelse for "oplevelsen af flow".
11:10
And it happens in different realms.
135
658000
3000
Og det forekommer indenfor forskellige områder.
11:13
For instance, a poet describes it in this form.
136
661000
4000
F.eks. beskriver en digter det på den måde.
11:17
This is by a student of mine who interviewed
137
665000
3000
Det her er fra en af mine studenter, der har interviewet
11:20
some of the leading writers and poets in the United States.
138
668000
3000
nogle af de førende forfattere og digtere i USA.
11:23
And it describes the same effortless, spontaneous feeling
139
671000
6000
Og her beskrives den samme lette spontane følelse
11:29
that you get when you enter into this ecstatic state.
140
677000
3000
man opnår, når man indtræder i den ekstatiske tilstand.
11:32
This poet describes it as opening a door that floats in the sky --
141
680000
5000
Denne digter beskriver det som
at åbne en dør der svæver i himlen -
at åbne en dør der svæver i himlen -
11:37
a very similar description to what Albert Einstein gave
142
685000
3000
en meget lignende beskrivelse gav Albert Einstein
11:40
as to how he imagined the forces of relativity,
143
688000
6000
på hvordan, han forestillede sig relativitetsteorien,
11:46
when he was struggling with trying to understand how it worked.
144
694000
4000
når han kæmpede med at prøve at forstå,
hvordan den virkede.
hvordan den virkede.
11:50
But it happens in other activities.
145
698000
5000
Men det sker også indenfor andre aktiviteter.
11:55
For instance, this is another student of mine,
146
703000
2000
Dette er f.eks. en anden af mine studerende,
11:57
Susan Jackson from Australia, who did work
147
705000
4000
Susan Jackson fra Australien,
12:01
with some of the leading athletes in the world.
148
709000
4000
der arbejdede med nogen af verdens førende atleter.
12:05
And you see here in this description of an Olympic skater,
149
713000
4000
Og i ser her en beskrivelse fra en olympisk skøjteløber,
12:09
the same essential description of the phenomenology
150
717000
3000
den stort set samme beskrivelse af fænomenologien
12:12
of the inner state of the person.
151
720000
2000
af den indre tilstand hos en person.
12:14
You don't think; it goes automatically,
152
722000
3000
Man tænker ikke; det sker automatisk,
12:17
if you merge yourself with the music, and so forth.
153
725000
4000
hvis man smelter sammen med musikken osv.
12:21
It happens also, actually, in the most recent book I wrote,
154
729000
4000
Det sker også i den bog jeg skrev for nyligt
12:25
called "Good Business," where I interviewed some of the CEOs
155
733000
3000
der hedder "Good Business",
hvor jeg interviewede nogle direktører,
hvor jeg interviewede nogle direktører,
12:28
who had been nominated by their peers as being both very successful
156
736000
5000
der var blevet nomineret af deres kollegaer
for at være både meget succesfulde,
for at være både meget succesfulde,
12:33
and very ethical, very socially responsible.
157
741000
3000
og meget etiske, meget socialt ansvarlige.
12:36
You see that these people define success
158
744000
4000
Man kan se, at disse folk definerer succes som noget,
12:40
as something that helps others and at the same time
159
748000
5000
der hjælper andre og på samme tid
12:45
makes you feel happy as you are working at it.
160
753000
3000
får en til at være glad, når man arbejder med det.
12:48
And like all of these successful and responsible CEOs say,
161
756000
6000
Og som alle disse succesfulde og
ansvarlige direktører siger,
ansvarlige direktører siger,
12:55
you can't have just one of these things be successful
162
763000
5000
så kan man ikke kun have en af de ting
og være succesfuld,
og være succesfuld,
hvis man vil have et meningsfyldt og succesfuldt job.
13:02
if you want a meaningful and successful job.
163
770000
3000
13:05
Anita Roddick is another one of these CEOs we interviewed.
164
773000
5000
Anita Roddick er en anden af de direktører som vi interviewede.
13:10
She is the founder of Body Shop,
165
778000
4000
Hun er grundlæggeren af Body Shop,
kongen af naturlig kosmetik.
13:14
the natural cosmetics king.
166
782000
2000
13:16
It's kind of a passion that comes
167
784000
2000
Det er en slags passion, der kommer af at gøre sit bedste
13:18
from doing the best and having flow while you're working.
168
786000
4000
og opleve flow mens man arbejder.
13:22
This is an interesting little quote from Masaru Ibuka,
169
790000
4000
Dette er er et interessant lille citat fra Masaru Ibuka,
13:26
who was at that time starting out Sony without any money,
170
794000
5000
som på den tid startede Sony uden nogen penge,
uden et produkt - de havde ikke noget produkt,
13:31
without a product -- they didn't have a product,
171
799000
2000
13:33
they didn't have anything, but they had an idea.
172
801000
3000
de havde ingenting, men de havde en ide.
13:36
And the idea he had was to establish a place of work where engineers
173
804000
5000
Og den idé han havde var at etablere en arbejdsplads,
hvor ingeniører kan opnå glæden ved teknologisk innovation,
13:41
can feel the joy of technological innovation,
174
809000
4000
13:45
be aware of their mission to society and work to their heart's content.
175
813000
5000
være opmærksom på deres mission i forhold til samfundet
og arbejde til deres egen tilfredsstillelse.
og arbejde til deres egen tilfredsstillelse.
13:50
I couldn't improve on this as a good example
176
818000
4000
Jeg kunne ikke selv komme med et bedre eksempel på,
13:54
of how flow enters the workplace.
177
822000
3000
hvordan "flow" optræder på en arbejdsplads.
13:57
Now, when we do studies --
178
825000
3000
Når vi laver undersøgelser -
14:00
we have, with other colleagues around the world,
179
828000
4000
vi har sammen med kollegaer rundt om i verden,
14:04
done over 8,000 interviews of people -- from Dominican monks,
180
832000
5000
foretaget over 8.000 interviews med personer
- fra dominikanske munke,
- fra dominikanske munke,
14:09
to blind nuns, to Himalayan climbers, to Navajo shepherds --
181
837000
7000
til blinde nonner, til himalaya-bjergbestigere, til Navajo-hyrder -
14:16
who enjoy their work.
182
844000
2000
der nyder deres arbejde.
14:18
And regardless of the culture,
183
846000
2000
Og uanset kulturen,
14:20
regardless of education or whatever, there are these seven conditions
184
848000
7000
uanset uddannelse eller noget andet,
så er der disse syv betingelser,
så er der disse syv betingelser,
14:27
that seem to be there when a person is in flow.
185
855000
4000
der er til stede, når en person har følelsen af flow.
14:31
There's this focus that, once it becomes intense,
186
859000
4000
Der er dette fokus, der når det bliver intenst,
14:35
leads to a sense of ecstasy, a sense of clarity:
187
863000
4000
fører til en form for ekstase, en form for klarsyn:
14:39
you know exactly what you want to do from one moment to the other;
188
867000
3000
man ved præcis hvad man vil gøre fra det ene øjeblik til det næste;
14:42
you get immediate feedback.
189
870000
2000
man får øjeblikkelig feedback.
14:44
You know that what you need to do
190
872000
2000
Man ved, at det man skal gøre
14:46
is possible to do, even though difficult,
191
874000
3000
er muligt at gøre, selvom det er svært,
14:49
and sense of time disappears, you forget yourself,
192
877000
3000
og fornemmelsen for tid forsvinder, man glemmer sig selv,
14:52
you feel part of something larger.
193
880000
3000
man føler sig som en del af noget større.
14:55
And once the conditions are present,
194
883000
3000
Og når disse betingelser er til stede,
14:58
what you are doing becomes worth doing for its own sake.
195
886000
5000
så bliver det man laver værd at gøre for dets egen skyld.
15:03
In our studies, we represent the everyday life of people in this simple scheme.
196
891000
6000
I vores studier kan vi vise folks dagligdag
ud fra dette simple skema.
ud fra dette simple skema.
15:09
And we can measure this very precisely, actually,
197
897000
4000
Og vi kan faktisk måle dette ganske præcist,
15:13
because we give people electronic pagers that go off 10 times a day,
198
901000
4000
fordi vi giver folk elektroniske personsøgere,
der går i gang ti gange om dagen,
der går i gang ti gange om dagen,
15:17
and whenever they go off you say what you're doing, how you feel,
199
905000
5000
og når de går i gang, så fortæller man,
hvad man laver, hvordan man har det,
hvad man laver, hvordan man har det,
15:22
where you are, what you're thinking about.
200
910000
2000
hvor man er og hvad man tænker på.
15:24
And two things that we measure is the amount of challenge
201
912000
3000
To ting som vi måler er opfattelsen af udfordringens størrelse
15:27
people experience at that moment and the amount of skill
202
915000
4000
i det øjeblik og den påkrævede mængde evner,
15:31
that they feel they have at that moment.
203
919000
3000
som de føler de besidder i det øjeblik.
15:34
So for each person we can establish an average,
204
922000
3000
Så for hver person kan vi fastsætte et gennemsnit,
15:37
which is the center of the diagram.
205
925000
3000
der udgør midten af diagrammet.
15:40
That would be your mean level of challenge and skill,
206
928000
3000
Det vil være ens gennemsnitlige udfordringer og evner,
15:43
which will be different from that of anybody else.
207
931000
3000
der vil være forskellige fra alle andres.
15:46
But you have a kind of a set point there, which would be in the middle.
208
934000
5000
Men man har et udgangspunkt her, der vil være i midten.
15:51
If we know what that set point is,
209
939000
2000
Hvis vi ved hvad det udgangspunkt er,
15:53
we can predict fairly accurately when you will be in flow,
210
941000
5000
kan vi med med nogenlunde nøjagtighed forudsige,
hvornår man vil opleve flow
hvornår man vil opleve flow
15:58
and it will be when your challenges are higher than average
211
946000
3000
og det er når udfordringerne er større end gennemsnittet
16:01
and skills are higher than average.
212
949000
2000
og evnerne er større end gennemsnittet.
16:03
And you may be doing things very differently from other people,
213
951000
4000
Og du gør måske tingene meget forskellige i forhold til andre,
16:07
but for everyone that flow channel, that area there,
214
955000
4000
men for alle mennesker så vil den flow-kanal, det område her,
16:11
will be when you are doing what you really like to do --
215
959000
4000
forekomme, når man foretager sig noget
man virkelig godt kan lide at lave -
man virkelig godt kan lide at lave -
16:15
play the piano, be with your best friend, perhaps work,
216
963000
6000
spille klaver, være sammen med ens bedste ven,
muligvis arbejde,
muligvis arbejde,
16:21
if work is what provides flow for you.
217
969000
4000
hvis arbejde er det, der giver en flow.
16:25
And then the other areas become less and less positive.
218
973000
4000
Og de andre områder bliver mindre og mindre positive.
16:29
Arousal is still good because you are over-challenged there.
219
977000
5000
Ophidselse er stadigvæk godt, fordi man er overudfordret her.
Ens evner er ikke helt så høje som de burde være,
16:34
Your skills are not quite as high as they should be,
220
982000
2000
16:36
but you can move into flow fairly easily
221
984000
3000
men man kan opleve flow ganske nemt
16:39
by just developing a little more skill.
222
987000
3000
ved bare at udvikle sine evner lidt.
16:42
So, arousal is the area where most people learn from,
223
990000
4000
Ophidselse er således det område,
hvor de fleste mennesker lærer noget,
hvor de fleste mennesker lærer noget,
16:46
because that's where they're pushed beyond their comfort zone
224
994000
6000
fordi det er her, hvor de er skubbet ud af deres komfort-zone
16:52
and to enter that -- going back to flow --
225
1000000
3000
og for at komme tilbage i den - for at komme i flow -
16:55
then they develop higher skills.
226
1003000
2000
er de nødt til at udvikle bedre evner.
16:57
Control is also a good place to be,
227
1005000
4000
Kontrol er også et godt sted at være,
17:01
because there you feel comfortable, but not very excited.
228
1009000
4000
fordi her føles det komfortabelt,
men ikke specielt spændende.
men ikke specielt spændende.
17:05
It's not very challenging any more.
229
1013000
3000
Det er ikke længere særligt udfordrende.
Og hvis man vil opnå flow fra kontrol,
17:08
And if you want to enter flow from control,
230
1016000
2000
17:10
you have to increase the challenges.
231
1018000
3000
er man nødt til at øge udfordringerne.
17:13
So those two are ideal and complementary areas
232
1021000
4000
Så de her to områder er ideelle og komplementære,
17:17
from which flow is easy to go into.
233
1025000
4000
hvorfra man let kan opnå flow.
17:21
The other combinations of challenge and skill
234
1029000
3000
De andre kombinationer af udfordring og evner
17:24
become progressively less optimal.
235
1032000
3000
bliver mindre og mindre optimale.
17:27
Relaxation is fine -- you still feel OK.
236
1035000
2000
Afslapning er godt - her har man det fint.
17:29
Boredom begins to be very aversive
237
1037000
5000
Kedsomhed begynder at blive generende.
17:34
and apathy becomes very negative:
238
1042000
4000
og apati bliver meget negativt:
17:38
you don't feel that you're doing anything,
239
1046000
4000
man føler ikke man foretager sig noget,
17:42
you don't use your skills, there's no challenge.
240
1050000
2000
man benytter ikke sine evner, der er ingen udfordring.
17:44
Unfortunately, a lot of people's experience is in apathy.
241
1052000
5000
Uheldigvis oplever mange mennesker apati.
17:49
The largest single contributor to that experience
242
1057000
7000
Den største enkeltstående bidragsyder til den oplevelse
17:56
is watching television; the next one is being in the bathroom, sitting.
243
1064000
6000
er at se TV, den næste er at sidde på badeværelse.
18:02
Even though sometimes watching television
244
1070000
6000
Selvom det at se TV
18:08
about seven to eight percent of the time is in flow,
245
1076000
4000
i syv til otte procent af tiden er i flow,
18:12
but that's when you choose a program you really want to watch
246
1080000
3000
men det er, når man vælger at se et program,
som man virkelig ønsker at se
som man virkelig ønsker at se
18:15
and you get feedback from it.
247
1083000
3000
og man får noget ud af.
18:18
So the question we are trying to address -- and I'm way over time --
248
1086000
6000
Så det spørgsmål, som vi forsøger at finde svar på er
- og jeg er for længst gået over tiden -
- og jeg er for længst gået over tiden -
18:24
is how to put more and more of everyday life in that flow channel.
249
1092000
6000
hvordan man kan gøre mere af hverdagen til en oplevelse af flow.
18:30
And that is the kind of challenge that we're trying to understand.
250
1098000
5000
Og det er den udfordring som vi forsøger at forstå.
18:35
And some of you obviously know how to do that spontaneously
251
1103000
3000
Og nogle af jer ved selvsagt, hvordan man gør det spontant
18:38
without any advice, but unfortunately a lot of people don't.
252
1106000
4000
uden nogen former for råd,
men desværre er det for mange ikke tilfældet.
men desværre er det for mange ikke tilfældet.
18:42
And that's what our mandate is, in a way, to do.
253
1110000
6000
Og det er dette, der på en måde er vores opgave.
18:48
Thank you.
254
1116000
1000
Mange tak
18:49
(Applause)
255
1117000
1000
(Klapsalver)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi - Positive psychologistMihaly Csikszentmihalyi has contributed pioneering work to our understanding of happiness, creativity, human fulfillment and the notion of "flow" -- a state of heightened focus and immersion in activities such as art, play and work.
Why you should listen
Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi says creativity is a central source of meaning in our lives. A leading researcher in positive psychology, he has devoted his life to studying what makes people truly happy: "When we are involved in [creativity], we feel that we are living more fully than during the rest of life." He is the architect of the notion of "flow" -- the creative moment when a person is completely involved in an activity for its own sake.
Csikszentmihalyi teaches psychology and management at Claremont Graduate University, focusing on human strengths such as optimism, motivation and responsibility. He's the director the Quality of Life Research Center there. He has written numerous books and papers about the search for joy and fulfillment.
Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi | Speaker | TED.com