TEDGlobal 2014
Jorge Soto: The future of early cancer detection?
Jorge Soto: O futuro da diagnose precoz do cancro?
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Xunto cun grupo de tecnólogos e científicos, Jorge Soto está a desenvolver unha proba sinxela, non invasiva e en código aberto que trata de atopar os primeiros síntomas de diversos tipos de cancro. No escenario de TEDGlobal 2014 mostrou por primeira vez un prototipo de traballo desta plataforma móbil.
Jorge Soto - Cancer technologist
Jorge Soto is helping develop a simple, noninvasive test that identifies cancer. Full bio
Jorge Soto is helping develop a simple, noninvasive test that identifies cancer. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
Almost a year ago,
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Fai cousa dun ano,
00:14
my aunt started suffering back pains.
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á miña tía comezou a doerlle o lombo.
00:16
She went to see the doctor
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Foi ao médico
00:18
and they told her it was a normal injury
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e dixéronlle que era unha lesión común
00:20
for someone who had been playing tennis
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para alguén que xogou ao tennis
00:22
for almost 30 years.
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durante case 30 anos.
00:24
They recommended that she do some therapy,
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Recomendáronlle terapia,
00:26
but after a while she wasn't feeling better,
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mais un tempo despois sentíase igual
00:29
so the doctors decided to do further tests.
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e decidiron facer máis probas.
00:32
They did an x-ray
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Fixo unha radiografía
00:33
and discovered an injury in her lungs,
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e descubriron unha lesión nos pulmóns
00:35
and at the time they thought that the injury
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que interpretaron como
00:37
was a strain in the muscles and tendons
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tensión nos músculos e tendóns
00:38
between her ribs,
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entre as costelas,
00:39
but after a few weeks of treatment,
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pero tras varias semanas
de tratamento
de tratamento
00:41
again her health wasn't getting any better.
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seguía igual.
00:45
So finally, they decided to do a biopsy,
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Á fin, decidiron facerlle unha biopsia
00:49
and two weeks later,
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e, dúas semanas despois,
00:50
the results of the biopsy came back.
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chegaron os resultados:
00:53
It was stage 3 lung cancer.
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cancro de pulmón de grao 3.
00:58
Her lifestyle was almost free of risk.
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A súa forma de vida
non podía ter relación,
non podía ter relación,
01:01
She never smoked a cigarette,
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xa que nunca fumou,
01:02
she never drank alcohol,
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nunca bebeu alcol
01:04
and she had been playing sports
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e fixo deporte
01:05
for almost half her life.
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case a metade da súa vida.
01:07
Perhaps, that is why it took them almost six months
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Quizais por iso lles levou case seis meses
01:11
to get her properly diagnosed.
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facer unha diagnose correcta.
01:14
My story might be, unfortunately,
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Por desgraza, a miña historia
01:16
familiar to most of you.
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pode resultarvos familiar.
01:18
One out of three people sitting in this audience
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A 1 de cada 3 persoas deste público
01:21
will be diagnosed with some type of cancer,
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diagnosticaráselle algún tipo de cancro
01:24
and one out of four
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e 1 de cada 4
01:25
will die because of it.
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morrerá por isto.
01:28
Not only did that cancer diagnosis
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Non só a diagnose do cancro
01:30
change the life of our family,
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cambiou a vida da nosa familia,
01:32
but that process of going
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senón que o proceso de ir
01:34
back and forth with new tests,
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e vir con novas probas,
01:37
different doctors describing symptoms,
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médicos que describían síntomas,
01:39
discarding diseases over and over,
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descartaban doenzas unha e outra vez,
01:42
was stressful and frustrating,
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foi estresante e frustrante,
01:44
especially for my aunt.
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sobre todo para miña tía.
01:46
And that is the way cancer diagnosis has been done
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E así é como se diagnostica o cancro
01:49
since the beginning of history.
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dende o comezo da historia.
01:51
We have 21st-century medical treatments and drugs
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Temos tratamentos e fármacos do séc. XXI
01:54
to treat cancer,
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para tratar o cancro
01:56
but we still have 20th-century procedures
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pero os métodos e procesos de diagnose
01:58
and processes for diagnosis, if any.
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son do XX, se é que hai algún.
02:02
Today, most of us have to wait for symptoms
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Hoxe, a maioría temos que ter síntomas
02:05
to indicate that something is wrong.
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para saber que algo vai mal.
02:07
Today, the majority of people still don't have access
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Hoxe, a maioría non temos acceso
02:10
to early cancer detection methods,
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a métodos de diagnose precoz do cancro,
02:12
even though we know
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aínda sabendo que,
02:14
that catching cancer early
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coller o cancro cedo
02:16
is basically the closest thing we have
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é basicamente o máis parecido
02:17
to a silver bullet cure against it.
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a ter unha cura milagrosa.
02:21
We know that we can change this in our lifetime,
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Sabemos que podemos cambialo
02:23
and that is why my team and I
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e por iso o meu equipo e eu
02:25
have decided to begin this journey,
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comezamos este traxecto
02:27
this journey to try to make cancer detection
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para tratar de diagnosticar o cancro
02:29
at the early stages
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nas primeiras fases
02:31
and monitoring the appropriate
response at the molecular level
response at the molecular level
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e dar coa mellor solución
a nivel molecular
a nivel molecular
02:34
easier, cheaper, smarter
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dun xeito máis doado,
económico, intelixente
económico, intelixente
02:38
and more accessible than ever before.
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e máis accesible que nunca.
02:42
The context, of course,
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Por suposto, o contexto
02:43
is that we're living at a time
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é que estamos no tempo
02:45
where technology is disrupting our present
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onde a tecnoloxía muda todo
02:46
at exponential rates,
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a un ritmo exponencial
02:48
and the biological realm is no exception.
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e o campo da bioloxía tamén.
02:51
It is said today that biotech is advancing
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Parece que a biotecnoloxía está a avanzar
02:53
at least six times faster than the growth rate
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cando menos seis veces máis rápido
que a capacidade
de procesamento dos ordenadores.
de procesamento dos ordenadores.
02:55
of the processing power of computers.
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02:58
But progress in biotech
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O progreso en biotecnoloxía
02:59
is not only being accelerated,
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non só se acelera,
03:01
it is also being democratized.
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senón que tamén se democratiza.
03:03
Just as personal computers or the Internet
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Igual que os ordenadores, Internet
03:06
or smartphones leveled the playing field
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ou os smartphones
igualaron o campo de acción
igualaron o campo de acción
03:08
for entrepreneurship, politics or education,
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para o emprendemento,
a política ou a educación,
a política ou a educación,
03:11
recent advances have leveled it
up for biotech progress as well,
up for biotech progress as well,
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os últimos avances tamén fixeron
que a biotecnoloxía progrese,
que a biotecnoloxía progrese,
03:15
and that is allowing
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o que permite
03:16
multidisciplinary teams like ours
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que equipos multidisciplinares
coma o noso
coma o noso
03:18
to try to tackle and look at these problems
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traten de afrontar e ver estes problemas
03:21
with new approaches.
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con novos enfoques.
03:23
We are a team of scientists and technologists
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Somos científicos e tecnólogos
03:26
from Chile, Panama,
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de Chile, Panamá,
03:29
Mexico, Israel and Greece,
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México, Israel e Grecia,
03:32
and based on recent scientific discoveries,
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e en base a
descubertas científicas recentes,
descubertas científicas recentes,
03:35
we believe that we have found
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cremos que atopamos
03:36
a reliable and accurate way
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unha forma fiable e precisa
03:39
of detecting several types of cancer
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de detectar varios tipos de cancro
03:41
at the very early stages through a blood sample.
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nas fases iniciais a través do sangue.
03:44
We do it by detecting a set of very small molecules
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Detectamos unhas moléculas moi pequenas
03:47
that circulate freely in our blood
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que circulan libremente no sangue
03:48
called microRNAs.
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que se chaman microARN.
03:51
To explain what microRNAs are
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Para explicar o que son
03:53
and their important role in cancer,
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e a súa importancia no cancro,
03:56
I need to start with proteins,
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empezarei polas proteínas,
03:57
because when cancer is present in our body,
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xa que, cando temos cancro,
04:00
protein modification is observed
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estas modifícanse
04:01
in all cancerous cells.
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nas células cancerosas.
04:03
As you might know,
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Como xa saberedes,
04:04
proteins are large biological molecules
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as proteínas son moléculas
04:06
that perform different functions within our body,
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que realizan diferentes funcións no corpo,
04:09
like catalyzing metabolic reactions
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como catalizar as reaccións metabólicas,
04:11
or responding to stimuli
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respostar aos estímulos
04:13
or replicating DNA,
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ou replicar o ADN,
04:14
but before a protein is expressed or produced,
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pero antes de que isto suceda,
04:17
relevant parts of its genetic code
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partes relevantes
do código xenético
do código xenético
04:19
present in the DNA
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presentes no ADN,
04:21
are copied into the messenger RNA,
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cópianse no ARN mensaxeiro
04:25
so this messenger RNA
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e este ten instrucións
04:27
has instructions on how to build a specific protein,
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para construír unha proteína específica
04:31
and potentially it can build hundreds of proteins,
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e pode construír centos delas,
04:33
but the one that tells them when to build them
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pero os que dicen cando construílas
04:36
and how many to build
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e cantas construír
04:38
are microRNAs.
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son os microARN.
04:41
So microRNAs are small molecules
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Os microARN son pequenas moléculas
04:42
that regulate gene expression.
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que regulan a expresión xenética.
04:45
Unlike DNA, which is mainly fixed,
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A diferenza do ADN, que non soe variar,
04:47
microRNAs can vary depending on internal
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os microARN poden facelo dependendo
04:49
and environmental conditions at any given time,
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do estado interno e do ambiente,
04:52
telling us which genes are actively
expressed at that particular moment.
expressed at that particular moment.
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comunicándonos que xenes se expresan
dun xeito activo.
dun xeito activo.
04:55
And that is what makes microRNAs
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E por iso os microARN
04:57
such a promising biomarker for cancer,
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son un biomarcador prometedor
04:59
because as you know,
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porque, como xa sabedes,
05:01
cancer is a disease of altered gene expression.
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o cancro é a doenza
da expresión xénica alterada.
da expresión xénica alterada.
05:05
It is the uncontrolled regulation of genes.
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A regulación xénica sen control.
05:08
Another important thing to consider
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Outro dato importante
05:10
is that no two cancers are the same,
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é que non hai dous cancros iguais,
05:12
but at the microRNA level, there are patterns.
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pero no nivel dos microARN hai patróns.
05:15
Several scientific studies have shown
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Varios estudos científicos demostraron
05:18
that abnormal microRNA expression levels
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que uns niveis de expresión
de microARN anormais
de microARN anormais
05:21
varies and creates a unique, specific pattern
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varían e crean un patrón único e concreto
05:24
for each type of cancer,
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para cada tipo de cancro,
05:26
even at the early stages,
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mesmo nas primeiras fases,
05:27
reflecting the progression of the disease,
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reflectindo o avance da doenza
05:29
and whether it's responding to medication
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e se responde ao tratamento
05:31
or in remission,
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ou se remite,
05:32
making microRNAs a perfect,
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convertendo aos microARN
nun biomarcador perfecto e moi sensible.
05:35
highly sensitive biomarker.
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05:38
However, the problem with microRNAs
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Con todo, o problema cos microARN
05:41
is that we cannot use existing DNA-based technology
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é que non se pode usar
a tecnoloxía baseada no ADN
a tecnoloxía baseada no ADN
05:43
to detect them in a reliable way,
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para detectalo dun xeito fiable,
05:46
because they are very short sequences of nucleotides,
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por ser secuencias
moi curtas de nucleótidos,
moi curtas de nucleótidos,
05:49
much smaller than DNA.
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moito máis pequenas que o ADN.
05:51
And also, all microRNAs are
very similar to each other,
very similar to each other,
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Tamén porque os microARN parécense moito,
05:54
with just tiny differences.
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teñen diferenzas minúsculas.
05:56
So imagine trying to differentiate two molecules,
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É como diferenciar dúas moléculas,
05:59
extremely similar, extremely small.
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extremadamente similares e pequenas.
06:02
We believe that we have found a way to do so,
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Cremos ter atopado a forma de facelo
06:05
and this is the first time that we've shown it in public.
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e ides ser os primeiros en coñecela.
06:07
Let me do a demonstration.
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Vouvos facer unha mostra.
06:10
Imagine that next time you go to your doctor
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Imaxinade a próxima vez que ides ao médico
06:12
and do your next standard blood test,
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para facer unha análise de sangue
06:14
a lab technician extracts a total RNA,
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e vos extraen unha mostra total de ARN,
06:17
which is quite simple today,
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bastante sinxelo hoxe en día,
06:19
and puts it in a standard
96-well plate like this one.
96-well plate like this one.
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e póñena nunha placa de 96 cuncas.
06:21
Each well of these plates
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A cada cunca destas placas
06:23
has specific biochemistry that we assign,
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asignámoslle un bioquímico concreto
06:26
that is looking for a specific microRNA,
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que busca un microARN concreto
06:28
acting like a trap that closes
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e actúa como unha trampa que se pecha
06:30
only when the microRNA is present in the sample,
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só cando o microARN está na mostra,
06:32
and when it does, it will shine with green color.
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e cando isto sucede, ten un brillo verde.
06:35
To run the reaction,
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Para que reaccione,
06:36
you put the plate inside a device like this one,
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métela nun dispositivo coma este
06:40
and then you can put your smartphone on top of it.
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e colocas o teu smartphone sobre el.
06:43
If we can have a camera here
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Podedes colocar a cámara aquí
06:46
so you can see my screen.
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para que vexades a pantalla?
06:49
A smartphone is a connected computer
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O smartphone é un ordenador conectado
06:51
and it's also a camera,
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e tamén é unha cámara,
06:53
good enough for our purpose.
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dabondo para o noso propósito.
06:59
The smartphone is taking pictures,
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O smartphone tira fotos
07:01
and when the reaction is over,
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e cando a reacción remate,
07:02
it will send the pictures
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enviará as fotos
07:03
to our online database for processing
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á base de datos en liña
para procesalas e interpretalas.
07:06
and interpretation.
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07:07
This entire process lasts around 60 minutes,
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Este proceso dura uns 60 minutos
07:10
but when the process is over,
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pero cando remata,
07:12
wells that shine are matched
with the specific microRNAs
with the specific microRNAs
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emparella as que brillan
cos microARN
cos microARN
07:15
and analyzed in terms of how much and how fast
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e analízaos en termos de canto
e como de rápido brillan.
07:17
they shine.
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07:19
And then, when this entire process is over,
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Cando este proceso remata,
07:23
this is what happens.
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isto é o que acontece:
07:25
This chart is showing the specific microRNAs
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a gráfica amosa os microARN específicos
07:28
present in this sample
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presentes nesta mostra
07:29
and how they reacted over time.
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e como reaccionaron co tempo.
07:32
Then, if we take this specific pattern of microRNA
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Se este patrón específico de microARN
07:34
of this person's samples
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das mostras desta persoa
07:36
and compare it with existing scientific documentation
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comparámolo coa documentación
07:39
that correlates microRNA patterns
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dos patróns de microARN
07:41
with a specific presence of a disease,
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da presenza específica dunha doenza,
07:46
this is how pancreatic cancer looks like.
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así veremos o cancro de páncreas.
07:49
This inside is a real sample
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Aquí dentro temos unha mostra real
07:52
where we just detected pancreatic cancer.
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na que detectamos cancro de páncreas.
07:55
(Applause)
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(Aplausos)
08:04
Another important aspect of this approach
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Outro aspecto importante
08:06
is the gathering and mining of data in the cloud,
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é que reúne e extrae os datos na nube,
08:08
so we can get results in real time
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así temos resultados en tempo real
08:10
and analyze them with our contextual information.
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e analizámolos en contexto.
08:13
If we want to better understand
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Se queremos entender mellor
08:15
and decode diseases like cancer,
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e descodificar estas doenzas,
08:17
we need to stop treating them
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hai que deixar de tratalas
08:18
as acute, isolated episodes,
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como graves e illadas,
08:20
and consider and measure everything
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para considerar e medir todo
08:22
that affects our health on a permanent basis.
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o que afecta a nosa saúde.
08:27
This entire platform is a working prototype.
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A plataforma é un prototipo.
08:31
It uses state-of-the-art molecular biology,
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Emprega bioloxía molecular de vangarda,
un dispositivo
de baixo custo impreso en 3D
de baixo custo impreso en 3D
08:34
a low-cost, 3D-printed device,
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08:37
and data science
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e datos científicos
08:39
to try to tackle one of humanity's
toughest challenges.
toughest challenges.
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para abordar un dos retos máis difíciles.
08:43
Since we believe early cancer detection
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Como cremos que a detección precoz
08:45
should really be democratized,
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debería democratizarse,
08:47
this entire solution costs at least 50 times less
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esta solución custa case un 50% menos
08:49
than current available methods,
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que os métodos que temos na actualidade
08:51
and we know that the community can help us
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e a comunidade pode axudarnos
08:53
accelerate this even more,
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a aceleralo máis,
08:54
so we're making the design of the device
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así que deseñamos o dispositivo
08:56
open-source.
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en código aberto.
08:59
(Applause)
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(Aplausos)
09:07
Let me say very clearly
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Permitídeme dicir claramente
09:09
that we are at the very early stages,
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que estamos nas primeiras etapas,
09:11
but so far, we have been able
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pero puidemos identificar
09:13
to successfully identify the microRNA pattern
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con éxito os patróns de microARN
09:15
of pancreatic cancer, lung cancer,
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de cancro de páncreas, de pulmón,
09:19
breast cancer and hepatic cancer.
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de mama e de fígado.
09:22
And currently, we're doing a clinical trial
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Estamos a traballar nun ensaio clínico
09:25
in collaboration with the
German Cancer Research Center
German Cancer Research Center
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en colaboración co
Centro Alemán de Investigación Oncolóxica
Centro Alemán de Investigación Oncolóxica
09:28
with 200 women for breast cancer.
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con 200 mulleres con cancro de mama.
09:31
(Applause)
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(Aplausos)
09:35
This is the single non-invasive,
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Esta é a única proba non invasiva,
09:38
accurate and affordable test
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precisa e económica
09:40
that has the potential to dramatically change
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que posibilita un cambio radical
09:43
how cancer procedures and diagnostics
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nos métodos e diagnoses
09:44
have been done.
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que se fan ata o momento.
09:46
Since we're looking for the microRNA patterns
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Como buscamos patróns de microARN
09:48
in your blood at any given time,
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no sangue nun momento dado,
09:50
you don't need to know
which cancer you're looking for.
which cancer you're looking for.
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non é preciso saber que cancro buscas.
09:52
You don't need to have any symptoms.
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Non é preciso ter ningún síntoma.
09:55
You only need one milliliter of blood
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Só é preciso un mililitro de sangue
09:57
and a relatively simple array of tools.
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e unhas ferramentas relativamente simples.
10:01
Today, cancer detection happens mainly
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Hoxe, adoita detectarse o cancro
10:04
when symptoms appear.
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cando aparecen os síntomas.
10:06
That is, at stage 3 or 4,
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É dicir, no grao 3 ou 4
10:08
and I believe that is too late.
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e creo que é demasiado tarde.
10:10
It is too expensive for our families.
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É demasiado caro para as nosas familias.
10:12
It is too expensive for humanity.
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É demasiado caro para a humanidade.
10:15
We cannot lose the war against cancer.
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Non podemos perder contra o cancro.
10:18
It not only costs us billions of dollars,
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Cústanos miles de millóns de dólares,
10:20
but it also costs us the people we love.
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pero tamén nos custa a nosa xente.
10:23
Today, my aunt, she's fighting bravely
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Hoxe, miña tía loita valerosamente
10:26
and going through this process
with a very positive attitude.
with a very positive attitude.
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e segue o proceso moi positiva.
10:29
However, I want fights like this
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Con todo, quero que este tipo de loitas
10:32
to become very rare.
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sexan moi pouco frecuentes.
10:33
I want to see the day
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Desexo que chegue o día
10:34
when cancer is treated easily
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no que sexa doado tratar o cancro
10:36
because it can be routinely diagnosed
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porque se detecta sistematicamente
10:38
at the very early stages,
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nas primeiras fases
10:40
and I'm certain
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e estou seguro
10:42
that in the very near future,
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de que moi pronto,
10:44
because of this
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grazas a este avance
10:45
and other breakthroughs that we are seeing
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e a outros que vemos
10:46
every day in the life sciences,
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nas ciencias biolóxicas,
10:48
the way we see cancer
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a nosa perspectiva cara o cancro
10:50
will radically change.
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cambiará dun xeito radical.
10:52
It will give us the chance of detecting it early,
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Daranos a oportunidade de detectalo cedo,
10:54
understanding it better,
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de entendelo mellor
10:56
and finding a cure.
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e de descubrir unha cura.
10:58
Thank you very much.
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Moitas grazas.
11:00
(Applause)
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(Aplausos)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Jorge Soto - Cancer technologistJorge Soto is helping develop a simple, noninvasive test that identifies cancer.
Why you should listen
Last year, electrical engineer Jorge Soto co-founded mirOculus with a group of fellow Singularity University students to push forward the development of a bold new test for cancer -- one that functions by looking for microRNA in the bloodstream, which could point to the presence of different types of cancer at very early stages. It's early stages for the device as well, but initial trials are promising. The open source device debuted publicly at the TEDGlobal conference in 2014.
Soto is a graduate of both Tec de Monterrey and Singularity University. In September 2013, he returned to Mexico to help the President’s Office develop strategies and projects that encourage civic participation, transparency, accountability and innovation in Mexico, and improve the communication between citizens and their institutions.
More profile about the speakerSoto is a graduate of both Tec de Monterrey and Singularity University. In September 2013, he returned to Mexico to help the President’s Office develop strategies and projects that encourage civic participation, transparency, accountability and innovation in Mexico, and improve the communication between citizens and their institutions.
Jorge Soto | Speaker | TED.com