TED2015
Maryn McKenna: What do we do when antibiotics don't work any more?
Maryn McKenna: Que facemos cando os antibióticos xa non funcionan?
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A penicilina cambiouno todo. Infeccións que antes mataban, de súpeto podíanse curar con rapidez. Mais como explica Maryn McKenna nesta charla que invita á reflexión, estragamos as vantaxes que tanto este como os antibióticos posteriores nos proporcionaron. As bacterias resistentes ós medicamentos indican que estamos entrando na era postantibióticos -e non vai ser bonita. Hai, no entanto, cousas que podemos facer... se comezamos xa.
Maryn McKenna - Public health journalist
Maryn McKenna recounts the often terrifying stories behind emerging drug-resistant diseases that medical science is barely keeping at bay. Full bio
Maryn McKenna recounts the often terrifying stories behind emerging drug-resistant diseases that medical science is barely keeping at bay. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
This is my great uncle,
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Este é o meu tío avó,
00:14
my father's father's younger brother.
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o irmán máis novo do pai de meu pai.
00:17
His name was Joe McKenna.
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Chamábase Joe McKenna.
Era un marido mozo e un
xogador de baloncesto semiprofesional
xogador de baloncesto semiprofesional
00:20
He was a young husband
and a semi-pro basketball player
and a semi-pro basketball player
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00:25
and a fireman in New York City.
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e un bombeiro en Nova York.
00:29
Family history says
he loved being a fireman,
he loved being a fireman,
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A historia familiar di
que adoraba ser bombeiro,
que adoraba ser bombeiro,
00:32
and so in 1938, on one of his days off,
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así que en 1938, nun dos seus días libres,
00:35
he elected to hang out at the firehouse.
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decidiu ir pasa-lo tempo á
estación de bombeiros.
estación de bombeiros.
00:39
To make himself useful that day,
he started polishing all the brass,
he started polishing all the brass,
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Para facer algo útil aquel día,
empezou a sacarlle brillo ó latón,
empezou a sacarlle brillo ó latón,
00:43
the railings on the fire truck,
the fittings on the walls,
the fittings on the walls,
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ás varandas dos camións,
ós accesorios das paredes,
ós accesorios das paredes,
00:46
and one of the fire hose nozzles,
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e unha das boquillas das mangueiras,
00:48
a giant, heavy piece of metal,
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un enorme e pesado anaco de metal,
00:51
toppled off a shelf and hit him.
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caeu dun estante e golpeouno.
00:55
A few days later,
his shoulder started to hurt.
his shoulder started to hurt.
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Uns días despois,
comezou a doerlle o ombro.
comezou a doerlle o ombro.
00:59
Two days after that, he spiked a fever.
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Dous días despois,
empezou a ter febre.
empezou a ter febre.
01:02
The fever climbed and climbed.
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A febre subía e subía.
01:05
His wife was taking care of him,
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A súa muller coidaba del,
01:07
but nothing she did made a difference,
and when they got the local doctor in,
and when they got the local doctor in,
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pero nada semellaba dar resultado,
e cando chegou o médico,
e cando chegou o médico,
01:11
nothing he did mattered either.
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nada do que el fixo importou tampouco.
01:14
They flagged down a cab
and took him to the hospital.
and took him to the hospital.
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Colleron un taxi e levárono ó hospital.
01:17
The nurses there recognized right away
that he had an infection,
that he had an infection,
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Alí as enfermeiras souberon
decontado que tiña unha infección,
decontado que tiña unha infección,
01:21
what at the time they would
have called "blood poisoning,"
have called "blood poisoning,"
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o que daquela chamarían
"intoxicación do sangue"
"intoxicación do sangue"
01:26
and though they probably didn't say it,
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e aínda que probablemente non o dixeron,
01:28
they would have known right away
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daríanse conta ó instante
01:30
that there was nothing they could do.
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de que non podían facer nada por el.
01:33
There was nothing they could do
because the things we use now
because the things we use now
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Non podían facer nada
porque as cousas que usamos agora
porque as cousas que usamos agora
01:36
to cure infections didn't exist yet.
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para curar infeccións
aínda non existían daquela.
aínda non existían daquela.
01:39
The first test of penicillin,
the first antibiotic,
the first antibiotic,
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A primeira proba da penicilina,
o primeiro antibiótico,
o primeiro antibiótico,
01:43
was three years in the future.
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tivo lugar tres anos despois.
01:45
People who got infections
either recovered, if they were lucky,
either recovered, if they were lucky,
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A xente que collía infeccións
ou ben se recuperaba, se tiñan sorte,
ou ben se recuperaba, se tiñan sorte,
01:50
or they died.
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ou morrían.
01:52
My great uncle was not lucky.
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O meu tío avó non tivo sorte.
01:54
He was in the hospital for a week,
shaking with chills,
shaking with chills,
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Estivo no hospital unha semana,
tremendo cos calafríos,
tremendo cos calafríos,
01:57
dehydrated and delirious,
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deshidratado e delirando,
01:59
sinking into a coma as his organs failed.
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afundíndose nun coma
a medida que os seus órganos fallaban.
a medida que os seus órganos fallaban.
02:02
His condition grew so desperate
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O seu estado era tan desesperado
02:04
that the people from his firehouse
lined up to give him transfusions
lined up to give him transfusions
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que os seus compañeiros bombeiros
se aliñaban para facerlle transfusións
se aliñaban para facerlle transfusións
02:09
hoping to dilute the infection
surging through his blood.
surging through his blood.
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coa esperanza de diluír
a infección que invadía o seu sangue.
a infección que invadía o seu sangue.
02:13
Nothing worked. He died.
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Nada funcionou. Morreu.
02:17
He was 30 years old.
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Tiña 30 anos.
02:20
If you look back through history,
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Se lle botamos unha ollada á historia,
02:22
most people died the way
my great uncle died.
my great uncle died.
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a maioría da xente morría
do mesmo xeito que o meu tío avó.
do mesmo xeito que o meu tío avó.
02:25
Most people didn't die
of cancer or heart disease,
of cancer or heart disease,
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A maioría non morría de cáncer
ou do corazón,
ou do corazón,
02:28
the lifestyle diseases that afflict us
in the West today.
in the West today.
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as enfermidades que nos
afectan hoxe en Occidente.
afectan hoxe en Occidente.
02:32
They didn't die of those diseases
because they didn't live long enough
because they didn't live long enough
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Non morrían desas enfermidades
porque non vivían o tempo suficiente
porque non vivían o tempo suficiente
02:36
to develop them.
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para desenvolvelas.
02:38
They died of injuries --
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Morrían por feridas...
02:40
being gored by an ox,
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turrábaos un boi,
02:42
shot on a battlefield,
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disparábanlles no campo de batalla,
ou esmagábaos unha máquina nalgunha das
novas fábricas da Revolución Industrial...
novas fábricas da Revolución Industrial...
02:44
crushed in one of the new factories
of the Industrial Revolution --
of the Industrial Revolution --
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02:48
and most of the time from infection,
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e a maior parte do tempo por infeccións,
02:51
which finished what those injuries began.
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que acababan o que esas feridas comezaran.
02:56
All of that changed
when antibiotics arrived.
when antibiotics arrived.
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Todo iso cambiou
coa chegada dos antibióticos.
coa chegada dos antibióticos.
03:00
Suddenly, infections that had
been a death sentence
been a death sentence
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De súpeto, infeccións que antes
eran unha sentenza de morte
eran unha sentenza de morte
03:04
became something
you recovered from in days.
you recovered from in days.
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convertéronse en algo
do que te recuperabas en días.
do que te recuperabas en días.
03:07
It seemed like a miracle,
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Parecía un milagre,
03:10
and ever since, we have been living inside
the golden epoch of the miracle drugs.
the golden epoch of the miracle drugs.
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e dende entón, estamos vivindo na
época dourada dos medicamentos milagre.
época dourada dos medicamentos milagre.
03:17
And now, we are coming to an end of it.
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E agora... estamos chegando á súa fin.
03:21
My great uncle died in the last days
of the pre-antibiotic era.
of the pre-antibiotic era.
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O meu tío avó morreu nos
últimos días da era preantibióticos.
últimos días da era preantibióticos.
03:26
We stand today on the threshold
of the post-antibiotic era,
of the post-antibiotic era,
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Hoxe estamos no limiar
da era postantibióticos,
da era postantibióticos,
03:31
in the earliest days of a time
when simple infections
when simple infections
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nos primeiros días dun tempo
no que infeccións tan simples
no que infeccións tan simples
03:35
such as the one Joe had
will kill people once again.
will kill people once again.
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como a que tivo Joe
matarán á xente outra vez.
matarán á xente outra vez.
03:40
In fact, they already are.
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De feito, xa o están facendo.
A xente está morrendo por infeccións
outra vez por causa dun fenómeno
outra vez por causa dun fenómeno
03:44
People are dying of infections again
because of a phenomenon
because of a phenomenon
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03:47
called antibiotic resistance.
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chamado resistencia ós antibióticos.
03:50
Briefly, it works like this.
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En resumo, funciona así.
03:52
Bacteria compete against each other
for resources, for food,
for resources, for food,
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As bacterias compiten entre elas
polos recursos, polo alimento,
polos recursos, polo alimento,
03:57
by manufacturing lethal compounds
that they direct against each other.
that they direct against each other.
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creando compostos letais
que unhas dirixen contra outras.
que unhas dirixen contra outras.
04:01
Other bacteria, to protect themselves,
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Outras bacterias, para protexerse,
04:04
evolve defenses against
that chemical attack.
that chemical attack.
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evolucionan creando defensas
contra ese ataque químico.
contra ese ataque químico.
04:07
When we first made antibiotics,
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A primeira vez que
creamos antibióticos,
creamos antibióticos,
04:09
we took those compounds into the lab
and made our own versions of them,
and made our own versions of them,
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levamos eses compostos ó laboratorio
e creamos as nosas propias versións deles,
e creamos as nosas propias versións deles,
04:13
and bacteria responded to our attack
the way they always had.
the way they always had.
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e as bacterias responderon ó noso
ataque igual que o fixeron sempre.
ataque igual que o fixeron sempre.
04:19
Here is what happened next:
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Isto é o que pasou a continuación:
04:22
Penicillin was distributed in 1943,
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A penicilina distribuíuse en 1943,
04:25
and widespread penicillin resistance
arrived by 1945.
arrived by 1945.
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e a resistencia xeneralizada
á penicilina chegou en 1945.
á penicilina chegou en 1945.
04:30
Vancomycin arrived in 1972,
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A vancomicina chegou en 1972,
e a resistencia á vancomicina en 1988.
04:33
vancomycin resistance in 1988.
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04:37
Imipenem in 1985,
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O imipenem apareceu en 1985,
04:39
and resistance to in 1998.
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e a resistencia a este en 1998.
04:42
Daptomycin, one of
the most recent drugs, in 2003,
the most recent drugs, in 2003,
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A daptomicina, un dos medicamentos
máis recentes, apareceu en 2003,
máis recentes, apareceu en 2003,
04:45
and resistance to it
just a year later in 2004.
just a year later in 2004.
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e a resistencia a este só
un ano máis tarde, en 2004.
un ano máis tarde, en 2004.
04:50
For 70 years, we played
a game of leapfrog --
a game of leapfrog --
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Durante 70 anos, xogamos
a superar a súa resistencia
a superar a súa resistencia
04:54
our drug and their resistance,
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cun novo medicamento,
04:57
and then another drug,
and then resistance again --
and then resistance again --
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e despois outro medicamento,
e outra resistencia máis...
e outra resistencia máis...
05:00
and now the game is ending.
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e agora o xogo está rematando.
05:03
Bacteria develop resistance so quickly
that pharmaceutical companies
that pharmaceutical companies
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As bacterias desenvolven resistencias
tan rápido que as compañías farmacéuticas
tan rápido que as compañías farmacéuticas
05:07
have decided making antibiotics
is not in their best interest,
is not in their best interest,
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decidiron que facer
antibióticos non lles convén,
antibióticos non lles convén,
05:11
so there are infections
moving across the world
moving across the world
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así que hai infeccións
movéndose por todo o mundo
movéndose por todo o mundo
05:14
for which, out of the more
than 100 antibiotics
than 100 antibiotics
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para as que, dos
máis de 100 antibióticos
máis de 100 antibióticos
05:18
available on the market,
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dispoñibles no mercado,
05:20
two drugs might work with side effects,
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dous poden funcionar
con efectos secundarios,
con efectos secundarios,
05:23
or one drug,
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ou un,
05:26
or none.
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ou ningún.
05:28
This is what that looks like.
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Esta é a pinta que ten.
05:30
In 2000, the Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention, the CDC,
Control and Prevention, the CDC,
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No ano 2000, o Centro para a Prevención
e o Control de Enfermidades, o CDC,
e o Control de Enfermidades, o CDC,
05:34
identified a single case
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identificou un único caso
05:36
in a hospital in North Carolina
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nun hospital en Carolina do Norte
05:38
of an infection resistant
to all but two drugs.
to all but two drugs.
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dunha infección resistente a
tódolos antibióticos excepto dous.
tódolos antibióticos excepto dous.
05:42
Today, that infection, known as KPC,
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Hoxe, esa infección chamada KPC,
05:47
has spread to every state but three,
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xa se estendeu a tódolos
estados, con tres excepcións,
estados, con tres excepcións,
05:49
and to South America, Europe
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e a América do Sur, Europa
05:52
and the Middle East.
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e Oriente Medio.
05:54
In 2008, doctors in Sweden
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En 2008, en Suecia os médicos
05:57
diagnosed a man from India
with a different infection
with a different infection
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diagnosticaron un home
da India cunha infección distinta
da India cunha infección distinta
05:59
resistant to all but one drug that time.
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resistente a tódolos
medicamentos excepto a un.
medicamentos excepto a un.
06:03
The gene that creates that resistance,
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O xene que crea esa resistencia,
06:05
known as NDM, has now spread
from India into China, Asia, Africa,
from India into China, Asia, Africa,
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coñecido como NDM, xa se estendeu
dende a India ata China, Asia, África,
dende a India ata China, Asia, África,
06:12
Europe and Canada, and the United States.
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Europa, Canadá e os Estados Unidos.
06:17
It would be natural to hope
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Sería normal esperar
06:19
that these infections
are extraordinary cases,
are extraordinary cases,
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que estas infeccións
fosen casos extraordinarios,
fosen casos extraordinarios,
06:23
but in fact,
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pero de feito,
06:25
in the United States and Europe,
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nos Estados Unidos e Europa,
06:27
50,000 people a year
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50.000 persoas morren cada ano
06:30
die of infections which no drugs can help.
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de infeccións que ningún
medicamento pode curar.
medicamento pode curar.
06:34
A project chartered
by the British government
by the British government
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Un proxecto encargado
polo goberno británico
polo goberno británico
06:38
known as the Review
on Antimicrobial Resistance
on Antimicrobial Resistance
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coñecido como a Análise
da Resistencia Antimicrobiana
da Resistencia Antimicrobiana
06:41
estimates that the worldwide toll
right now is 700,000 deaths a year.
right now is 700,000 deaths a year.
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estimou que pagamos un prezo global
de 700.000 mortes ao ano.
de 700.000 mortes ao ano.
06:50
That is a lot of deaths,
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Iso son moitas mortes,
06:54
and yet, the chances are good
that you don't feel at risk,
that you don't feel at risk,
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e con todo, é moi probable
que non te sintas en perigo,
que non te sintas en perigo,
06:57
that you imagine these people
were hospital patients
were hospital patients
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que imaxines que esa xente
eran pacientes hospitalizados
eran pacientes hospitalizados
07:00
in intensive care units
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en unidades de
coidados intensivos
coidados intensivos
07:02
or nursing home residents
near the ends of their lives,
near the ends of their lives,
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ou residentes de asilos
preto do fin das súas vidas,
preto do fin das súas vidas,
07:06
people whose infections
are remote from us,
are remote from us,
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xente cuxas infeccións nos son remotas,
07:09
in situations we can't identify with.
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en situacións coas que
non nos sentimos identificados.
non nos sentimos identificados.
07:14
What you didn't think about,
none of us do,
none of us do,
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No que non pensaches,
ningún de nós o fai,
ningún de nós o fai,
07:17
is that antibiotics support
almost all of modern life.
almost all of modern life.
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é en que os antibióticos
manteñen case toda a vida moderna.
manteñen case toda a vida moderna.
07:23
If we lost antibiotics,
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Se perderamos os antibióticos,
07:25
here's what else we'd lose:
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isto é o que perderiamos tamén:
07:27
First, any protection for people
with weakened immune systems --
with weakened immune systems --
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Primeiro, calquera protección para
xente con sistemas inmunes debilitados
xente con sistemas inmunes debilitados
07:32
cancer patients, AIDS patients,
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pacientes con cancro, con SIDA,
07:35
transplant recipients, premature babies.
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pacientes con transplantes,
bebés prematuros.
bebés prematuros.
07:39
Next, any treatment that installs
foreign objects in the body:
foreign objects in the body:
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Despois, calquera tratamento que
introduza obxectos estraños no corpo:
introduza obxectos estraños no corpo:
07:44
stents for stroke, pumps for diabetes,
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stents para os infartos,
bombas para a diabetes,
bombas para a diabetes,
07:48
dialysis, joint replacements.
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a diálise, as próteses.
07:52
How many athletic baby boomers
need new hips and knees?
need new hips and knees?
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Canta xente atlética de mediana idade
precisa novas cadeiras e xeonllos?
precisa novas cadeiras e xeonllos?
07:55
A recent study estimates
that without antibiotics,
that without antibiotics,
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Un estudo recente
estima que sen os antibióticos,
estima que sen os antibióticos,
07:58
one out of ever six would die.
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un de cada seis morrería.
08:02
Next, we'd probably lose surgery.
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Deseguido, probablemente
perderiamos a cirurxía.
perderiamos a cirurxía.
08:05
Many operations are preceded
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Moitas operacións van precedidas
08:08
by prophylactic doses of antibiotics.
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de doses profilácticas de antibióticos.
08:11
Without that protection,
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Sen esa protección,
08:12
we'd lose the ability to open
the hidden spaces of the body.
the hidden spaces of the body.
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perderiamos a capacidade de abrir
os espazos escondidos do corpo.
os espazos escondidos do corpo.
08:17
So no heart operations,
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Así que nada de operacións cardíacas,
08:19
no prostate biopsies,
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nada de biopsias de próstata,
08:22
no Cesarean sections.
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nada de cesáreas.
08:25
We'd have to learn to fear infections
that now seem minor.
that now seem minor.
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Teriamos que aprender a temer
infeccións que agora semellan menores.
infeccións que agora semellan menores.
08:30
Strep throat used to cause heart failure.
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As infeccións de gorxa
adoitaban causar fallos cardíacos.
adoitaban causar fallos cardíacos.
08:34
Skin infections led to amputations.
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As infeccións cutáneas
levaban a amputacións.
levaban a amputacións.
08:37
Giving birth killed,
in the cleanest hospitals,
in the cleanest hospitals,
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Dar a luz mataba,
nos hospitais máis limpos,
nos hospitais máis limpos,
08:40
almost one woman out of every 100.
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a case unha de cada 100 mulleres.
08:43
Pneumonia took three children
out of every 10.
out of every 10.
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A pneumonía levaba 3 de cada 10 nenos.
08:49
More than anything else,
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Sobre todo,
perderiamos a confianza
coa que vivimos o noso día a día.
coa que vivimos o noso día a día.
08:51
we'd lose the confident way
we live our everyday lives.
we live our everyday lives.
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08:56
If you knew that any injury
could kill you,
could kill you,
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Se souberas que
calquera ferida podería matarte,
calquera ferida podería matarte,
subiríaste nunha moto,
09:01
would you ride a motorcycle,
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09:04
bomb down a ski slope,
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esquiarías por unha pista empinada,
09:07
climb a ladder to hang
your Christmas lights,
your Christmas lights,
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subirías a unha escada
para poñer as luces de Nadal,
para poñer as luces de Nadal,
09:10
let your kid slide into home plate?
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deixarías que os teus
fillos xogasen ó béisbol?
fillos xogasen ó béisbol?
09:15
After all, the first person
to receive penicillin,
to receive penicillin,
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Despois de todo, a primeira
persoa que recibiu penicilina,
persoa que recibiu penicilina,
09:18
a British policeman named
Albert Alexander,
Albert Alexander,
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un policía británico
chamado Albert Alexander,
chamado Albert Alexander,
09:22
who was so ravaged by infection
that his scalp oozed pus
that his scalp oozed pus
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que estaba tan devastado pola infección
que o seu coiro cabeludo supuraba pus
que o seu coiro cabeludo supuraba pus
09:26
and doctors had to take out an eye,
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e os médicos tiveron
que extirparlle un ollo,
que extirparlle un ollo,
09:29
was infected by doing
something very simple.
something very simple.
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infectouse facendo algo moi simple.
09:34
He walked into his garden
and scratched his face on a thorn.
and scratched his face on a thorn.
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Rabuñou a cara cunha espiña no seu xardín.
09:40
That British project I mentioned
which estimates that the worldwide toll
which estimates that the worldwide toll
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O proxecto británico que mencionei
que estima unha mortalidade global
que estima unha mortalidade global
09:44
right now is 700,000 deaths a year
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de 700.000 persoas ó ano na actualidade
09:48
also predicts that if we can't
get this under control by 2050,
get this under control by 2050,
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tamén predí que se non conseguimos
controlar a situación para o 2050,
controlar a situación para o 2050,
09:54
not long, the worldwide toll
will be 10 million deaths a year.
will be 10 million deaths a year.
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non tan lonxe, a mortalidade
global será de 10 millóns ó ano.
global será de 10 millóns ó ano.
10:02
How did we get to this point
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Como chegamos ata este punto
10:04
where what we have to look forward to
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onde podemos ter que enfrontar
10:06
is those terrifying numbers?
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eses aterradores números?
10:10
The difficult answer is,
we did it to ourselves.
we did it to ourselves.
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A difícil resposta é que
nolo causamos nós mesmos.
nolo causamos nós mesmos.
10:14
Resistance is an inevitable
biological process,
biological process,
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A resistencia é un
proceso biolóxico inevitable,
proceso biolóxico inevitable,
10:17
but we bear the responsibility
for accelerating it.
for accelerating it.
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pero nós somos
os responsables de aceleralo.
os responsables de aceleralo.
10:22
We did this by squandering antibiotics
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Fixémolo malgastando antibióticos
10:26
with a heedlessness
that now seems shocking.
that now seems shocking.
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cunha despreocupación
que agora nos parece sorprendente.
que agora nos parece sorprendente.
10:31
Penicillin was sold
over the counter until the 1950s.
over the counter until the 1950s.
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A penicilina vendeuse sen
receita ata a década dos 50.
receita ata a década dos 50.
10:35
In much of the developing world,
most antibiotics still are.
most antibiotics still are.
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En moitos países en desenvolvemento,
isto aínda pasa coa maioría dos antibióticos.
isto aínda pasa coa maioría dos antibióticos.
10:39
In the United States, 50 percent
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Nos Estados Unidos, o 50%
10:42
of the antibiotics given
in hospitals are unnecessary.
in hospitals are unnecessary.
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dos antibióticos que se dan
nos hospitais son innecesarios.
nos hospitais son innecesarios.
10:46
Forty-five percent of the prescriptions
written in doctor's offices
written in doctor's offices
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O 45% das receitas feitas polos médicos
10:51
are for conditions
that antibiotics cannot help.
that antibiotics cannot help.
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son para enfermidades que
os antibióticos non poden curar.
os antibióticos non poden curar.
10:56
And that's just in healthcare.
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E iso é só na asistencia sanitaria.
10:59
On much of the planet, most meat animals
get antibiotics every day of their lives,
get antibiotics every day of their lives,
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Por todo o planeta, os animais de carne
reciben antibióticos a diario,
reciben antibióticos a diario,
11:04
not to cure illnesses,
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non para curar enfermidades,
11:06
but to fatten them up
and to protect them against
and to protect them against
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senón para engordalos
e para protexelos contra
e para protexelos contra
11:09
the factory farm conditions
they are raised in.
they are raised in.
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as condicións nas que son criados.
11:13
In the United States, possibly 80 percent
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Nos Estados Unidos, posiblemente o 80%
11:16
of the antibiotics sold every year
go to farm animals, not to humans,
go to farm animals, not to humans,
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6703
dos antibióticos vendidos anualmente
van a animais de granxa, non a humanos,
van a animais de granxa, non a humanos,
11:23
creating resistant bacteria
that move off the farm
that move off the farm
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creando bacterias resistentes
que saen das granxas
que saen das granxas
11:27
in water, in dust,
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2624
na auga, no po,
11:29
in the meat the animals become.
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na carne na que se converten os animais.
11:32
Aquaculture depends on antibiotics too,
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2925
A acuicultura tamén
depende dos antibióticos,
depende dos antibióticos,
11:35
particularly in Asia,
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particularmente en Asia,
11:37
and fruit growing relies on antibiotics
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685559
3343
e o cultivo de froitas
depende dos antibióticos
depende dos antibióticos
11:40
to protect apples, pears,
citrus, against disease.
citrus, against disease.
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para protexer mazás, peras,
cítricos, contra enfermidades.
cítricos, contra enfermidades.
11:46
And because bacteria can pass
their DNA to each other
their DNA to each other
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E dado que as bacterias poden
pasar o seu ADN dunhas a outras
pasar o seu ADN dunhas a outras
11:52
like a traveler handing off
a suitcase at an airport,
a suitcase at an airport,
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700117
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como un viaxeiro pasando
unha maleta nun aeroporto,
unha maleta nun aeroporto,
11:56
once we have encouraged
that resistance into existence,
that resistance into existence,
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unha vez que fomentamos
a existencia desta resistencia,
a existencia desta resistencia,
12:01
there is no knowing where it will spread.
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é imposible saber ata onde se espallará.
12:05
This was predictable.
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1571
Isto era predicible.
12:07
In fact, it was predicted
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715674
2832
De feito, prediciuno
12:10
by Alexander Fleming,
the man who discovered penicillin.
the man who discovered penicillin.
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4435
Alexander Fleming,
o home que descubriu a penicilina.
o home que descubriu a penicilina.
12:14
He was given the Nobel Prize
in 1945 in recognition,
in 1945 in recognition,
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Gañou o Premio Nobel en 1945,
12:18
and in an interview shortly after,
this is what he said:
this is what he said:
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4347
e nunha entrevista
pouco despois, isto é o que dixo:
pouco despois, isto é o que dixo:
12:23
"The thoughtless person playing
with penicillin treatment
with penicillin treatment
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"A persoa inconsciente que xogue
cun tratamento de penicilina
cun tratamento de penicilina
12:27
is morally responsible
for the death of a man
for the death of a man
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é moralmente responsable
pola morte do home
pola morte do home
12:30
who succumbs to infection
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738823
2324
que sucumba á infección
12:33
with a pencillin-resistant organism."
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2903
por un organismo resistente á penicilina."
12:36
He added, "I hope this evil
can be averted."
can be averted."
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Engadiu, "espero que
este mal poida ser evitado."
este mal poida ser evitado."
12:40
Can we avert it?
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2856
Podemos evitalo?
12:43
There are companies working
on novel antibiotics,
on novel antibiotics,
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Hai empresas traballando
en novos antibióticos,
en novos antibióticos,
12:47
things the superbugs
have never seen before.
have never seen before.
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3576
cousas que os supermicrobios
nunca viron antes.
nunca viron antes.
12:51
We need those new drugs badly,
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2717
Necesitamos eses novos
medicamentos con urxencia,
medicamentos con urxencia,
12:53
and we need incentives:
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2252
e necesitamos incentivos:
12:56
discovery grants, extended patents,
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2531
bolsas para os descubrimentos,
patentes prolongadas,
patentes prolongadas,
12:58
prizes, to lure other companies
into making antibiotics again.
into making antibiotics again.
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premios que atraian a outras empresas
para volver facer antibióticos.
para volver facer antibióticos.
13:05
But that probably won't be enough.
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773343
2366
Pero probablemente non abondará.
13:08
Here's why: Evolution always wins.
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4104
Polo seguinte motivo:
a evolución sempre gaña.
a evolución sempre gaña.
13:12
Bacteria birth a new generation
every 20 minutes.
every 20 minutes.
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As bacterias crean unha
nova xeración cada 20 minutos.
nova xeración cada 20 minutos.
13:16
It takes pharmaceutical chemistry
10 years to derive a new drug.
10 years to derive a new drug.
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Á química farmacéutica lévalle
10 anos crear un novo medicamento.
10 anos crear un novo medicamento.
13:21
Every time we use an antibiotic,
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2856
Cada vez que usamos un antibiótico,
13:24
we give the bacteria billions of chances
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3274
dámoslle ás bacterias miles
de millóns de oportunidades
de millóns de oportunidades
13:27
to crack the codes
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1741
para descifrar os códigos
13:29
of the defenses we've constructed.
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das defensas que construímos.
13:32
There has never yet been a drug
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Ata agora nunca existiu un medicamento
13:34
they could not defeat.
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que non puidesen vencer.
13:37
This is asymmetric warfare,
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Trátase dunha guerra asimétrica,
13:40
but we can change the outcome.
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pero podemos cambiar o resultado.
13:45
We could build systems to harvest data
to tell us automatically and specifically
to tell us automatically and specifically
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Poderiamos crear sistemas que recompilen
datos que nos digan de xeito automático
datos que nos digan de xeito automático
13:52
how antibiotics are being used.
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2929
e específico como se están
usando os antibióticos.
usando os antibióticos.
13:55
We could build gatekeeping
into drug order systems
into drug order systems
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Poderiamos crear filtros
nos pedidos de medicamentos
nos pedidos de medicamentos
13:58
so that every prescription
gets a second look.
gets a second look.
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para que cada receita
sexa revisada dúas veces.
sexa revisada dúas veces.
14:01
We could require agriculture
to give up antibiotic use.
to give up antibiotic use.
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Poderiamos esixirlle á agricultura
que renuncie ó uso de antibióticos.
que renuncie ó uso de antibióticos.
14:08
We could build surveillance systems
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Poderiamos crear sistemas de vixilancia
14:11
to tell us where resistance
is emerging next.
is emerging next.
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que nos digan onde vai
emerxer a próxima resistencia.
emerxer a próxima resistencia.
14:15
Those are the tech solutions.
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Esas son as solucións tecnolóxicas.
14:18
They probably aren't enough either,
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É probable que tampouco abonden,
14:20
unless we help.
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a menos que nós axudemos.
14:27
Antibiotic resistance is a habit.
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A resistencia ós antibióticos é un hábito.
14:30
We all know how hard it is
to change a habit.
to change a habit.
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Todos sabemos o difícil
que é cambiar un hábito.
que é cambiar un hábito.
14:33
But as a society,
we've done that in the past.
we've done that in the past.
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Pero como sociedade,
xa o fixemos no pasado.
xa o fixemos no pasado.
14:38
People used to toss litter
into the streets,
into the streets,
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A xente adoitaba tirar lixo nas rúas,
14:41
used to not wear seatbelts,
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1765
non poñía o cinto de seguridade,
14:43
used to smoke inside public buildings.
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4257
fumaba dentro dos edificios públicos.
14:48
We don't do those things anymore.
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2220
Xa non facemos esas cousas.
14:51
We don't trash the environment
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2322
Non estragamos o medio ambiente
14:53
or court devastating accidents
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3157
nin buscamos devastadores accidentes
14:56
or expose others
to the possibility of cancer,
to the possibility of cancer,
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2972
nin expoñemos a outros
á posibilidade dun cancro,
á posibilidade dun cancro,
14:59
because we decided those things
were expensive,
were expensive,
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porque decidimos que
esas cousas saían caras,
esas cousas saían caras,
15:03
destructive, not in our best interest.
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que eran destrutivas, non nos conviñan.
15:07
We changed social norms.
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Cambiamos as normas sociais.
15:11
We could change social norms
around antibiotic use too.
around antibiotic use too.
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4144
Tamén poderiamos cambiar as normas
sociais sobre o uso dos antibióticos.
sociais sobre o uso dos antibióticos.
15:17
I know that the scale
of antibiotic resistance
of antibiotic resistance
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Sei que a dimensión da
resistencia dos antibióticos
resistencia dos antibióticos
15:19
seems overwhelming,
255
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1904
semella abafante,
15:21
but if you've ever bought
a fluorescent lightbulb
a fluorescent lightbulb
256
909678
3460
pero se algunha vez
mercaches unha lámpada fluorescente
mercaches unha lámpada fluorescente
15:25
because you were concerned
about climate change,
about climate change,
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2716
porque te preocupaba
o cambio climático,
o cambio climático,
15:27
or read the label on a box of crackers
258
915854
3135
ou liches a etiqueta
dunha caixa de galletas
dunha caixa de galletas
15:30
because you think about
the deforestation from palm oil,
the deforestation from palm oil,
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4481
porque pensas na deforestación
debida ó aceite de palma,
debida ó aceite de palma,
15:35
you already know what it feels like
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2879
xa sabes o que se sente
15:38
to take a tiny step to address
an overwhelming problem.
an overwhelming problem.
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5000
ó dar un pequeno paso para
resolver un enorme problema.
resolver un enorme problema.
15:43
We could take those kinds of steps
for antibiotic use too.
for antibiotic use too.
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Tamén poderiamos tomar esa clase
de medidas no uso dos antibióticos.
de medidas no uso dos antibióticos.
15:48
We could forgo giving an antibiotic
if we're not sure it's the right one.
if we're not sure it's the right one.
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7637
Poderiamos renunciar a dar un antibiótico
se non estamos certos de que é o correcto.
se non estamos certos de que é o correcto.
15:56
We could stop insisting on a prescription
for our kid's ear infection
for our kid's ear infection
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Poderiamos non insistir nunha receita
para a infección de oído do noso neno
para a infección de oído do noso neno
16:02
before we're sure what caused it.
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1898
antes de estar seguros de qué a causou.
16:05
We could ask every restaurant,
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3367
Poderiamos preguntar a cada restaurante,
16:09
every supermarket,
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1811
a cada supermercado,
16:10
where their meat comes from.
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de onde vén a súa carne.
16:12
We could promise each other
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1834
Poderiamos prometernos
16:14
never again to buy chicken
or shrimp or fruit
or shrimp or fruit
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non volver mercar polo ou gambas ou froita
16:18
raised with routine antibiotic use,
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2884
criados co uso rutineiro de antibióticos,
16:21
and if we did those things,
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2694
e se fixeramos esas cousas,
16:24
we could slow down the arrival
of the post-antibiotic world.
of the post-antibiotic world.
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4492
poderiamos retrasar a chegada
do mundo postantibióticos.
do mundo postantibióticos.
16:29
But we have to do it soon.
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Pero temos que facelo axiña.
16:33
Penicillin began
the antibiotic era in 1943.
the antibiotic era in 1943.
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4505
A penicilina deu comezo á
era dos antibióticos en 1943.
era dos antibióticos en 1943.
16:38
In just 70 years, we walked ourselves
up to the edge of disaster.
up to the edge of disaster.
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5706
En só 70 anos,
camiñamos ata a beira do desastre.
camiñamos ata a beira do desastre.
16:44
We won't get 70 years
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2322
Non imos ter 70 anos
16:46
to find our way back out again.
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3726
para atopar unha saída outra vez.
16:50
Thank you very much.
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Moitas grazas.
16:52
(Applause)
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(Aplausos)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Maryn McKenna - Public health journalistMaryn McKenna recounts the often terrifying stories behind emerging drug-resistant diseases that medical science is barely keeping at bay.
Why you should listen
Maryn McKenna’s harrowing stories of hunting down anthrax with the CDC and her chronicle of antibiotic-resistant staph infections in Superbug earned her the nickname “scary disease girl” among her colleagues.
But her investigations into public health don’t stop there: she blogs and writes on the history of epidemics and the public health challenges posed by factory farming. For her forthcoming book, McKenna is researching the symbiotic history of food production and antibiotics, and how their use impacts our lives, societies and the potential for illness.
Maryn McKenna | Speaker | TED.com