ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie - Novelist
Inspired by Nigerian history and tragedies all but forgotten by recent generations of westerners, Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie’s novels and stories are jewels in the crown of diasporan literature.

Why you should listen

In Nigeria, Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie's novel Half of a Yellow Sun has helped inspire new, cross-generational communication about the Biafran war. In this and in her other works, she seeks to instill dignity into the finest details of each character, whether poor, middle class or rich, exposing along the way the deep scars of colonialism in the African landscape.

Adichie's newest book, The Thing Around Your Neck, is a brilliant collection of stories about Nigerians struggling to cope with a corrupted context in their home country, and about the Nigerian immigrant experience.

Adichie builds on the literary tradition of Igbo literary giant Chinua Achebe—and when she found out that Achebe liked Half of a Yellow Sun, she says she cried for a whole day. What he said about her rings true: “We do not usually associate wisdom with beginners, but here is a new writer endowed with the gift of ancient storytellers.”

(Photo: Wani Olatunde) 

More profile about the speaker
Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie | Speaker | TED.com
TEDGlobal 2009

Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie: The danger of a single story

Chimamanda Adichie: O perigo dunha única historia

Filmed:
21,248,547 views

As nosas vidas e culturas están compostas por moitas historias superpostas. A novelista Chimamanda Adichie cóntanos a historia de cómo atopou a súa auténtica voz cultural e advirte que se só escoitamos unha única historia sobre outra persoa ou país arriscámonos a un malentendido.
- Novelist
Inspired by Nigerian history and tragedies all but forgotten by recent generations of westerners, Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie’s novels and stories are jewels in the crown of diasporan literature. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:12
I'm a storyteller.
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Son escritora.
00:14
And I would like to tell you a few personal stories
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E gustaríame contarvos
un par de historias persoais
00:17
about what I like to call "the danger of the single story."
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sobre o que me gusta chamar
"O perigo dunha única historia".
00:22
I grew up on a university campus in eastern Nigeria.
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Crecín nun campus universitario
no leste de Nixeria.
00:26
My mother says that I started reading at the age of two,
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A miña nai di
que empecei a ler ós dous anos,
00:29
although I think four is probably close to the truth.
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pero eu creo que catro
é unha cifra máis certa.
00:34
So I was an early reader, and what I read
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Así que fun unha lectora temperana
e o que lía
00:36
were British and American children's books.
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eran libros infantís británicos
e estadounidenses.
00:39
I was also an early writer,
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Tamén fun unha escritora temperana.
00:42
and when I began to write, at about the age of seven,
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E cando comecei a escribir,
sobre os sete anos,
00:46
stories in pencil with crayon illustrations
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historias en lapis
con ilustracións en ceras
00:48
that my poor mother was obligated to read,
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que a miña pobre nai
estaba obrigada a ler,
00:51
I wrote exactly the kinds of stories I was reading:
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escribía exactamente
o tipo de historias que lía.
00:55
All my characters were white and blue-eyed,
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Todas as miñas personaxes
eran brancas e de ollos azuis.
01:00
they played in the snow,
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Xogaban na neve.
01:02
they ate apples,
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Comían mazás.
01:04
and they talked a lot about the weather,
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(Risas)
01:06
how lovely it was
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E falaban moito sobre o tempo,
01:08
that the sun had come out.
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o bonito que era que saíra o sol.
01:10
(Laughter)
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(Risas)
01:12
Now, this despite the fact that I lived in Nigeria.
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E todo isto malia o feito
de que vivía en Nixeria.
01:15
I had never been outside Nigeria.
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Nunca estivera fóra de Nixeria.
01:19
We didn't have snow, we ate mangoes,
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Non tiñamos neve. Comiamos mangos.
01:22
and we never talked about the weather,
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E nunca falabamos sobre o tempo,
01:24
because there was no need to.
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porque non había necesidade.
01:26
My characters also drank a lot of ginger beer
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As miñas personaxes
tamén bebían cervexa de xenxibre
01:29
because the characters in the British books I read
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porque as personaxes
dos libros británicos que lía
01:31
drank ginger beer.
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bebían cervexa de xenxibre.
01:33
Never mind that I had no idea what ginger beer was.
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Tanto tiña que non tivera
nin idea do que era.
01:36
(Laughter)
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(Risas)
01:37
And for many years afterwards, I would have a desperate desire
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E durante moitos anos
tería un desexo desesperado
01:40
to taste ginger beer.
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de probar a cervexa de xenxibre.
01:42
But that is another story.
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Pero esa é outra historia.
01:44
What this demonstrates, I think,
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Creo que o que isto demostra
01:46
is how impressionable and vulnerable we are
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é o impresionable e vulnerable que somos
01:49
in the face of a story,
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fronte a unha historia,
01:51
particularly as children.
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sobre todo de nenos.
01:53
Because all I had read were books
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Como todo o que lera eran libros
01:55
in which characters were foreign,
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nos que as personaxes era estranxeiras
01:57
I had become convinced that books
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estaba convencida de que os libros
01:59
by their very nature had to have foreigners in them
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por natureza
tiñan que ter estranxeiros neles,
02:02
and had to be about things with which
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e tiñan que tratar sobre cousas
02:04
I could not personally identify.
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coas que non me podía identificar.
02:07
Things changed when I discovered African books.
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As cousas cambiaron
cando descubrín libros africanos.
02:11
There weren't many of them available, and they weren't
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Non había moitos dispoñibles
02:13
quite as easy to find as the foreign books.
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e non eran tan sinxelos de atopar
como os estranxeiros.
02:15
But because of writers like Chinua Achebe and Camara Laye
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Pero grazas a escritores
como Chinua Achebe e Camara Laye
02:19
I went through a mental shift in my perception
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Atravesei un cambio mental
na miña percepción
02:21
of literature.
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da literatura.
02:23
I realized that people like me,
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Deime de conta de que xente coma min,
02:25
girls with skin the color of chocolate,
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nenas coa pel da cor do chocolate,
02:27
whose kinky hair could not form ponytails,
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co pelo enmarañado
que non formaba coletas,
02:30
could also exist in literature.
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tamén podían existir na literatura.
02:32
I started to write about things I recognized.
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Comecei a escribir
sobre cousas que recoñecía.
02:36
Now, I loved those American and British books I read.
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Encantábanme eses libros británicos
e estadounidenses que lía.
02:40
They stirred my imagination. They opened up new worlds for me.
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Espertaban a miña imaxinación.
Abríronme novos mundos.
02:44
But the unintended consequence
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Pero a consecuencia non deliberada
02:46
was that I did not know that people like me
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foi que non souben que a xente coma min
02:48
could exist in literature.
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podía existir na literatura.
02:50
So what the discovery of African writers did for me was this:
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Así que o que o descubrimento dos escritores
africanos fixo por min foi isto:
02:54
It saved me from having a single story
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Salvoume de ter unha única historia
02:57
of what books are.
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do que eran os libros.
02:59
I come from a conventional, middle-class Nigerian family.
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Eu proveño dunha familia convencional
de clase media nixeriana.
03:02
My father was a professor.
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O meu pai era mestre.
03:04
My mother was an administrator.
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A miña nai era administradora.
03:07
And so we had, as was the norm,
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Tiñamos, como era a norma,
03:10
live-in domestic help, who would often come from nearby rural villages.
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axuda doméstica residente,
que a cotío viñan de vilas rurais próximas.
03:15
So the year I turned eight we got a new house boy.
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No ano en que cumprín oito
tiñamos a un novo neno na casa.
03:19
His name was Fide.
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Chamábase Fide.
03:21
The only thing my mother told us about him
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O único que nos dixo a miña nai sobre el
03:24
was that his family was very poor.
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foi que a súa familia era moi pobre.
03:27
My mother sent yams and rice,
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A miña nai enviou ñame, arroz
03:29
and our old clothes, to his family.
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e roupa vella a súa familia.
03:32
And when I didn't finish my dinner my mother would say,
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E cando non remataba a cea
a miña nai dicía:
03:34
"Finish your food! Don't you know? People like Fide's family have nothing."
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"¡Acaba a comida! ¿Non sabes que xente
como a familia de Fide non teñen nada?"
03:39
So I felt enormous pity for Fide's family.
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Entón sentía unha mágoa enorme
pola familia de Fide.
03:43
Then one Saturday we went to his village to visit,
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Un sábado fomos de visita á súa vila.
03:46
and his mother showed us a beautifully patterned basket
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E a súa nai amosounos unha cesta
maravillosamente estampada,
03:50
made of dyed raffia that his brother had made.
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feita con rafia tinguida,
que fixera o seu irmán.
03:53
I was startled.
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Asusteime.
03:55
It had not occurred to me that anybody in his family
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Non se me ocorrera
que alguén da súa familia
03:58
could actually make something.
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puidera realmente facer algo.
04:01
All I had heard about them was how poor they were,
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Todo o que escoitara deles
era o pobres que eran,
04:04
so that it had become impossible for me to see them
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así que érame imposible miralos
04:06
as anything else but poor.
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como algo máis que pobres.
04:09
Their poverty was my single story of them.
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A súa pobreza
era a miña única historia deles.
04:13
Years later, I thought about this when I left Nigeria
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Anos máis tarde,
pensei nisto cando deixei Nixeria.
04:15
to go to university in the United States.
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para ir a universidade nos Estados Unidos.
04:18
I was 19.
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Tiña 19.
04:20
My American roommate was shocked by me.
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A miña compañeira de cuarto americana
sorprendeuse.
04:24
She asked where I had learned to speak English so well,
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Preguntoume onde aprendera
a falar inglés tan ben
04:27
and was confused when I said that Nigeria
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e estaba desconcertada
cando lle dixen que en Nixeria
04:29
happened to have English as its official language.
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tiña o inglés como lingua oficial.
04:34
She asked if she could listen to what she called my "tribal music,"
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Preguntoume se podería escoitar
o que ela chamou a miña "música tribal",
04:38
and was consequently very disappointed
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e en consecuencia se desilusionou moito
04:40
when I produced my tape of Mariah Carey.
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cando lle ensinei a miña cinta
de Mariah Carey.
04:42
(Laughter)
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(Risas)
04:45
She assumed that I did not know how
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Asumiu que non sabía
04:47
to use a stove.
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como usar unha estufa.
04:50
What struck me was this: She had felt sorry for me
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O que me paralizou foi isto:
ela sentía mágoa de min
04:52
even before she saw me.
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incluso antes de verme.
04:54
Her default position toward me, as an African,
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A súa posición por defecto cara a min,
como africana,
04:58
was a kind of patronizing, well-meaning pity.
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era un tipo de mágoa
condescendente e benévola.
05:02
My roommate had a single story of Africa:
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A miña compañeira de cuarto
tiña unha única historia de África.
05:05
a single story of catastrophe.
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Unha única historia de catástrofe.
05:08
In this single story there was no possibility
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Nesta única historia
non había a posibilidade
05:10
of Africans being similar to her in any way,
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de que os africanos foran semellantes a ela
dalgunha maneira.
05:14
no possibility of feelings more complex than pity,
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Non había a posibilidade de sentimentos
máis complexos cá mágoa.
05:17
no possibility of a connection as human equals.
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Non había a posibilidade dunha conexión
como humanos iguais.
05:21
I must say that before I went to the U.S. I didn't
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Debo dicir que antes de ir ós EE.UU
non me identificaba
05:23
consciously identify as African.
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conscientemente como africana.
05:26
But in the U.S. whenever Africa came up people turned to me.
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Pero nos EE.UU cada vez que xurdía África
a xente volvíase cara a min.
05:29
Never mind that I knew nothing about places like Namibia.
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Non importaba que non soubera nada
de lugares como Namibia.
05:33
But I did come to embrace this new identity,
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Pero cheguei a aceptar
esa nova identidade.
05:35
and in many ways I think of myself now as African.
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E agora en moitos aspectos
penso en min mesma como africana.
05:38
Although I still get quite irritable when
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Mesmo que aínda me alporizo
05:40
Africa is referred to as a country,
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cando se refiren a África como un país.
05:42
the most recent example being my otherwise wonderful flight
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O exemplo máis recente foi no meu voo,
doutra maneira marabilloso,
05:46
from Lagos two days ago, in which
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dende Lagos hai dous días,
05:48
there was an announcement on the Virgin flight
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no que houbo un anuncio no voo de Virgin
05:50
about the charity work in "India, Africa and other countries."
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sobre unha organización benéfica que traballa
en "India, África e outros países".
05:55
(Laughter)
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(Risas)
05:56
So after I had spent some years in the U.S. as an African,
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Así que tras un par de anos
nos EE.UU como africana
06:00
I began to understand my roommate's response to me.
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comecei a entender a resposta
da miña compañeira de cuarto.
06:04
If I had not grown up in Nigeria, and if all I knew about Africa
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Se non crecera en Nixeria
e todo o que soubera de África
06:07
were from popular images,
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saíra das imaxes xeneralizadas
06:09
I too would think that Africa was a place of
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tamén eu crería que África é un lugar
06:12
beautiful landscapes, beautiful animals,
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de bonitas paisaxes e animais
06:16
and incomprehensible people,
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e xente incomprensible
06:18
fighting senseless wars, dying of poverty and AIDS,
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loitando en guerras sen sentido,
morrendo de pobreza e SIDA,
06:21
unable to speak for themselves
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incapaces de falar por eles mesmos
06:24
and waiting to be saved
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e agardando ser salvados
06:26
by a kind, white foreigner.
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por un amable estranxeiro branco.
06:29
I would see Africans in the same way that I,
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Miraría ós africanos da mesma maneira
06:31
as a child, had seen Fide's family.
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que de nena miraba á familia de Fide.
06:35
This single story of Africa ultimately comes, I think, from Western literature.
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Creo que a única historia de África
provén da literatura occidental.
06:39
Now, here is a quote from
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Esta é unha cita sacada
06:41
the writing of a London merchant called John Locke,
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dos escritos dun mercante londiniense
chamado John Locke,
06:44
who sailed to west Africa in 1561
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que navegou ata o oeste de África en 1561,
06:47
and kept a fascinating account of his voyage.
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e plasmou un fascinante relato
da súa viaxe.
06:52
After referring to the black Africans
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Tras referirse ós africanos negros
06:54
as "beasts who have no houses,"
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como "bestas que non teñen casas"
06:56
he writes, "They are also people without heads,
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escribiu: "tamén son persoas sen cabeza,
07:00
having their mouth and eyes in their breasts."
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teñen a boca e os ollos no peito".
07:05
Now, I've laughed every time I've read this.
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Eu río cada vez que leo isto.
07:07
And one must admire the imagination of John Locke.
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Debemos admirar
a imaxinación de John Locke.
07:11
But what is important about his writing is that
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Pero o que importa dos seus escritos
07:13
it represents the beginning
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é que representa o comezo
07:15
of a tradition of telling African stories in the West:
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da tradición de contar historias africanas
en occidente.
07:18
A tradition of Sub-Saharan Africa as a place of negatives,
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A tradición de identificar
á África subsahariana como un lugar
07:21
of difference, of darkness,
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de negacións,
de diferenzas, de escuridade,
07:23
of people who, in the words of the wonderful poet
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de xente que,
en palabras do marabilloso poeta
07:27
Rudyard Kipling,
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Rudyard Kipling
07:29
are "half devil, half child."
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son "metade diaños, metade nenos".
07:32
And so I began to realize that my American roommate
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Entón comecei a decatarme
de que a miña compañeira de cuarto
07:35
must have throughout her life
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debeu, ó longo da súa vida,
07:37
seen and heard different versions
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ver e escoitar diferentes versións
07:39
of this single story,
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desta única historia,
07:41
as had a professor,
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como un profesor que tiven,
07:43
who once told me that my novel was not "authentically African."
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que me dixo unha vez que a miña novela
non era "autenticamente africana".
07:48
Now, I was quite willing to contend that there were a number of things
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Estaba disposta a argüír
que había un par de cousas
07:50
wrong with the novel,
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que estaban mal na novela,
07:52
that it had failed in a number of places,
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que puxera mal un par de lugares.
07:56
but I had not quite imagined that it had failed
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Pero non podía imaxinar que fracasara
07:58
at achieving something called African authenticity.
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en conseguir algo chamado
a autenticidade africana.
08:01
In fact I did not know what
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De feito non sabía
08:03
African authenticity was.
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o que era a autenticidade africana.
08:06
The professor told me that my characters
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O profesor díxome que as miñas personaxes
08:08
were too much like him,
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parecíanse demasiado a el,
08:10
an educated and middle-class man.
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un home douto de clase media
08:12
My characters drove cars.
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As miñas personaxes conducían coches.
08:14
They were not starving.
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Non morrían de fame.
08:17
Therefore they were not authentically African.
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Polo tanto non eran auténticos africanos.
08:21
But I must quickly add that I too am just as guilty
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Pero debo engadir
que eu tamén son responsable
08:24
in the question of the single story.
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na cuestión da única historia.
08:27
A few years ago, I visited Mexico from the U.S.
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Hai uns anos visitei México
dende ós EE.UU.
08:31
The political climate in the U.S. at the time was tense,
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O clima político nos EE.UU.
nese momento era tenso.
08:33
and there were debates going on about immigration.
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E había en curso
debates sobre a inmigración.
08:37
And, as often happens in America,
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E, como pasa a cotío en Estados Unidos,
08:39
immigration became synonymous with Mexicans.
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a inmigración converteuse
en sinónimo de mexicanos.
08:42
There were endless stories of Mexicans
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Había innumerables historias de mexicanos
08:44
as people who were
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como xente
08:46
fleecing the healthcare system,
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que desplumaba ó sistema sanitario,
08:48
sneaking across the border,
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que se coaba pola fronteira,
08:50
being arrested at the border, that sort of thing.
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detidos nas fronteiras,
ese tipo de cousas.
08:54
I remember walking around on my first day in Guadalajara,
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Lembro pasear por Guadalaxara
o primeiro día,
08:58
watching the people going to work,
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mirando á xente indo ó traballo,
09:00
rolling up tortillas in the marketplace,
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dándolle volta as tortillas
na praza do mercado,
09:02
smoking, laughing.
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fumando, rindo,
09:05
I remember first feeling slight surprise.
189
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Lembro sentirme primeiro
un pouco sorprendida.
09:08
And then I was overwhelmed with shame.
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E logo arrelada pola vergoña.
09:11
I realized that I had been so immersed
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Decateime de que estivera tan sumida
09:14
in the media coverage of Mexicans
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na cobertura mediática sobre os mexicanos
09:16
that they had become one thing in my mind,
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que se converteran
en unha soa cousa na miña mente:
09:18
the abject immigrant.
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un abxecto inmigrante.
09:21
I had bought into the single story of Mexicans
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Aceptara a única historia dos mexicanos
09:23
and I could not have been more ashamed of myself.
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e non podía estar
máis avergoñada de min mesma.
09:26
So that is how to create a single story,
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Así é cómo se crea unha única historia:
09:28
show a people as one thing,
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amosar á xente como unha única cousa,
09:31
as only one thing,
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como só unha cousa,
09:33
over and over again,
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unha e outra vez,
09:35
and that is what they become.
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e niso é no que se converten.
09:38
It is impossible to talk about the single story
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É imposible falar da historia única
09:40
without talking about power.
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sen falar do poder.
09:43
There is a word, an Igbo word,
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Hai unha palabra en Igbo
09:45
that I think about whenever I think about
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que se me ocorre cada vez que penso
09:47
the power structures of the world, and it is "nkali."
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nas estructuras de poder do mundo,
e é "nkali".
09:50
It's a noun that loosely translates
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É un nome que ben dicindo
09:52
to "to be greater than another."
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"ser máis grande có outro."
09:55
Like our economic and political worlds,
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Coma os nosos mundos económicos
e políticos
09:58
stories too are defined
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as historias tamén se definen
10:00
by the principle of nkali:
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polo principio do nkali.
10:03
How they are told, who tells them,
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Como se fala delas, quen as di,
10:05
when they're told, how many stories are told,
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cando as din, cantas historias se contan
10:08
are really dependent on power.
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depende moito do poder.
10:12
Power is the ability not just to tell the story of another person,
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O poder non é só a habilidade
de contar a historia de outra persoa,
10:15
but to make it the definitive story of that person.
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senón de facer dela
a historia definitiva desa persoa.
10:19
The Palestinian poet Mourid Barghouti writes
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O poeta palestino
Mouris Barghouti escribiu
10:21
that if you want to dispossess a people,
218
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que se queres desposuír á xente
10:24
the simplest way to do it is to tell their story
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3000
a maneira máis sinxela
é contar a súa historia
10:27
and to start with, "secondly."
220
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e comezar con "en segundo lugar".
10:30
Start the story with the arrows of the Native Americans,
221
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4000
Comeza a historia coas frechas
dos nativos americanos
10:34
and not with the arrival of the British,
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en vez de coa chegada dos británicos
10:37
and you have an entirely different story.
223
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e terás unha historia
totalmente diferente.
10:40
Start the story with
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Empeza a historia
10:42
the failure of the African state,
225
630000
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co fracaso do estado africano
10:44
and not with the colonial creation of the African state,
226
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4000
en vez de coa creación colonial
do estado africano
10:48
and you have an entirely different story.
227
636000
4000
e terás unha historia
totalmente diferente.
10:52
I recently spoke at a university where
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2000
Hai pouco falei nunha universidade
10:54
a student told me that it was
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onde un estudante me dixo
10:56
such a shame
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2000
que era unha mágoa
10:58
that Nigerian men were physical abusers
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3000
que os homes nixerianos
fosen maltratadores
11:01
like the father character in my novel.
232
649000
3000
coma a personaxe do pai na miña novela.
11:04
I told him that I had just read a novel
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2000
Díxenlle que acabara de ler a novela
11:06
called American Psycho --
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2000
titulada "American Psycho"...
11:08
(Laughter)
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2000
(Risas)
11:10
-- and that it was such a shame
236
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2000
e que era unha mágoa
11:12
that young Americans were serial murderers.
237
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3000
que os xoves estadounidenses
fosen asasinos en serie.
11:15
(Laughter)
238
663000
4000
(Risas)
11:19
(Applause)
239
667000
6000
(Aplausos)
11:25
Now, obviously I said this in a fit of mild irritation.
240
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3000
Obviamente lle dixen iso
nun ataque de irritación.
11:28
(Laughter)
241
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2000
(Risas)
11:30
But it would never have occurred to me to think
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Nunca se me ocorrería pensar
11:32
that just because I had read a novel
243
680000
2000
que só porque lera unha novela
11:34
in which a character was a serial killer
244
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2000
na que unha personaxe
é un asasino en serie
11:36
that he was somehow representative
245
684000
2000
este representa dalgunha maneira
11:38
of all Americans.
246
686000
2000
a todos os estadounidenses.
11:40
This is not because I am a better person than that student,
247
688000
3000
Isto non é porque eu sexa
unha persoa mellor ca ese estudiante,
11:43
but because of America's cultural and economic power,
248
691000
3000
pero debido ao poder económico
e cultural dos EE.UU.
11:46
I had many stories of America.
249
694000
2000
teño moitas historia de EE.UU.
11:48
I had read Tyler and Updike and Steinbeck and Gaitskill.
250
696000
4000
Lin a Tyler, Updike,
Steinbeck e Gaitskill.
11:52
I did not have a single story of America.
251
700000
3000
Non teño unha soa historia dos EE.UU.
11:55
When I learned, some years ago, that writers were expected
252
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3000
Cando aprendín, hai uns anos,
que os escritores
11:58
to have had really unhappy childhoods
253
706000
4000
debían ter unha infancia realmente infeliz
12:02
to be successful,
254
710000
2000
para ter éxito
12:04
I began to think about how I could invent
255
712000
2000
comecei a pensar en como podía inventar
12:06
horrible things my parents had done to me.
256
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2000
cousas horribles
que me fixeran os meus pais.
12:08
(Laughter)
257
716000
2000
(Risas)
12:10
But the truth is that I had a very happy childhood,
258
718000
4000
Pero a verdade é que tiven
unha infancia moi feliz,
12:14
full of laughter and love, in a very close-knit family.
259
722000
3000
chea de risos e amor
nunha familia moi unida.
12:17
But I also had grandfathers who died in refugee camps.
260
725000
4000
Pero tamén tiven avós
que morreron en campos de refuxiados.
12:21
My cousin Polle died because he could not get adequate healthcare.
261
729000
4000
A miña curmá Polle morreu porque non puido
recibir coidados médicos adecuados.
12:25
One of my closest friends, Okoloma, died in a plane crash
262
733000
3000
Unha das miñas mellores amigas, Okoloma,
morreu nun accidente aéreo
12:28
because our fire trucks did not have water.
263
736000
3000
porque os nosos coches de bombeiros
non tiñan auga.
12:31
I grew up under repressive military governments
264
739000
3000
Crecín baixo gobernos militares represivos
12:34
that devalued education,
265
742000
2000
que infravaloraban a educación,
12:36
so that sometimes my parents were not paid their salaries.
266
744000
3000
de maneira que as veces os meus pais
non recibían os seus salarios.
12:39
And so, as a child, I saw jam disappear from the breakfast table,
267
747000
4000
E tamén, de nena, vin como a marmelada
desaparecía do almorzo,
12:43
then margarine disappeared,
268
751000
2000
logo desapareceu a margarina,
12:45
then bread became too expensive,
269
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3000
despois o pan volveuse caro de máis,
12:48
then milk became rationed.
270
756000
3000
e logo racionábase o leite.
12:51
And most of all, a kind of normalized political fear
271
759000
3000
E sobre todo,
un tipo de medo político normalizado
12:54
invaded our lives.
272
762000
4000
invadiu as nosas vidas.
12:58
All of these stories make me who I am.
273
766000
2000
Todas esas historias fixéronme quen son.
13:00
But to insist on only these negative stories
274
768000
4000
Pero insistir só nesas historias negativas
13:04
is to flatten my experience
275
772000
3000
é reducir a miña experiencia
13:07
and to overlook the many other stories
276
775000
2000
e pasar por alto
as outras moitas historias
13:09
that formed me.
277
777000
2000
que me formaron.
13:11
The single story creates stereotypes,
278
779000
3000
A única historia crea estereotipos.
13:14
and the problem with stereotypes
279
782000
3000
E o problema dos estereotipos
13:17
is not that they are untrue,
280
785000
2000
non é que non sexan certos
13:19
but that they are incomplete.
281
787000
2000
senón que están incompletos.
13:21
They make one story become the only story.
282
789000
4000
Fan que unha historia
sexa a única historia.
13:25
Of course, Africa is a continent full of catastrophes:
283
793000
2000
Por suposto, África é un continente
cheo de catástrofes.
13:27
There are immense ones, such as the horrific rapes in Congo
284
795000
4000
Algunhas son enormes,
coma as horribles violacións no Congo.
13:31
and depressing ones, such as the fact that
285
799000
2000
Outras son deprimentes,
como o feito
13:33
5,000 people apply for one job vacancy in Nigeria.
286
801000
5000
de que 5.000 persoas se presenten
para un só posto de traballo en Nixeria.
13:38
But there are other stories that are not about catastrophe,
287
806000
3000
Pero tamén hai outras historias
que non falan de catástrofes.
13:41
and it is very important, it is just as important, to talk about them.
288
809000
4000
E é moi importante, tan importante,
falar delas tamén.
13:45
I've always felt that it is impossible
289
813000
2000
Sempre pensei que é imposible
13:47
to engage properly with a place or a person
290
815000
3000
coñecer ben un lugar ou a unha persoa
13:50
without engaging with all of the stories of that place and that person.
291
818000
4000
sen coñecer todas as historias
dese lugar e persoa.
13:54
The consequence of the single story
292
822000
3000
A consecuencia da historia única
13:57
is this: It robs people of dignity.
293
825000
3000
é esta: roubar a dignidade das persoas.
14:00
It makes our recognition of our equal humanity difficult.
294
828000
4000
Fai o recoñecemento da nosa mesma
condición humana difícil.
14:04
It emphasizes how we are different
295
832000
3000
Enfatiza o que nos fai diferentes
14:07
rather than how we are similar.
296
835000
2000
no canto das nosas similitudes.
14:09
So what if before my Mexican trip
297
837000
2000
¿Que pasaría se antes de viaxar a México
14:11
I had followed the immigration debate from both sides,
298
839000
4000
seguira os debates da emigración
dende ambos os dous lados,
14:15
the U.S. and the Mexican?
299
843000
2000
dos EE.UU. e dos mexicanos?
14:17
What if my mother had told us that Fide's family was poor
300
845000
4000
¿Que pasaría se a miña nai
nos contara que a familia de Fide
14:21
and hardworking?
301
849000
2000
era pobre e traballadora?
14:23
What if we had an African television network
302
851000
2000
¿Que pasaría se houbera
unha cadea de televisión africana
14:25
that broadcast diverse African stories all over the world?
303
853000
4000
que emitira diversas historias africanas
en todo o mundo?
14:29
What the Nigerian writer Chinua Achebe calls
304
857000
2000
Habería o que o escritor nixeriano
Chinua Achebe chamou
14:31
"a balance of stories."
305
859000
3000
"un equilibrio de historias".
14:34
What if my roommate knew about my Nigerian publisher,
306
862000
3000
¿Que pasaría se a miña compañeira
coñecera o meu editor nixeriano
14:37
Mukta Bakaray,
307
865000
2000
Mukta Bakaray,
14:39
a remarkable man who left his job in a bank
308
867000
2000
un home extraordinario
que deixou o traballo nun banco
14:41
to follow his dream and start a publishing house?
309
869000
3000
para seguir o seu soño
e abrir unha editorial?
14:44
Now, the conventional wisdom was that Nigerians don't read literature.
310
872000
4000
A sabedoría convencional
era que os nixerianos non len literatura.
14:48
He disagreed. He felt
311
876000
2000
El non estaba de acordo.
14:50
that people who could read, would read,
312
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2000
Pensaba que a xente que podía ler,
14:52
if you made literature affordable and available to them.
313
880000
4000
lería se a literatura
era acadable para eles.
14:56
Shortly after he published my first novel
314
884000
3000
Pouco despois de publicar
a miña primeira novela
14:59
I went to a TV station in Lagos to do an interview,
315
887000
3000
fun a unha emisora de TV en Lagos
para unha entrevista.
15:02
and a woman who worked there as a messenger came up to me and said,
316
890000
3000
E unha muller que traballaba alí
como mensaxeira achegouse e me dixo:
15:05
"I really liked your novel. I didn't like the ending.
317
893000
3000
"Gustoume moito a túa novela,
pero non me gustou o final.
15:08
Now you must write a sequel, and this is what will happen ..."
318
896000
3000
Tes que escribir unha secuela
e isto é o que vai pasar..."
15:11
(Laughter)
319
899000
3000
(Risas)
15:14
And she went on to tell me what to write in the sequel.
320
902000
3000
E seguiu contándome
o que tiña que escribir na secuela.
15:17
I was not only charmed, I was very moved.
321
905000
3000
Eu non estaba só encantada,
senón moi conmovida.
15:20
Here was a woman, part of the ordinary masses of Nigerians,
322
908000
3000
Alí estaba unha muller,
parte das masas ordinarias dos nixerianos,
15:23
who were not supposed to be readers.
323
911000
3000
que non debían de ser lectores.
15:26
She had not only read the book, but she had taken ownership of it
324
914000
2000
Ela non só lera o libro,
senón que se apoderara del
15:28
and felt justified in telling me
325
916000
3000
e tiña xustificación para dicirme
15:31
what to write in the sequel.
326
919000
2000
que escribir na secuela.
15:33
Now, what if my roommate knew about my friend Fumi Onda,
327
921000
4000
¿Que pasaría se a miña compañeira
coñecera a miña amiga Fumi Onda,
15:37
a fearless woman who hosts a TV show in Lagos,
328
925000
3000
unha muller afouta que presenta
un programa de TV en Lagos,
15:40
and is determined to tell the stories that we prefer to forget?
329
928000
3000
determinada a contar as historias
que nós preferimos esquecer?
15:43
What if my roommate knew about the heart procedure
330
931000
4000
¿Qué pasaría se a miña compañeira
coñecera a intervención cardíaca
15:47
that was performed in the Lagos hospital last week?
331
935000
3000
que se realizou no hospital de Lagos
a semana pasada?
15:50
What if my roommate knew about contemporary Nigerian music,
332
938000
4000
¿Qué pasaría se a miña compañeira
coñecera a música nixeriana actual?
15:54
talented people singing in English and Pidgin,
333
942000
3000
Xente con talento
cantando en inglés e pidgin,
15:57
and Igbo and Yoruba and Ijo,
334
945000
2000
igbo, yoruba e ijo,
15:59
mixing influences from Jay-Z to Fela
335
947000
4000
mesturando influencias
desde Jay-Z a Fela,
16:03
to Bob Marley to their grandfathers.
336
951000
3000
de Bob Marley ós seus avós.
16:06
What if my roommate knew about the female lawyer
337
954000
2000
¿Qué pasaría se a miña compañeira
coñecera a avogada
16:08
who recently went to court in Nigeria
338
956000
2000
que foi hai pouco ós xulgados en Nixeria
16:10
to challenge a ridiculous law
339
958000
2000
para cambiar a ridícula lei
16:12
that required women to get their husband's consent
340
960000
3000
coa que as mulleres precisaban
o consentimento dos seus homes
16:15
before renewing their passports?
341
963000
3000
para renovar o pasaporte?
16:18
What if my roommate knew about Nollywood,
342
966000
3000
¿Qué pasaría se a miña compañeira
coñecera Nollywood,
16:21
full of innovative people making films despite great technical odds,
343
969000
4000
cheo de xente innovadora facendo películas
a pesar das dificultades técnicas?
16:25
films so popular
344
973000
2000
Películas tan populares
16:27
that they really are the best example
345
975000
2000
que son o mellor exemplo
16:29
of Nigerians consuming what they produce?
346
977000
3000
de nixerianos consumindo o que producen.
16:32
What if my roommate knew about my wonderfully ambitious hair braider,
347
980000
3000
¿Qué pasaría se a miña compañeira coñecera
a miña ambiciosa trenzadora de cabelo
16:35
who has just started her own business selling hair extensions?
348
983000
4000
que acaba de abrir o seu propio negocio
de venta de extensións?
16:39
Or about the millions of other Nigerians
349
987000
2000
Ou se coñecera ós millóns de nixerianos
16:41
who start businesses and sometimes fail,
350
989000
2000
que abriron negocios e as veces fracasaron
16:43
but continue to nurse ambition?
351
991000
4000
pero continuaron albergando a ambición?
16:47
Every time I am home I am confronted with
352
995000
2000
Cada vez que estou en casa enfróntome
16:49
the usual sources of irritation for most Nigerians:
353
997000
3000
coas causas usuais de irritación
da maioría de nixerianos:
16:52
our failed infrastructure, our failed government,
354
1000000
3000
as nosas infraestructuras
e gobernos fracasados.
16:55
but also by the incredible resilience of people who
355
1003000
3000
Pero tamén pola capacidade
de recuperación da xente
16:58
thrive despite the government,
356
1006000
3000
que prospera a pesar do goberno
17:01
rather than because of it.
357
1009000
2000
máis que grazas a el.
17:03
I teach writing workshops in Lagos every summer,
358
1011000
3000
Imparto obradoiros de escritura
en Lagos todos os veráns.
17:06
and it is amazing to me how many people apply,
359
1014000
3000
É sorprendente a cantidade de xente
que se apunta,
17:09
how many people are eager to write,
360
1017000
3000
canta xente está impaciente por escribir,
17:12
to tell stories.
361
1020000
2000
por contar historias.
17:14
My Nigerian publisher and I have just started a non-profit
362
1022000
3000
O meu editor nixeriano e máis eu
acabamos de abrir una ONG
17:17
called Farafina Trust,
363
1025000
2000
chamada Farafina Trust.
17:19
and we have big dreams of building libraries
364
1027000
3000
E temos grandes sonos
de construcción de bibliotecas
17:22
and refurbishing libraries that already exist
365
1030000
2000
da restauración das xa existentes
17:24
and providing books for state schools
366
1032000
3000
e de proporcionar libros
ás escolas do estado
17:27
that don't have anything in their libraries,
367
1035000
2000
que non teñen nada nas súas bibliotecas
17:29
and also of organizing lots and lots of workshops,
368
1037000
2000
e que tamén organizan moitos obradoiros
17:31
in reading and writing,
369
1039000
2000
de lectura e escritura
17:33
for all the people who are eager to tell our many stories.
370
1041000
3000
para toda a xente que quere contar
as nosas moitas historias.
17:36
Stories matter.
371
1044000
2000
As historias son importantes.
17:38
Many stories matter.
372
1046000
2000
Moitas historias son importantes.
17:40
Stories have been used to dispossess and to malign,
373
1048000
4000
As historias utilizáronse
para desposuír e difamar.
17:44
but stories can also be used to empower and to humanize.
374
1052000
4000
Pero as historias poden usarse
para dar poder e humanizar.
17:48
Stories can break the dignity of a people,
375
1056000
3000
As historias poden romper
a dignidade da xente.
17:51
but stories can also repair that broken dignity.
376
1059000
5000
Pero as historias tamén poden
reparar a dignidade perdida.
17:56
The American writer Alice Walker wrote this
377
1064000
2000
A escritora estadounidense
Alice Walker escribiu isto
17:58
about her Southern relatives
378
1066000
2000
sobre os seu parentes do sur
18:00
who had moved to the North.
379
1068000
2000
que se desprazaran ó norte.
18:02
She introduced them to a book about
380
1070000
2000
Presentoulles un libro
18:04
the Southern life that they had left behind:
381
1072000
3000
sobre a vida do sur que deixaran atrás.
18:07
"They sat around, reading the book themselves,
382
1075000
4000
"Sentáronse ó meu redor,
lendo o libro eles mesmos,
18:11
listening to me read the book, and a kind of paradise was regained."
383
1079000
6000
escoitándome ler o libro
e recobrouse unha especie de paraíso".
18:17
I would like to end with this thought:
384
1085000
3000
Gustaríame rematar con este pensamento:
18:20
That when we reject the single story,
385
1088000
3000
Que cando rexeitamos a historia única,
18:23
when we realize that there is never a single story
386
1091000
3000
cando nos decatamos
de que non hai unha única historia
18:26
about any place,
387
1094000
2000
sobre calquera lugar,
18:28
we regain a kind of paradise.
388
1096000
2000
recuperamos unha especie de paraíso.
18:30
Thank you.
389
1098000
2000
Grazas.
18:32
(Applause)
390
1100000
8000
(Aplausos)
Translated by Raquel Caamaño
Reviewed by Patricia Álvarez

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie - Novelist
Inspired by Nigerian history and tragedies all but forgotten by recent generations of westerners, Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie’s novels and stories are jewels in the crown of diasporan literature.

Why you should listen

In Nigeria, Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie's novel Half of a Yellow Sun has helped inspire new, cross-generational communication about the Biafran war. In this and in her other works, she seeks to instill dignity into the finest details of each character, whether poor, middle class or rich, exposing along the way the deep scars of colonialism in the African landscape.

Adichie's newest book, The Thing Around Your Neck, is a brilliant collection of stories about Nigerians struggling to cope with a corrupted context in their home country, and about the Nigerian immigrant experience.

Adichie builds on the literary tradition of Igbo literary giant Chinua Achebe—and when she found out that Achebe liked Half of a Yellow Sun, she says she cried for a whole day. What he said about her rings true: “We do not usually associate wisdom with beginners, but here is a new writer endowed with the gift of ancient storytellers.”

(Photo: Wani Olatunde) 

More profile about the speaker
Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie | Speaker | TED.com