TED2011
Janna Levin: The sound the universe makes
Janna Levin: Zvuk koji svemir stvara
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Kada zamišljamo svemir mislimo na tiho mjesto. Ali fizičarka Janna Levin kaže da svemir ima zvučnu pozadinu -- soničnu kompoziciju koja je manifestacija dramatičnih događaja diljem svemira. (Crne rupe, na primjer, udaraju prostor-vremenom poput bubnjeva.) Pristupačna i nadahnjujuča šetnja svemirom.
Janna Levin - Physicist
Janna Levin is a professor of physics and astronomy at Barnard, where she studies the early universe, chaos, and black holes. She's the author of “How the Universe Got Its Spots" and the novel “A Madman Dreams of Turing Machines.” Full bio
Janna Levin is a professor of physics and astronomy at Barnard, where she studies the early universe, chaos, and black holes. She's the author of “How the Universe Got Its Spots" and the novel “A Madman Dreams of Turing Machines.” Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
I want to ask you all to consider for a second
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Želim vas zamoliti da razmislite na sekundu
00:18
the very simple fact
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o jednoj jednostavnoj činjenici
00:20
that, by far,
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kako je, za sada,
00:22
most of what we know about the universe
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svo znanje koje imamo o svemiru
00:24
comes to us from light.
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temeljeno na svjetlu.
00:26
We can stand on the Earth and look up at the night sky
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Sa Zemlje možemo gledati u noćno nebo
00:29
and see stars with our bare eyes.
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i vidjeti zvijezde golim očima.
00:32
The Sun burns our peripheral vision.
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Sunce smeta našem perifernom vidu.
00:34
We see light reflected off the Moon.
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Vidimo svjetlo reflektirano s Mjeseca.
00:37
And in the time since Galileo pointed that rudimentary telescope
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Od vremena kada je Galileo usmjerio svoj stari teleskop
00:41
at the celestial bodies,
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prema nebeskim tijelima,
00:44
the known universe has come to us through light,
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poznati se svemir uočavao zahvaljujući svjetlu,
00:47
across vast eras in cosmic history.
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putujući ogromnim razdobljima povijesti kozmosa.
00:50
And with all of our modern telescopes,
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A sa svim našim modernim teleskopima,
00:53
we've been able to collect
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uspjeli smo skupiti
00:55
this stunning silent movie of the universe --
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ovaj zapanjujući nijemi film svemira --
00:58
these series of snapshots
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ove serije fotografija
01:01
that go all the way back to the Big Bang.
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koje sežu sve do velikog praska.
01:04
And yet, the universe is not a silent movie
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Ali ipak, svemir nije nijemi film
01:07
because the universe isn't silent.
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jer svemir nije tiho mjesto.
01:09
I'd like to convince you
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Voljela bih vas uvjeriti
01:11
that the universe has a soundtrack
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kako svemir ima svoju zvučnu pozadinu
01:13
and that soundtrack is played on space itself,
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a tu zvučnu pozadinu proizvodi sam svemir
01:17
because space can wobble like a drum.
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jer se prostor može klatiti poput bubnja.
01:20
It can ring out a kind of recording
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Diljem svemira može odašiljati zvuk
01:23
throughout the universe
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koji je zapravo snimka
01:25
of some of the most dramatic events as they unfold.
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nekih najdramatičnijih događaja koji su se ikada dogodili.
01:28
Now we'd like to be able to add
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Željeli bismo da možemo
01:31
to a kind of glorious visual composition
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veličanstvenim vizualnim kompozicijama
01:34
that we have of the universe --
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koje imamo o svemiru, dodati i --
01:36
a sonic composition.
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zvučne kompozicije.
01:38
And while we've never heard the sounds from space,
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I pošto nikada nismo čuli zvukove svemira,
01:42
we really should, in the next few years,
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stvarno bi trebali u sljedećim godinama,
01:45
start to turn up the volume on what's going on out there.
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obratiti pažnju što se to tamo sa zvukom događa.
01:47
So in this ambition
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Ambicija za snimkom
01:49
to capture songs from the universe,
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svemirske pjesme,
01:52
we turn our focus
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fokusirala nas je na
01:54
to black holes and the promise they have,
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crne rupe jer su obečavajuće
01:56
because black holes can bang on space-time
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pošto udaraju prostor-vremenom
01:59
like mallets on a drum
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poput udaraljke o bubanj
02:01
and have a very characteristic song,
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stvarajući pritom karakterističan zvuk,
02:03
which I'd like to play for you -- some of our predictions
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želim vam pustiti zvuk -- koji je pretpostavka
02:06
for what that song will be like.
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kakav bi mogao biti taj zvuk.
02:08
Now black holes are dark against a dark sky.
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Crne rupe su crne na crnom nebu.
02:11
We can't see them directly.
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Ne možemo ih direktno vidjeti.
02:13
They're not brought to us with light, at least not directly.
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Ne manifestiraju se putem svjetla, barem ne direktno.
02:16
We can see them indirectly,
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Ali ih možemo vidjeti indirektno
02:18
because black holes wreak havoc on their environment.
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jer one pustoše prostor oko sebe.
02:21
They destroy stars around them.
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Uništavaju okolne zvijezde.
02:23
They churn up debris in their surroundings.
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Ostavljaju krhotine u svom okruženju.
02:26
But they won't come to us directly through light.
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Ali nam se neće prikazati putem svjetla.
02:28
We might one day see a shadow
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Jednom možda vidimo sjenu
02:30
a black hole can cast on a very bright background,
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koju crna rupa stvara na vrlo svijetloj podlozi,
02:33
but we haven't yet.
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ali to još nije bio slučaj.
02:35
And yet black holes may be heard
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Ali ipak, možemo ih čuti
02:37
even if they're not seen,
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iako ih ne vidimo,
02:39
and that's because they bang on space-time like a drum.
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a to je zbog toga što udaraju prostor-vremenom poput bubnja.
02:43
Now we owe the idea that space can ring like a drum
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Ideju da svemir udara poput bubnja dugujemo
02:46
to Albert Einstein -- to whom we owe so much.
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Albertu Einsteinu -- kojem već toliko dugujemo.
02:49
Einstein realized that if space were empty,
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On je shvatio da bi, kada bi prostor bio prazan,
02:51
if the universe were empty,
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kada bi svemir bio prazan,
02:53
it would be like this picture,
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izgledao poput ove fotografije,
02:56
except for maybe without the helpful grid drawn on it.
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osim možda bez ove nacrtane pomoćne linije.
02:59
But if we were freely falling through the space,
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Ali kada bi slobodno padali svemirom
03:02
even without this helpful grid,
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i bez ove nacrtane linije,
03:04
we might be able to paint it ourselves,
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mi bi je i sami uspjeli nacrtati,
03:06
because we would notice that we traveled along straight lines,
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jer bismo primijetili da se krećemo ravnom linijom,
03:09
undeflected straight paths
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ravnim putem
03:11
through the universe.
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kroz svemir.
03:13
Einstein also realized --
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Einstein je također shvatio --
03:15
and this is the real meat of the matter --
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i to je pravo meso matrice --
03:17
that if you put energy or mass in the universe,
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da ako stavimo energiju ili masu u svemir,
03:20
it would curve space,
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ona će savinuti prostor,
03:22
and a freely falling object
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i slobodno padajući objekt
03:24
would pass by, let's say, the Sun
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prošao bi kraj, recimo, Sunca
03:26
and it would be deflected
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te bi bio skrenut
03:28
along the natural curves in the space.
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prirodnom prostornom krivuljom svemira.
03:30
It was Einstein's great general theory of relativity.
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To je bila Einsteinova velika teorija relativnosti.
03:34
Now even light will be bent by those paths.
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Na tom putu iskrivljava se i sama svijetlost.
03:37
And you can be bent so much
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I toliko vas može skrenuti
03:39
that you're caught in orbit around the Sun,
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da budete uhvaćeni u Sunčevu orbitu
03:41
as the Earth is, or the Moon around the Earth.
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kao što je to Zemlja, ili Mjesec oko Zemlje.
03:43
These are the natural curves in space.
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To su prirodne krivulje svemira.
03:46
What Einstein did not realize
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Ono što Einstein nije shvatio je da
03:48
was that, if you took our Sun
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ako uzmete naše Sunce
03:50
and you crushed it down to six kilometers --
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pa ga zgnjećite šest kilometara prema dolje --
03:53
so you took a million times the mass of the Earth
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tako mu uzmete milijun puta Zemljine mase
03:56
and you crushed it to six kilometers across,
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pa ga zgnjećite šest kilometara poprijeko,
03:59
you would make a black hole,
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napravili biste crnu rupu,
04:01
an object so dense
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toliko gust objekt
04:03
that if light veered too close, it would never escape --
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da mu ni svijetlost ne bi mogla pobjeći kada bi se dovoljno približila --
04:06
a dark shadow against the universe.
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crna sjena protiv svemira.
04:09
It wasn't Einstein who realized this,
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To nije shvatio Einstein
04:11
it was Karl Schwarzschild
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već Karl Schwarzschild,
04:13
who was a German Jew in World War I --
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njemački židov u prvom svjetskom ratu --
04:15
joined the German army already an accomplished scientist,
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priključivši se njemačkoj vojsci već je bio kompletan znanstvenik,
04:18
working on the Russian front.
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radnik na ruskoj fronti.
04:21
I like to imagine Schwarzschild in the war in the trenches
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Volim ga zamišljati kako u ratnim rovovima
04:24
calculating ballistic trajectories for cannon fire,
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izračunava balističke putanje topovske paljbe,
04:28
and then, in between,
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i tada, u međuvremenu,
04:30
calculating Einstein's equations --
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izračunavajući Einsteinove jednadžbe --
04:32
as you do in the trenches.
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kako se to i radi u rovovima.
04:34
And he was reading Einstein's recently published
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Čitao je nedavno izdanu Einsteinovu
04:36
general theory of relativity,
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teoriju relativnosti
04:38
and he was thrilled by this theory.
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i bio je oduševljen.
04:40
And he quickly surmised
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I ubrzo pretpostavlja
04:42
an exact mathematical solution
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točno matematičko rješenje
04:44
that described something very extraordinary:
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koje opisuje nešto fantastično:
04:46
curves so strong
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toliko snažnu krivulju
04:48
that space would rain down into them,
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koja iskrivljava sam prostor,
04:51
space itself would curve like a waterfall
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sam prostor se savija poput vodopada
04:53
flowing down the throat of a hole.
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gubeći se u ustima rupe.
04:55
And even light could not escape this current.
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Toj sili ni svjetlo ne može pobjeći.
04:58
Light would be dragged down the hole
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Svijetlo bi bilo usisano u rupu
05:00
as everything else would be,
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poput svega ostaloga,
05:02
and all that would be left would be a shadow.
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i jedino što bi ostalo bila bi sjena.
05:04
Now he wrote to Einstein,
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Pisao je tada Einsteinu,
05:06
and he said, "As you will see,
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rekavši, "Kao što ćete vidjeti
05:08
the war has been kind to me enough.
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rat je bio meni dovoljno dobar.
05:11
Despite the heavy gunfire,
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Unatoč teškoj paljbi
05:14
I've been able to get away from it all
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uspio sam svemu tome pobjeći
05:16
and walk through the land of your ideas."
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i kročiti zemljom Vaših ideja."
05:19
And Einstein was very impressed with his exact solution,
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Einstein je bio impresioniran njegovim rješenjem,
05:22
and I should hope also the dedication of the scientist.
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i nadam se njegovom predanošću znanosti.
05:25
This is the hardworking scientist under harsh conditions.
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To je težak znanstveni rad u teškim uvjetima.
05:28
And he took Schwarzschild's idea
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Odnio je Schwarzschildovu ideju
05:30
to the Prussian Academy of Sciences the next week.
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Pruskoj Akademiji Znanosti sljedeći tjedan.
05:33
But Einstein always thought black holes were a mathematical oddity.
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Ali Einstein je na crne rupe gledao kao na matematičku iskrivljenost.
05:36
He did not believe they existed in nature.
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Nije vjerovao da postoje u prirodi.
05:39
He thought nature would protect us from their formation.
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Smatrao je da bi nas priroda zaštitila od njihove formacije.
05:42
It was decades
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Prošla su desetljeća
05:44
before the term "black hole" was coined
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prije nego su crne rupe prihvaćene
05:46
and people realized
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i ljudi shvatili
05:48
that black holes are real astrophysical objects --
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da su one stvarni astrofizički objekti --
05:50
in fact they're the death state
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one su zapravo mrtvo stanje
05:52
of very massive stars
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masivnih zvijezda
05:54
that collapse catastrophically
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koje se katastrofalno urušavaju
05:56
at the end of their lifetime.
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na kraju svog života.
05:58
Now our Sun will not collapse to a black hole.
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Naše se sunce neće urušiti u crnu rupu.
06:00
It's actually not massive enough.
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Nije dovoljno masivno.
06:02
But if we did a little thought experiment --
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Međutim, ako napravimo jedan misaoni eksperiment --
06:04
as Einstein was very fond of doing --
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kako je i Einstein volio raditi --
06:06
we could imagine
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možemo zamisliti
06:08
putting the Sun crushed down to six kilometers,
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kako gniječimo Sunce šest kilometara prema dolje,
06:11
and putting a tiny little Earth around it in orbit,
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i stavljamo malu Zemlju u njegovu orbitu,
06:14
maybe 30 kilometers
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možda 30 kilometara
06:16
outside of the black-hole sun.
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izvan sunca - crne rupe.
06:19
And it would be self-illuminated,
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Bila bi samoosvijetljena,
06:21
because now the Sun's gone, we have no other source of light --
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pošto je sada sunce nestalo, nemamo drugog izvora svjetla --
06:23
so let's make our little Earth self-illuminated.
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pa učinimo Zemlju da sama svijetli.
06:26
And you would realize you could put the Earth in a happy orbit
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Shvatit ćete tako da možete postaviti Zemlju u sretnu orbitu
06:28
even 30 km
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i 30 kilometara
06:30
outside of this crushed black hole.
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izvan ove srušene crne rupe.
06:33
This crushed black hole
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Ova crna rupa
06:35
actually would fit inside Manhattan, more or less.
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mogla bi se smjestiti, više-manje, unutar Manhattana.
06:37
It might spill off into the Hudson a little bit
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Mogla bi malo otići u Hudson
06:39
before it destroyed the Earth.
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prije nego uništi Zemlju.
06:41
But basically that's what we're talking about.
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Ali u osnovi to je ono o čemu govorimo.
06:43
We're talking about an object that you could crush down
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Govorimo o objektu koji možete stisnuti
06:45
to half the square area of Manhattan.
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do veličine pola Manhattana.
06:47
So we move this Earth very close --
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Tu Zemlju primičemo veoma blizu --
06:49
30 kilometers outside --
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30 kilometara izvan --
06:51
and we notice it's perfectly fine orbiting around the black hole.
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i primijetit ćemo da savršeno kruži oko crne rupe.
06:54
There's a sort of myth
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Postoji mit
06:56
that black holes devour everything in the universe,
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da crna rupa uništava sve u svemiru,
06:58
but you actually have to get very close to fall in.
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ali zapravo se morate veoma približiti da bi u nju upali.
07:01
But what's very impressive is that, from our vantage point,
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A najimpresivnije je to da, s našeg povlaštenog položaja,
07:04
we can always see the Earth.
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Zemlju uvijek možemo vidjeti.
07:06
It cannot hide behind the black hole.
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Ne može se sakriti iza crne rupe.
07:08
The light from the Earth, some of it falls in,
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Nešto Zemljinog svjetla upada u nju,
07:10
but some of it gets lensed around and brought back to us.
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ali nešto se uvečaje pa nam biva reflektirana.
07:13
So you can't hide anything behind a black hole.
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Ništa se ne može sakriti iza crne rupe.
07:15
If this were Battlestar Galactica
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Kad bi ovo bili ratovi zvijezda
07:17
and you're fighting the Cylons,
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a vi se borite protiv Clyona,
07:19
don't hide behind the black hole.
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Ne sakrivajte se iza crne rupe.
07:21
They can see you.
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Vidjet će vas.
07:24
Now, our Sun will not collapse to a black hole --
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Dakle, naše se Sunce neće urušiti u crnu rupu --
07:26
it's not massive enough --
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premalena mu je masa --
07:28
but there are tens of thousands of black holes in our galaxy.
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ali postoje tisuće crnih rupa u našoj galaksiji.
07:32
And if one were to eclipse the Milky Way,
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I kad bi jedna zamračila Mliječni Put,
07:35
this is what it would look like.
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ovako bi to izgledalo.
07:37
We would see a shadow of that black hole
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Vidjeli bi sjenu te rupe
07:40
against the hundred billion stars
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nasuprot stotina milijardi zvijezda
07:42
in the Milky Way Galaxy and its luminous dust lanes.
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Mliječnog Puta i njegove svijetlosne staze.
07:45
And if we were to fall towards this black hole,
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I ako bi padali prema crnoj rupi,
07:48
we would see all of that light lensed around it,
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vidjeli bi kako se svo to svijetlo oko nje uvečava,
07:51
and we could even start to cross into that shadow
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čak bi mogli početi prelaziti u tu sjenu
07:54
and really not notice that anything dramatic had happened.
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i ne bi primijetili da se dogodilo nešto dramatično.
07:57
It would be bad if we tried to fire our rockets and get out of there
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Bilo bi loše kada bi ispalili rakete ne bi li pobjegli
08:00
because we couldn't,
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jer ne možemo
08:02
anymore than light can escape.
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ništa osim svjetla ne može pobjeći.
08:04
But even though the black hole is dark from the outside,
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I iako je crna rupa izvana tamna,
08:07
it's not dark on the inside,
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nije takva i iznutra,
08:09
because all of the light from the galaxy can fall in behind us.
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jer svo svijetlo galaksije pada u nju s nama.
08:12
And even though, due to a relativistic effect known as time dilation,
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I unatoč relativističkom efektu poznatom kao diletacija vremena,
08:16
our clocks would seem to slow down
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vrijeme bi nam se na satovima učinilo sporije
08:19
relative to galactic time,
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u vezi s galaktičkim vremenom,
08:22
it would look as though the evolution of the galaxy
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izgledalo bi kao da je evolucija galaksije
08:25
had been sped up and shot at us,
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ubrzana i bačena prema nama,
08:27
right before we were crushed to death by the black hole.
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netom prije nego što nas je ubila crna rupa.
08:30
It would be like a near-death experience
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Bilo bi poput iskustva bliskom smrti
08:32
where you see the light at the end of the tunnel,
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gdje se vidi svjetlo na kraju tunela,
08:34
but it's a total death experience.
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ali to bi bilo totalno iskustvo smrti.
08:36
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
08:38
And there's no way of telling anybody
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Tamo nema načina da se nekome kaže
08:40
about the light at the end of the tunnel.
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o svjetlu na kraju tunela.
08:42
Now we've never seen a shadow like this of a black hole,
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Nikada nismo vidjeli takvu sjenu crne rupe,
08:45
but black holes can be heard,
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ali se one mogu čuti,
08:47
even if they're not seen.
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iako se ne vide.
08:49
Imagine now taking an astrophysically realistic situation --
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Zamislimo sada jednu astrofizički realnu situaciju --
08:53
imagine two black holes that have lived a long life together.
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zamislimo dvije crne rupe koje već dugo žive zajedno.
08:56
Maybe they started as stars
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Možda su počele kao zvijezde
08:58
and collapsed to two black holes --
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te se urušile u crne rupe --
09:00
each one 10 times the mass of the Sun.
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svaka od njih s masom 10 puta većom od Sunca.
09:03
So now we're going to crush them down to 60 kilometers across.
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Sada ćemo ih smanjiti na poprečnih 60 kilometara.
09:06
They can be spinning
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Mogu se vrtiti
09:08
hundreds of times a second.
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stotine puta u sekundi.
09:10
At the end of their lives,
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Na kraju svojih života
09:12
they're going around each other very near the speed of light.
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kreću se skoro brzinom svijetla jedna oko druge.
09:15
So they're crossing thousands of kilometers
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Prelaze tisuće kilometara
09:17
in a fraction of a second,
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u djeliću sekunde,
09:19
and as they do so, they not only curve space,
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i čineći tako, ne svijaju samo prostor
09:21
but they leave behind in their wake
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ali za sobom ostavljaju trag
09:23
a ringing of space,
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prostorne zvonjave,
09:25
an actual wave on space-time.
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stvarni val prostor-vremena.
09:27
Space squeezes and stretches
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Prostor se stišće i rasteže
09:29
as it emanates out from these black holes
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i kako proizlazi iz crnih rupa
09:31
banging on the universe.
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on udara svemirom.
09:33
And they travel out into the cosmos
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Putuju diljem svemira
09:35
at the speed of light.
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brzinom svjetlosti.
09:37
This computer simulation
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Ovu računalnu simulaciju
09:39
is due to a relativity group at NASA Goddard.
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dugujemo ekipi iz relativnosti iz NASA-e Goddarda.
09:42
It took almost 30 years for anyone in the world to crack this problem.
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Bilo je potrebno 30 godina ne bi li netko napokon riješio ovaj problem.
09:45
This was one of the groups.
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Ovo je jedna od tih grupa.
09:47
It shows two black holes in orbit around each other,
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Prikazuje dvije crne rupe u međusobnom kruženju jedne oko druge,
09:49
again, with these helpfully painted curves.
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ponovno s ovim pomoćnim iscrtanim linijama.
09:51
And if you can see -- it's kind of faint --
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I ako možete vidjeti -- malo je nerazgovjetno --
09:54
but if you can see the red waves emanating out,
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ali ako možete vidjeti crvene valove koji izlaze izvan,
09:57
those are the gravitational waves.
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to su gravitacijski valovi.
09:59
They're literally the sounds of space ringing,
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To su doslovno zvukovi prostora,
10:02
and they will travel out from these black holes at the speed of light
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i proizlazit će iz ovih crnih rupa brzinom svjetlosti
10:04
as they ring down and coalesce
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približavajući se prstenu sve dok ne upadnu
10:07
to one spinning, quiet black hole
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u vrtlog, tihu crnu rupu
10:09
at the end of the day.
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na kraju svog dana.
10:11
If you were standing near enough,
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Kada bi stajali dovoljno blizu,
10:13
your ear would resonate
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uhom bi odjekivalo
10:15
with the squeezing and stretching of space.
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to stiskanje i rastezanje prostora.
10:17
You would literally hear the sound.
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Doslovno bi se čuo zvuk.
10:19
Now of course, your head would be squeezed and stretched unhelpfully,
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Naravno, i vaša glava bi se bespomoćno stiskala i rastezala
10:23
so you might have trouble understanding what's going on.
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pa možda ne biste shvatili što se događa.
10:26
But I'd like to play for you
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Ali pustit ću snimku
10:28
the sound that we predict.
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zvuka kakav smo predvidjeli.
10:30
This is from my group --
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To je od mog tima --
10:32
a slightly less glamorous computer modeling.
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malo manje glamurozno računalno modeliranje.
10:35
Imagine a lighter black hole
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Zamislite lakšu crnu rupu
10:37
falling into a very heavy black hole.
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kako upada u veoma veliku crnu rupu.
10:39
The sound you're hearing
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Zvuk koji čujete
10:41
is the light black hole banging on space
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je udarac manje rupe o prostor
10:44
each time it gets close.
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svaki put kada se približi.
10:46
If it gets far away, it's a little too quiet.
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Ako se udalji postaje tiše.
10:49
But it comes in like a mallet,
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Ali dolazi poput malja
10:51
and it literally cracks space,
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i stvarno lomi prostor,
10:53
wobbling it like a drum.
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udarajući poput bubnja.
10:55
And we can predict what the sound will be.
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A mi možemo predvidjeti taj zvuk.
10:58
We know that, as it falls in,
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Znamo da, kako sve više upada,
11:00
it gets faster and it gets louder.
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postaje brže i glasnije.
11:02
And eventually,
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I eventualno,
11:04
we're going to hear the little guy just fall into the bigger guy.
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čuti ćemo malu rupu kako upada u veću.
11:07
(Thumping)
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(Udaranje)
11:24
Then it's gone.
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Gotovo je.
11:26
Now I've never heard it that loud -- it's actually more dramatic.
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Nikada to nisam čula tako glasno -- malo je dramatičnije.
11:28
At home it sounds kind of anticlimactic.
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Kod kuće zvuči manje dramatično.
11:30
It's sort of like ding, ding, ding.
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Poput ding, ding, ding.
11:32
This is another sound from my group.
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Ovo je sljedeći zvuk mog tima.
11:36
No, I'm not showing you any images,
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Ne, neću vam pokazati fotografije,
11:38
because black holes don't leave behind
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jer crne rupe ne ostavljaju za sobom
11:40
helpful trails of ink,
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pomoćni trag,
11:42
and space is not painted,
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i prostor nije obojan,
11:44
showing you the curves.
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prikazujući krivulje.
11:46
But if you were to float by in space on a space holiday
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Ali kada biste putovali svemirom tijekom svemirskih praznika,
11:48
and you heard this,
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čuvši ovo
11:50
you want to get moving.
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željeli biste otići.
11:52
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
11:54
Want to get away from the sound.
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Željeli biste otići što dalje od tog zvuka.
11:56
Both black holes are moving.
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Obje se crne rupe pomiču.
11:58
Both black holes are getting closer together.
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Obje se međusobno približavaju.
12:01
In this case, they're both wobbling quite a lot.
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U ovom slučaju obje snažno udaraju.
12:04
And then they're going to merge.
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I obje će se spojiti.
12:06
(Thumping)
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(Udaranje)
12:14
Now it's gone.
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Gotovo je.
12:16
Now that chirp is very characteristic of black holes merging --
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Taj cvrkut je karakterističan prilikom spajanja crnih rupa --
12:19
that it chirps up at the end.
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to se čuje na kraju.
12:22
Now that's our prediction
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To što smo vidjeli
12:24
for what we'll see.
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naše je predviđanje.
12:26
Luckily we're at this safe distance in Long Beach, California.
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Srećom smo mi na sigurnoj udaljenosti u Long Beachu, Kaliforniji.
12:28
And surely, somewhere in the universe
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Ali sigurno su se negdje u svemiru
12:30
two black holes have merged.
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spojile dvije crne rupe.
12:32
And surely, the space around us
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I sasvim sigurno, prostor oko nas
12:34
is ringing
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zvoni
12:36
after traveling maybe a million light years, or a million years,
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nakon putovanja milijunima svjetlosnih godina, ili milijunima godina
12:39
at the speed of light to get to us.
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brzinom svjetlosti ne bi li došao do nas.
12:42
But the sound is too quiet for any of us to ever hear.
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Ali taj je zvuk pretih za sve nas.
12:45
There are very industrious experiments being built on Earth --
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Mnogo je eksperimenata napravljeno na Zemlji --
12:48
one called LIGO --
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jedan se zove LIGO --
12:50
which will detect deviations
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koji će detektirati devijacije
12:52
in the squeezing and stretching of space
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stiskanja i rastezanja prostora
12:55
at less than the fraction of a nucleus of an atom
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manjeg od djelića atoma
12:58
over four kilometers.
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na četiri kilometra.
13:00
It's a remarkably ambitious experiment,
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To je nevjerojatno ambiciozan eksperiment,
13:02
and it's going to be at advanced sensitivity
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i vršit će se naprednom osjetljivošću
13:04
within the next few years -- to pick this up.
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unutar sljedeće četiri godine -- ne bi li se to zabilježilo.
13:07
There's also a mission proposed for space,
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Postoji i misija koja se predlaže za prostor,
13:09
which hopefully will launch in the next ten years,
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koja će biti realizirana, nadam se, u sljedećih 10 godina,
13:11
called LISA.
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zove se LISA.
13:13
And LISA will be able to see super-massive black holes --
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LISA će moći vidjeti super-velike crne rupe --
13:16
black holes millions or billions of times
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crne rupe koje su milijune ili milijarde puta
13:19
the mass of the Sun.
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masivnije od Sunca.
13:21
In this Hubble image, we see two galaxies.
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Na ovoj Hubbleovoj fotografiji vidimo dvije galaksije.
13:24
They look like they're frozen in some embrace.
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Izgledaju kao zamrzute u zagrljaju.
13:27
And each one probably harbors
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I svaka je vjerojatno pristanište
13:29
a super-massive black hole at its core.
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super-masivnim crnim rupama u svojoj jezgri.
13:32
But they're not frozen;
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Ali nisu zamrznute;
13:34
they're actually merging.
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zapravo se spajaju.
13:36
These two black holes are colliding,
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Ove dvije rupe se sudaraju,
13:38
and they will merge over a billion-year time scale.
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i spojit će se u periodu od preko milijarde godina na vremenskoj skali.
13:41
It's beyond our human perception
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Izvan je našeg poimanja
13:43
to pick up a song of that duration.
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snimiti zvug takvog trajanja.
13:46
But LISA could see the final stages
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Ali LISA može vidjeti završni stadij
13:48
of two super-massive black holes
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dvije super masivne crne rupe
13:50
earlier in the universe's history,
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iz svemirske povijesti,
13:52
the last 15 minutes before they fall together.
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zadnjih 15 minuta prije nego su se spojile.
13:55
And it's not just black holes,
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I to nisu samo crne rupe,
13:57
but it's also any big disturbance in the universe --
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to je i veliki nemir u svemiru --
14:00
and the biggest of them all is the Big Bang.
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a najveći od njih je veliki prasak.
14:02
When that expression was coined, it was derisive --
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Kada se prihvatila ta ekspresija, bila je izrugivana --
14:05
like, "Oh, who would believe in a Big Bang?"
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"Ma tko bi vjerovao u veliki prasak?"
14:07
But now it actually might be more technically accurate
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Ali sada je to više tehnički precizno
14:09
because it might bang.
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jer bi moglo prasnuti.
14:11
It might make a sound.
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Moglo bi stvoriti zvuk.
14:13
This animation from my friends at Proton Studios
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Animacija prijatelja u Proton Studiosu
14:16
shows looking at the Big Bang from the outside.
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prikazuje pogled na veliki prasak izvan njega.
14:18
We don't ever want to do that actually. We want to be inside the universe
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Mi to zapravo nikada ne želimo. Ne želimo biti izvan svemira
14:21
because there's no such thing as standing outside the universe.
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jer nema izvan svemira.
14:24
So imagine you're inside the Big Bang.
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Pa zamislite da ste unutar velikog praska.
14:26
It's everywhere, it's all around you,
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On je posvuda, svuda oko vas,
14:28
and the space is wobbling chaotically.
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a prostor kaotično bubnja.
14:30
Fourteen billion years pass
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14 milijardi godina kasnije
14:32
and this song is still ringing all around us.
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ta pjesma još uvijek odjekuje oko nas.
14:35
Galaxies form,
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Oblici galaksija
14:37
and generations of stars form in those galaxies,
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i generacije zvjezdanih oblika u tim galaksijama,
14:39
and around one star,
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i oko jedne zvijezde,
14:41
at least one star,
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barem jedne zvijezde,
14:43
is a habitable planet.
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nalazi se nastanjiv planet.
14:45
And here we are frantically building these experiments,
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I tako mi grčevito gradimo te eksperimente,
14:48
doing these calculations, writing these computer codes.
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Izračunavajući i pišući računalne kodove.
14:50
Imagine a billion years ago,
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Zamislite milijardu godina nazad,
14:53
two black holes collided.
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kada su se dvije crne rupe spojile.
14:55
That song has been ringing through space
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Ta pjesma zvoni kroz prostor
14:57
for all that time.
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svo to vrijeme.
14:59
We weren't even here.
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Nismo još ni bili ovdje.
15:01
It gets closer and closer --
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Sve je bliže --
15:03
40,000 years ago, we're still doing cave paintings.
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prije 40.000 godina još smo crtali po pećini.
15:05
It's like hurry, build your instruments.
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Kao brzo, izgradite svoje instrumente.
15:07
It's getting closer and closer, and in 20 ...
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Sve je bliže, i 20 ...
15:10
whatever year it will be
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koja će već godina biti
15:12
when our detectors are finally at advanced sensitivity --
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kada naši detektori napokon budu super osjetljivi --
15:14
we'll build them, we'll turn on the machines
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napravili smo ih, pa upalite strojeve
15:16
and, bang, we'll catch it -- the first song from space.
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i bum, ulovit ćemo ih -- prve zvukove svemira.
15:19
If it was the Big Bang we were going to pick up,
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Ako će ti zvukovi biti oni velikog praska,
15:21
it would sound like this.
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zvučat će poput ovoga.
15:23
(Static) It's a terrible sound.
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(Statičnost) Strašan zvuk.
15:26
It's literally the definition of noise.
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To je doslovno definicija buke.
15:28
It's white noise; it's such a chaotic ringing.
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Bijeli šum; takva kaotična zvonjava.
15:30
But it's around us everywhere, presumably,
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Ali ono je svugdje oko nas, naravno,
15:33
if it hasn't been wiped out
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ako nije bilo izbrisano
15:35
by some other process in the universe.
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nekim drugim procesom u svemiru.
15:37
And if we pick it up, it will be music to our ears
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I ako snimimo, bit će to muzika za naše uši
15:40
because it will be the quiet echo
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zbog tihe jeke
15:42
of that moment of our creation,
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tog trenutka stvaranja
15:44
of our observable universe.
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našeg postojećeg svemira.
15:46
So within the next few years,
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Tijekom nekoliko sljedećih godina
15:48
we'll be able to turn up the soundtrack a little bit,
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moći ćemo malo upaliti glazbu,
15:51
render the universe in audio.
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pustiti svemir preko zvučnika.
15:54
But if we detect those earliest moments,
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Ali ako pronađemo te rane trenutke
15:57
it'll bring us that much closer
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odvest će nas mnogo bliže
15:59
to an understanding of the Big Bang,
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razumijevanju velikog praska,
16:01
which brings us that much closer
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što nas dovodi mnogo bliže
16:04
to asking some of the hardest, most elusive, questions.
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postavljanju najtežih pitanja.
16:07
If we run the movie of our universe backwards,
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Ako pustimo film svemira unatrag
16:10
we know that there was a Big Bang in our past,
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znamo da je tamo bio veliki prasak,
16:13
and we might even hear the cacophonous sound of it,
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i možda čujemo i njegov kakofonički zvuk,
16:17
but was our Big Bang the only Big Bang?
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ali, da li je veliki prasak jedini veliki prasak?
16:19
I mean we have to ask, has it happened before?
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Mislim, moramo se upitati, je li se dogodio i prije?
16:22
Will it happen again?
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Dogodit će se opet?
16:24
I mean, in the spirit of rising to TED's challenge
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Mislim, u duhu TED-ovog izazova
16:27
to reignite wonder,
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da se čuda ponovno ožive
16:29
we can ask questions, at least for this last minute,
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možemo postavljati pitanje, barem u ovih zadnjih minutu vremena
16:32
that honestly might evade us forever.
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koja će nas možda zauvijek izbjegavati
16:34
But we have to ask:
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Ali moramo upitati:
16:36
Is it possible that our universe
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Da li je moguće da je naš svemir
16:38
is just a plume off of some greater history?
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samo pero na perjanici veće povijesti?
16:41
Or, is it possible that we're just a branch off of a multiverse --
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Ili je moguće da smo samo grana multisvemira --
16:45
each branch with its own Big Bang in its past --
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svaka grana sa svojim velikim praskom u prošlosti --
16:49
maybe some of them with black holes playing drums,
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možda neki od njih bubnjaju crnim rupama,
16:51
maybe some without --
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neki možda ne --
16:53
maybe some with sentient life, and maybe some without --
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neki možda osjetljivim životom, neki možda bez --
16:56
not in our past, not in our future,
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ne u našoj prošlosti, ne u budućnosti,
16:58
but somehow fundamentally connected to us?
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ali ipak nekako istinski spojeno s nama?
17:01
So we have to wonder, if there is a multiverse,
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Moramo se zapitati, ako postoji multisvemir,
17:03
in some other patch of that multiverse,
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u nekom sloju tog multisvemira
17:05
are there creatures?
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postoje li neka bića?
17:07
Here's my multiverse creatures.
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Ovdje su moja bića iz multisvemira.
17:09
Are there other creatures in the multiverse,
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Ima li i ostalih bića,
17:11
wondering about us
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koja se pitaju i o nama
17:13
and wondering about their own origins?
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tražeći svoje vlastito podrijetlo?
17:16
And if they are,
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I ako ih ima,
17:18
I can imagine them as we are,
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mogu ih zamisliti poput nas,
17:21
calculating, writing computer code,
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računaju, pišu računalne kodove,
17:23
building instruments,
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grede instrumente,
17:25
trying to detect that faintest sound
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pokušavaju pronaći te tamne zvukove
17:28
of their origins
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svojih korijena
17:30
and wondering who else is out there.
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pitajući se ima li još nekoga tamo.
17:32
Thank you. Thank you.
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Hvala. Hvala.
17:35
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Janna Levin - PhysicistJanna Levin is a professor of physics and astronomy at Barnard, where she studies the early universe, chaos, and black holes. She's the author of “How the Universe Got Its Spots" and the novel “A Madman Dreams of Turing Machines.”
Why you should listen
Janna Levin is a Professor of Physics and Astronomy at Barnard College of Columbia University. Her scientific research concerns the early universe, chaos and black holes. Her second book – a novel, A Madman Dreams of Turing Machines – won the PEN/Bingham Fellowship for Writers and was a runner-up for the PEN/Hemingway award for "a distinguished book of first fiction." She is the author of the popular science book, How the Universe Got Its Spots: Diary of a Finite Time in a Finite Space.
She holds a BA in Physics and Astronomy from Barnard College with a concentration in Philosophy, and a PhD from MIT in Physics. She has worked at the Center for Particle Astrophysics (CfPA) at the University of California, Berkeley before moving to the UK where she worked at Cambridge University in the Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics (DAMTP). Just before returning to New York, she was the first scientist-in-residence at the Ruskin School of Fine Art and Drawing at Oxford with an award from the National Endowment for Science, Technology, and Arts (NESTA).
Listen to a Q&A with another TED speaker, Krista Tippett -- where they talk math and faith and truth and more ...
Janna Levin | Speaker | TED.com