TEDGlobal 2011
Paul Zak: Trust, morality -- and oxytocin?
Paul Zak: Povjerenje, moralnost -- i oksitocin
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Čime je vođena naša želja da se ponašamo moralno? Neuroekonomist Paul Zak nam pokazuje zašto smatra da je oksitocin (naziva je „moralnom molekulom“) odgovoran za povjerenje, empatiju i druge osjećaje koji nam pomažu da izgradimo stabilno društvo.
Paul Zak - Neuroeconomist
A pioneer in the field of neuroeconomics, Paul Zak is uncovering how the hormone oxytocin promotes trust, and proving that love is good for business. Full bio
A pioneer in the field of neuroeconomics, Paul Zak is uncovering how the hormone oxytocin promotes trust, and proving that love is good for business. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
Is there anything unique about human beings?
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Postoji li išta jedinstveno o ljudskim bićima?
00:18
There is.
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Postoji.
00:20
We're the only creatures
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Mi smo jedina stvorenja
00:22
with fully developed moral sentiments.
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s potpuno razvijenim moralnim osjećajima.
00:24
We're obsessed with morality as social creatures.
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Opsjednuti smo moralnošću kao socijalna bića.
00:27
We need to know why people are doing what they're doing.
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Moramo znati zašto ljudi rade to što rade.
00:30
And I personally am obsessed with morality.
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I ja sam osobno opsjednut moralnošću.
00:33
It was all due to this woman,
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Sve zbog ove žene,
00:35
Sister Mary Marastela,
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Sestre Mary Marastele,
00:37
also known as my mom.
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također poznata kao moja majka.
00:41
As an altar boy, I breathed in a lot of incense,
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Kao ministrant, udahnuo sam mnogo tamjana
00:44
and I learned to say phrases in Latin,
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i naučio govoriti fraze na latinskom,
00:46
but I also had time to think
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ali sam također imao vremena razmišljati
00:48
about whether my mother's top-down morality
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o tome da li se moralnost moje majke
00:50
applied to everybody.
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primjenjivala kod svih.
00:52
I saw that people who were religious and non-religious
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Vidio sam ljude koji su religiozni i koji nisu,
00:55
were equally obsessed with morality.
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ali su jednako opsjednuti moralnošću.
00:57
I thought, maybe there's some earthly basis
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Mislio sam da možda postoji neka zemaljska osnova
00:59
for moral decisions.
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za moralne odluke.
01:01
But I wanted to go further
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Ali želio sam ići dalje
01:03
than to say our brains make us moral.
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od toga da kažem da nas naši mozgovi čine moralnima.
01:05
I want to know if there's a chemistry of morality.
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Želim znati postoji li kemija za moralnost.
01:08
I want to know
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Želim znati
01:10
if there was a moral molecule.
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postoji li moralna molekula.
01:12
After 10 years of experiments,
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Nakon 10 godina pokusa,
01:14
I found it.
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pronašao sam je.
01:16
Would you like to see it? I brought some with me.
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Želite li je vidjeti? Ponio sam je sa sobom.
01:20
This little syringe
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Ova mala šprica
01:22
contains the moral molecule.
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sadrži moralnu molekulu.
01:31
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
01:34
It's called oxytocin.
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Zove se oksitocin.
01:36
So oxytocin is a simple and ancient molecule
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Dakle, oksitocin je jednostavna i drevna molekula
01:39
found only in mammals.
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pronađena jedino u sisavcima.
01:41
In rodents, it was known
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Kod glodavaca je poznato
01:43
to make mothers care for their offspring,
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da majke brinu za svoje potomke,
01:45
and in some creatures,
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a kod nekih stvorenja,
01:47
allowed for toleration of burrowmates.
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dozvoljena je tolerancija cimera iz jazbine.
01:49
But in humans, it was only known
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Ali kod ljudi, poznato je jedino
01:51
to facilitate birth and breastfeeding in women,
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kod olakšavanja poroda i dojenja kod žena
01:53
and is released by both sexes during sex.
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i otpušta se kod oba spola prilikom spolnog odnosa.
01:57
So I had this idea that oxytocin might be the moral molecule.
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Dakle, imao sam zamisao da bi oksitocin mogao biti moralna molekula.
02:00
I did what most of us do -- I tried it on some colleagues.
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Učinio sam što većina nas radi -- isprobao sam na kolegama.
02:03
One of them told me,
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Jedan od njih mi je rekao,
02:05
"Paul, that is the world's stupidist idea.
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„Paul, to je najgluplja ideja na svijetu.
02:08
It is," he said, "only a female molecule.
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To je,“ rekao je, „isključivo ženska molekula.
02:10
It can't be that important."
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Ne može biti toliko važna."
02:12
But I countered, "Well men's brains make this too.
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Ali uzvratio sam mu, „Pa i muški mozgovi to proizvode.
02:15
There must be a reason why."
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Mora postojati razlog zašto.“
02:17
But he was right, it was a stupid idea.
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Ali bio je u pravu, bila je to glupa ideja.
02:20
But it was testably stupid.
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Bila je dovoljno glupa za testiranje.
02:22
In other words, I thought I could design an experiment
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Drugim riječima, mislio sam da bih mogao napraviti pokus
02:25
to see if oxytocin made people moral.
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da vidim da li je oksitocin ljude učinio moralnima.
02:29
Turns out it wasn't so easy.
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Ispalo je da nije tako jednostavno.
02:31
First of all, oxytocin is a shy molecule.
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Prije svega, oksitocin je stidljiva molekula.
02:34
Baseline levels are near zero,
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Osnovne razine su blizu nule,
02:36
without some stimulus to cause its release.
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bez nekog stimulansa da bi uzrokovao otpuštanje.
02:39
And when it's produced, it has a three-minute half-life,
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A kada se stvori, ima poluživot od tri minute
02:41
and degrades rapidly at room temperature.
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i brzo opada pri sobnoj temperaturi.
02:44
So this experiment would have to cause a surge of oxytocin,
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Dakle, ovaj bi pokus trebao uzrokovati nagon za oksitocinom,
02:46
have to grab it fast and keep it cold.
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morao bih ga brzo ugrabiti i zadržati na hladnom mjestu.
02:48
I think I can do that.
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Mislim da to mogu učiniti.
02:50
Now luckily, oxytocin is produced
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Srećom, oksitocin se stvara
02:52
both in the brain and in the blood,
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i u mozgu i u krvi
02:55
so I could do this experiment without learning neurosurgery.
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pa sam mogao napraviti ovaj pokus bez učenja neurokirurgije.
02:59
Then I had to measure morality.
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A zatim bih morao izmjeriti moralnost.
03:02
So taking on Morality with a capital M is a huge project.
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Dakle, prihvatiti se Moralnosti s velikim M je veliki projekt.
03:05
So I started smaller.
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Pa sam počeo s malim.
03:07
I studied one single virtue:
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Proučavao sam jedno jedino svojstvo:
03:10
trustworthiness.
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povjerljivost.
03:12
Why? I had shown in the early 2000s
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Zašto? U ranim 2000-ima sam prikazao
03:15
that countries with a higher proportion of trustworthy people
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da su u zemljama s većim razmjerom povjerljivosti ljudi
03:18
are more prosperous.
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uspješniji.
03:20
So in these countries, more economic transactions occur
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Dakle, u tim zemljama se događa više ekonomskih transakcija
03:23
and more wealth is created,
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i stvoreno je mnogo bogatstva,
03:25
alleviating poverty.
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ublažavajući siromaštvo.
03:27
So poor countries are by and large low trust countries.
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Dakle, siromašne zemlje su blizu velikih zemalja s niskim povjerenjem.
03:30
So if I understood the chemistry of trustworthiness,
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Dakle, ako sam razumio kemiju povjerljivosti,
03:33
I might help alleviate poverty.
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mogao bih pomoći ublažavanju siromaštva.
03:35
But I'm also a skeptic.
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Ali također sam i sumnjičav.
03:37
I don't want to just ask people, "Are you trustworthy?"
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Ne želim samo pitati ljude, „Jeste li povjerljivi?“
03:39
So instead I use
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Umjesto toga sam upotrijebio
03:41
the Jerry Maguire approach to research.
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pristup Jerryja McGuirea kako bih istražio.
03:43
If you're so virtuous,
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Ako ste tako moralni,
03:45
show me the money.
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pokažite mi novac.
03:47
So what we do in my lab
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Ono što radimo u mom laboratoriju
03:49
is we tempt people with virtue and vice by using money.
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je da mamimo ljude s vrlinama i manama koristeći novac.
03:51
Let me show you how we do that.
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Dozvolite mi da vam pokažem kako to radimo.
03:53
So we recruit some people for an experiment.
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Zaposlimo neke ljude za pokus.
03:55
They all get $10 if they agree to show up.
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Svi će dobiti 10 dolara ako se slože da se pojave.
03:58
We give them lots of instruction, and we never ever deceive them.
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Damo im mnogo uputa i nikada ih ne zavaravamo.
04:01
Then we match them in pairs by computer.
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Zatim ih složimo u parove pokraj računala.
04:04
And in that pair, one person gets a message saying,
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U tom paru, jedna osoba dobiva poruku koja kaže,
04:06
"Do you want to give up some of your $10
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„Želite li se odreći jednog dijela od vaših 10 dolara
04:08
you earned for being here
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koje ste zaradili zato što ste ovdje
04:10
and ship it to someone else in the lab?"
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i poslati ih nekome drugome u laboratoriju?“
04:12
The trick is you can't see them,
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Trik je u tome da ih ne možete vidjeti,
04:14
you can't talk to them.
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ne možete razgovarati s njima.
04:16
You only do it one time.
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Radite to samo jednom.
04:18
Now whatever you give up
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Čega god da se odreknete,
04:20
gets tripled in the other person's account.
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to će se utrostručiti na računu druge osobe.
04:23
You're going to make them a lot wealthier.
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Učinit ćete ih mnogo bogatijima.
04:25
And they get a message by computer saying
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I dobit će poruku kraj računala
04:27
person one sent you this amount of money.
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da je jedna osoba poslala ovu količinu novaca.
04:29
Do you want to keep it all,
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Želite li sve zadržati
04:31
or do you want to send some amount back?
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ili poslati nešto natrag?
04:34
So think about this experiment for minute.
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Na trenutak razmislite o ovom pokusu.
04:36
You're going to sit on these hard chairs for an hour and a half.
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Sjedit ćete na tim tvrdim stolicama sat i pol.
04:39
Some mad scientist is going to jab your arm with a needle
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Neki ludi znanstvenik će ubosti vašu ruku iglom
04:41
and take four tubes of blood.
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i uzeti četiri epruvete krvi.
04:43
And now you want me to give up this money and ship it to a stranger?
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I sad želite da se odreknem ovog novca i pošaljem ga strancu?
04:46
So this was the birth of vampire economics.
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To je bilo rođenje vampirske ekonomije.
04:49
Make a decision and give me some blood.
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Napraviti odluku i dati mi nešto krvi.
04:52
So in fact, experimental economists
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Zapravo, eksperimentalni ekonomisti
04:54
had run this test around the world,
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su napravili ovaj test širom svijeta
04:56
and for much higher stakes,
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i za mnogo veće uloge,
04:58
and the consensus view
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a viđenje općeg slaganja
05:00
was that the measure from the first person to the second was a measure of trust,
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je da je mjerenje od prve osobe do druge mjerilo povjerenja,
05:03
and the transfer from the second person back to the first
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a transfer od druge osobe natrag do prve
05:06
measured trustworthiness.
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mjerilo povjerljivosti.
05:08
But in fact, economists were flummoxed
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Ali zapravo, ekonomisti su bili smeteni
05:10
on why the second person would ever return any money.
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time zašto bi uopće druga osoba vratila ikakav novac.
05:13
They assumed money is good,
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Pretpostavili su da je novac dobar,
05:15
why not keep it all?
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zašto ga ne zadržati?
05:17
That's not what we found.
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Nismo to otkrili.
05:19
We found 90 percent of the first decision-makers sent money,
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Otkrili smo da 90 posto onih s prvom odlukom pošalju novac,
05:22
and of those who received money,
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a od onih koji prime novac,
05:24
95 percent returned some of it.
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95 posto vrati neki dio novca.
05:26
But why?
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Ali zašto?
05:28
Well by measuring oxytocin
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Pa, mjereći oksitocin,
05:30
we found that the more money the second person received,
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pronašli smo da što više novaca druga osoba primi,
05:32
the more their brain produced oxytocin,
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mozak proizvede više oksitocina,
05:34
and the more oxytocin on board,
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a s više prisutnog oksitocina,
05:36
the more money they returned.
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vraćaju više novaca.
05:39
So we have a biology of trustworthiness.
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Dakle, imamo biologiju povjerljivosti.
05:42
But wait. What's wrong with this experiment?
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Ali čekajte. Što ne valja s ovim pokusom?
05:45
Two things.
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Dvije stvari.
05:47
One is that nothing in the body happens in isolation.
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Prva je da se ništa u tijelu ne događa u izolaciji.
05:50
So we measured nine other molecules that interact with oxytocin,
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Pa smo izmjerili devet ostalih molekula koje djeluju s oksitocinom,
05:53
but they didn't have any effect.
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ali nisu imale nikakvog učinka.
05:55
But the second is
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Ali druga je
05:57
that I still only had this indirect relationship
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da sam još uvijek imao tu indirektnu vezu
05:59
between oxytocin and trustworthiness.
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između oksitocina i povjerljivosti.
06:01
I didn't know for sure
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Nisam bio siguran
06:03
oxytocin caused trustworthiness.
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da je oksitocin prouzrokovao povjerljivost.
06:05
So to make the experiment,
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Da bismo napravili pokus,
06:07
I knew I'd have to go into the brain
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znao sam da moram ući u mozak
06:09
and manipulate oxytocin directly.
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i direktno manipulirati oksitocinom.
06:11
I used everything short of a drill
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Koristio sam sve kratke vježbe
06:13
to get oxytocin into my own brain.
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kako bi dobio oksitocin u svoj vlastiti mozak.
06:16
And I found I could do it
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I otkrio sam da to mogu učiniti
06:18
with a nasal inhaler.
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s nosnim inhalatorom.
06:20
So along with colleagues in Zurich,
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S kolegama iz Zuricha,
06:22
we put 200 men on oxytocin or placebo,
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stavili smo 200 muškaraca na oksitocin ili placebo,
06:24
had that same trust test with money,
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napravili isti test povjerenja s novcem
06:26
and we found that those on oxytocin not only showed more trust,
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i otkrili smo da su oni na oksitocinu pokazali više povjerenja,
06:29
we can more than double the number of people
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možemo udvostručiti broj ljudi
06:32
who sent all their money to a stranger --
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koji su poslali sav svoj novac neznancu --
06:34
all without altering mood or cognition.
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sve bez mijenjanja raspoloženja ili spoznaje.
06:38
So oxytocin is the trust molecule,
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Dakle, oksitocin je molekula povjerenja,
06:42
but is it the moral molecule?
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ali je li i moralna molekula?
06:45
Using the oxytocin inhaler,
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Upotrijebljavajući oksitocinski inhalator,
06:47
we ran more studies.
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napravili smo još studija.
06:49
We showed that oxytocin infusion
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Pokazali smo da infuzija oksitocina
06:51
increases generosity
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povećava velikodušnost
06:53
in unilateral monetary transfers
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u jednostranom monetarnom prijenosu
06:55
by 80 percent.
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do 80 posto.
06:57
We showed it increases donations to charity
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Prikazali smo da povećava donacije dobrotvornim ustanovama
06:59
by 50 percent.
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za 50 posto.
07:01
We've also investigated
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Također smo istražili
07:03
non-pharmacologic ways to raise oxytocin.
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nefarmakološke načine kako podići oksitocin.
07:05
These include massage,
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To uključuje masažu,
07:07
dancing and praying.
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plesanje i molitvu.
07:09
Yes, my mom was happy about that last one.
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Da, moja majka je bila sretna zbog ovog zadnjeg.
07:12
And whenever we raise oxytocin,
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I kad god podignemo naš oksitocin,
07:14
people willingly open up their wallets
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ljudi dobrovoljno otvaraju novčanike
07:16
and share money with strangers.
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i dijele novac sa strancima.
07:18
But why do they do this?
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Ali zašto to rade?
07:20
What does it feel like
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Zašto se tako osjećamo
07:22
when your brain is flooded with oxytocin?
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kad nam je mozak potopljen oksitocinom?
07:24
To investigate this question, we ran an experiment
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Da bismo istražili ovo pitanje, napravili smo pokus
07:27
where we had people watch a video
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gdje su ljudi gledali video
07:29
of a father and his four year-old son,
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oca i njegovog četverogodišnjeg sina,
07:31
and his son has terminal brain cancer.
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a sin mu ima krajnji stadij karcinoma mozga.
07:33
After they watched the video, we had them rate their feelings
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Nakon što su odgledali video dali smo im da ocijene svoje osjećaje
07:36
and took blood before and after to measure oxytocin.
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i uzeli smo im krv prije i poslije kako bi izmjerili oksitocin.
07:39
The change in oxytocin
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Promjena u oksitocinu
07:41
predicted their feelings of empathy.
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je nagovijestila njihove osjećaje empatije.
07:45
So it's empathy
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Dakle, empatija je ta
07:47
that makes us connect to other people.
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koja nas tjera da se povežemo s drugim ljudima.
07:49
It's empathy that makes us help other people.
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Zbog empatije pomažemo drugim ljudima.
07:52
It's empathy that makes us moral.
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Zbog empatije smo moralni.
07:56
Now this idea is not new.
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Ta ideja nije nova.
07:58
A then unknown philosopher named Adam Smith
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Tada nepoznati filozof imenom Adam Smith
08:00
wrote a book in 1759
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napisao je knjigu 1759. godine
08:02
called "The Theory of Moral Sentiments."
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zvanu „Teorija moralnih osjećaja.“
08:04
In this book, Smith argued
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U toj knjizi, Smith raspravlja o tome
08:07
that we are moral creatures, not because of a top-down reason,
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da smo moralna bića, ne zbog razloga odozgo prema dolje,
08:10
but for a bottom-up reason.
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već zbog razloga odozdo prema gore.
08:12
He said we're social creatures,
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Rekao je da smo društvena bića,
08:14
so we share the emotions of others.
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i da zbog toga dijelimo osjećaje drugih.
08:16
So if I do something that hurts you, I feel that pain.
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Dakle, ako ja učinim nešto što će vas povrijediti, ja osjećam tu bol.
08:19
So I tend to avoid that.
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Pa se trudim to izbjegavati.
08:21
If I do something that makes you happy, I get to share your joy.
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Ako radim nešto što vas čini sretnima, dijelim vašu radost.
08:24
So I tend to do those things.
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Pa nastojim raditi te stvari.
08:26
Now this is the same Adam Smith who, 17 years later,
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Ovo je taj isti Adam Smith koji će 17 godina kasnije
08:28
would write a little book called "The Wealth of Nations" --
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napisati malu knjigu pod imenom „Bogatstvo naroda“ --
08:31
the founding document of economics.
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osnivački dokument ekonomije.
08:33
But he was, in fact, a moral philosopher,
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Ali on je, ustvari bio moralni filozof
08:36
and he was right on why we're moral.
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i bio je u pravu zašto smo moralni.
08:38
I just found the molecule behind it.
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Ja sam samo pronašao molekulu koja je iza toga.
08:41
But knowing that molecule is valuable,
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Ali znajući da je ta molekula vrijedna,
08:44
because it tells us how to turn up this behavior
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jer nam govori kako pojačati ovo ponašanje
08:47
and what turns it off.
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i što ga gasi.
08:49
In particular, it tells us
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Točnije, govori nam
08:51
why we see immorality.
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zašto vidimo nemoralnost.
08:54
So to investigate immorality,
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Da bismo istražili nemoralnost,
08:56
let me bring you back now to 1980.
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vratit ću vas sada u 1980.
08:58
I'm working at a gas station
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Radim na benzinskoj stanici
09:00
on the outskirts of Santa Barbara, California.
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na rubu Santa Barbare u Kaliforniji.
09:03
You sit in a gas station all day,
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Kada sjedite na benzinskoj stanici cijeli dan,
09:05
you see lots of morality and immorality, let me tell you.
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vidite mnogo morala i nemorala, da vam kažem.
09:07
So one Sunday afternoon, a man walks into my cashier's booth
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Jedno nedjeljno poslijepodne, čovjek dolazi do moje blagajne
09:10
with this beautiful jewelry box.
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s tom predivnom kutijom za nakit.
09:12
Opens it up and there's a pearl necklace inside.
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Otvara je i unutra je biserna ogrlica.
09:14
And he said, "Hey, I was in the men's room.
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I kaže, „Hej, bio sam u muškom wc-u.
09:16
I just found this. What do you think we should do with it?"
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Pronašao sam ovo. Što misliš da trebamo učiniti s tim?“
09:19
"I don't know, put it in the lost and found."
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„Ne znam, stavit ću je u izgubljeno-nađeno.“
09:21
"Well this is very valuable.
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„Pa, ovo je veoma vrijedno.
09:23
We have to find the owner for this." I said, "Yea."
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Moramo naći vlasnika.“ Rekao sam, „Da.“
09:25
So we're trying to decide what to do with this,
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Pokušavali smo odlučiti što učiniti s time
09:27
and the phone rings.
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i zazvoni telefon.
09:29
And a man says very excitedly,
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Čovjek veoma uzbuđeno kaže,
09:31
"I was in your gas station a while ago,
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„Bio sam na vašoj bezinskoj stanici maloprije
09:33
and I bought this jewelry for my wife, and I can't find it."
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i kupio sam nakit za ženu no ne mogu ga pronaći.“
09:35
I said, "Pearl necklace?" "Yeah."
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Kažem, „Bisernu ogrlicu?“ „Da.“
09:37
"Hey, a guy just found it."
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„Hej, tip ju je upravo pronašao.“
09:39
"Oh, you're saving my life. Here's my phone number.
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„Oh, spasili ste mi život. Evo vam broj mog telefona.
09:41
Tell that guy to wait half an hour.
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Recite tipu da pričeka pola sata.
09:43
I'll be there and I'll give him a $200 reward."
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Doći ću i dati mu 200 dolara kao nagradu.“
09:45
Great, so I tell the guy, "Look, relax.
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Odlično, pa ja kažem tipu, „Gle, opusti se.
09:47
Get yourself a fat reward. Life's good."
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Dozvoli sebi veliku nagradu. Život je lijep.“
09:50
He said, "I can't do it.
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On je rekao, „Ne mogu to učiniti.
09:52
I have this job interview in Galena in 15 minutes,
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Imam razgovor za posao u Galeni za 15 minuta
09:54
and I need this job, I've got to go."
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i treba mi taj posao, moram ići.“
09:57
Again he asked me, "What do you think we should do?"
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Ponovno me upitao, „Što misliš da bismo trebali učiniti?“
09:59
I'm in high school. I have no idea.
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U srednjoj sam školi. Nemam pojma.
10:02
So I said, "I'll hold it for you."
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Pa sam rekao, „Pričuvat ću ti to.“
10:04
He said, "You know, you've been so nice, let's split the reward."
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Rekao je, „Znaš, tako si ljubazan, podijelit ćemo nagradu.
10:07
I'll give you the jewelry, you give me a hundred dollars,
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Dat ću ti nakit, ti meni daj sto dolara,
10:09
and when the guy comes ... "
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a kad čovjek dođe ...“
10:11
You see it. I was conned.
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Vidite. Bio sam prevaren.
10:13
So this is a classic con called the pigeon drop,
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Ovo je klasična prevara zvana pad goluba,
10:16
and I was the pigeon.
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a ja sam bio golub.
10:18
So the way many cons work
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Način na koji mnoge prevare rade
10:20
is not that the conman gets the victim to trust him,
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nije u tome da čovjek koji vara natjera žrtvu da mu vjeruje
10:23
it's that he shows he trusts the victim.
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već da pokaže povjerenje žrtvi.
10:26
Now we know what happens.
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Sad znamo što se događa.
10:28
The victim's brain releases oxytocin,
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Žrtvin mozak otpušta oksitocin
10:30
and you're opening up your wallet or purse, giving away the money.
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i otvarate novčanik ili torbicu, dajući novac.
10:33
So who are these people
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Dakle, tko su ti ljudi
10:35
who manipulate our oxytocin systems?
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koji manipuliraju našim sustavom oksitocina?
10:38
We found, testing thousands of individuals,
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Pronašli smo, testirajući tisuće jedinki,
10:41
that five percent of the population
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da pet posto populacije
10:43
don't release oxytocin on stimulus.
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ne otpušta oksitocin prilikom stimulacije.
10:47
So if you trust them, their brains don't release oxytocin.
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Pa ako im vjerujete, njihovi mozgovi ne otpuštaju oksitocin.
10:50
If there's money on the table, they keep it all.
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Ako postoji novac na stolu, zadržat će sve.
10:53
So there's a technical word for these people in my lab.
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Postoji tehnička riječ za te ljude u mom laboratoriju.
10:55
We call them bastards.
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Zovemo ih kučkinim sinovima.
10:58
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
11:00
These are not people you want to have a beer with.
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To nisu ljudi s kojima želite popiti pivo.
11:02
They have many of the attributes of psychopaths.
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Imaju mnogo atributa psihopata.
11:06
Now there are other ways the system can be inhibited.
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Postoje drugi načini na koje sustav može biti inhibiran.
11:08
One is through improper nurturing.
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Jedan je kroz nepravilnu njegu.
11:11
So we've studied sexually abused women,
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Proučavali smo seksualno zlostavljane žene
11:14
and about half those don't release oxytocin on stimulus.
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i oko polovica njih ne otpušta oksitocin prilikom stimulacije.
11:17
You need enough nurturing
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Trebate dovoljno njegovanja
11:19
for this system to develop properly.
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za ovaj sustav kako bi se pravilno razvio.
11:21
Also, high stress inhibits oxytocin.
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Također, mnogo stresa inhibira oksitocin.
11:24
So we all know this, when we're really stressed out,
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Svi znamo da kada smo zaista pod stresom,
11:26
we're not acting our best.
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ne ponašamo se kako treba.
11:29
There's another way oxytocin is inhibited, which is interesting --
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Postoji drugi način na koji se oksitocin inhibira, što je zanimljivo --
11:32
through the action of testosterone.
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kroz djelovanje testosterona.
11:35
So we, in experiments, have administered testosterone to men.
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Pa smo mi, tijekom pokusa, davali testosteron muškarcima.
11:38
And instead of sharing money,
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I umjesto dijeljenja novca,
11:40
they become selfish.
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postali su sebični.
11:42
But interestingly,
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Ali zanimljivo,
11:45
high testosterone males are also more likely
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muškarci s povišenim testosteronom su bili skloniji
11:47
to use their own money to punish others for being selfish.
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tome da koriste svoj vlastiti novac kako bi kaznili druge za to što su sebični.
11:50
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
11:52
Now think about this. It means, within our own biology,
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Razmislite o ovome. To znači da unutar naše vlastite biologije
11:55
we have the yin and yang of morality.
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imamo jin i jang moralnosti.
11:58
We have oxytocin that connects us to others,
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Imamo oksitocin koji nas povezuje s drugima,
12:00
makes us feel what they feel.
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tjera nas da osjećamo ono što oni osjećaju.
12:02
And we have testosterone.
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I imamo testosteron.
12:04
And men have 10 times the testosterone as women,
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Muškarci imaju 10 puta više testosterona od žena,
12:06
so men do this more than women --
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pa muškarci ovo rade češće od žena --
12:08
we have testosterone that makes us want to punish
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imamo testosteron koji nas tjera da kaznimo
12:11
people who behave immorally.
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ljude koji se ponašaju nemoralno.
12:13
We don't need God or government telling us what to do.
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Ne trebamo Boga ili vladu da nam kaže što da radimo.
12:15
It's all inside of us.
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Sve je u nama.
12:18
So you may be wondering:
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Možda se pitate:
12:20
these are beautiful laboratory experiments,
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ovo su divni laboratorijski pokusi,
12:22
do they really apply to real life?
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ali važe li u stvarnom životu?
12:24
Yeah, I've been worrying about that too.
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Da, i mene je to također brinulo.
12:26
So I've gone out of the lab
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Otišao sam iz laboratorija
12:28
to see if this really holds in our daily lives.
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kako bih vidio važi li to u našim svakodnevnim životima.
12:30
So last summer, I attended a wedding in Southern England.
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Prošlog ljeta bio sam na vjenčanju u južnoj Engleskoj.
12:33
200 people in this beautiful Victorian mansion.
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200 ljudi u prekrasnoj viktorijanskoj vili.
12:36
I didn't know a single person.
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Nisam poznavao nijednu osobu.
12:38
And I drove up in my rented Vauxhall.
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Dovezao sam se u unajmljenom Vauxhallu.
12:40
And I took out a centrifuge and dry ice
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Uzeo sam centrifugu, suhi led,
12:42
and needles and tubes.
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igle i epruvete.
12:44
And I took blood from the bride and the groom
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Uzeo sam krv od mladenke i mladoženje
12:46
and the wedding party and the family and the friends
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na vjenčanju i obitelji i prijatelja
12:48
before and immediately after the vows.
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prije i odmah nakon zavjeta.
12:50
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
12:52
And guess what?
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I pogodite što?
12:54
Weddings cause a release of oxytocin,
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Vjenčanja uzrokuju otpuštanje oksitocina,
12:56
but they do so in a very particular way.
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ali na veoma određen način.
12:59
Who is the center of the wedding solar system?
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Tko je središte vjenčanog solarnog sistema?
13:01
The bride.
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Mladenka.
13:03
She had the biggest increase in oxytocin.
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Ona je imala najveće povećanje oksitocina.
13:05
Who loves the wedding almost as much as the bride?
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Tko voli vjenčanje gotovo jednako kao i mladenka?
13:08
Her mother, that's right.
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Njena majka, tako je.
13:10
Her mother was number two.
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Njena majka je bila broj dva.
13:12
Then the groom's father, then the groom,
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Zatim mladoženjin otac, pa mladoženja,
13:14
then the family, then the friends --
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pa obitelj i prijatelji --
13:16
arrayed around the bride
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raspoređeni oko mladenke
13:18
like planets around the Sun.
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kao planeti oko Sunca.
13:20
So I think it tells us that we've designed this ritual
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Mislim da nam to govori da smo stvorili ovaj ritual
13:23
to connect us to this new couple,
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kako bismo se povezali s ovim novim parom,
13:25
connect us emotionally.
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emocionalno povezali.
13:27
Why? Because we need them to be successful at reproducing
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Zašto? Zato što ih trebamo da budu uspješni u reprodukciji
13:30
to perpetuate the species.
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kako bi ovjekovječili vrstu.
13:33
I also worried that my trust experiments with small amounts of money
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Također me brinulo da moji pokusi povjerenja s malom količinom novca
13:36
didn't really capture how often we actually trust our lives to strangers.
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nisu zaista uhvatili koliko često zapravo povjeravamo naše živote potpunim strancima.
13:40
So even though I have a fear of heights,
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Pa iako imam strah od visine,
13:42
I recently strapped myself to another human being
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nedavno sam se privezao za drugo ljudsko biće
13:44
and stepped out of an airplane at 12,000 ft.
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i skočio iz aviona s 3.500 metara.
13:47
I took my blood before and after,
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Uzeo sam si krv prije i poslije
13:49
and I had a huge spike of oxytocin.
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i imao sam veliki skok oksitocina.
13:52
And there are so many ways we can connect to people.
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I postoje mnogi načini kako se možemo povezati s ljudima.
13:55
For example, through social media.
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Na primjer, kroz društvene medije.
13:57
Many people are Tweeting right now.
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Mnogo ljudi trenutno tweeta.
13:59
So we investigated the role of social media
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Pa smo istražili ulogu društvenih medija
14:01
and found the using social media
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i pronašli da korištenje društvenih medija
14:03
produced a solid double-digit increase in oxytocin.
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stvara solidan dvoznamenkasti rast oksitocina.
14:06
So I ran this experiment recently for the Korean Broadcasting System.
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Nedavno sam napravio ovaj pokus za Korejski TV sustav.
14:09
And they had the reporters and their producers participate.
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Sudjelovali su njihovi reporteri i producenti.
14:13
And one of these guys, he must have been 22,
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I jedan od tipova, mora da je imao oko 22 godine
14:15
he had 150 percent spike in oxytocin.
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je imao 150 postotni skok oksitocina.
14:18
I mean, astounding; no one has this.
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Mislim, zapanjujuće; nitko to nema.
14:20
So he was using social media in private.
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On je nasamo koristio društveni medij.
14:22
When I wrote my report to the Koreans,
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Kad sam napisao izvješće Korejcima,
14:24
I said, "Look, I don't know what this guy was doing,"
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rekao sam, „Gledajte, ne znam što je ovaj čovjek radio,“
14:26
but my guess was interacting with his mother or his girlfriend.
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ali moja pretpostavka je da je komunicirao sa svojom majkom ili djevojkom.
14:29
They checked.
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Provjerili su.
14:31
He was interacting on his girlfriend's Facebook page.
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Gledao je Facebook stranicu svoje djevojke.
14:33
There you go. That's connection.
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Eto vam. To je povezanost.
14:36
So there's tons of ways that we can connect to other people,
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Dakle, postoje brojni načini na koje se možemo povezati s drugim ljudima
14:39
and it seems to be universal.
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i čini se da su univerzalni.
14:41
Two weeks ago,
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Prije dva tjedna
14:43
I just got back from Papua New Guinea
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sam došao s Papue Nove Gvineje
14:45
where I went up to the highlands --
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gdje sam otišao u planinske krajeve --
14:47
very isolated tribes of subsistence farmers
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u veoma izolirana plemena postojećih farmera
14:50
living as they have lived for millenia.
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koji žive kako su živjeli tisućljećima.
14:53
There are 800 different languages in the highlands.
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Postoji 800 različitih jezika u planinskim krajevima.
14:56
These are the most primitive people in the world.
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To su najprimitivniji ljudi na svijetu.
14:59
And they indeed also release oxytocin.
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I oni također otpuštaju oksitocin.
15:02
So oxytocin connects us to other people.
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Dakle, oksitocin nas povezuje s drugim ljudima.
15:06
Oxytocin makes us feel what other people feel.
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Oksitocin nas tjera da osjećamo što drugi ljudi osjećaju.
15:08
And it's so easy to cause people's brains
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I veoma je lako uzrokovati otpuštanje
15:11
to release oxytocin.
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oksitocina u ljudskim mozgovima.
15:13
I know how to do it,
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Znam kako to učiniti
15:15
and my favorite way to do it is, in fact, the easiest.
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i moj najdraži način kako to učiniti je ustvari, najjednostavniji.
15:17
Let me show it to you.
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Da vam pokažem.
15:24
Come here. Give me a hug.
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Dođite. Zagrlite me.
15:26
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
15:28
There you go.
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Eto.
15:30
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
15:39
So my penchant for hugging other people
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Moja sklonost grljenju drugih ljudi
15:41
has earned me the nickname Dr. Love.
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me dovela do nadimka Dr. Ljubav.
15:43
I'm happy to share a little more love in the world,
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Drago mi je što mogu podijeliti malo ljubavi na ovom svijetu,
15:45
it's great,
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odlično je,
15:47
but here's your prescription from Dr. Love:
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ali evo vam recept od Dr. Ljubavi:
15:49
eight hugs a day.
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osam zagrljaja na dan.
15:52
We have found that people who release more oxytocin
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Otkrili smo da su ljudi koji otpuštaju više oksitocina
15:54
are happier.
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sretniji.
15:56
And they're happier
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A sretniji su
15:58
because they have better relationships of all types.
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jer imaju bolje odnose svih vrsta.
16:01
Dr. Love says eight hugs a day.
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Dr. Ljubav kaže osam zagrljaja dnevno.
16:04
Eight hugs a day -- you'll be happier
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Osam zagrljaja dnevno -- bit ćete sretniji
16:06
and the world will be a better place.
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i svijet će biti bolje mjesto.
16:08
Of course, if you don't like to touch people, I can always shove this up your nose.
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Naravno, ako ne volite dirati ljude, uvijek vam ovo mogu nabiti u nos.
16:11
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
16:13
Thank you.
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Hvala vam.
16:15
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Paul Zak - NeuroeconomistA pioneer in the field of neuroeconomics, Paul Zak is uncovering how the hormone oxytocin promotes trust, and proving that love is good for business.
Why you should listen
What’s behind the human instinct to trust and to put each other’s well-being first? When you think about how much of the world works on a handshake or on holding a door open for somebody, why people cooperate is a huge question. Paul Zak researches oxytocin, a neuropeptide that affects our everyday social interactions and our ability to behave altruistically and cooperatively, applying his findings to the way we make decisions. A pioneer in a new field of study called neuroeconomics, Zak has demonstrated that oxytocin is responsible for a variety of virtuous behaviors in humans such as empathy, generosity and trust. Amazingly, he has also discovered that social networking triggers the same release of oxytocin in the brain -- meaning that e-connections are interpreted by the brain like in-person connections.
A professor at Claremont Graduate University in Southern California, Zak believes most humans are biologically wired to cooperate, but that business and economics ignore the biological foundations of human reciprocity, risking loss: when oxytocin levels are high in subjects, people’s generosity to strangers increases up to 80 percent; and countries with higher levels of trust – lower crime, better education – fare better economically.
He says: "Civilization is dependent on oxytocin. You can't live around people you don't know intimately unless you have something that says: Him I can trust, and this one I can't trust."
Paul Zak | Speaker | TED.com