TEDGlobal 2013
Xavier Vilalta: Architecture at home in its community
Xavier Vilalta: Arhitektura kod kuće u svojoj zajednici
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Kada je TED Fellow Xavier Vilalta bio zadužen za konstrukciju velikog trgovačkog centra u Adis Abebi, uhvatila ga je panika. Drugi centri su predstavljali sve ono što nije volio u suvremenoj arhitekturi: rasipničke tornjeve od stakla kojima treba mnogo energije i čiji dizajn nema baš nikakve veze s Afrikom. U ovom šarmantnom govoru, Vilalta pokazuje kako podržava alternativni pristup: korištenjem prirode, pozivanjem na tradiciju u dizajnu i stvaranjem lijepih, modernih, osebujnih zgrada koje se uklapaju u zajednicu.
Xavier Vilalta - Architect and urbanist
Barcelona-based architect Xavier Vilalta works in Europe, Africa and the Middle East. He adopts and updates traditional design principles to construct modern buildings that truly suit their environment. Full bio
Barcelona-based architect Xavier Vilalta works in Europe, Africa and the Middle East. He adopts and updates traditional design principles to construct modern buildings that truly suit their environment. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
My work focuses on the connection of
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Moj rad se fokusira na povezanost
00:15
both thinking about our community life
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razmišljanja o našem životu u zajednici,
00:18
being part of the environment
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gdje smo dio okruženja,
00:20
where architecture grows from the natural
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u kojem arhitektura raste iz prirodnih
00:22
local conditions and traditions.
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lokalnih uvjeta i tradicija.
00:25
Today I brought two recent projects
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Danas sam donio dva nedavna projekta
00:28
as an example of this.
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kao primjer za ovo.
00:30
Both projects are in emerging countries,
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Oba projekta su u zemljama u razvoju,
00:32
one in Ethiopia and another one in Tunisia.
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jedan u Etiopiji, a drugi u Tunisu.
00:35
And also they have in common
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Također im je zajedničko i to
00:37
that the different analyses from different perspectives
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da različite analize
iz različitih perspektiva
iz različitih perspektiva
00:40
becomes an essential part of the final piece of architecture.
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postaju ključni dio
konačnog arhitektonskog projekta.
konačnog arhitektonskog projekta.
00:44
The first example started with an invitation
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Prvi projekt počeo je pozivom
00:47
to design a multistory shopping mall
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za dizajn trgovačkog centra na više katova
00:49
in Ethiopia's capital city Addis Ababa.
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u glavnom gradu Etiopije, Adis Abebi.
00:51
And this is the type of building
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Ovo je tip zgrade
00:54
we were shown as an example, to my team and myself,
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koju su meni i mom timu
pokazali kao primjer
pokazali kao primjer
00:57
of what we had to design.
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onoga što trebamo dizajnirati.
00:59
At first, the first thing I thought was,
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Prva stvar koju sam pomislio na početku
01:01
I want to run away.
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je da želim pobjeći.
01:03
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
01:05
After seeing a few of these buildings --
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Nakon što smo vidjeli
nekoliko ovakvih zgrada,
nekoliko ovakvih zgrada,
01:07
there are many in the city --
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a ima ih mnogo u gradu,
01:09
we realized that they have three very big points.
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shvatili smo da imaju
tri važne osobine.
tri važne osobine.
01:12
First, these buildings, they are almost empty
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Prvo, ove zgrade su skoro prazne
01:14
because they have very large shops
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jer imaju vrlo velike trgovine,
01:16
where people cannot afford to buy things.
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u kojima si ljudi
ne mogu priuštiti kupovinu.
ne mogu priuštiti kupovinu.
01:19
Second, they need tons of energy to perform
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Drugo, treba im
dosta energije za održavanje
dosta energije za održavanje
01:22
because of the skin treatment with glass
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zbog staklenog omotača
01:24
that creates heat in the inside,
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koji unutra stvara toplinu
01:26
and then you need a lot of cooling.
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pa trebate puno rashlađivanja.
U ovom gradu se to ne bi trebalo dešavati,
01:28
In a city where this shouldn't happen
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01:30
because they have really mild weather
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jer je tamo vrlo umjerena klima,
01:32
that ranges from 20 to 25 degrees the whole year.
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s temperaturama od 20 do 25 stupnjeva
tijekom cijele godine.
tijekom cijele godine.
01:35
And third is that their image has nothing to do
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I treće je to da njihova vizija
nema nikakve veze
nema nikakve veze
01:39
with Africa and with Ethiopia.
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s Afrikom i Etiopijom.
01:41
It is a pity in a place that has such rich culture and traditions.
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To je šteta za mjesto koje ima
tako bogatu kulturu i tradiciju.
tako bogatu kulturu i tradiciju.
01:46
Also during our first visit to Ethiopia,
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Također, tijekom naše
prve posjete Etiopiji,
prve posjete Etiopiji,
01:49
I was really captivated by the old merkato
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jako mi se svidjela stara tržnica
01:51
that is this open-air structure
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na otvorenom,
01:54
where thousands of people, they go and buy things
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gdje tisuće ljudi dolazi i kupuje
01:55
every day from small vendors.
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svakog dana, od malih trgovaca.
01:58
And also it has this idea of the public space
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Tu postoji i ideja o javnom prostoru,
02:00
that uses the outdoors to create activity.
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gdje se koristi otvoren prostor
za stvaranje aktivnosti.
za stvaranje aktivnosti.
02:03
So I thought, this is what I really want to design,
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Stoga sam pomislio kako je to
ono što, u stvari, želim dizajnirati,
ono što, u stvari, želim dizajnirati,
02:07
not a shopping mall.
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a ne veliki trgovački centar.
02:08
But the question was how we could do a multistory,
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No, pitanje je bilo kako bismo mogli
napraviti objekt na više katova,
napraviti objekt na više katova,
02:12
contemporary building with these principles.
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modernu zgradu prema ovim načelima.
02:15
The next challenge was when we looked at the site,
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Sljedeći izazov bio je,
kada smo vidjeli gradilište,
kada smo vidjeli gradilište,
02:17
that is, in a really growing area of the city,
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koje se nalazi u dijelu grada
koji ubrzano raste,
koji ubrzano raste,
02:20
where most of these buildings that you see in the image,
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većina ovih zgrada koje vidite na slici
02:22
they were not there.
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još nije postojala.
02:24
And it's also between two parallel streets
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Isto tako, nalazi se
između dvije paralelne ulice,
između dvije paralelne ulice,
02:26
that don't have any connection for hundreds of meters.
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koje uopće nisu povezane stotinama metara.
02:29
So the first thing we did was to create a connection
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Stoga smo prvo povezali
02:32
between these two streets,
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ove dvije ulice,
02:34
putting all the entrances of the building.
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tako što smo tamo postavili
sve ulaze u zgradu.
sve ulaze u zgradu.
02:36
And this extends with an inclined atrium
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A to se produžuje atrijem pod nagibom
02:39
that creates an open-air space in the building
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te se stvara otvoren prostor unutar zgrade
02:41
that self-protects itself with its own shape
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koji se svojim oblikom štiti
02:44
from the sun and the rain.
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od sunca i kiše.
02:46
And around this void
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Oko ove praznine
02:47
we placed this idea of the market with small shops,
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ubacili smo ideju tržnice
s malim radnjama,
s malim radnjama,
02:51
that change in each floor because of the shape of the void.
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koja se mijenja na svakom katu
prema obliku praznine.
prema obliku praznine.
02:54
I also thought, how to close the building?
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Također sam razmišljao
kako zatvoriti zgradu.
kako zatvoriti zgradu.
02:57
And I really wanted to find a solution
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Zaista sam želio naći rješenje
02:59
that would respond to the local climate conditions.
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koje bi odgovorilo na lokalne
klimatske uvjete.
klimatske uvjete.
03:02
And I started thinking about the textile
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I počeo sam razmišljati o tekstilu
03:04
like a shell made of concrete
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kao o školjki od betona
03:06
with perforations that would let the air in,
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sa šupljinama koje bi propuštale zrak
03:10
and also the light, but in a filtered way.
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i svjetlost, ali filtrirano.
03:12
And then the inspiration came from these beautiful
patterns of the Ethiopian women's dresses.
patterns of the Ethiopian women's dresses.
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A inspiracija je došla od ovih divnih
uzoraka s haljina Etiopljanki.
uzoraka s haljina Etiopljanki.
03:18
That they have fractal geometry properties
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One imaju te sitne geometrijske oblike,
03:20
and this helped me to shape the whole facade.
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što mi je pomoglo
oblikovati cijelo pročelje.
oblikovati cijelo pročelje.
03:22
And we are building that
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To gradimo pomoću
03:24
with these small prefabricated pieces
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ovih malih montažnih dijelova
03:26
that are the windows that let the air and the light
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koji služe kao prozori,
koji na kontrolirani način
koji na kontrolirani način
03:30
in a controlled way inside the building.
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propuštaju zrak i svjetlost u zgradu.
03:32
And this is complemented by these small colored glasses
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Ovo je dopunjeno malim staklima u boji,
03:34
that use the light from the inside of the building
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koja koriste svjetlo
iz unutrašnjosti zgrade
iz unutrašnjosti zgrade
03:37
to light up the building at night.
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za osvjetljavanje zgrade noću.
03:39
With these ideas it was not easy first to convince the developers
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S ovim idejama, u početku
nije bilo lako uvjeriti investitore,
nije bilo lako uvjeriti investitore,
03:44
because they were like,
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koji su mislili:
03:45
"This is not a shopping mall. We didn't ask for that."
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"Ovo nije trgovački centar.
Nismo to tražili."
Nismo to tražili."
03:47
But then we all realized that this idea of the market
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Ali onda smo shvatili
da je ova ideja tržnice
da je ova ideja tržnice
03:53
happened to be a lot more profitable than the idea of the shopping mall
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zapravo, mnogo profitabilnija
od ideje trgovačkog centra,
od ideje trgovačkog centra,
03:56
because basically they had more shops to sell.
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jer, u biti, ima više trgovina za prodaju.
03:59
And also that the idea of the facade was much, much cheaper,
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Također, ideja pročelja
bila je mnogo jeftinija,
bila je mnogo jeftinija,
04:03
not only because of the material compared with the glass,
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ne samo zbog materijala
u usporedbi sa staklom,
u usporedbi sa staklom,
04:05
but also because we didn't need to have air conditioning anymore.
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već i zato što više nismo morali
imati klima uređaje.
imati klima uređaje.
04:08
So we created some budget savings
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Tako smo uštedjeli nešto na budžetu
04:10
that we used to implement the project.
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i to iskoristili za sami projekt.
04:12
And the first implementation was to think
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Prva stvar bila je osmisliti
04:14
about how we could make the building self-sufficient in terms of energy
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kako bismo mogli napraviti
energetski samoodrživu zgradu,
energetski samoodrživu zgradu,
04:17
in a city that has electricity cuts almost every day.
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u gradu gdje su nestanci struje
svakodnevna pojava.
svakodnevna pojava.
04:20
So we created a huge asset by placing photovoltaics there on the roof.
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Stoga smo na krov postavili solarne ploče.
04:24
And then under those panels
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A ispod tih ploča,
04:27
we thought about the roof like a new public space with gathering areas and bars
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krov bi bio novi javni prostor
s mjestima za okupljanje te barovima,
s mjestima za okupljanje te barovima,
04:30
that would create this urban oasis.
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što bi stvorilo urbanu oazu.
04:33
And these porches on the roof,
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I ti trijemovi na krovu
04:35
all together they collect the water to reuse for sanitation on the inside.
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skupljali bi vodu koja bi se ponovo
koristila za sanitarije unutar zgrade.
koristila za sanitarije unutar zgrade.
04:40
Hopefully by the beginning of next year, because we are already on the fifth floor of the construction.
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Nadamo se početku sljedeće godine, jer smo
već stigli do petog kata s gradnjom.
već stigli do petog kata s gradnjom.
04:45
The second example is a master plan
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Drugi primjer veliki je projekt gradnje
04:48
of 2,000 apartments and facilities in the city of Tunis.
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2000 stanova i objekata u gradu Tunisu.
04:51
And for doing such a big project, the biggest project I've ever designed,
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I kako bih ostvario tako veliki projekt,
najveći koji sam ikada dizajnirao,
najveći koji sam ikada dizajnirao,
04:55
I really needed to understand the city of Tunis,
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zaista sam trebao shvatiti grad Tunis,
04:57
but also its surroundings and the tradition and culture.
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ali i njegovo okruženje,
tradiciju i kulturu.
tradiciju i kulturu.
05:01
During that analysis I paid special attention to the medina
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Tijekom te analize posebnu pažnju
posvetio sam Medini,
posvetio sam Medini,
05:05
that is this 1,000-year-old structure that used to be closed by a wall,
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1000 godina starom dijelu grada
koji je ranije bio zatvoren zidom,
koji je ranije bio zatvoren zidom,
05:09
opened by twelve different gates, connected by almost straight lines.
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s dvanaest različitih vrata,
povezanih skoro ravnim linijama.
povezanih skoro ravnim linijama.
05:13
When I went to the site, the first design operation we did
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Kada smo otišli
na gradilište, prvo smo
na gradilište, prvo smo
05:17
was to extend the existing streets, creating 12 initial blocks
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proširili postojeće ulice
i napravili 12 početnih blokova,
i napravili 12 početnih blokova,
05:21
similar in size and characteristics to the ones we have in Barcelona
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veličinom i karakteristikama
sličnim onima u Barceloni
sličnim onima u Barceloni
05:25
and other cities in Europe with these courtyards.
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i ostalim europskim gradovima
s ovakvim dvorištima.
s ovakvim dvorištima.
05:28
On top of that, we selected some strategic points
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Povrh toga, izabrali smo
neke strateške točke
neke strateške točke
05:30
reminded of this idea of the gates and connecting them by straight lines,
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sjetivši se ideje vrata
povezanih ravnim linijama,
povezanih ravnim linijama,
05:34
and this modified this initial pattern.
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što je izmijenilo početni uzorak.
05:36
And the last operation was to think about the cell,
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Posljednja operacija bila je
razmišljanje o osnovi,
razmišljanje o osnovi,
05:39
the small cell of the project, like the apartment,
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maloj jedinici projekta, poput stana,
05:41
as an essential part of the master plan.
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kao osnovnom elementu ovog plana.
05:43
And for that I thought, what would be the best orientation
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Razmišljao sam koja bi bila
najbolja orijentacija
najbolja orijentacija
05:46
in the Mediterranean climate for an apartment?
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za stan u mediteranskoj klimi?
05:49
And it's north-south, because it creates a thermal difference between both sides of the house
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To je sjever-jug, jer stvara
toplinsku razliku između dvije strane kuće
toplinsku razliku između dvije strane kuće
05:53
and then a natural ventilation.
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a time i prirodno prozračivanje.
05:56
So we overlap a pattern that makes sure that most of the apartments
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Tako stvaramo uzorak
koji osigurava da većina stanova
koji osigurava da većina stanova
06:00
are perfectly oriented in that direction.
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bude savršeno orijentirana u tom smjeru.
06:02
And this is the result
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I ovo je rezultat,
06:04
that is almost like a combination of the European block and the Arab city.
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skoro poput kombinacije europskog
stambenog bloka i arapskog grada.
stambenog bloka i arapskog grada.
06:07
It has these blocks with courtyards,
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Ima te cjeline s dvorištima,
06:09
and then on the ground floor
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a u prizemlju
06:10
you have all these connections for the pedestrians.
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imate svu tu povezanost za pješake.
06:12
And also it responds to the local regulations that establish
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A ovo također odgovara
i lokalnim propisima koji određuju
i lokalnim propisima koji određuju
06:15
a higher density on the upper levels and a lower density on the ground floor.
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veću gustoću na višim katovima
i manju gustoću u prizemlju.
i manju gustoću u prizemlju.
06:19
And it also reinforces this idea of the gates.
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Također učvršćuje i ideju ulaznih vrata.
06:22
The volume has this connecting shape
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Volumen ima ovaj povezujući oblik,
06:24
that shades itself with three different types of apartments
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koji se sam zaklanja od svjetla
pomoću tri različite vrste stanova
pomoću tri različite vrste stanova
06:28
and also lets the light go on the ground floor in a very dense neighborhood
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te propušta svjetlost u prizemlje
u vrlo gusto naseljenom dijelu.
u vrlo gusto naseljenom dijelu.
06:31
And in the courtyards there are the different facilities,
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A u dvorištima su različiti sadržaji,
06:34
such as a gym and a kindergarten
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poput teretane i dječjeg vrtića,
06:36
and close by, a series of commercial [spaces] that bring activity to the ground floor.
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a pored toga su komercijalni prostori
koji donose aktivnost u prizemlje.
koji donose aktivnost u prizemlje.
06:40
The roof, which is my favorite space of the project
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Krov, koji je moj omiljeni prostor
cijelog projekta,
cijelog projekta,
06:43
is almost like giving back to the community the space taken by the construction.
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skoro kao da vraća zajednici prostor
koji joj je oduzet građevinom.
koji joj je oduzet građevinom.
06:46
And it's where all the neighbors, they can go up and socialize,
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Tu svi stanari mogu doći i družiti se,
06:49
and do activities such as having a two-kilometer run in the morning,
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baviti se aktivnostima kao što je
trčati ujutro dva kilometra,
trčati ujutro dva kilometra,
06:52
jumping from one building to another.
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prelazeći s jedne zgrade na drugu.
06:56
These two examples,
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Ova dva primjera
06:58
they have a common approach in the design process.
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imaju isti pristup u procesu dizajniranja.
Također, oba su u zemljama u razvoju,
gdje možete vidjeti
gdje možete vidjeti
07:01
And also, they are in emerging countries where you can see
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07:04
the cities literally growing.
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kako gradovi doslovno rastu.
07:06
In these cities, the impact of architecture in people's lives of today and tomorrow
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U ovim gradovima, utjecaj arhitekture
na živote ljudi danas i sutra
na živote ljudi danas i sutra
07:11
changes the local communities and economies at the same speed as the buildings grow.
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mijenja lokalne zajednice i ekonomije
istom brzinom kojom rastu i zgrade.
istom brzinom kojom rastu i zgrade.
07:16
For this reason, I see even more importance
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Zbog toga, vidim još veću važnost u tome
07:19
to look at architecture finding simple but affordable solutions
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kako arhitektura nalazi jednostavna,
ali ekonomična rješenja
ali ekonomična rješenja
07:24
that enhance the relationship between the community and the environment
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koja produbljuju vezu
između zajednice i okruženja
između zajednice i okruženja
07:28
and that aim to connect nature and people.
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te imaju za cilj povezati prirodu i ljude.
07:32
Thank you very much.
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Hvala vam.
07:34
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Xavier Vilalta - Architect and urbanistBarcelona-based architect Xavier Vilalta works in Europe, Africa and the Middle East. He adopts and updates traditional design principles to construct modern buildings that truly suit their environment.
Why you should listen
Named young architect of the year at the Leaf Awards in 2008, Xavier Vilalta is the founder of XVA, a Barcelona-based design team operating in the fields of architecture, urbanism and research.
The TED Fellow and his team have worked on more than 60 projects, including homes, schools, cultural institutions and commercial buildings everywhere from Africa to the Middle East. Declaring that "we love nature and we care about people," the team's design philosophy is to connect the old and the new, co-opting and updating the best thinking of past traditions to create modern buildings that are both deeply respectful of the past and searingly contemporary.
Recent projects include the Lideta Mercato shopping mall in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, and a concept for a series of urban gardens in Qatar.
Xavier Vilalta | Speaker | TED.com