TEDGlobal 2013
Greg Asner: Ecology from the air
Greg Asner: Ekologija iz zraka
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Od čega su naše šume stvarno napravljene? Iz zraka, ekolog Greg Asner koristi spektrometar i laser visoke snage da mapira prirodu do u pedantan kaleidoskopski 3D detalj -- onime što naziva "vrlo visokotehnološkom računovodstvenom sustavom" ugljika. O ovom fascinantnom govoru, Asner predaje jasnu poruku: da spasimo naš ekosustav trebamo više podataka, prikupljenih na nove načine.
Greg Asner - Airborne ecologist
Greg Asner’s mapping technology produces detailed, complex pictures of how humans’ activities affect our ecosystems. Full bio
Greg Asner’s mapping technology produces detailed, complex pictures of how humans’ activities affect our ecosystems. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
Technology can change our understanding of nature.
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Tehnologija može promijeniti
naše razumijevanje prirode.
naše razumijevanje prirode.
00:16
Take for example the case of lions.
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Uzmite na primjer slučaj lavova.
00:19
For centuries, it's been said that female lions
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Kroz stoljeća, govoreno
je kako ženke lavova
je kako ženke lavova
00:22
do all of the hunting out in the open savanna,
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obavljaju sav lov na otvorenoj savani
00:24
and male lions do nothing until it's time for dinner.
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a lavovi mužjaci ne rade ništa
sve dok ne dođe vrijeme za večeru.
sve dok ne dođe vrijeme za večeru.
00:28
You've heard this too, I can tell.
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I vi ste to čuli, vidim.
00:31
Well recently, I led an airborne mapping campaign
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Pa nedavno, vodio sam
kampanju mapiranja iz zraka
kampanju mapiranja iz zraka
00:34
in the Kruger National Park in South Africa.
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u Nacionalnom parku Kruger u Južnoj Africi.
00:36
Our colleagues put GPS tracking collars
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Naši su kolege stavili
ovratnike za praćenje preko GPS
ovratnike za praćenje preko GPS
00:39
on male and female lions,
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na muške i ženske lavove,
00:41
and we mapped their hunting behavior
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a mi smo mapirali
njihovo lovačko ponašanje
njihovo lovačko ponašanje
00:42
from the air.
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iz zraka.
00:44
The lower left shows a lion sizing up
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Niže lijevo pokazuje
lavove kako promatraju
lavove kako promatraju
00:46
a herd of impala for a kill,
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stado impala radi lova,
00:48
and the right shows what I call
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a desno pokazuje
što zovem
što zovem
00:50
the lion viewshed.
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lavlji pregled.
00:52
That's how far the lion can see in all directions
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To je kako daleko lav
može vidjeti u svim smjerovima
može vidjeti u svim smjerovima
00:54
until his or her view is obstructed by vegetation.
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dok mu ili joj pogled
nije prekinut vegetacijom.
nije prekinut vegetacijom.
00:59
And what we found
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A što smo otkrili
01:00
is that male lions are not the lazy hunters
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je da muški lavovi
nisu lijeni lovci
nisu lijeni lovci
01:03
we thought them to be.
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kako što smo mislili.
01:04
They just use a different strategy.
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Samo koriste drugačiju strategiju.
01:06
Whereas the female lions hunt
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Dok lavice love
01:08
out in the open savanna
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na otvorenoj savani
01:09
over long distances, usually during the day,
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preko velikih udaljenosti,
obično tijekom dana,
obično tijekom dana,
01:12
male lions use an ambush strategy
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muški lavovi koriste strategiju zasjede
01:15
in dense vegetation, and often at night.
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u gustoj vegetaciji, i često noću.
01:19
This video shows the actual hunting viewsheds
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Ovaj video pokazuje lovački pregled
01:22
of male lions on the left
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lavova mužjaka lijevo
01:23
and females on the right.
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a ženki desno.
01:25
Red and darker colors show more dense vegetation,
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Crvena i tamnije boje
pokazuju gušću vegetaciju,
pokazuju gušću vegetaciju,
01:28
and the white are wide open spaces.
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a bijelo su širom otvoreni prostori.
01:30
And this is the viewshed right literally at the eye level
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A ovo je pregled točan
doslovno u razini očiju
doslovno u razini očiju
01:33
of hunting male and female lions.
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mužjaka i ženke lava u lovu.
01:36
All of a sudden, you get a very clear understanding
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Odjednom, dobijete
vrlo jasno razumjevanje
vrlo jasno razumjevanje
01:38
of the very spooky conditions under which
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vrlo sablasnih uvjeta pod kojima
01:41
male lions do their hunting.
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muški lavovi obavljaju svoj lov.
01:43
I bring up this example to begin,
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Navodim ovaj primjer za početak,
01:44
because it emphasizes how little
we know about nature.
we know about nature.
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jer naglašava kako malo znamo o prirodi.
01:49
There's been a huge amount of work done so far
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Već je obavljena ogromna količina rada
01:52
to try to slow down our losses of tropical forests,
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u pokušaju da se uspori
gubitak naših tropskih šuma,
gubitak naših tropskih šuma,
01:55
and we are losing our forests at a rapid rate,
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a gubimo šume brzom stopom,
01:57
as shown in red on the slide.
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kao što je prikazano crvenom na slajdu.
01:59
I find it ironic that we're doing so much,
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Nalazim ironičnim da radimo toliko puno,
02:01
yet these areas are fairly unknown to science.
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a ipak ova su područja zapravo nepoznata znanosti.
02:05
So how can we save what we don't understand?
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Pa kako možemo sačuvati što ne razumijemo?
02:08
Now I'm a global ecologist and an Earth explorer
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Sad, ja sam globalni ekolog i istraživač Zemlje
02:10
with a background in physics and chemistry
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sa pozadinom u fizici i kemiji
02:12
and biology and a lot of other boring subjects,
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i biologiji i mnoštvu drugih dosadnih predmeta,
02:15
but above all, I'm obsessed with what we don't know
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ali iznad svega, opsjednut
sam onime što ne znamo
sam onime što ne znamo
02:18
about our planet.
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o našem planetu.
02:20
So I created this,
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Pa sam stvorio ovo,
02:22
the Carnegie Airborne Observatory, or CAO.
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Carnegiejev zračni opservatorij, ili CAO.
02:25
It may look like a plane with a fancy paint job,
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Može izgledati poput aviona
sa lijepim bojama,
sa lijepim bojama,
02:27
but I packed it with over 1,000 kilos
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ali opremio sam ga sa preko 1000 kilograma
02:30
of high-tech sensors, computers,
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visokotehnoloških senzora, računala,
02:32
and a very motivated staff
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i vrlo motiviranom posadom
02:34
of Earth scientists and pilots.
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znanstvenika o Zemlji i pilota.
02:37
Two of our instruments are very unique:
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Dva od naših instrumenata
su vrlo jedinstveni:
su vrlo jedinstveni:
02:39
one is called an imaging spectrometer
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jedan se zove oslikavajući spektrometar
02:40
that can actually measure the chemical composition
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koji može mjeriti kemijski sastav
02:42
of plants as we fly over them.
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biljaka dok ih nadlijećemo.
02:45
Another one is a set of lasers,
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Drugi je skup lasera,
02:47
very high-powered lasers,
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vrlo moćnih lasera,
02:49
that fire out of the bottom of the plane,
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koji pucaju s donjeg dijela aviona
02:51
sweeping across the ecosystem
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prelazeći preko ekosustava
02:53
and measuring it at nearly 500,000 times per second
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i mjereći ga pri gotovo 500.000 taktova u sekundi
02:57
in high-resolution 3D.
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u 3D visoke razlučivosti.
02:59
Here's an image of the Golden Gate Bridge
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Ovdje je slika mosta preko Golden Gatea
03:01
in San Francisco, not far from where I live.
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u San Franciscu, ne daleko od gdje živim.
03:04
Although we flew straight over this bridge,
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Iako smo letjeli ravno iznad ovog mosta
03:05
we imaged it in 3D, captured its color
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snimili smo ga u 3D, ulovili njegovu boju
03:07
in just a few seconds.
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u samo nekoliko sekundi.
03:09
But the real power of the CAO
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Ali prava je moć CAO
03:11
is its ability to capture the actual building blocks
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njegova sposobnost da uhvati
stvarne sastavne dijelove
stvarne sastavne dijelove
03:13
of ecosystems.
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raznih ekosustava.
03:15
This is a small town in the Amazon,
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Ovo je gradić u Amazoni,
03:17
imaged with the CAO.
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oslikan sa CAO.
03:18
We can slice through our data
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Možemo sjeckati kroz naše podatke
03:20
and see, for example, the 3D structure
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i vidjeti, na primjer, 3D strukturu
03:22
of the vegetation and the buildings,
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vegetacije i građevina,
03:25
or we can use the chemical information
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ili možemo koristiti kemijsku informaciju
03:27
to actually figure out how fast the plants are growing
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da odredimo kako brzo biljke rastu
03:29
as we fly over them.
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dok ih nadlijećemo.
03:31
The hottest pinks are the fastest-growing plants.
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Najtoplije ružičaste
su najbrže rastuće biljke.
su najbrže rastuće biljke.
03:34
And we can see biodiversity in ways
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I možemo vidjeti bioraznolikost na načine
03:36
that you never could have imagined.
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koje nikad niste mogli ni zamisliti.
03:38
This is what a rainforest might look like
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Ovo je kako kišna šuma može izgledati
03:40
as you fly over it in a hot air balloon.
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dok letite iznad nje u balonu.
03:42
This is how we see a rainforest,
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Ovo je kako mi vidimo kišnu šumu,
03:44
in kaleidoscopic color that tells us
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u kaleidoskopskoj boji koja nam govori
03:46
that there are many species living with one another.
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kako je tamo puno vrsta
koje žive jedne s drugima.
koje žive jedne s drugima.
03:49
But you have to remember that these trees
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Ali morate zapamtiti da je ovo drveće
03:51
are literally bigger than whales,
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doslovno veće od kitova,
03:54
and what that means is that
they're impossible to understand
they're impossible to understand
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a to znači je kako
ih je nemoguće razumjeti
ih je nemoguće razumjeti
03:57
just by walking on the ground below them.
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samo hodajući po tlu ispod njih.
03:59
So our imagery is 3D, it's chemical, it's biological,
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Dakle naš prikaz je 3D,
kemijski je, biološki je,
kemijski je, biološki je,
04:04
and this tells us not only the species
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i ne govori nam samo o vrstama
04:06
that are living in the canopy,
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koje žive u krošnji,
04:08
but it tells us a lot of information
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već nam govori puno informacija
04:10
about the rest of the species
that occupy the rainforest.
that occupy the rainforest.
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o ostatku vrsta koje nastanjuju kišnu šumu.
04:13
Now I created the CAO
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Sad, stvorio sam CAO
04:15
in order to answer questions that have proven
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da bih odgovorio na
pitanja koja su se pokazala
pitanja koja su se pokazala
04:18
extremely challenging to answer
from any other vantage point,
from any other vantage point,
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izuzetno zahtjevna za odgovoriti
iz bilo koje točke gledišta,
iz bilo koje točke gledišta,
04:21
such as from the ground, or from satellite sensors.
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kao sa zemlje, ili pomoću satelitskog senzora.
04:24
I want to share three of those
questions with you today.
questions with you today.
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Želim danas s vama
podijeliti tri od tih pitanja.
podijeliti tri od tih pitanja.
04:27
The first questions is,
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Prvo je pitanje,
04:29
how do we manage our carbon reserves
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Kako upravljamo našim ugljičnim rezervama
04:30
in tropical forests?
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u tropskim šumama?
04:33
Tropical forests contain a huge
amount of carbon in the trees,
amount of carbon in the trees,
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Tropske šume sadrže
ogromnu količinu ugljika u drveću,
ogromnu količinu ugljika u drveću,
04:37
and we need to keep that carbon in those forests
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i mi trebamo zadržati taj ugljik u tim šumama
04:39
if we're going to avoid any further global warming.
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ako želimo izbjeći ikakvo
daljnje globalno zagrijavanje.
daljnje globalno zagrijavanje.
04:43
Unfortunately, global carbon emissions
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Nažalost, globalno ispuštanje ugljika
04:45
from deforestation
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od krčenja šuma
04:47
now equals the global transportation sector.
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je sada jednako globalnom
prijevozničkom sektoru.
prijevozničkom sektoru.
04:50
That's all ships, airplanes, trains
and automobiles combined.
and automobiles combined.
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To su svi brodovi, avioni,
vlakovi i automobili zajedno.
vlakovi i automobili zajedno.
04:54
So it's understandable that policy negotiators
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Pa je razumljivo da
politički pregovaratelji
politički pregovaratelji
04:57
have been working hard to reduce deforestation,
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naporno rade kako
bi smanjili krčenje šuma,
bi smanjili krčenje šuma,
05:00
but they're doing it on landscapes
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ali oni to čine u krajobrazima
05:01
that are hardly known to science.
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koji jedva da su poznati znanosti.
05:04
If you don't know where the carbon is exactly,
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Ako ne znate gdje je ugljik točno,
05:06
in detail, how can you know what you're losing?
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detaljno, kako možete znati što gubite?
05:09
Basically, we need a high-tech accounting system.
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U osnovi, trebamo visokotehnološki
računovodstveni sustav.
računovodstveni sustav.
05:13
With our system, we're able to see the carbon stocks
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S našim sustavom, moguće nam je vidjeti zalihe ugljika
05:15
of tropical forests in utter detail.
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u tropskim šumama do najmanjeg detalja.
05:18
The red shows, obviously,
closed-canopy tropical forest,
closed-canopy tropical forest,
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Crvena pokazuje, očito,
tropsku šumu zatvorene krošnje,
tropsku šumu zatvorene krošnje,
05:21
and then you see the cookie cutting,
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i onda vidite rez kolača,
05:23
or the cutting of the forest in yellows and greens.
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ili rezove šume u žutima i zelenima.
05:27
It's like cutting a cake except this cake
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To je poput rezanja kolača
osim što je ovaj kolač
osim što je ovaj kolač
05:30
is about whale deep.
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otprilike dubine kita.
05:32
And yet, we can zoom in and see the forest
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Pa ipak, možemo zumirati i vidjeti šumu
05:34
and the trees at the same time.
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i drveće istovremeno.
05:36
And what's amazing is, even though we flew
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A što je zapanjujuće,
iako smo letjeli
iako smo letjeli
05:38
very high above this forest,
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vrlo visoko iznad ove šume,
05:40
later on in analysis, we can go in
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kasnije u analizi,
možemo ući unutra
možemo ući unutra
05:42
and actually experience the treetrops,
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i zbilja iskusiti vrhove krošanja,
05:44
leaf by leaf, branch by branch,
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list po list, granu po granu,
05:47
just as the other species that live in this forest
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baš kao što je
druge vrste koje žive u ovoj šumi
druge vrste koje žive u ovoj šumi
05:50
experience it along with the trees themselves.
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same doživljavaju zajedno sa drvima.
05:53
We've been using the technology to explore
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Koristili smo tehnologiju da istražimo
05:55
and to actually put out the first carbon geographies
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i objavimo prve zbiljske ugljične zemljopise
05:58
in high resolution
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u visokoj rezoluciji
06:00
in faraway places like the Amazon Basin
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udaljenih mjesta poput
Amazonskog bazena
Amazonskog bazena
06:02
and not-so-faraway places like the United States
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i ne tako udaljenih mjesta
poput Sjedinjenih država
poput Sjedinjenih država
06:04
and Central America.
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i Srednje Amerike.
06:06
What I'm going to do is I'm going to take you
on a high-resolution, first-time tour
on a high-resolution, first-time tour
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Što ću sad napraviti je povesti vas
na turu visoke razlučivoti, po prvi put,
na turu visoke razlučivoti, po prvi put,
06:09
of the carbon landscapes of Peru and then Panama.
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po ugljičnim krajobrazima
Perua i potom Paname.
Perua i potom Paname.
06:13
The colors are going to be going from red to blue.
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Boje će se kretati od crvene do plave.
06:16
Red is extremely high carbon stocks,
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Crveno su krajnje visoke zalihe ugljika,
06:18
your largest cathedral forests you can imagine,
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najveće katedralne šume
koje možete zamisliti,
koje možete zamisliti,
06:21
and blue are very low carbon stocks.
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a plavo su vrlo niske ugljične zalihe.
06:23
And let me tell you, Peru alone is an amazing place,
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I da vam kažem,
već je sam Peru zapanjujuće mjesto,
već je sam Peru zapanjujuće mjesto,
06:25
totally unknown in terms of its carbon geography
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posve nepoznat u pogledu
vlastitog ugljičnog zemljopisa
vlastitog ugljičnog zemljopisa
06:28
until today.
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do danas.
06:29
We can fly to this area in northern Peru
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Možemo odletjeti do ovog
mjesta u sjevernom Peruu
mjesta u sjevernom Peruu
06:31
and see super high carbon stocks in red,
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i vidjeti supervisoke zalihe ugljika u crvenoj,
06:33
and the Amazon River and floodplain
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te rijeku Amazonu i poplavnu ravnicu
06:35
cutting right through it.
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kako prolazi kroz njih.
06:37
We can go to an area of utter devastation
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Možemo otići do
područja krajnjeg uništenja
područja krajnjeg uništenja
06:38
caused by deforestation in blue,
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uzrokovanog krčenjem šuma u plavoj,
06:40
and the virus of deforestation
spreading out in orange.
spreading out in orange.
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te virusa krčenja šuma
kako se širi van u narančastoj.
kako se širi van u narančastoj.
06:44
We can also fly to the southern Andes
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Također možemo odletjeti
do južnih Andi
do južnih Andi
06:46
to see the tree line and see exactly how
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kako bi vidjeli granicu
drveća i točno vidjeli kako
drveća i točno vidjeli kako
06:48
the carbon geography ends
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ugljični zemljopis završava
06:50
as we go up into the mountain system.
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dok se penjemo u planinski sustav.
06:53
And we can go to the biggest swamp
in the western Amazon.
in the western Amazon.
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I možemo otići do najveće
močvare u zapadnoj Amazoni.
močvare u zapadnoj Amazoni.
06:56
It's a watery dreamworld
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To je vodena zemlja snova
06:57
akin to Jim Cameron's "Avatar."
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nalik Jim Cameronovom "Avataru"
07:00
We can go to one of the smallest tropical countries,
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Možemo otići do jedne od
najmanjih tropskih zemalja,
najmanjih tropskih zemalja,
07:03
Panama, and see also a huge range
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Paname, i također
vidjeti ogroman raspon
vidjeti ogroman raspon
07:05
of carbon variation,
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varijacije ugljika,
07:07
from high in red to low in blue.
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od visoke u crvenom do niske u plavom.
07:09
Unfortunately, most of the carbon
is lost in the lowlands,
is lost in the lowlands,
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Nažalost, najviše je ugljika
izgubljeno u nizinama,
izgubljeno u nizinama,
07:12
but what you see that's left,
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ali ono što vidite da je preostalo,
07:13
in terms of high carbon stocks in greens and reds,
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u pogledu visokih ugljičnih zaliha
u zelenima i crvenima,
u zelenima i crvenima,
07:16
is the stuff that's up in the mountains.
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je stvar koja je u planinama.
07:18
One interesting exception to this
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Jedna zanimljiva iznimka od toga
07:20
is right in the middle of your screen.
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je točno na sredini ekrana.
07:22
You're seeing the buffer zone
around the Panama Canal.
around the Panama Canal.
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Vidite tampon zonu
oko Panamskog kanala.
oko Panamskog kanala.
07:25
That's in the reds and yellows.
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To je u crvenima i žutima.
07:27
The canal authorities are using force
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Vlasti kanala koriste silu
07:28
to protect their watershed and global commerce.
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da zaštite svoje
razvođe i globalnu trgovinu.
razvođe i globalnu trgovinu.
07:31
This kind of carbon mapping
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Ova vrsta mapiranja ugljika
07:33
has transformed conservation
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je promijenila razvoj politike očuvanja
07:35
and resource policy development.
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i razvoj politike spram resursa.
07:36
It's really advancing our ability to save forests
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Zbilja nam je unaprijedila
sposobnost da sačuvamo šume
sposobnost da sačuvamo šume
07:39
and to curb climate change.
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i obuzdamo klimatske promjene.
07:41
My second question: How do we
prepare for climate change
prepare for climate change
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Moje drugo pitanje: Kako se
pripremiti za klimatske promjene
pripremiti za klimatske promjene
07:45
in a place like the Amazon rainforest?
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na mjestu poput Amazonske prašume?
07:47
Let me tell you, I spend a lot of time
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Da vam kažem, provodim puno vremena
07:48
in these places, and we're seeing
the climate changing already.
the climate changing already.
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ma takvim mjestima, i već
vidimo klimu kako se mijenja.
vidimo klimu kako se mijenja.
07:52
Temperatures are increasing,
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Temperature rastu,
07:53
and what's really happening is
we're getting a lot of droughts,
we're getting a lot of droughts,
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i što se zbilja događa je
kako dobijamo puno suša,
kako dobijamo puno suša,
07:56
recurring droughts.
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ponavljajućih suša.
07:58
The 2010 mega-drought is shown here
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Mega-suša iz 2010. je prikazana ovdje
07:59
with red showing an area
about the size of Western Europe.
about the size of Western Europe.
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sa crvenom koja pokazuje područje
veličine oko zapadne Europe.
veličine oko zapadne Europe.
08:03
The Amazon was so dry in 2010
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Amazona je bila toliko suha te 2010.
08:05
that even the main stem of the Amazon river itself
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da se čak i sam glavni tok rijeke Amazone
08:08
dried up partially, as you see in the photo
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djelomično osušio, kao
što vidite na fotografiji
što vidite na fotografiji
08:10
in the lower portion of the slide.
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u nižem dijelu slajda.
08:13
What we found is that in very remote areas,
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Što smo otkrili je kako
u vrlo udaljenim područjima,
u vrlo udaljenim područjima,
08:16
these droughts are having a big negative impact
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ove suše imaju veliki negativni utjecaj
08:19
on tropical forests.
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na tropske šume.
08:21
For example, these are all of the dead trees in red
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Na primjer, ovo je svo mrtvo drveće u crvenom
08:23
that suffered mortality following the 2010 drought.
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koje je pretrpjelo
usmrćenje uslijed suše 2010.
usmrćenje uslijed suše 2010.
08:26
This area happens to be on the border
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Ovo je područje na granici
08:28
of Peru and Brazil,
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Perua i Brazila,
08:30
totally unexplored,
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potpuno neistraženo,
08:31
almost totally unknown scientifically.
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gotovo potpuno nepoznato znanosti.
08:34
So what we think, as Earth scientists,
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Pa što mislimo, kao znanstvenici o Zemlji,
08:36
is species are going to have to migrate
210
504922
1959
je kako će se vrste morati seliti
08:38
with climate change from the east in Brazil
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2792
sa klimatskom promjenom
istočno iz Brazila
istočno iz Brazila
08:41
all the way west into the Andes
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2064
zapadno sve do unutar Andi
08:43
and up into the mountains
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1473
i u planine
08:45
in order to minimize their
exposure to climate change.
exposure to climate change.
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3536
da bi smanjile svoju
izloženost promjeni klime.
izloženost promjeni klime.
08:48
One of the problems with this is that humans
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516746
2008
Jedan od problema s tim je kako ljudi
08:50
are taking apart the western Amazon as we speak.
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3025
rastavljaju zapadnu Amazonu
baš u ovom trenutku.
baš u ovom trenutku.
08:53
Look at this 100-square-kilometer gash
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Pogledajte ovaj duboki rez
od sto kvadratnih kilometara
od sto kvadratnih kilometara
08:55
in the forest created by gold miners.
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u šumi koji su napravili rudari zlata.
08:58
You see the forest in green in 3D,
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2278
Vidite šumu u zelenom u 3D,
09:01
and you see the effects of gold mining
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529068
1834
i vidite učinke rudarenja zlata
09:02
down below the soil surface.
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ispod površine zemlje.
09:05
Species have nowhere to migrate
in a system like this, obviously.
in a system like this, obviously.
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Vrste nemaju kuda seliti
u sustavu poput ovog, očito.
u sustavu poput ovog, očito.
09:09
If you haven't been to the Amazon, you should go.
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Ako niste bili u Amazoni, trebali bi otići.
09:12
It's an amazing experience every time,
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2038
To je zapanjujuće iskustvo svaki put,
09:14
no matter where you go.
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bez obzira gdje odete.
09:16
You're going to probably see it this way, on a river.
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3396
Vjerojatno ćete ju vidjeti na ovaj način, sa rijeke.
09:19
But what happens is a lot of times
227
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1764
Ali što se događa je kako puno puta
09:21
the rivers hide what's really going on
228
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1852
rijeke sakrivaju što se zbilja događa
09:23
back in the forest itself.
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2765
iza u samoj šumi.
09:25
We flew over this same river,
230
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1714
Letjeli smo iznad iste ove rijeke,
09:27
imaged the system in 3D.
231
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1840
slikali sustav u 3D.
09:29
The forest is on the left.
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1816
Šuma je lijevo.
09:31
And then we can digitally remove the forest
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559280
1986
A potom možemo digitalno maknuti šumu
09:33
and see what's going on below the canopy.
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2459
i gledati što se dešava ispod krošanja.
09:35
And in this case, we found gold mining activity,
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2450
A u ovom slučaju, našli
smo aktivnosti rudarenja zlata,
smo aktivnosti rudarenja zlata,
09:38
all of it illegal,
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1237
sve bespravne,
09:39
set back away from the river's edge,
237
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2196
postavljene nešto dalje od ruba rijeke.
09:41
as you'll see in those strange pockmarks
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1904
kao što ćete vidjeti u
ovim neobičnim jamicama
ovim neobičnim jamicama
09:43
coming up on your screen on the right.
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2027
koje dolaze s desna.
09:45
Don't worry, we're working with the authorities
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2329
Ne brinite, radimo s vlastima
09:47
to deal with this and many, many other problems
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2451
da riješimo ovaj i brojne,
brojne druge probleme
brojne druge probleme
09:50
in the region.
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2610
u regiji.
09:52
So in order to put together a conservation plan
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580929
3055
Pa kako bismo sastavili plan očuvanja
09:55
for these unique, important corridors
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1740
za te jedinstvene, važne koridore
09:57
like the western Amazon
and the Andes Amazon corridor,
and the Andes Amazon corridor,
245
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2987
poput koridora zapadne
Amazone i andske Amazone,
Amazone i andske Amazone,
10:00
we have to start making
246
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2164
moramo početi raditi
10:02
geographically explicit plans now.
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590875
2406
zemljopisno određene planove sada.
10:05
How do we do that if we don't know
the geography of biodiversity in the region,
the geography of biodiversity in the region,
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Kako to činiti ako ne znamo
zemljopis bioraznolikosti u regiji,
zemljopis bioraznolikosti u regiji,
10:09
if it's so unknown to science?
249
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1695
ako je tako nepoznata znanosti?
10:10
So what we've been doing is using
250
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1864
Pa što smo radili
je koristili smo
je koristili smo
10:12
the laser-guided spectroscopy from the CAO
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2973
laserom vođenu spektroskopiju iz CAO
10:15
to map for the first time the biodiversity
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2224
da po prvi put mapiramo bioraznolikost
10:18
of the Amazon rainforest.
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Amazonske prašume.
10:19
Here you see actual data showing
different species in different colors.
different species in different colors.
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3537
Ovdje vidite prave podatke koji
pokazuju različite vrste u različitim bojama.
pokazuju različite vrste u različitim bojama.
10:23
Reds are one type of species, blues are another,
255
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2140
Crveno su vrste jednog tipa, plavo drugog,
10:25
and greens are yet another.
256
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2345
a zelene opet nekog slijedećeg.
10:27
And when we take this together and scale up
257
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2163
A kad to saberemo zajedno i povećamo
10:29
to the regional level,
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1884
do regionalne razine,
10:31
we get a completely new geography
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2569
dobijemo posve novi zemljopis
10:34
of biodiversity unknown prior to this work.
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4388
bioraznolikosti nepoznat prije ovog rada.
10:38
This tells us where the big biodiversity changes
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626619
2148
Ovo nam govori gdje se
velike promjene u bioraznolikosti
velike promjene u bioraznolikosti
10:40
occur from habitat to habitat,
262
628767
2014
pojavljuju od staništa do staništa,
10:42
and that's really important because it tells us
263
630781
2183
a to je zbilja važno
jer nam govori
jer nam govori
10:44
a lot about where species may migrate to
264
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2895
puno o tome gdje se vrste mogu doseliti
10:47
and migrate from as the climate shifts.
265
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2883
i odseliti kako se klima mijenja.
10:50
And this is the pivotal information that's needed
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3222
A to je informacija od
glavnog značaja koju trebaju
glavnog značaja koju trebaju
10:53
by decision makers to develop protected areas
267
641964
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donositelji odluka kako bi
razvili zaštićena područja
razvili zaštićena područja
10:57
in the context of their regional development plans.
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3419
u kontekstu svojih
regionalnih planova za razvoj.
regionalnih planova za razvoj.
11:00
And third and final question is,
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1897
I treće i konačno pitanje je,
11:02
how do we manage biodiversity on a planet
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2108
Kako upravljati bioraznolikošću na planetu
11:04
of protected ecosystems?
271
652896
1978
zaštićenih ekosustava?
11:06
The example I started out
with about lions hunting,
with about lions hunting,
272
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2751
Primjer s kojim sam
započeo, o lavljem lovu,
započeo, o lavljem lovu,
11:09
that was a study we did
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1855
to je bilo istraživanje koje smo činili
11:11
behind the fence line of a protected area
274
659480
1992
iza ograde zaštićenog područja
11:13
in South Africa.
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1732
u Južnoj Africi.
11:15
And the truth is, much of Africa's nature
276
663204
1998
A istina je kako će većina afričke prirode
11:17
is going to persist into the future
277
665202
1915
ustrajati u budućnosti
11:19
in protected areas like I show in blue on the screen.
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3246
u zaštićenim područjima poput ovih
koje vam pokazujem plavo na ekranu.
koje vam pokazujem plavo na ekranu.
11:22
This puts incredible pressure and responsibility
279
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2476
To stavlja nevjerojatan
pritisak i odgovornost
pritisak i odgovornost
11:24
on park management.
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1619
na upravu parka.
11:26
They need to do and make decisions
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2617
Moraju izvršavati
i donositi odluke
i donositi odluke
11:29
that will benefit all of the species
that they're protecting.
that they're protecting.
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3291
koje će pogodovati
svim vrstama koje štite.
svim vrstama koje štite.
11:32
Some of their decisions have really big impacts.
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3069
Neke od njihovih odluka
imaju zbilja velike utjecaje.
imaju zbilja velike utjecaje.
11:35
For example, how much and where
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2076
Na primjer, koliko puno i gdje
11:37
to use fire as a management tool?
285
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2640
koristiti vatru kao alat za upravljanje?
11:40
Or, how to deal with a large species like elephants,
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3225
Ili, kako se nositi sa velikim vrstama poput slonova,
11:43
which may, if their populations get too large,
287
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2453
koji mogu, ako im populacije
postanu prevelike,
postanu prevelike,
11:45
have a negative impact on the ecosystem
288
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2047
imati negativan utjecaj na ekosustav
11:47
and on other species.
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1602
i na druge vrste?
11:49
And let me tell you, these types of dynamics
290
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2493
I da vam kažem, ovi tipovi dinamika
11:51
really play out on the landscape.
291
699971
1948
se zbilja odražavaju na krajobrazu.
11:53
In the foreground is an area with lots of fire
292
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2461
U prvom je planu područje sa puno vatre
11:56
and lots of elephants:
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1267
i puno slonova:
11:57
wide open savanna in blue, and just a few trees.
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3676
širom otvorena savana u plavom,
i samo nekoliko drvećaa.
i samo nekoliko drvećaa.
12:01
As we cross this fence line, now we're getting
295
709323
2181
Kako prelazimo ovu ogradu, sad dolazimo
12:03
into an area that has had protection from fire
296
711504
2324
u područje koje je imalo zaštitu od vatre
12:05
and zero elephants:
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1857
i ništa slonova:
12:07
dense vegetation, a radically different ecosystem.
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4158
gusta vegetacija,
temeljito različit ekosustav.
temeljito različit ekosustav.
12:11
And in a place like Kruger,
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2390
A na mjestu poput Krugera,
12:14
the soaring elephant densities
300
722233
1741
velike gustoće slonova
12:15
are a real problem.
301
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1743
su stvarni problem.
12:17
I know it's a sensitive issue for many of you,
302
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2364
Znam da je to osjetljivo pitanje za puno vas,
12:20
and there are no easy answers with this.
303
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2660
i nema laganih odgovora s tim u vezi.
12:22
But what's good is that
the technology we've developed
the technology we've developed
304
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2316
Ali što je dobro je kako nam
tehnologija koju smo razvili
tehnologija koju smo razvili
12:25
and we're working with in South Africa, for example,
305
733057
2472
i s kojom radimo u
Južnoj Africi, na primjer,
Južnoj Africi, na primjer,
12:27
is allowing us to map every
single tree in the savanna,
single tree in the savanna,
306
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3356
omogućuje da mapiramo
svako pojedino drvo u savani,
svako pojedino drvo u savani,
12:30
and then through repeat flights
307
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1569
te potom kroz ponavljane letove
12:32
we're able to see which trees
308
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1746
smo u stanju vidjeti koja drva
12:34
are being pushed over by elephants,
309
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2030
su prevaljena od slonova,
12:36
in the red as you see on the screen,
and how much that's happening
and how much that's happening
310
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3258
u crvenom kako vidite na ekranu,
i koliko se toga događa
i koliko se toga događa
12:39
in different types of landscapes in the savanna.
311
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2537
u različitim tipovima krajobraza u savani.
12:42
That's giving park managers
312
750025
1641
To daje upraviteljima parkova
12:43
a very first opportunity to use
313
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2363
prvu priliku da koriste
12:46
tactical management strategies
that are more nuanced
that are more nuanced
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3342
strategije taktičkog upravljanja
koje su istančanije
koje su istančanije
12:49
and don't lead to those extremes
that I just showed you.
that I just showed you.
315
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3822
i koje ne vode u krajnosti
koje sam vam upravo pokazao.
koje sam vam upravo pokazao.
12:54
So really, the way we're looking
316
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2623
Pa zapravo, način na koji gledamo
12:56
at protected areas nowadays
317
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2041
na zaštićena područja danas
12:58
is to think of it as tending to a circle of life,
318
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2888
je razmišljati o njima
kao o brizi za krug života,
kao o brizi za krug života,
13:01
where we have fire management,
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769834
2048
gdje imamo upravljanje vatrom,
13:03
elephant management, those impacts on
the structure of the ecosystem,
the structure of the ecosystem,
320
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4134
upravljanje slonovima,
takve utjecaje na strukturu ekosustava,
takve utjecaje na strukturu ekosustava,
13:08
and then those impacts
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a potom se ti utjecaji
13:10
affecting everything from insects
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odražavaju na sve od insekata
13:12
up to apex predators like lions.
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do vršnih grabežljivaca poput lavova.
13:15
Going forward, I plan to greatly expand
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U nastavku, planiram jako proširiti
13:16
the airborne observatory.
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zračni opservatorij.
13:18
I'm hoping to actually put the technology into orbit
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Nadam se da ću zapravo
staviti tehnologiju u orbitu
staviti tehnologiju u orbitu
13:20
so we can manage the entire planet
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tako da možemo
upravljati čitavim planetom
upravljati čitavim planetom
13:22
with technologies like this.
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s tehnologijama poput ove.
13:24
Until then, you're going to find me flying
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Do tada, naći ćete me kako letim
13:26
in some remote place that you've never heard of.
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u nekom udaljenom mjestu
za koje nikad niste čuli.
za koje nikad niste čuli.
13:28
I just want to end by saying that technology is
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Samo bih želio reći kako je tehnologija
13:31
absolutely critical to managing our planet,
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apsolutno kritična za
upravljanje našim planetom,
upravljanje našim planetom,
13:34
but even more important is the understanding
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ali još je važnije razumijevanje
13:36
and wisdom to apply it.
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i mudrost da se primijeni.
13:38
Thank you.
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Hvala vam.
13:40
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Greg Asner - Airborne ecologistGreg Asner’s mapping technology produces detailed, complex pictures of how humans’ activities affect our ecosystems.
Why you should listen
The remote sensing techniques developed by Greg Asner and his team are viewed as among the most advanced in the world for exploring Earth’s changing ecosystems in unprecedented detail and richness. Using airborne and satellite technologies such as laser scanning and hyperspectral imaging, combined with field work and computer modeling, Asner measures and qualifies humans’ impact on regions from the American Southwest to the Brazilian Amazon.
“We’re able to see, if you will, the forest and the trees at the same time,” Asner says. “We’re able to now understand an image, map and measure huge expanses of the environment while maintaining the detail. Not just the spatial resolution, but the biological resolution—the actual organisms that live in these places.” For Asner, who is on the faculty at the Carnegie Institution and Stanford and leads the Carnegie Airborne Observatory project, this is science with a mission: to influence climate change treaties and save the forests he studies.
Greg Asner | Speaker | TED.com