TED@BCG Paris
Neha Narula: The future of money
Neha Narula: Budućnost novca
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Što se dogodi kada se promijeni način na koji kupujemo, prodajemo i plaćamo stvari, možda čak i uklanjajući potrebu za bankama ili mjenjačnicama? To je radikalno obećanje o svijetu kome moć daju kriptovalute kao što su Bitcoin i Ethereum. Još nismo tamo stigli, ali u ovom živahnom govoru, istraživačica digitalnih valuta Neha Narula opisuje kolektivnu fikciju novca i daje sliku jedne vrlo drugačije budućnosti.
Neha Narula - Currency futurist
Neha Narula is helping redefine the future of money by researching cryptocurrencies and providing clarity on how digital currencies will transform our world. Full bio
Neha Narula is helping redefine the future of money by researching cryptocurrencies and providing clarity on how digital currencies will transform our world. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
I want to tell you
about the future of money.
about the future of money.
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Želim vam govoriti o budućnosti novca.
00:16
Let's start with a story
about this culture
about this culture
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Započnimo pričom o kulturi,
00:19
that lived in Micronesia
in the early 1900s, called the Yap.
in the early 1900s, called the Yap.
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koja je živjela u Mikroneziji
početkom 20. stoljeća, po imenu Yap.
početkom 20. stoljeća, po imenu Yap.
00:23
Now, I want to tell you about the Yap
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Želim vam govoriti o njima,
00:25
because their form of money
is really interesting.
is really interesting.
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jer je njihov oblik novca vrlo zanimljiv.
00:27
They use these limestone discs
called Rai stones.
called Rai stones.
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Koriste vapnenačke diskove
koji se zovu kamenje Rai.
koji se zovu kamenje Rai.
00:31
Now, the Yap don't actually
move these Rai stones around
move these Rai stones around
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Yapi zapravo ne nose
to kamenje Rai uokolo,
to kamenje Rai uokolo,
00:35
or exchange them the way
we do with our coins,
we do with our coins,
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niti ih razmjenjuju na način
na koji mi koristimo novčiće,
na koji mi koristimo novčiće,
00:38
because Rai stones can get
to be pretty massive.
to be pretty massive.
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jer kamenje Rai može biti prilično krupno.
00:41
The largest is about four tons
and 12 feet across.
and 12 feet across.
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Najveći ima oko četiri tone
i promjer oko 3,6 metara.
i promjer oko 3,6 metara.
00:46
So the Yap just keep track
of who owns part of what stone.
of who owns part of what stone.
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Tako Yapi samo prate
tko posjeduje koji dio nekog kamena.
tko posjeduje koji dio nekog kamena.
00:52
There's a story about these sailors
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Postoji priča o mornarima,
00:54
that were transporting a stone
across the ocean
across the ocean
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koji su prevozili kamen preko oceana,
00:56
when they ran into some trouble
and the stone actually fell in.
and the stone actually fell in.
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kada su upali u neku nevolju
i kamen je pao u more.
i kamen je pao u more.
01:01
The sailors got back to the main island
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Mornari su se vratili na glavni otok
01:03
and they told everyone what had happened.
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i rekli svima što se dogodilo.
01:06
And everyone decided that, actually, yes,
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Svi su odlučili da zapravo, da,
01:08
the sailors had the stone
and -- why not? -- it still counted.
and -- why not? -- it still counted.
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mornari su imali kamen i,
zašto ne? On još vrijedi.
zašto ne? On još vrijedi.
01:13
Even though it was
at the bottom of the ocean,
at the bottom of the ocean,
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Iako je bio na dnu oceana,
01:15
it was still part of the Yap economy.
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i dalje je bio dio Yap ekonomije.
01:18
You might think that this
was just a small culture
was just a small culture
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Možda mislite da je to bila
samo mala kultura
samo mala kultura
01:21
a hundred years ago.
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prije sto godina.
01:23
But things like this happen
in the Western world as well,
in the Western world as well,
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Međutim, ovakve stvari se dešavaju
i u zapadnom svijetu,
i u zapadnom svijetu,
01:26
and the Yap actually still use
a form of these stones.
a form of these stones.
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a Yapi, zapravo, i dalje koriste
neki oblik ovog kamenja.
neki oblik ovog kamenja.
01:30
In 1932, the Bank of France
asked the United States
asked the United States
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1932. Francuska banka
je zatražila od SAD-a
je zatražila od SAD-a
01:34
to convert their holdings
from dollars into gold.
from dollars into gold.
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da pretvore njihovu imovinu
iz dolara u zlato.
iz dolara u zlato.
01:38
But it was too inconvenient
to think about actually shipping
to think about actually shipping
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Međutim, bilo je previše nezgodno
da bi pomišljali na prijevoz
da bi pomišljali na prijevoz
01:42
all of that gold over to Europe.
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svog tog zlata u Europu.
01:44
So instead, someone went to where
that gold was being stored
that gold was being stored
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Umjesto toga, netko je otišao
tamo gdje je zlato bilo pohranjeno
tamo gdje je zlato bilo pohranjeno
01:47
and they just labeled it
as belonging to France now.
as belonging to France now.
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i samo su ga obilježili
da ono sada pripada Francuskoj.
da ono sada pripada Francuskoj.
01:52
And everyone agreed
that France owned the gold.
that France owned the gold.
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Svi su se složili da je Francuska
vlasnik tog zlata.
vlasnik tog zlata.
01:55
It's just like those Rai stones.
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Baš kao i s kamenjem Rai.
01:58
The point I want to make
with these two examples
with these two examples
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Pouka koju želim naglasiti
iz ova dva primjera
iz ova dva primjera
02:00
is that there's nothing
inherently valuable
inherently valuable
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je da ne postoji zadana vrijednost
02:04
about a dollar or a stone or a coin.
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vezana za dolar, kamen ili novčić.
02:08
The only reason these things
have any value
have any value
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Jedini razlog što te stvari
imaju ikakvu vrijednost,
imaju ikakvu vrijednost,
02:10
is because we've all decided they should.
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je zato što smo svi odlučili
da trebaju imati.
da trebaju imati.
02:13
And because we've decided that,
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I zato što smo to odlučili,
02:15
they do.
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tako i jest.
02:17
Money is about the exchanges
and the transactions
and the transactions
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Novac se svodi na razmjene i transakcije
02:21
that we have with each other.
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koje međusobno obavljamo.
02:24
Money isn't anything objective.
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Novac nije ništa objektivno.
02:26
It's about a collective story
that we tell each other about value.
that we tell each other about value.
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Radi se o kolektivnoj priči o vrijednosti
koju pričamo jedni drugima.
koju pričamo jedni drugima.
02:32
A collective fiction.
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Kolektivna fikcija.
02:34
And that's a really powerful concept.
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A to je vrlo moćan koncept.
02:38
In the past two decades,
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U protekla dva desetljeća
02:39
we've begun to use digital money.
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počeli smo koristiti digitalni novac.
02:41
So I get paid via direct deposit,
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Tako ja primam novac
putem izravnog depozita,
putem izravnog depozita,
02:44
I pay my rent via bank transfer,
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plaćam najam preko bankovnog transfera.
02:47
I pay my taxes online.
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Plaćam poreze elektronski.
02:49
And every month,
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I svaki mjesec,
02:50
a small amount of money
is deducted from my paycheck
is deducted from my paycheck
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mali iznos novca odbija se od moje plaće
02:52
and invested in mutual funds
in my retirement account.
in my retirement account.
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i ulaže se u investicijske fondove
za moju mirovinu.
za moju mirovinu.
02:57
All of these interactions
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Sve te transakcije
02:58
are literally just changing
1's and 0's on computers.
1's and 0's on computers.
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doslovno su izmjenjivanje
jedinica i nula na računalima.
jedinica i nula na računalima.
03:02
There's not even anything physical,
like a stone or a coin.
like a stone or a coin.
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Ne postoji čak ni nešto fizičko,
poput kamena ili novčića.
poput kamena ili novčića.
03:08
Digital money makes it
so that I can pay someone around the world
so that I can pay someone around the world
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Digitalni novac omogućuje mi
plaćanje nekome bilo gdje u svijetu,
plaćanje nekome bilo gdje u svijetu,
03:11
in seconds.
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u svega nekoliko sekundi.
03:13
Now when this works,
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Kada ovo funkcionira,
03:15
it's because there are large institutions
underwriting every 1 or 0
underwriting every 1 or 0
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to je stoga što postoje velike institucije
koje osiguravaju svaku jedinicu ili nulu
koje osiguravaju svaku jedinicu ili nulu
03:20
that changes on a computer.
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koja se promijeni na računalu.
03:22
And when it doesn't,
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A kada ne funkcionira,
03:23
it's often the fault
of those large institutions.
of those large institutions.
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to je često krivica
tih velikih institucija.
tih velikih institucija.
03:25
Or at least, it's up to them
to fix the problem.
to fix the problem.
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Ili je, u najmanju ruku,
na njima da riješe problem.
na njima da riješe problem.
03:28
And a lot of times, they don't.
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A mnogo puta ga ne riješe.
03:30
There's a lot of friction in the system.
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Mnogo je otpora u sustavu.
03:33
How long did it take
the US credit card companies
the US credit card companies
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Koliko je dugo trebalo
kartičarskim kućama SAD-a
kartičarskim kućama SAD-a
03:36
to implement chip and pin?
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da sprovedu čipove i PIN-ove?
03:38
Half my credit cards
still don't work in Europe.
still don't work in Europe.
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Polovina mojih kreditnih kartica
i dalje ne vrijedi u Europi.
i dalje ne vrijedi u Europi.
03:42
That's friction.
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To je otpor.
03:44
Transferring money across borders
and across currencies
and across currencies
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Prijenos novca preko granica
i u različitim valutama
i u različitim valutama
03:48
is really expensive:
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zaista je skupo:
03:50
friction.
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otpor.
03:52
An entrepreneur in India
can set up an online business in minutes,
can set up an online business in minutes,
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Poduzetnica u Indiji može pokrenuti
posao elektronski u nekoliko minuta,
posao elektronski u nekoliko minuta,
03:57
but it's hard for her
to get loans and to get paid:
to get loans and to get paid:
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ali joj je teško dobiti kredit
i primiti uplate:
i primiti uplate:
04:01
friction.
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otpor.
04:03
Our access to digital money
and our ability to freely transact
and our ability to freely transact
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Naš pristup digitalnom novcu
i sposobnost slobodnog vršenja transakcija
i sposobnost slobodnog vršenja transakcija
04:08
is being held captive
by these gatekeepers.
by these gatekeepers.
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ovi čuvari drže u zatočeništvu.
04:11
And there's a lot of impediments
in the system slowing things down.
in the system slowing things down.
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Postoji mnogo prepreka u sustavu
koje usporavaju stvari.
koje usporavaju stvari.
04:16
That's because digital money
isn't really mine,
isn't really mine,
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To je zato što digitalni novac
nije zaista moj,
nije zaista moj,
04:20
it's entries in databases
that belong to my bank,
that belong to my bank,
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to su unosi u baze podataka
koje pripadaju mojoj banci,
koje pripadaju mojoj banci,
04:23
my credit card company
or my investment firm.
or my investment firm.
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mojoj kartičarskoj
ili mojoj investicijskoj kući.
ili mojoj investicijskoj kući.
04:26
And these companies
have the right to say "no."
have the right to say "no."
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A te kompanije imaju pravo odbiti.
04:30
If I'm a PayPal merchant
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Ako trgujem putem PayPal-a,
04:32
and PayPal wrongly flags me for fraud,
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i PayPal me greškom obilježi
da sam počinila pronevjeru,
da sam počinila pronevjeru,
04:37
that's it.
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to je to.
04:38
My account gets frozen,
and I can't get paid.
and I can't get paid.
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Moj račun postaje zamrznut
i ne mogu primati uplate.
i ne mogu primati uplate.
04:44
These institutions are standing
in the way of innovation.
in the way of innovation.
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Te institucije stoje inovaciji na putu.
04:49
How many of you use
Facebook photos, Google Photos,
Facebook photos, Google Photos,
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Koliko vas koristi slike
s Facebooka, Googlea,
s Facebooka, Googlea,
04:54
Instagram?
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Instagrama?
04:55
My photos are everywhere.
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Moje slike su posvuda.
04:58
They are on my phone,
they're on my laptop,
they're on my laptop,
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Ima ih na mojem telefonu, laptopu,
05:00
they're on my old phone,
they're in Dropbox.
they're in Dropbox.
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na mojem starom telefonu, u Dropboxu.
05:03
They're on all these different
websites and services.
websites and services.
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Ima ih na svim tim različitim
stranicama i uslugama.
stranicama i uslugama.
05:06
And most of these services
don't work together.
don't work together.
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I većina tih usluga ne surađuje međusobno.
05:10
They don't inter-operate.
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Ne rade jedna s drugom.
05:13
And as a result,
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A kao rezultat,
05:15
my photo library is a mess.
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moja zbirka fotografija je u rasulu.
05:18
The same thing happens
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Isto se dešava
05:20
when institutions control
the money supply.
the money supply.
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kada institucije nadziru opskrbu novcem.
05:23
A lot of these services
don't inter-operate,
don't inter-operate,
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Dosta ovih usluga ne surađuje međusobno
05:26
and as a result, this blocks
what we can do with payment.
what we can do with payment.
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i kao rezultat, to blokira ono
što možemo učiniti plaćanjem.
što možemo učiniti plaćanjem.
05:30
And it makes transaction costs go up.
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A to povećava troškove transakcije.
05:33
So far, we've been through
two phases of money.
two phases of money.
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Do sada smo prošli kroz dvije faze novca.
05:37
In an analog world, we had
to deal with these physical objects,
to deal with these physical objects,
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U analognom svijetu, morali smo se baviti
ovim fizičkim predmetima
ovim fizičkim predmetima
05:41
and money moved at a certain speed --
the speed of humans.
the speed of humans.
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i novac se kretao određenom brzinom
-- ljudskom brzinom.
-- ljudskom brzinom.
05:46
In a digital world, money can reach
much farther and is much faster,
much farther and is much faster,
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U digitalnom svijetu,
novac stiže dalje i brži je,
novac stiže dalje i brži je,
05:51
but we're at the mercy
of these gatekeeper institutions.
of these gatekeeper institutions.
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ali smo u milosti tih institucija
koje nadziru pristup.
koje nadziru pristup.
05:55
Money only moves at the speed of banks.
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Novac se pokreće samo brzinom banaka.
06:00
We're about to enter a new phase of money.
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Blizu smo ulaska u novu fazu novca.
06:03
The future of money is programmable.
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Budućnost novca se može programirati.
06:07
When we combine software and currency,
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Kada kombiniramo softver i valutu,
06:10
money becomes more
than just a static unit of value,
than just a static unit of value,
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novac postaje više od samo
statične jedinice vrijednosti
statične jedinice vrijednosti
06:14
and we don't have to rely
on institutions for security.
on institutions for security.
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te se ne moramo oslanjati
na institucije radi sigurnosti.
na institucije radi sigurnosti.
06:18
In a programmable world,
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U takvom svijetu,
06:19
we remove humans
and institutions from the loop.
and institutions from the loop.
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isključuju se ljudi i institucije.
06:24
And when this happens,
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A kada se to dogodi,
06:25
we won't even feel like
we're transacting anymore.
we're transacting anymore.
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nećemo više čak ni imati osjećaj
da obavljamo transakcije.
da obavljamo transakcije.
06:29
Money will be directed by software,
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Novcem će upravljati softver
06:31
and it will just safely and securely flow.
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i samo će sigurno protjecati.
06:36
Cryptocurrencies are the first step
of this evolution.
of this evolution.
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Kriptovalute su prvi korak te evolucije.
06:40
Cryptocurrencies are digital money
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Kriptovalute su digitalni novac
06:42
that isn't run by any government or bank.
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kojim ne upravlja
nikakva vlada niti banka.
nikakva vlada niti banka.
06:45
It's money designed to work
in a world without intermediaries.
in a world without intermediaries.
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To je novac koji je predviđen
da funkcionira u svijetu bez posrednika.
da funkcionira u svijetu bez posrednika.
06:50
Bitcoin is the most ubiquitous
cryptocurrency,
cryptocurrency,
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Bitcoin je najprisutnija kriptovaluta,
06:53
but there are hundreds of them.
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ali postoje njih stotine.
06:54
There's Ethereum, Litecoin,
Stellar, Dogecoin,
Stellar, Dogecoin,
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Postoje Ethereum, Litecoin,
Stellar, Dogecoin,
Stellar, Dogecoin,
06:58
and those are just a few
of the more popular ones.
of the more popular ones.
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a to je samo nekoliko najpopularnijih.
07:01
And these things are real money.
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I to je stvaran novac.
07:04
The sushi restaurant down my street
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Sushi restoran u mojoj ulici
07:06
takes Bitcoin.
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prima Bitcoin.
07:07
I have an app on my phone
that I can use to buy sashimi.
that I can use to buy sashimi.
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Imam aplikaciju na telefonu
preko koje mogu kupiti sashimi.
preko koje mogu kupiti sashimi.
07:13
But it's not just for small transactions.
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No, to nije samo za male transakcije.
07:15
In March, there was a transaction
that moved around 100,000 bitcoins.
that moved around 100,000 bitcoins.
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U ožujku je izvršena transakcija
u iznosu od oko 100.000 bitcoina.
u iznosu od oko 100.000 bitcoina.
07:20
That's the equivalent
of 40 million US dollars.
of 40 million US dollars.
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To odgovara vrijednosti
od 40 milijuna američkih dolara.
od 40 milijuna američkih dolara.
07:25
Cryptocurrencies are based on
a special field of mathematics
a special field of mathematics
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Kriptovalute se temelje
na posebnom polju matematike,
na posebnom polju matematike,
07:29
called cryptography.
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koje se zove kriptografija.
07:31
Cryptography is the study
of how to secure communication,
of how to secure communication,
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Kriptografija je proučavanje
načina kako osigurati komunikaciju
načina kako osigurati komunikaciju
07:34
and it's about two
really important things:
really important things:
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i odnosi se na dvije, zaista važne stvari:
07:37
masking information so it can
be hidden in plain sight,
be hidden in plain sight,
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maskiranje informacija,
tako da se mogu sakriti na vidnom mjestu
tako da se mogu sakriti na vidnom mjestu
07:41
and verifying a piece
of information's source.
of information's source.
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i provjeru djelića izvora informacije.
07:45
Cryptography underpins
so many of the systems around us.
so many of the systems around us.
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Kriptografija podržava
toliko mnogo sustava oko nas.
toliko mnogo sustava oko nas.
07:49
And it's so powerful that at times
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Toliko je moćna da ju je u nekim trenucima
07:51
the US government has actually
classified it as a weapon.
classified it as a weapon.
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vlada SAD-a čak klasificirala kao oružje.
07:56
During World War II,
breaking cryptosystems like Enigma
breaking cryptosystems like Enigma
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Za vrijeme Drugog svjetskog rata,
provaljivanje kriptosistema poput Enigme
provaljivanje kriptosistema poput Enigme
08:01
was critical to decoding
enemy transmissions
enemy transmissions
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bilo je ključno za dekodiranje
neprijateljske razmjene
neprijateljske razmjene
08:04
and turning the tide of the war.
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i preokretanje tijeka rata.
08:07
Today, anyone with a modern
web browser is running
web browser is running
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Danas, svatko tko koristi
neki pretraživač,
neki pretraživač,
pokreće prilično složeni kriptosustav.
08:10
a pretty sophisticated cryptosystem.
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08:13
It's what we use to secure
our interactions on the Internet.
our interactions on the Internet.
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To je ono što koristimo kako bismo
osigurali naše interakcije na internetu.
osigurali naše interakcije na internetu.
08:17
It's what makes it safe for us
to type our passwords in
to type our passwords in
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To je ono zbog čega
sigurno unosimo svoje lozinke
sigurno unosimo svoje lozinke
08:20
and to send financial
information to websites.
information to websites.
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i šaljemo financijske podatke.
08:23
So what the banks used to give us --
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I tako ono što su nam banke
nekada davale,
nekada davale,
08:26
trustworthy digital money transfer --
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pouzdan digitalni prijenos novca,
08:28
we can now get with a clever
application of cryptography.
application of cryptography.
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sada možemo dobiti
pametnom primjenom kriptografije.
pametnom primjenom kriptografije.
08:33
And this means that we don't
have to rely on the banks anymore
have to rely on the banks anymore
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To znači da se više ne moramo
oslanjati na banke
oslanjati na banke
08:36
to secure our transactions.
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kako bismo osigurali transakcije.
08:38
We can do it ourselves.
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Možemo to i sami.
08:40
Bitcoin is based on the very same
idea that the Yap used,
idea that the Yap used,
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Bitcoin se temelji na istoj ideji
koju je koristila kultura Yap,
koju je koristila kultura Yap,
08:45
this collective global
knowledge of transfers.
knowledge of transfers.
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na kolektivnom globalnom
znanju o transferima.
znanju o transferima.
08:49
In Bitcoin, I spend
by transferring Bitcoin,
by transferring Bitcoin,
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Kod Bitcoina, trošim tako
što prebacujem Bitcoin,
što prebacujem Bitcoin,
08:53
and I get paid when someone
transfers Bitcoin to me.
transfers Bitcoin to me.
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a primam uplatu kada netko
meni prebaci Bitcoin.
meni prebaci Bitcoin.
08:58
Imagine that we had this magic paper.
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Zamislite da imamo čarobni papir.
09:01
So the way that this paper works
is I can give you a sheet of it
is I can give you a sheet of it
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Taj papir funkcionira na način
da vam dam jedan list
da vam dam jedan list
09:05
and if you write something on it,
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i ako napišete nešto na njemu,
09:07
it will magically appear
on my piece as well.
on my piece as well.
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to će se pojaviti i na mojem papiru.
09:10
Let's say we just give everyone this paper
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Recimo da svima damo takav papir
09:13
and everyone writes down
the transfers that they're doing
the transfers that they're doing
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i svatko zapiše prijenose koje izvrši
09:17
in the Bitcoin system.
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u sustavu Bitcoina.
09:19
All of these transfers get copied
around to everyone else's pieces of paper.
around to everyone else's pieces of paper.
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Svi ti prijenosi kopiraju se
i na dio papira svih ostalih.
i na dio papira svih ostalih.
09:23
And I can look at mine
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2018
I ako pogledam svoj,
09:25
and I'll have a list of all
of the transfers that are happening
of the transfers that are happening
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imat ću popis svih prijenosa
koji se dešavaju
koji se dešavaju
09:29
in the entire Bitcoin economy.
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u cjelokupnoj ekonomiji Bitcoina.
09:31
This is actually what's happening
with the Bitcoin blockchain,
with the Bitcoin blockchain,
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To je, zapravo, ono što se dešava
s blockchainom Bitcoina,
s blockchainom Bitcoina,
09:35
which is a list of all
of the transactions in Bitcoin.
of the transactions in Bitcoin.
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koji je popis svih transakcija Bitcoina.
09:39
Except, it's not done through paper.
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2814
Samo što se ne vrši preko papira.
09:42
It's done through computer code,
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Provodi se putem računalnog kôda,
09:43
running on thousands
of networked computers
of networked computers
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na tisućama umreženih računala
09:46
around the world.
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diljem svijeta.
09:49
All of these computers
are collectively confirming
are collectively confirming
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Sva ta računala kolektivno potvrđuju
09:53
who owns what Bitcoin.
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1884
tko posjeduje koji Bitcoin.
09:54
So the Bitcoin blockchain
is core to how Bitcoin works.
is core to how Bitcoin works.
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Tako je blockchain Bitcoina
sama bit onoga kako Bitcoin funkcionira.
sama bit onoga kako Bitcoin funkcionira.
09:58
But where do bitcoins actually come from?
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No, odakle Bitcoini, zapravo, potječu?
10:01
Well, the code is designed
to create new Bitcoin
to create new Bitcoin
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3860
Pa, kôd je osmišljen
tako da stvara novi Bitcoin
tako da stvara novi Bitcoin
10:05
according to a schedule.
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1297
prema određenom rasporedu.
10:07
And the way that it works
is that to get those Bitcoin,
is that to get those Bitcoin,
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3416
A to radi na način da,
kako bih dobila te Bitcoine,
kako bih dobila te Bitcoine,
10:11
I have to solve a puzzle --
a random cryptographic puzzle.
a random cryptographic puzzle.
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moram riješiti zagonetku --
nasumičnu kriptografsku zagonetku.
nasumičnu kriptografsku zagonetku.
10:17
Imagine that we had 15 dice,
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2411
Zamislite da imamo 15 kockica
10:19
and we were throwing these dice
over and over again.
over and over again.
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2613
i da ih stalno iznova bacamo.
10:22
Whenever the dice come up all sixes,
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2432
Svaki put kada na svim kockicama
dobijemo šestice,
dobijemo šestice,
10:25
we say that we win.
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1215
kažemo da smo pobijedili.
10:27
This is very close to what these computers
are all actually doing.
are all actually doing.
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3876
To je vrlo slično onome
što ova računala zapravo rade.
što ova računala zapravo rade.
10:30
They're trying over and over again
to land on the right number.
to land on the right number.
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3248
Stalno iznova pokušavaju
doći do pravog broja.
doći do pravog broja.
10:34
And when they do,
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I kada uspiju,
10:36
we say that they've solved the puzzle.
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2201
kažemo da su riješili zagonetku.
10:39
The computer that solves the puzzle
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627559
2440
Računalo koje riješi zagonetku,
10:42
publishes its solution
to the rest of the network
to the rest of the network
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2918
objavljuje svoje rješenje ostatku mreže
10:44
and collects its reward: new bitcoins.
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2927
i prikuplja svoju nagradu, nove Bitcoine.
10:48
And in the act of solving this puzzle,
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2234
Kroz rješavanje ove zagonetke,
10:51
these computers are actually
helping to secure the Bitcoin blockchain
helping to secure the Bitcoin blockchain
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4076
ta računala, zapravo, pomažu
osigurati blockchain Bitcoina
osigurati blockchain Bitcoina
10:55
and add to the list of transactions.
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643108
2081
te dodavati popis transakcija.
10:57
There are actually people
all over the world running this software,
all over the world running this software,
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5617
Postoje ljudi diljem svijeta
koji upravljaju ovim softverom,
koji upravljaju ovim softverom,
11:03
and we call them Bitcoin miners.
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2073
i zovemo ih rudarima Bitcoina.
11:06
Anyone can become a Bitcoin miner.
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654438
2736
Svatko može postati rudar Bitcoina.
11:09
You can go download the software right now
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2791
Možete sada skinuti softver
11:12
and run it in your computer
and try to collect some bitcoins.
and try to collect some bitcoins.
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3365
pokrenuti ga na računalu
i pokušati sakupiti Bitcoine.
i pokušati sakupiti Bitcoine.
11:16
I can't say that I would recommend it,
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664400
1844
Ne mogu reći da bih to preporučila,
jer trenutno je zagonetka toliko teška,
a mreža tako jaka,
a mreža tako jaka,
11:18
because right now, the puzzle is so hard
and the network is so powerful,
and the network is so powerful,
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666268
5101
11:23
that if I tried to mine
Bitcoin on my laptop,
Bitcoin on my laptop,
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2929
da ako bih pokušala
tražiti Bitcoine sa svog laptopa,
tražiti Bitcoine sa svog laptopa,
11:26
I probably wouldn't see any
for about two million years.
for about two million years.
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vjerojatno u nekih dva milijuna godina
ne bih našla niti jedan.
ne bih našla niti jedan.
11:30
The miners, professional miners,
use this special hardware
use this special hardware
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Profesionalni rudari
koriste poseban hardver,
koriste poseban hardver,
11:34
that's designed to solve
the puzzle really fast.
the puzzle really fast.
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2735
koji je osmišljen
da vrlo brzo riješi zagonetku.
da vrlo brzo riješi zagonetku.
11:37
Now, the Bitcoin network
and all of this special hardware,
and all of this special hardware,
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685976
3842
Za mrežu Bitcoina
i sav taj posebni hardver
i sav taj posebni hardver
11:41
there are estimates
that the amount of energy it uses
that the amount of energy it uses
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689842
3035
postoje procjene
da koriste količinu energije
da koriste količinu energije
11:44
is equivalent to that of a small country.
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2367
jednake energiji
koju troši neka mala država.
koju troši neka mala država.
11:48
So, the first set of cryptocurrencies
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696252
2500
Dakle, prva grupa kriptovaluta
11:50
are a little bit slow
and a little bit cumbersome.
and a little bit cumbersome.
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2974
malo je spora i nezgrapna.
11:54
But the next generation is going
to be so much better and so much faster.
to be so much better and so much faster.
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702331
4389
No, sljedeća generacija će biti
mnogo bolja i brža.
mnogo bolja i brža.
11:58
Cryptocurrencies are the first step
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706744
2405
Kriptovalute su prvi korak
12:01
to a world with a global
programmable money.
programmable money.
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3460
prema svijetu globalnog novca
koji se može programirati.
koji se može programirati.
12:05
And in a world with programmable money,
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713634
2085
A u svijetu s novcem
koji se može programirati,
koji se može programirati,
12:08
I can pay anyone else securely
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3527
mogu bilo kome sigurno platiti,
12:11
without having to sign up
or ask permission,
or ask permission,
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3573
bez da se moram prijaviti,
ili tražiti dopuštenje,
ili tražiti dopuštenje,
12:15
or do a conversion or worry
about my money getting stuck.
about my money getting stuck.
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723579
3819
raditi konverziju ili brinuti
da će mi novac negdje zaglaviti.
da će mi novac negdje zaglaviti.
12:20
And I can spend money around the world.
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728428
2594
Mogu i slati novac širom svijeta.
12:23
This is a really amazing thing.
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731482
2399
To je zaista nevjerojatna stvar.
12:26
It's the idea of permission-less innovation.
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734231
3309
To je ideja o inovaciji
bez davanja dopuštenja.
bez davanja dopuštenja.
12:31
The Internet caused
an explosion of innovation,
an explosion of innovation,
227
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3724
Internet je doveo
do naglog rasta inovacija,
do naglog rasta inovacija,
12:35
because it was built upon
an open architecture.
an open architecture.
228
743195
3459
jer je izgrađen na otvorenoj arhitekturi.
12:39
And just like the Internet
changed the way we communicate,
changed the way we communicate,
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747286
3025
Baš kao što je internet promijenio
naš način komunikacije,
naš način komunikacije,
12:43
programmable money is going
to change the way we pay,
to change the way we pay,
230
751104
3276
novac koji se programira
promijenit će način na koji plaćamo,
promijenit će način na koji plaćamo,
12:46
allocate and decide on value.
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754404
2574
doznačavamo i odlučujemo
o vrijednosti.
o vrijednosti.
12:49
So what kind of world
does programmable money create?
does programmable money create?
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757716
2498
Kakav svijet stvara novac
koji se može programirati?
koji se može programirati?
12:52
Imagine a world where I can
rent out my healthcare data
rent out my healthcare data
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760238
4216
Zamislite svijet u kojem mogu
iznajmiti svoje zdravstvene podatke
iznajmiti svoje zdravstvene podatke
12:56
to a pharmaceutical company.
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764478
1570
farmaceutskoj kompaniji.
12:59
They can run large-scale data analysis
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767063
2505
Mogli bi pokrenuti široku analizu podataka
13:01
and provide me with a cryptographic proof
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769592
2372
i pružiti mi kriptografski dokaz,
13:03
that shows they're only using my data
in a way that we agreed.
in a way that we agreed.
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771988
4126
koji pokazuje da koriste moje podatke
na način na koji smo se dogovorili.
na način na koji smo se dogovorili.
13:08
And they can pay me
for what they find out.
for what they find out.
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776138
2248
A oni mi mogu platiti za ono što otkriju.
13:11
Instead of signing up
for streaming services
for streaming services
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779529
2709
Umjesto prijavljivanja
za usluge streaminga
za usluge streaminga
13:14
and getting a cable bill,
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1569
i dobivanja računa za TV,
13:15
what if my television analyzed
my watching habits
my watching habits
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783855
3006
šta ako bi moj TV prijemnik
analizirao moje navike gledanja
analizirao moje navike gledanja
13:18
and recommended well-priced content
that fit within my budget
that fit within my budget
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786885
3672
i preporučio sadržaj po dobroj cijeni,
koji najbolje odgovara mom budžetu,
koji najbolje odgovara mom budžetu,
13:22
that I would enjoy?
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790581
1199
a u kome bih uživala?
13:24
Imagine an Internet without ads,
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792604
2866
Zamislite internet bez oglasa,
13:27
because instead of paying
with our attention when we view content,
with our attention when we view content,
245
795494
4007
jer umjesto da platimo svojom pažnjom
kada gledamo sadržaj,
kada gledamo sadržaj,
13:31
we just pay.
246
799525
1296
jednostavno samo platimo.
13:33
Interestingly, things like micro-payments
247
801831
2311
Zanimljivo, stvari poput mikroplaćanja
zapravo će promijeniti način
na koji sigurnost funkcionira u svijetu,
na koji sigurnost funkcionira u svijetu,
13:36
are actually going to change
the way security works in our world,
the way security works in our world,
248
804166
3155
jer jednom kada budemo bolji
u raspodjeli vrijednosti,
u raspodjeli vrijednosti,
13:39
because once we're better able
to allocate value,
to allocate value,
249
807345
2695
13:42
people will use their money
and their energies
and their energies
250
810064
3024
ljudi će koristiti svoj novac i energiju
13:45
for more constructive things.
251
813112
2178
za konstruktivnije stvari.
13:47
If it cost a fraction of a cent
to send an email,
to send an email,
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815727
2589
Kada bi slanje e-maila
stajalo djelić centa,
stajalo djelić centa,
13:50
would we still have spam?
253
818340
1462
bismo li i dalje imali
neželjenu poštu?
neželjenu poštu?
13:52
We're not at this world yet,
254
820674
2203
Nismo još u tom svijetu,
13:54
but it's coming.
255
822901
1457
ali on dolazi.
13:56
Right now, it's like we're in a world
that is seeing the first automobile.
that is seeing the first automobile.
256
824382
4337
Trenutno, kao da smo u svijetu
koji vidi prvi automobil.
koji vidi prvi automobil.
14:01
The first cryptocurrency,
like the first car,
like the first car,
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829579
2985
Prva kriptovaluta je, kao i prvi auto,
14:05
is slow and hard to understand
and hard to use.
and hard to use.
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833533
3727
spora, teško shvatljiva
i teška za korištenje.
i teška za korištenje.
14:10
Digital money,
like the horse and carriage,
like the horse and carriage,
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838095
2546
Digitalni novac, kao konj i kočija,
14:12
works pretty well,
260
840665
1530
rade prilično dobro,
14:14
and the whole world economy
is built on it.
is built on it.
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842219
3045
i cjelokupna svjetska ekonomija
je izgrađena na njemu.
je izgrađena na njemu.
14:18
If you were the first person on your block
262
846386
2074
Ako biste bili prva osoba u svom kvartu,
14:20
to get a car with an internal
combustion engine,
combustion engine,
263
848484
2771
koja je nabavila auto s motorom
na unutarnje sagorijevanje,
na unutarnje sagorijevanje,
14:23
your neighbors would probably
think you were crazy:
think you were crazy:
264
851279
2498
vaši susjedi bi vjerojatno
pomislili da ste ludi:
pomislili da ste ludi:
14:26
"Why would you want
this large, clunky machine
this large, clunky machine
265
854321
2473
"Zašto bi poželio ovako veliku
i nezgrapnu mašinu,
i nezgrapnu mašinu,
14:28
that breaks down all the time,
that lights on fire,
that lights on fire,
266
856818
2905
koja se stalno kvari i pali se,
14:31
and is still slower than a horse?"
267
859747
2337
a i dalje je sporija od konja?"
14:34
But we all know how that story turns out.
268
862928
2211
No, svi znamo kako ta priča završava.
14:38
We're entering a new era
of programmable money.
of programmable money.
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866431
3570
Ulazimo u novo doba
novca koji se programira.
novca koji se programira.
14:42
And it's very exciting,
but it's also a little bit scary.
but it's also a little bit scary.
270
870025
3051
To je veoma uzbudljivo,
ali i pomalo zastrašujuće.
ali i pomalo zastrašujuće.
14:46
Cryptocurrencies can be used
for illegal transactions,
for illegal transactions,
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Kriptovalute se mogu koristiti
za nezakonite transakcije,
za nezakonite transakcije,
14:50
just like cash is used for crime
in the world today.
in the world today.
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baš kao što se gotovina koristi
za kriminal u današnjem svijetu.
za kriminal u današnjem svijetu.
14:54
When all of our transactions are online,
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Kada su sve naše transakcije elektronske,
14:56
what does that mean for surveillance --
who can see what we do?
who can see what we do?
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šta to znači za nadzor --
tko može vidjeti što mi radimo?
tko može vidjeti što mi radimo?
15:02
Who's advantaged
in this new world and who isn't?
in this new world and who isn't?
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Tko je u prednosti
u ovom novom svijetu, a tko nije?
u ovom novom svijetu, a tko nije?
15:05
Will I have to start to pay for things
that I didn't have to pay for before?
that I didn't have to pay for before?
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Hoću li morati početi plaćati nešto
što prije nisam morala?
što prije nisam morala?
15:09
Will we all become slaves
to algorithms and utility functions?
to algorithms and utility functions?
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Hoćemo li svi postati robovi
algoritama i funkcija korisnosti?
algoritama i funkcija korisnosti?
15:15
All new technology comes with trade-offs.
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Sa svakom novom tehnologijom
dolaze i kompromisi.
dolaze i kompromisi.
15:18
The Internet brought us
a lot of ways to waste time.
a lot of ways to waste time.
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Internet nam je donio
mnogo načina za gubljenje vremena.
mnogo načina za gubljenje vremena.
15:22
But it also greatly
increased productivity.
increased productivity.
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No, isto tako je
i jako povećao produktivnost.
i jako povećao produktivnost.
15:25
Mobile phones are annoying
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Mobiteli su iritantni,
15:27
because they make me feel
like I have to stay connected to work
like I have to stay connected to work
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jer zbog njih osjećam
kao da moram ostati vezana za posao
kao da moram ostati vezana za posao
cijelo vrijeme.
15:30
all the time.
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Ali, pomažu mi i da ostanem povezana
s prijateljima i obitelji.
s prijateljima i obitelji.
15:31
But they also help me stay connected
to friends and family.
to friends and family.
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15:35
The new sharing economy
is going to eliminate some jobs.
is going to eliminate some jobs.
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Zbog nove ekonomije dijeljenja
nestat će neki poslovi.
nestat će neki poslovi.
15:40
But it's also going to create
new, flexible forms of employment.
new, flexible forms of employment.
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No, stvorit će i nove,
fleksibilne oblike zaposlenja.
fleksibilne oblike zaposlenja.
15:44
With programmable money,
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Pomoću ovakvog novca koji se programira,
15:46
we decouple the need
for large, trusted institutions
for large, trusted institutions
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razdvajamo potrebu za velikim,
pouzdanim institucijama
pouzdanim institucijama
15:51
from the architecture of the network.
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od arhitekture mreže.
15:54
And this pushes innovation in money
out to the edges, where it belongs.
out to the edges, where it belongs.
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A to tjera inovacije novca
do ruba, gdje i pripada.
do ruba, gdje i pripada.
16:00
Programmable money democratizes money.
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Novac koji se može programirati
demokratizira novac.
demokratizira novac.
16:04
And because of this,
things are going to change and unfold
things are going to change and unfold
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I zbog toga će se stvari
promijeniti i razvijati,
promijeniti i razvijati,
16:07
in ways that we can't even predict.
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na načine koje ne možemo ni predvidjeti.
16:10
Thank you.
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Hvala vam.
16:11
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Neha Narula - Currency futuristNeha Narula is helping redefine the future of money by researching cryptocurrencies and providing clarity on how digital currencies will transform our world.
Why you should listen
Neha Narula is director of research at the Digital Currency Initiative, a part of the MIT Media Lab where she teaches courses and leads cryptocurrency and blockchain research. While completing her PhD in computer science at MIT, she built fast, scalable databases and secure software systems, and she spoke about these topics at dozens of industry and research conferences.
In a previous life, Narula helped relaunch the news aggregator Digg and was a senior software engineer at Google. There, she designed Blobstore, a system for storing and serving petabytes of immutable data, and worked on Native Client, a system for running native code securely through a browser.
Neha Narula | Speaker | TED.com