ABOUT THE SPEAKERS
Diana Reiss - Cognitive psychologist
Diana Reiss studies animal cognition, and has found that bottlenose dolphins (and Asian elephants) can recognize themselves in the mirror.

Why you should listen

Diana Reiss’s research focuses on the cognition and communication of marine animals, with an emphasis on comparative animal cognition. Essentially, she studies the evolution of intelligence. Reiss pioneered the use of underwater keyboards with dolphins to investigate their communicative abilities and provide them with more degrees of choice and control. Reiss and her colleagues demonstrated that bottlenose dolphins and an Asian elephants possess the rare ability for mirror self-recognition previously thought to be restricted to humans and great apes. She wrote about this work in her recent book, The Dolphin in the Mirror.

Reiss' efforts also involve the rescue and rehabilitation of stranded marine mammals, including the successful rescue of Humphrey, the humpback whale, from San Francisco Bay waters. Her advocacy work in conservation and animal welfare includes the protection of dolphins in the tuna-fishing industry and efforts to bring an end to the killing of dolphins in the drive hunts in Japan. 

Reiss is a cognitive psychologist and professor in the Department of Psychology at Hunter College and the Biopsychology and Behavioral Neuroscience subprogram at the Graduate Center, CUNY. She directs a dolphin cognitive research program at the National Aquarium in Baltimore and is a research associate at the Smithsonian’s National Zoo in DC, where she investigates elephant cognition.

More profile about the speaker
Diana Reiss | Speaker | TED.com
Peter Gabriel - Musician, activist
Peter Gabriel writes incredible songs but, as the co-founder of WITNESS and TheElders.org, is also a powerful human rights advocate.

Why you should listen

Peter Gabriel was a founding member of the extraordinarily successful progressive rock band Genesis. He left the band in 1975 to go solo and, in 1980, set up the international arts festival WOMAD (which stands for World of Music, Arts and Dance) and the record label Real World, both to champion music and artistic innovation from all over the world. Gabriel's stop motion video for "Sledgehammer" has been named the most-played music video in the history of MTV.  

Gabriel is also very interested in human rights. In 1992, he co-founded WITNESS.org, an organization that helps human rights activists and citizen witnesses worldwide make change happen through the use of video. The organization not only distributes digital cameras to empower people to document human-rights abuses, but provides a platform for the spread of video that reveals what is really going on in places all over the globe.

In 2007, Gabriel also co-founded theElders.org with Richard Branson and Nelson Mandela, an independent group of global leaders working together for peace and human rights.

More profile about the speaker
Peter Gabriel | Speaker | TED.com
Neil Gershenfeld - Physicist, personal fab pioneer
As Director of MIT’s Center for Bits and Atoms, Neil Gershenfeld explores the boundaries between the digital and physical worlds.

Why you should listen

MIT's Neil Gershenfeld is redefining the boundaries between the digital and analog worlds. The digital revolution is over, Gershenfeld says. We won. What comes next? His Center for Bits and Atoms has developed quite a few answers, including Internet 0, a tiny web server that fits into lightbulbs and doorknobs, networking the physical world in previously unimaginable ways.

But Gershenfeld is best known as a pioneer in personal fabrication -- small-scale manufacturing enabled by digital technologies, which gives people the tools to build literally anything they can imagine. His famous Fab Lab is immensely popular among students at MIT, who crowd Gershenfeld's classes. But the concept is potentially life-altering in the developing world, where a Fab Lab with just $20,000 worth of laser cutters, milling machines and soldering irons can transform a community, helping people harness their creativity to build tools, replacement parts and essential products unavailable in the local market. Read more in Fab: The Coming Revolution on Your Desktop.

More profile about the speaker
Neil Gershenfeld | Speaker | TED.com
Vint Cerf - Computer scientist
Vint Cerf, now the chief Internet evangelist at Google, helped lay the foundations for the internet as we know it more than 30 years ago.

Why you should listen

TCP/IP. You may not know what it stands for, but you probably use it every day -- it's the set of communications protocols that allows data to flow from computer to computer across the internet. More than 30 years ago, while working at DARPA, Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn developed TCP/IP, and in so doing, they gave rise to the modern Internet. In 2004, Cerf was the recipient of the ACM Alan M. Turing award (sometimes called the “Nobel Prize of Computer Science”), and in 2005 he was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom.

Cerf is a vice president and chief Internet evangelist at Google, and chairman of the board of the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), an organization he helped form; he was also recently elected president of the ACM Council. He served as founding president of the Internet Society from 1992 to 1995. He's an advocate for a truly free internet, speaking out in the face of increasing government demands to limit free speech and connection.

More profile about the speaker
Vint Cerf | Speaker | TED.com
TED2013

Diana Reiss, Peter Gabriel, Neil Gershenfeld and Vint Cerf: The interspecies internet? An idea in progress

A Internet interespécies? Uma ideia em progresso…

Filmed:
760,277 views

Macacos, golfinhos e elefantes são animais com habilidades de comunicação excepcionais. Será que a internet poderia ser expandida para incluir espécies conscientes como essas? Uma ideia nova em desenvolvimento por um painel de quatro grandes pensadores -- a pesquisadora de golfinhos Diana Reiss, o músico Peter Gabriel, o visionário da Internet das Coisas Neil Gershenfeld e Vint Cert, um dos pais da Internet.
- Cognitive psychologist
Diana Reiss studies animal cognition, and has found that bottlenose dolphins (and Asian elephants) can recognize themselves in the mirror. Full bio - Musician, activist
Peter Gabriel writes incredible songs but, as the co-founder of WITNESS and TheElders.org, is also a powerful human rights advocate. Full bio - Physicist, personal fab pioneer
As Director of MIT’s Center for Bits and Atoms, Neil Gershenfeld explores the boundaries between the digital and physical worlds. Full bio - Computer scientist
Vint Cerf, now the chief Internet evangelist at Google, helped lay the foundations for the internet as we know it more than 30 years ago. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:12
Diana Reiss: You may think you're looking
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Diana Reiss: Vocês podem pensar que estão olhando
00:14
through a window at a dolphin spinning playfully,
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por uma janela um golfinho brincando de girar,
00:18
but what you're actually looking through
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mas o que vocês estão mesmo olhando
00:21
is a two-way mirror at a dolphin
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é por um espelho bidirecional um golfinho
00:23
looking at itself spinning playfully.
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olhando a si mesmo brincando de girar.
00:26
This is a dolphin that is self-aware.
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Este é um golfinho que é autoconsciente.
00:28
This dolphin has self-awareness.
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Este golfinho tem autoconsciência.
00:30
It's a young dolphin named Bayley.
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É um jovem golfinho chamado Bayley.
00:32
I've been very interested in understanding the nature
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Eu tenho me interessado muito em entender a natureza
00:35
of the intelligence of dolphins for the past 30 years.
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da inteligência dos golfinhos pelos últimos 30 anos.
00:39
How do we explore intelligence in this animal
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Como nós exploramos a inteligência desse animal
00:42
that's so different from us?
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que é tão diferente de nós?
00:43
And what I've used is a very simple research tool,
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E o que usei é uma ferramente muito simples de pesquisa,
00:46
a mirror, and we've gained great information,
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um espelho, e nós conseguimos boas informações,
00:49
reflections of these animal minds.
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reflexos das mentes desses animais.
00:52
Dolphins aren't the only animals, the only non-human animals,
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Golfinhos não são os únicos animais, os únicos animais não-humanos,
00:56
to show mirror self-recognition.
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que apresentam auto-reconhecimento no espelho.
00:58
We used to think this was a uniquely human ability,
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Nós costumávamos pensar que essa habilidade era exclusiva dos humanos,
01:01
but we learned that the great apes, our closest relatives,
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mas descobrimos que os grandes símios, nossos parentes mais próximos,
01:04
also show this ability.
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também apresentam essa habilidade.
01:06
Then we showed it in dolphins,
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Daí observamo-na em golfinhos,
01:08
and then later in elephants.
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e mais tarde em elefantes.
01:10
We did this work in my lab with the dolphins and elephants,
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Nós fizemos esse trabalho em meu laboratório com os golfinhos e elefantes,
01:12
and it's been recently shown in the magpie.
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e recentemente foi observada nas gralhas.
01:15
Now, it's interesting, because we've embraced
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Agora, é interessante, porque nós aceitamos
01:18
this Darwinian view of a continuity in physical evolution,
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essa visão darwiniana de uma continuidade em evolução física,
01:22
this physical continuity.
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essa continuidade física.
01:23
But we've been much more reticent, much slower
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Mas temos estado muito mais reticentes, mais lentos
01:27
at recognizing this continuity in cognition,
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em reconhecer essa continuidade na cognição,
01:30
in emotion, in consciousness in other animals.
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em emoção, na consciência de outros animais.
01:33
Other animals are conscious.
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Outros animais são conscientes.
01:36
They're emotional. They're aware.
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São emocionais. Têm ciência.
01:39
There have been multitudes of studies with many species
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Já houveram vários estudos com muitas espécies
01:42
over the years that have given us exquisite evidence
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através dos anos que nos deram evidência absoluta
01:46
for thinking and consciousness in other animals,
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para pensamento e consciência em outros animais,
01:49
other animals that are quite different than we are in form.
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outros animais que são bem diferentes de nós na forma.
01:52
We are not alone.
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Não estamos sozinhos.
01:55
We are not alone in these abilities.
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Não estamos sozinhos nessas habilidades.
01:59
And I hope, and one of my biggest dreams,
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E eu espero, e um dos meus maiores sonhos,
02:02
is that, with our growing awareness
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é que, com nosso crescente conhecimento
02:05
about the consciousness of others
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da consciência de outros
02:07
and our relationship with the rest of the animal world,
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e nosso relacionamento com o resto do mundo animal,
02:09
that we'll give them the respect and protection
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que nós daremos a eles o respeito e a proteção
02:12
that they deserve.
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que eles merecem.
02:13
So that's a wish I'm throwing out here for everybody,
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E esse é um desejo que estou lançando aqui para todos,
02:15
and I hope I can really engage you in this idea.
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E espero que eu possa mesmo envolvê-los nessa ideia.
02:19
Now, I want to return to dolphins,
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Agora, queria voltar aos golfinhos,
02:21
because these are the animals that I feel like
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Porque esses são os animais com que sinto
02:23
I've been working up closely and personal with
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que estive trabalhando de perto e pessoalmente
02:26
for over 30 years.
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por mais de 30 anos.
02:27
And these are real personalities.
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E eles tem verdadeiras personalidades.
02:29
They are not persons, but they're personalities
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Não são pessoas, mas têm personalidades
02:32
in every sense of the word.
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em todos os sentidos da palavra.
02:34
And you can't get more alien than the dolphin.
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E não há nada mais diferente que um golfinho.
02:37
They are very different from us in body form.
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Eles são muito diferentes de nós na forma do corpo.
02:39
They're radically different. They come from a radically different environment.
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Eles são radicalmente diferentes. Eles vêm de um ambiente radicalmente diferente.
02:42
In fact, we're separated by 95 million years
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De fato, estamos separados por 95 milhões de anos
02:47
of divergent evolution.
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de evolução divergente.
02:49
Look at this body.
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Olhem para este corpo.
02:51
And in every sense of making a pun here,
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E em todos os sentido para fazer um trocadilho,
02:54
these are true non-terrestrials.
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estes são verdadeiros não-terrestres.
02:59
I wondered how we might interface with these animals.
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Eu me pergunto como podemos interagir com esses animais.
03:02
In the 1980s, I developed an underwater keyboard.
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Na década de 80, eu desenvolvi um teclado subaquático.
03:05
This was a custom-made touch-screen keyboard.
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Era um teclado touch-screen personalizado.
03:08
What I wanted to do was give the dolphins choice and control.
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O que eu queria fazer era dar aos golfinhos a escolha e o controle.
03:11
These are big brains, highly social animals,
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Eles têm grandes cérebros, são altamente sociais,
03:13
and I thought, well, if we give them choice and control,
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e eu pensei, bem, se nós lhes dermos a escolha e o controle,
03:16
if they can hit a symbol on this keyboard --
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se eles puderem tocar um símbolo neste teclado --
03:18
and by the way, it was interfaced by fiber optic cables
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que, aliás, tinha uma interface de cabos de fibra ótica
03:21
from Hewlett-Packard with an Apple II computer.
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da Hewlett-Packard com um computador Apple II.
03:24
This seems prehistoric now,
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Isso parece pré-histórico agora.
03:26
but this was where we were with technology.
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Mas era onde estávamos com a tecnologia.
03:28
So the dolphins could hit a key, a symbol,
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Portanto os golfinhos podiam tocar um botão, um símbolo,
03:31
they heard a computer-generated whistle,
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eles ouviam um assobio gerado por computador,
03:33
and they got an object or activity.
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e eles recebiam um objeto ou uma atividade.
03:35
Now here's a little video.
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Bem, aqui vai um pequeno vídeo.
03:36
This is Delphi and Pan, and you're going to see Delphi
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Estes são Delphi e Pan, e vocês vão ver Delphi
03:39
hitting a key, he hears a computer-generated whistle -- (Whistle) --
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tocar um botão, ele escuta um assobio gerado por computador -- (Assobio) --
03:43
and gets a ball, so they can actually ask for things they want.
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E recebe uma bola, então eles podem pedir por coisas que eles queiram.
03:47
What was remarkable is, they explored this keyboard
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O que foi notável foi que eles exploraram esse teclado
03:51
on their own. There was no intervention on our part.
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sozinhos. Não houve qualquer intervenção por nossa parte.
03:54
They explored the keyboard. They played around with it.
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Eles exploraram o teclado. Eles brincaram com ele.
03:56
They figured out how it worked.
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Eles descobriram como ele funcionava.
03:58
And they started to quickly imitate the sounds
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E eles rapidamente começaram e imitar os sons
04:00
they were hearing on the keyboard.
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que estavam ouvindo no teclado.
04:03
They imitated on their own.
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Eles imitaram sozinhos.
04:05
Beyond that, though, they started learning
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Além disso, porém, eles começaram a aprender
04:07
associations between the symbols, the sounds
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associações entre os símbolos, os sons
04:10
and the objects.
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e os objetos.
04:13
What we saw was self-organized learning,
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O que observamos foi aprendizagem auto-organizada,
04:16
and now I'm imagining, what can we do
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E agora estou imaginando, o que podemos fazer
04:19
with new technologies?
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com novas tecnologias?
04:21
How can we create interfaces, new windows into
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Como podemos criar interfaces, novas janelas para
04:24
the minds of animals, with the technologies that exist today?
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as mentes dos animais, com as tecnologias que existem hoje?
04:29
So I was thinking about this, and then, one day,
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Eu estava pensando nisso, e então, um dia,
04:32
I got a call from Peter.
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Eu recebi uma ligação do Peter.
04:38
Peter Gabriel: I make noises for a living.
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Peter Gabriel: Eu vivo de fazer barulho.
04:40
On a good day, it's music,
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Em um dia bom, é música,
04:42
and I want to talk a little bit about
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E eu gostaria de falar um pouco sobre
04:44
the most amazing music-making experience I ever had.
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a experiência de fazer música mais extraordinária que já tive.
04:48
I'm a farm boy. I grew up surrounded by animals,
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Eu sou um menino da fazenda. Cresci cercado de animais,
04:51
and I would look in these eyes and wonder
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E eu olhava em seus olhos e pensava
04:53
what was going on there?
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o que está acontecendo aí?
04:55
So as an adult, when I started to read about
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Então, como um adulto, quando comecei a ler sobre
04:57
the amazing breakthroughs with Penny Patterson and Koko,
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as incríveis descobertas com Penny Patterson e Koko,
05:00
with Sue Savage-Rumbaugh and Kanzi, Panbanisha,
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com Sue Savage-Rumbaugh e Kanzi, Panbanisha,
05:04
Irene Pepperberg, Alex the parrot,
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Irene Pepperberg, Alex o papagaio,
05:06
I got all excited.
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Eu fiquei todo animado.
05:09
What was amazing to me also
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O que era incrível pra mim também
05:10
was they seemed a lot more adept
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era que eles pareciam muito mais habilitados
05:14
at getting a handle on our language
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a entender um pouco da nossa linguagem
05:17
than we were on getting a handle on theirs.
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do que nós a entender a deles.
05:21
I work with a lot of musicians from around the world,
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Eu trabalho com muitos músicos de todo o mundo,
05:25
and often we don't have any common language at all,
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e muitas vezes não temos nenhum idioma em comum,
05:28
but we sit down behind our instruments,
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mas sentamos por trás de nossos instrumentos,
05:32
and suddenly there's a way for us to connect and emote.
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e de repente há um jeito de nos conectar e emocionar.
05:35
So I started cold-calling, and eventually got through
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Então comecei a fazer chamadas frias, e um dia encontrei
05:38
to Sue Savage-Rumbaugh,
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Sue Savage-Rumbaugh,
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and she invited me down.
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e ela me convidou a visitá-la.
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I went down, and the bonobos
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Eu fui, e os bonobos
05:46
had had access to percussion instruments,
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tinham tido acesso aos instrumentos de percussão,
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musical toys, but never before to a keyboard.
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brinquedos musicais, mas nunca antes a um teclado.
05:52
At first they did what infants do,
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No início eles faziam o que crianças fazem,
05:54
just bashed it with their fists,
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Só bateram com os punhos,
05:56
and then I asked, through Sue,
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e então eu perguntei, pela Sue,
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if Panbanisha could try with one finger only.
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se Panbanisha poderia tentar só com um dedo.
06:03
Sue Savage-Rumbaugh: Can you play a grooming song?
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Sue Savage-Rumbaugh: Pode tocar uma música de adestramento?
06:08
I want to hear a grooming song.
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Quero ouvir uma música de adestramento.
06:10
Play a real quiet grooming song.
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Toque uma música verdadeira, calma, de adestramento.
06:16
PG: So groom was the subject of the piece.
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PG: Adestramento era o assunto da música.
06:20
(Music)
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(Música)
06:37
So I'm just behind, jamming,
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E eu estou só atrás, tocando,
06:41
yeah, this is what we started with.
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pois é, foi com isso que começamos.
06:46
Sue's encouraging her to continue a little more.
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Sue está incentivando-a a continuar mais um pouco.
06:49
(Music)
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(Música)
07:38
She discovers a note she likes,
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Ela encontra uma nota de que gosta,
07:43
finds the octave.
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encontra a oitava.
07:47
She'd never sat at a keyboard before.
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Ela nunca havia sentado a um teclado antes.
07:58
Nice triplets.
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Trios legais.
08:12
SSR: You did good. That was very good.
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SSR: Você foi bem. Foi muito bom.
08:16
PG: She hit good.
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PG: Ela tocou bem.
08:17
(Applause)
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(Aplausos)
08:22
So that night, we began to dream,
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Naquela noite, nós começamos a sonhar,
08:27
and we thought, perhaps the most amazing tool
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E pensamos, talvez a ferramenta mais incrível
08:29
that man's created is the Internet,
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que o homem criou é a Internet,
08:32
and what would happen if we could somehow
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e o que aconteceria se nós pudéssemos de algum jeito
08:35
find new interfaces,
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encontrar novas interfaces,
08:37
visual-audio interfaces that would allow
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interfaces áudio-visuais que permitiriam
08:41
these remarkable sentient beings
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a esses excepcionais seres conscientes,
08:43
that we share the planet with access?
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com que dividimos o planeta, acessar?
08:46
And Sue Savage-Rumbaugh got excited about that,
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E Sue Savage-Rumbaugh ficou animada com aquilo,
08:50
called her friend Steve Woodruff,
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ligou para seu amigo Steve Woodruff,
08:52
and we began hustling all sorts of people
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e nós começamos a recrutar todas as pessoas
08:55
whose work related or was inspiring,
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cujo trabalho era relacionado ou inspirador,
08:58
which led us to Diana,
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o que nos levou a Diana,
09:00
and led us to Neil.
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e nos levou ao Neil.
09:03
Neil Gershenfeld: Thanks, Peter.
PG: Thank you.
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Neil Gershenfeld: Obrigado, Peter.
PG: Obrigado.
09:05
(Applause)
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(Aplausos)
09:09
NG: So Peter approached me.
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NG: O Peter me abordou.
09:11
I lost it when I saw that clip.
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Eu me perdi quando vi aquele vídeo.
09:13
He approached me with a vision of doing these things
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Ele me abordou com uma visão de fazer essas coisas
09:17
not for people, for animals.
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não para as pessoas, mas para os animais.
09:18
And then I was struck in the history of the Internet.
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E então eu fui atingido pela história da Internet.
09:21
This is what the Internet looked like when it was born
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Assim que a Internet era quando ela nasceu
09:25
and you can call that the Internet
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e você pode chamar aquilo de Internet
09:27
of middle-aged white men,
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dos homens brancos de meia idade,
09:29
mostly middle-aged white men.
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a maioria de homens brancos de meia idade.
09:30
Vint Cerf: (Laughs)
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Vint Cerf: (Dá risada)
09:32
(Laughter)
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(Risos)
09:35
NG: Speaking as one.
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NG: Falando como tal.
09:37
Then, when I first came to TED,
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Então, quando eu vim ao TED pela primeira vez,
09:40
which was where I met Peter, I showed this.
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que foi quando encontrei o Peter, eu mostrei isto.
09:42
This is a $1 web server,
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Este é um servidor web de $1.
09:44
and at the time that was radical.
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e na época isso era radical.
09:47
And the possibility of making a web server for a dollar
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E a possibilidade de fazer um servidor web por um dólar
09:51
grew into what became known as the Internet of Things,
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se desenvolveu no que conhecemos como Internet das Coisas,
09:54
which is literally an industry now with tremendous implications
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que agora é literalmente uma indústria com milhares de implicações
09:57
for health care, energy efficiency.
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para assistência médica, eficiência energética.
10:00
And we were happy with ourselves.
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E nós estávamos felizes conosco.
10:01
And then when Peter showed me that,
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Então quando o Peter me mostrou aquilo,
10:03
I realized we had missed something,
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Eu percebi que estava faltando alguma coisa,
10:04
which is the rest of the planet.
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que é o resto do planeta.
10:07
So we started up this interspecies Internet project.
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Então começamos esse projeto da Internet interespécies.
10:09
Now we started talking with TED
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Agora estávamos falando com o TED
10:11
about how you bring dolphins and great apes and elephants
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sobre como traríamos golfinhos, grandes macacos e elefantes
10:13
to TED, and we realized that wouldn't work.
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ao TED, e percebemos que não daria certo.
10:16
So we're going to bring you to them.
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Então vamos levar vocês até eles.
10:18
So if we could switch to the audio from this computer,
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Se pudermos trocar para o áudio deste computador,
10:21
we've been video conferencing with cognitive animals,
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Nós estivemos em videoconferência com animais cognitivos
10:24
and we're going to have each of them
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e vamos pedir para que cada um deles
10:25
just briefly introduce them.
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se apresente brevemente.
10:27
And so if we could also have this up, great.
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E então se pudermos trazer isso também, ótimo.
10:29
So the first site we're going to meet
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O primeiro lugar para que estamos indo
10:31
is Cameron Park Zoo in Waco, with orangutans.
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é o Parque Zoológico Cameron em Waco, com os orangotangos.
10:34
In the daytime they live outside. It's nighttime there now.
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Durante o dia eles vivem do lado de fora. Agora é de noite lá.
10:37
So can you please go ahead?
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Vocês podem continuar, por favor?
10:40
Terri Cox: Hi, I'm Terri Cox
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Terri Cox: Olá, eu sou Terri Cox
10:43
with the Cameron Park Zoo in Waco, Texas,
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com o Parque Zoológico Cameron em Waco, Texas,
10:45
and with me I have KeraJaan and Mei,
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e comigo estão KeraJaan e Mei,
10:49
two of our Bornean orangutans.
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dois de nossos orangotangos-de-bornéu.
10:51
During the day, they have a beautiful, large outdoor habitat,
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Durante o dia, eles têm um bonito e grande habitat lá fora,
10:56
and at night, they come into this habitat,
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E durante a noite, eles entram nesse habitat,
10:59
into their night quarters,
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em seus quartos noturnos,
11:00
where they can have a climate-controlled
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onde eles podem ter ambientes
11:02
and secure environment to sleep in.
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de clima controlado e seguros para dormir.
11:04
We participate in the Apps for Apes program
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Nós estamos participando do programa Apps for Apes
11:09
Orangutan Outreach, and we use iPads
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Orangutan Outreach, e usamos iPads
11:12
to help stimulate and enrich the animals,
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para ajudar a estimular e enriquecer os animais,
11:14
and also help raise awareness
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e também ajudar a aumentar a conscientização
11:16
for these critically endangered animals.
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para esses animais em ameaça crítica.
11:18
And they share 97 percent of our DNA
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E eles compartilham 97% do nosso DNA
11:23
and are incredibly intelligent,
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e são incrivelmente inteligentes,
11:24
so it's so exciting to think of all the opportunities
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e é tão empolgante pensar em todas as oportunidades
11:28
that we have via technology and the Internet
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que temos com tecnologia pela Internet
11:31
to really enrich their lives and open up their world.
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para enriquecer suas vidas e abrir seus mundos.
11:35
We're really excited about the possibility
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Estamos muito empolgados com essa possibilidade
11:37
of an interspecies Internet,
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de uma Internet interespécies,
11:39
and K.J. has been enjoying the conference very much.
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e o K.J. está gostando bastante da conferência.
11:43
NG: That's great. When we were rehearsing last night,
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NG: Isto é ótimo. Quando estávamos ensaiando ontem à noite,
11:45
he had fun watching the elephants.
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Nos divertimos assistindo aos elefantes.
11:47
Next user group are the dolphins at the National Aquarium.
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O próximo grupo de usuários são os golfinhos no Aquário Nacional.
11:51
Please go ahead.
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Por favor, prossigam.
11:53
Allison Ginsburg: Good evening.
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Allison Ginsburg: Boa noite.
11:54
Well, my name is Allison Ginsburg,
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Bem, meu nome é Allison Ginsburg,
11:55
and we're live in Baltimore at the National Aquarium.
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e estamos ao vivo em Baltimore no Aquário Nacional.
11:58
Joining me are three of our eight Atlantic bottlenose dolphins:
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Junto comigo estão três de nossos oito golfinhos-nariz-de-garrafa do Atlântico:
12:02
20-year-old Chesapeake, who was our first dolphin born here,
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Chesapeake de 20 anos, que foi nosso primeiro golfinho nascido aqui,
12:05
her four-year-old daughter Bayley,
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sua filha de 4 anos Bayley,
12:08
and her half sister, 11-year-old Maya.
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E sua meia-irmã de 11 anos Maya.
12:12
Now, here at the National Aquarium
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Agora, aqui no Aquário Nacional
12:13
we are committed to excellence in animal care,
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nos comprometemos com excelência no tratamento animal,
12:16
to research, and to conservation.
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com pesquisa e com conservação.
12:19
The dolphins are pretty intrigued as to what's going on here tonight.
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Os golfinhos estão bem intrigados com o que está acontecendo aqui hoje à noite.
12:22
They're not really used to having cameras here
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Eles não estão acostumados a ter câmeras aqui
12:24
at 8 o'clock at night.
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às 8 da noite.
12:26
In addition, we are very committed to doing
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Além disso, estamos muito empenhados para fazer
12:28
different types of research.
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tipos diferentes de pesquisa.
12:30
As Diana mentioned, our animals are involved
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Como a Diana mencionou, nossos animais estão envolvidos
12:33
in many different research studies.
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em muitos estudos e pesquisas diferentes.
12:46
NG: Those are for you.
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NG: Essas são para você.
12:50
Okay, that's great, thank you.
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Ok, está ótimo, obrigado.
12:52
And the third user group, in Thailand,
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E o terceiro grupo de usuários, na Tailândia,
12:55
is Think Elephants. Go ahead, Josh.
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é o Think Elephants. Vá em frente, Josh.
12:59
Josh Plotnik: Hi, my name is Josh Plotnik,
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Josh Plotnik: Olá, meu nome é Josh Plotnik,
13:01
and I'm with Think Elephants International,
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E eu estou com o Think Elephants International,
13:04
and we're here in the Golden Triangle of Thailand
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E estamos aqui no Triângulo de Ouro da Tailândia
13:06
with the Golden Triangle Asian Elephant Foundation elephants.
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com os elefantes da Golden Triangle Asian Elephants Foundation.
13:09
And we have 26 elephants here,
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E nós temos 26 elefantes aqui,
13:12
and our research is focused on the evolution of intelligence with elephants,
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e nossa pesquisa está focada na evolução da inteligência nos elefantes,
13:16
but our foundation Think Elephants is focused
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mas nossa fundação Think Elephant está focada
13:18
on bringing elephants into classrooms around the world
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em trazer elefantes para a sala de aula ao redor do mundo
13:21
virtually like this and showing people
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praticamente assim e mostrar às pessoas
13:23
how incredible these animals are.
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como esses animais são incríveis.
13:25
So we're able to bring the camera right up to the elephant,
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E é possível levar a câmera aos elefantes,
13:28
put food into the elephant's mouth,
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pôr comida na boca do elefante,
13:30
show people what's going on inside their mouths,
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mostrar às pessoas o que está acontecendo dentro de suas bocas,
13:32
and show everyone around the world
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e mostrar a todos ao redor do mundo
13:34
how incredible these animals really are.
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como esses animais são incríveis.
13:37
NG: Okay, that's great. Thanks Josh.
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NG: Ok, está ótimo. Obrigado Josh.
13:40
And once again, we've been building great relationships
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e mais uma vez, nós temos construído bons relacionamentos
13:42
among them just since we've been rehearsing.
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desde que começamos a ensaiar.
13:44
So at that point, if we can go back to the other computer,
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Então, neste ponto, se pudermos voltar ao outro computador,
13:47
we were starting to think about how you integrate
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nós havíamos começado a pensar sobre como integrar
13:49
the rest of the biomass of the planet into the Internet,
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o resto da biomassa do planeta na Internet,
13:52
and we went to the best possible person
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e nós fomos à melhor pessoa possível
13:55
I can think of, which is Vint Cerf,
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em que posso pensar, que é Vint Cerf,
13:58
who is one of the founders who gave us the Internet. Vint?
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que é um dos fundadores que nos deu a Internet. Vint?
14:01
VC: Thank you, Neil.
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VC: Obrigado, Neil.
14:03
(Applause)
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(Aplausos)
14:07
A long time ago in a galaxy — oops, wrong script.
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Muito tempo atrás numa galáxia -- ops, roteiro errado.
14:12
Forty years ago, Bob Kahn and I
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40 anos atrás, Bob Kahn e eu
14:14
did the design of the Internet.
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fizemos o desenho da Internet.
14:16
Thirty years ago, we turned it on.
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30 anos atrás, nós o ativamos.
14:18
Just last year, we turned on the production Internet.
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Só ano passado, nós ativamos a Internet de produção
14:22
You've been using the experimental version
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Você têm usado a versão experimental
14:24
for the last 30 years.
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durante os últimos 30 anos.
14:25
The production version, it uses IP version 6.
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A versão de produção, ela usa IP versão 6.
14:28
It has 3.4 times 10 to the 38th possible terminations.
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Ele tem 3,4 vezes 10 elevado a 38 possíveis terminações.
14:33
That's a number only that Congress can appreciate.
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Esse é um número que somente o Congresso sabe apreciar.
14:37
But it leads to what is coming next.
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Mas nos leva ao que está vindo por seguir.
14:41
When Bob and I did this design,
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Quando Bob e eu fizemos esse desenho,
14:43
we thought we were building a system to connect computers together.
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pensamos que estávamos construindo um sistema para conectar computadores.
14:47
What we very quickly discovered
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O que rapidamente descobrimos
14:49
is that this was a system for connecting people together.
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é que esse era um sistema para conectar pessoas.
14:52
And what you've seen tonight
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E o que vocês viram hoje
14:54
tells you that we should not restrict this network
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mostra que não devemos restringir essa rede
14:58
to one species,
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a uma única espécie,
15:01
that these other intelligent, sentient species
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que essas outras espécies inteligentes, conscientes
15:04
should be part of the system too.
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deveriam ser parte do sistema também.
15:07
This is the system as it looks today, by the way.
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Este é o sistema como ele está hoje, aliás.
15:09
This is what the Internet looks like to a computer
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Isto é como a Internet se mostra a um computador
15:12
that's trying to figure out where the traffic
291
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que está tentando entender aonde o tráfego
15:15
is supposed to go.
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deve ir.
15:16
This is generated by a program
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2625
Isto é gerado por um programa
15:19
that's looking at the connectivity of the Internet,
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2749
que está observando a conectividade da Internet,
15:22
and how all the various networks are connected together.
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E como todas as redes variadas estão interconectadas.
15:25
There are about 400,000 networks, interconnected,
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Há cerca de 400.000 redes, interconectadas,
15:28
run independently by 400,000 different operating agencies,
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5139
conduzidas independentemente por 400.000 agências operadoras diferentes,
15:33
and the only reason this works
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1249
e a única razão pela qual isso funciona
15:34
is that they all use the same standard TCP/IP protocols.
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é que elas todas usam o mesmo padrão de protocolos TCP/IP.
15:38
Well, you know where this is headed.
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2355
Bem, vocês sabe aonde vamos chegar.
15:41
The Internet of Things tell us
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2291
a Internet das Coisas nos diz
15:43
that a lot of computer-enabled appliances and devices
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4296
que um monte de aparelhos com computadores e dispositivos
15:47
are going to become part of this system too:
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2456
irão fazer parte desse sistema também:
15:50
appliances that you use around the house,
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2273
aparelhos que vocês usam pela casa,
15:52
that you use in your office,
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1919
que vocês usam no escritório,
15:54
that you carry around with yourself or in the car.
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2625
que vocês levam por aí com vocês no carro.
15:57
That's the Internet of Things that's coming.
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Isso é a Internet das Coisas que está vindo.
15:59
Now, what's important about what these people are doing
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2802
Bem, o importante no que essas pessoas estão fazendo
16:02
is that they're beginning to learn
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2351
é que estão começando a aprender
16:04
how to communicate with species
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como se comunicar com espécies
16:07
that are not us
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1342
que não somos nós,
16:09
but share a common sensory environment.
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3103
mas compartilham um ambiente sensorial comum.
16:12
We're beginning to explore what it means
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Estamos começando a explorar o que significa
16:14
to communicate with something
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1564
comunicar-se com algo
16:16
that isn't just another person.
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2362
que não seja uma outra pessoa.
16:18
Well, you can see what's coming next.
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2726
Bem, dá pra ver o que está por vir.
16:21
All kinds of possible sentient beings
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Todos os tipos possíveis de seres conscientes
16:24
may be interconnected through this system,
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1876
podem se interconectar por esse sistema,
16:25
and I can't wait to see these experiments unfold.
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e não vejo a hora de ver esses experimentos acontecerem.
16:29
What happens after that?
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2015
O que acontece então?
16:31
Well, let's see.
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2730
Bem, veremos.
16:33
There are machines that need to talk to machines
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3185
Há máquinas que precisam conversar com máquinas
16:37
and that we need to talk to, and so as time goes on,
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3258
e com que precisamos conversar, então à medida que passa o tempo,
16:40
we're going to have to learn
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vamos ter que aprender
16:42
how to communicate with computers
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como nos comunicar com computadores
16:43
and how to get computers to communicate with us
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e como fazer com que computadores se comuniquem conosco
16:46
in the way that we're accustomed to,
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1819
do jeito a que estamos acostumados,
16:48
not with keyboards, not with mice,
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2863
não com teclados, não com mouses,
16:51
but with speech and gestures
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2064
mas com fala e gestos
16:53
and all the natural human language that we're accustomed to.
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2984
e toda a linguagem natural humana a que estamos acostumados.
16:56
So we'll need something like C3PO
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2137
Portanto vamos precisar de algo como C3PO
16:58
to become a translator between ourselves
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para ser um tradutor entre nós
17:01
and some of the other machines we live with.
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2142
e algumas das outras máquinas com que convivemos.
17:03
Now, there is a project that's underway
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Agora, há um projeto em andamento
17:06
called the interplanetary Internet.
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chamado de a Internet interplanetária.
17:08
It's in operation between Earth and Mars.
336
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2724
esta em operação entre a Terra e Marte.
17:10
It's operating on the International Space Station.
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3022
Está operando na Estação Espacial Internacional.
17:13
It's part of the spacecraft that's in orbit around the Sun
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3691
É parte da nave espacial que está em órbita ao redor do Sol
17:17
that's rendezvoused with two planets.
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1822
que já se encontrou com dois planetas.
17:19
So the interplanetary system is on its way,
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2265
Portanto, o sistema interplanetário está a caminho,
17:21
but there's a last project,
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mas há um último projeto,
17:23
which the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency,
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que a Agência de Projetos de Pesquisa Avançados de Defesa,
17:26
which funded the original ARPANET,
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que financiou a ARPANET original,
17:28
funded the Internet, funded the interplanetary architecture,
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financiou a Internet, financiou a estrutura interplanetária,
17:31
is now funding a project to design a spacecraft
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está financiando um projeto de uma nave espacial
17:34
to get to the nearest star in 100 years' time.
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para chegar à estrela mais próxima em 100 anos.
17:39
What that means is that what we're learning
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que isso significa é que o que estamos aprendendo
17:41
with these interactions with other species
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com essas interações com outras espécies
17:43
will teach us, ultimately,
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vai nos ensinar, por fim,
17:45
how we might interact with an alien from another world.
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como poderemos interagir com um alienígena de outro mundo.
17:49
I can hardly wait.
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Mal posso esperar.
17:52
(Applause)
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(Aplausos)
17:59
June Cohen: So first of all, thank you,
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June Cohen: Em primeiro lugar, obrigada,
18:00
and I would like to acknowledge that four people
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e eu gostaria de reconhecer que quatro pessoas
18:03
who could talk to us for full four days
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que poderiam conversar conosco por quatro dias inteiros
18:05
actually managed to stay to four minutes each,
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conseguiram se manter em quatro minutos cada,
18:07
and we thank you for that.
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e agradecemos por isso.
18:08
I have so many questions,
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Tenho tantas perguntas,
18:10
but maybe a few practical things that the audience might want to know.
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mas talvez algumas coisas práticas que a plateia possa querer saber.
18:12
You're launching this idea here at TED —
PG: Today.
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Vocês estão lançando essa ideia aqui no TED —
PG: Hoje.
18:16
JC: Today. This is the first time you're talking about it.
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JC: Hoje. Essa é a primeira vez que estão falando disso.
18:17
Tell me a little bit about where you're going to take the idea.
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Contem-me um pouco sobre aonde vocês levarão a ideia.
18:19
What's next?
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O que vem depois?
18:21
PG: I think we want to engage as many people
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PG: Acho que queremos envolver o máximo possível
18:24
here as possible in helping us
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de pessoas aqui para nos ajudar
18:26
think of smart interfaces that will make all this possible.
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a pensar em interfaces inteligentes que vão possibilitar isso tudo.
18:30
NG: And just mechanically,
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NG: E só mecanicamente,
18:32
there's a 501(c)(3) and web infrastructure
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Há uma infraestrutura web 510(c)(3)
18:34
and all of that, but it's not quite ready to turn on,
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e tudo mais, mas ainda não está bem pronta para ser ligada,
18:36
so we'll roll that out, and contact us
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e vamos lançá-la, entrem em contato conosco
18:38
if you want the information on it.
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se quiserem informações sobre ela.
18:40
The idea is this will be -- much like the Internet functions
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A ideia é que isso seja -- muito parecido com as funções da Internet
18:43
as a network of networks,
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de uma rede de redes,
18:44
which is Vint's core contribution,
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que é o núcleo da contribuição de Vint,
18:46
this will be a wrapper around all of these initiatives,
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Isso será uma camada em torno de todas essas iniciativas,
18:48
that are wonderful individually, to link them globally.
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que são maravilhosas individualmente, para conectá-las globalmente.
18:51
JC: Right, and do you have a web address
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JC: Certo, e vocês tem um endereço na Internet
18:52
that we might look for yet?
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que podemos procurar já?
18:53
NG: Shortly.
JC: Shortly. We will come back to you on that.
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NG: Em breve.
JC: Em breve. Voltaremos com você sobre isso.
18:56
And very quickly, just to clarify.
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E bem rápido, só para esclarecer.
19:00
Some people might have looked at the video that you showed
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Algumas pessoas podem ter visto o vídeo que vocês mostraram
19:02
and thought, well, that's just a webcam.
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e pensado, bem, é apenas uma webcam.
19:03
What's special about it?
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O que há de especial nisso?
19:04
If you could talk for just a moment
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Se pudessem falar só por um segundo
19:06
about how you want to go past that?
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sobre como vocês querem ir além disso?
19:08
NG: So this is scalable video infrastructure,
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NG: Bem, é uma infraestrutura de vídeo escalável,
19:11
not for a few to a few but many to many,
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não de poucos para poucos, mas de muitos para muitos,
19:14
so that it scales to symmetrical video sharing
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para que escale a um compartilhamento simétrico de vídeo
19:17
and content sharing across these sites around the planet.
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e compartilhamento de conteúdo por esses sites em todo o planeta.
19:20
So there's a lot of back-end signal processing,
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e há muito processamento de sinal por trás,
19:23
not for one to many, but for many to many.
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não de um para muitos, mas de muitos para muitos.
19:25
JC: Right, and then on a practical level,
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JC: Certo, e no nível prático,
19:27
which technologies are you looking at first?
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que tecnologias vocês estão visando primeiramente?
19:28
I know you mentioned that a keyboard is a really key part of this.
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Sei que você mencionaram que um teclado é uma parte importante disso.
19:32
DR: We're trying to develop an interactive touch screen for dolphins.
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DR: Estamos tentando desenvolver uma tela sensível ao toque interativa para golfinhos.
19:35
This is sort of a continuation of some of the earlier work,
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Isso é um tipo de continuação de alguns dos trabalhos antigos,
19:37
and we just got our first seed money today towards that,
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e acabamos de receber hoje nosso capital inicial para isso,
19:41
so it's our first project.
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portanto, será nosso primeiro projeto.
19:42
JC: Before the talk, even.
DR: Yeah.
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JC: Antes da palestra, até.
DR: Sim.
19:44
JC: Wow. Well done.
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JC: Uau. Muito bem.
19:45
All right, well thank you all so much for joining us.
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Ok, bem, muito abrigada a todos por estarem conosco.
19:47
It's such a delight to have you on the stage.
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É um prazer tê-los no palco.
19:50
DR: Thank you.
VC: Thank you.
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DR: Obrigada.
VC: Obrigado.
19:51
(Applause)
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(Aplausos)
Translated by Gustavo Rocha
Reviewed by Tania Piorino

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ABOUT THE SPEAKERS
Diana Reiss - Cognitive psychologist
Diana Reiss studies animal cognition, and has found that bottlenose dolphins (and Asian elephants) can recognize themselves in the mirror.

Why you should listen

Diana Reiss’s research focuses on the cognition and communication of marine animals, with an emphasis on comparative animal cognition. Essentially, she studies the evolution of intelligence. Reiss pioneered the use of underwater keyboards with dolphins to investigate their communicative abilities and provide them with more degrees of choice and control. Reiss and her colleagues demonstrated that bottlenose dolphins and an Asian elephants possess the rare ability for mirror self-recognition previously thought to be restricted to humans and great apes. She wrote about this work in her recent book, The Dolphin in the Mirror.

Reiss' efforts also involve the rescue and rehabilitation of stranded marine mammals, including the successful rescue of Humphrey, the humpback whale, from San Francisco Bay waters. Her advocacy work in conservation and animal welfare includes the protection of dolphins in the tuna-fishing industry and efforts to bring an end to the killing of dolphins in the drive hunts in Japan. 

Reiss is a cognitive psychologist and professor in the Department of Psychology at Hunter College and the Biopsychology and Behavioral Neuroscience subprogram at the Graduate Center, CUNY. She directs a dolphin cognitive research program at the National Aquarium in Baltimore and is a research associate at the Smithsonian’s National Zoo in DC, where she investigates elephant cognition.

More profile about the speaker
Diana Reiss | Speaker | TED.com
Peter Gabriel - Musician, activist
Peter Gabriel writes incredible songs but, as the co-founder of WITNESS and TheElders.org, is also a powerful human rights advocate.

Why you should listen

Peter Gabriel was a founding member of the extraordinarily successful progressive rock band Genesis. He left the band in 1975 to go solo and, in 1980, set up the international arts festival WOMAD (which stands for World of Music, Arts and Dance) and the record label Real World, both to champion music and artistic innovation from all over the world. Gabriel's stop motion video for "Sledgehammer" has been named the most-played music video in the history of MTV.  

Gabriel is also very interested in human rights. In 1992, he co-founded WITNESS.org, an organization that helps human rights activists and citizen witnesses worldwide make change happen through the use of video. The organization not only distributes digital cameras to empower people to document human-rights abuses, but provides a platform for the spread of video that reveals what is really going on in places all over the globe.

In 2007, Gabriel also co-founded theElders.org with Richard Branson and Nelson Mandela, an independent group of global leaders working together for peace and human rights.

More profile about the speaker
Peter Gabriel | Speaker | TED.com
Neil Gershenfeld - Physicist, personal fab pioneer
As Director of MIT’s Center for Bits and Atoms, Neil Gershenfeld explores the boundaries between the digital and physical worlds.

Why you should listen

MIT's Neil Gershenfeld is redefining the boundaries between the digital and analog worlds. The digital revolution is over, Gershenfeld says. We won. What comes next? His Center for Bits and Atoms has developed quite a few answers, including Internet 0, a tiny web server that fits into lightbulbs and doorknobs, networking the physical world in previously unimaginable ways.

But Gershenfeld is best known as a pioneer in personal fabrication -- small-scale manufacturing enabled by digital technologies, which gives people the tools to build literally anything they can imagine. His famous Fab Lab is immensely popular among students at MIT, who crowd Gershenfeld's classes. But the concept is potentially life-altering in the developing world, where a Fab Lab with just $20,000 worth of laser cutters, milling machines and soldering irons can transform a community, helping people harness their creativity to build tools, replacement parts and essential products unavailable in the local market. Read more in Fab: The Coming Revolution on Your Desktop.

More profile about the speaker
Neil Gershenfeld | Speaker | TED.com
Vint Cerf - Computer scientist
Vint Cerf, now the chief Internet evangelist at Google, helped lay the foundations for the internet as we know it more than 30 years ago.

Why you should listen

TCP/IP. You may not know what it stands for, but you probably use it every day -- it's the set of communications protocols that allows data to flow from computer to computer across the internet. More than 30 years ago, while working at DARPA, Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn developed TCP/IP, and in so doing, they gave rise to the modern Internet. In 2004, Cerf was the recipient of the ACM Alan M. Turing award (sometimes called the “Nobel Prize of Computer Science”), and in 2005 he was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom.

Cerf is a vice president and chief Internet evangelist at Google, and chairman of the board of the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), an organization he helped form; he was also recently elected president of the ACM Council. He served as founding president of the Internet Society from 1992 to 1995. He's an advocate for a truly free internet, speaking out in the face of increasing government demands to limit free speech and connection.

More profile about the speaker
Vint Cerf | Speaker | TED.com