ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Stanley McChrystal - Military leader
General Stanley McChrystal is the former commander of U.S. and International forces in Afghanistan. A four-star general, he is credited for creating a revolution in warfare that fuses intelligence and operations.

Why you should listen

With a remarkable record of achievement, General Stanley McChrystal has been praised for creating a revolution in warfare that fused intelligence and operations. A four-star general, he is the former commander of U.S. and international forces in Afghanistan and the former leader of Joint Special Operations Command (JSOC), which oversees the military’s most sensitive forces. McChrystal’s leadership of JSOC is credited with the December 2003 capture of Saddam Hussein and the June 2006 location and killing of Abu Musab al-Zarqawi, the leader of al-Qaeda in Iraq. McChrystal, a former Green Beret, is known for his candor.

After McChrystal graduated from West Point, he was commissioned as an infantry officer, and spent much of his career commanding special operations and airborne infantry units. During the Persian Gulf War, McChrystal served in a Joint Special Operations Task Force and later commanded the 75th Ranger Regiment. He completed year-long fellowships at Harvard’s John F. Kennedy School of Government in 1997 and in 2000 at the Council on Foreign Relations. In 2002, he was appointed chief of staff of military operations in Afghanistan. Two years later, McChrystal was selected to deliver nationally televised Pentagon briefings about military operations in Iraq. From 2003 to 2008, McChrystal commanded JSOC and was responsible for leading the nation’s deployed military counter-terrorism efforts around the globe. He assumed command of all International Forces in Afghanistan in June 2009. President Obama’s order for an additional 30,000 troops to Afghanistan was based on McChrystal’s assessment of the war there. McChrystal retired from the military in August 2010.

More profile about the speaker
Stanley McChrystal | Speaker | TED.com
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Stanley McChrystal: The military case for sharing knowledge

Stanley McChrystal: O caso militar do compartilhamento do conhecimento

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Quando o general Stanley McChrystal começou a combater a al Qaeda em 2003, informação e segredos eram a força vital de suas operações. Mas conforme a batalha não convencional avançava, ele começou a pensar que a cultura de manter informações importantes sob sigilo era um equívoco e, na verdade, contraproducente. E uma palestra curta mas poderosa, McChrystal defende o compartilhamento ativo de conhecimento.
- Military leader
General Stanley McChrystal is the former commander of U.S. and International forces in Afghanistan. A four-star general, he is credited for creating a revolution in warfare that fuses intelligence and operations. Full bio

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Quando eu era um jovem oficial,
disseram-me
00:12
When I was a young officer, they told me
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00:14
to follow my instincts,
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que eu seguisse meus instintos,
00:16
to go with my gut,
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agisse com a alma,
00:19
and what I've learned
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e aprendi
00:21
is that often our instincts are wrong.
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que geralmente
nossos instintos estão errados.
00:25
In the summer of 2010,
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No verão de 2010,
00:28
there was a massive leak of classified documents
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houve um enorme vazamento
de documentos sigilosos
00:32
that came out of the Pentagon.
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vindos do Pentágono.
00:35
It shocked the world,
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Chocou o mundo,
00:36
it shook up the American government,
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sacudiu o governo americano
00:38
and it made people ask a lot of questions,
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e fez com que as pessoas
fizessem muitas perguntas,
00:40
because the sheer amount of information
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porque a grande quantidade de informações
00:43
that was let out, and the potential impacts,
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que foi levada a público
e os potenciais impactos
00:46
were significant.
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eram significativos.
00:49
And one of the first questions we asked ourselves
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E uma das primeiras perguntas que fizemos
00:53
was why would a young soldier have access
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foi: por que um jovem soldado teria acesso
00:56
to that much information?
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a tantas informações?
00:59
Why would we let sensitive things
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Por que permitiríamos
que coisas confidenciais
01:01
be with a relatively young person?
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estivessem com uma pessoa
relativamente jovem?
01:05
In the summer of 2003, I was assigned to command
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No verão de 2003,
fui designado para comandar
uma força-tarefa de operações especiais.
01:08
a special operations task force,
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Essa força-tarefa se espalhou
por todo o Oriente Médio,
01:11
and that task force was spread across the Mideast
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01:13
to fight al Qaeda.
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para combater a al Qaeda.
01:15
Our main effort was inside Iraq,
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Nossos principais esforços
foram dentro do Iraque,
01:18
and our specified mission
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e nossa missão especificada
01:20
was to defeat al Qaeda in Iraq.
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era derrotar a al Qaeda no Iraque.
01:21
For almost five years I stayed there,
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Fiquei lá por quase cinco anos
01:25
and we focused on fighting a war
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e nosso foco era combater uma guerra
01:26
that was unconventional and it was difficult
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que era inconvencional, difícil,
01:31
and it was bloody
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sangrenta
01:33
and it often claimed its highest price
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e geralmente quem pagava o maior preço
01:36
among innocent people.
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eram pessoas inocentes.
01:39
We did everything we could
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Fizemos tudo o que pudemos
01:42
to stop al Qaeda
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para deter a al Qaeda
01:44
and the foreign fighters that
came in as suicide bombers
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e os combatentes estrangeiros
que vinham como suicidas a bomba
01:47
and as accelerants to the violence.
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e os que espalhavam a violência.
Nós aprimoramos
nossas habilidades de combate,
01:52
We honed our combat skills,
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01:54
we developed new equipment,
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desenvolvemos novos equipamentos,
01:57
we parachuted, we helicoptered,
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saltamos de paraquedas,
voamos de helicóptero,
02:00
we took small boats, we drove, and we walked
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andamos em pequenos barcos,
dirigimos e andamos
02:02
to objectives night after night to stop
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rumo aos objetivos,
noite após noite, para deter
02:05
the killing that this network was putting forward.
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a matança que essa rede estava causando.
02:10
We bled,
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Nós sangramos,
02:13
we died,
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morremos
02:14
and we killed to stop that organization
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e matamos para que essa
organização cessasse
02:19
from the violence that they were putting
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a violência que estava usando
02:21
largely against the Iraqi people.
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amplamente contra o povo iraquiano.
02:25
Now, we did what we knew,
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Nós fizemos o que sabíamos,
02:28
how we had grown up, and
one of the things that we knew,
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da maneira que aprendemos,
e uma das coisas que sabíamos,
02:31
that was in our DNA, was secrecy.
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que estava em nosso DNA, era o sigilo,
era segurança,
era a proteção da informação,
02:34
It was security. It was protecting information.
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02:36
It was the idea that information was the lifeblood
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era a ideia de que a informação
é a força vital
02:39
and it was what would protect and keep people safe.
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e de que era ela que protegeria
e manteria as pessoas a salvo.
02:42
And we had a sense that,
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E tínhamos a impressão de que,
assim como operávamos
em nossas organizações,
02:44
as we operated within our organizations,
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02:46
it was important to keep information
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era importante manter a informação
02:48
in the silos within the organizations,
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nos cofres dentro das organizações,
02:50
particularly only give information
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fornecendo informação
somente e especificamente
02:53
to people had a demonstrated need to know.
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a pessoas que tivessem
real necessidade de saber.
02:57
But the question often came, who needed to know?
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Mas frequentemente vinha a pergunta:
"Quem precisa saber?"
03:02
Who needed, who had to have the information
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Quem precisava,
quem tinha que ter a informação
para poder realizar partes importantes
do trabalho de que precisávamos?
03:05
so that they could do the important
parts of the job that you needed?
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03:09
And in a tightly coupled world,
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E, num mundo extremamente interligado,
03:11
that's very hard to predict.
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isso é muito difícil de prever.
03:13
It's very hard to know who needs to have information
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É muito difícil saber
quem precisa ter informação
e quem não precisa.
03:16
and who doesn't.
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Eu trabalhava
com agências de inteligência,
03:18
I used to deal with intelligence agencies,
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e reclamava que elas não compartilhavam
inteligência suficiente,
03:20
and I'd complain that they weren't
sharing enough intelligence,
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03:22
and with a straight face, they'd
look at me and they'd say,
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e, sem cerimônias, elas me diziam:
03:24
"What aren't you getting?" (Laughter)
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"O que ainda te falta?" (Risos)
03:26
I said, "If I knew that, we wouldn't have a problem."
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Eu dizia: "Se eu soubesse,
não teríamos um problema".
Mas descobrimos que tínhamos de mudar.
03:32
But what we found is we had to change.
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Tínhamos de mudar nossa cultura
sobre a informação.
03:34
We had to change our culture about information.
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03:36
We had to knock down walls. We had to share.
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Tínhamos de derrubar muros.
Tínhamos de compartilhar.
03:38
We had to change from who needs to know
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Tínhamos de mudar de "quem precisa saber"
03:41
to the fact that who doesn't know,
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para "quem não sabe",
03:43
and we need to tell, and tell
them as quickly as we can.
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e precisamos contar a essas pessoas
o mais rápido possível.
03:46
It was a significant culture shift for an organization
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Foi uma mudança de cultura
significativa para uma organização
03:49
that had secrecy in its DNA.
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que tinha o sigilo em seu DNA.
Começamos fazendo coisas, construindo,
03:55
We started by doing things, by building,
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não trabalhando em escritórios,
03:57
not working in offices,
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derrubando paredes, trabalhando
em coisas que chamávamos
03:59
knocking down walls, working in things we called
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04:00
situation awareness rooms,
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de "salas de conhecimento da situação",
04:03
and in the summer of 2007,
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e, no verão de 2007,
aconteceu algo que demonstrou isso.
04:05
something happened which demonstrated this.
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04:07
We captured the personnel records
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Obtivemos os registros pessoais
das pessoas que estavam
trazendo combatentes estrangeiros
04:09
for the people who were bringing foreign fighters
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04:11
into Iraq.
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para o Iraque.
04:13
And when we got the personnel records, typically,
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Ao pegarmos registros pessoais,
normalmente os teríamos escondido,
04:15
we would have hidden these,
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04:17
shared them with a few intelligence agencies,
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compartilhado com algumas
agências de inteligência,
04:19
and then try to operate with them.
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e tentado trabalhar com elas.
Mas falando com meu oficial
de inteligência,
04:21
But as I was talking to my intelligence officer,
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04:23
I said, "What do we do?"
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eu disse: "O que faremos?"
04:24
And he said, "Well, you found them." Our command.
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E ele disse: "Bem, você os encontrou".
Nosso comando.
04:27
"You can just declassify them."
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"Você pode simplesmente
torná-los públicos".
04:29
And I said, "Well, can we declassify them?
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E eu disse: "Bem, podemos
torná-los públicos?
04:31
What if the enemy finds out?"
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E se o inimigo descobrir?"
04:32
And he says, "They're their personnel records."
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E ele disse:
"São os registros pessoais deles".
04:34
(Laughter)
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(Risos)
04:36
So we did,
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E assim fizemos,
04:37
and a lot of people got upset about that,
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e muita gente ficou incomodada com isso,
04:39
but as we passed that information around,
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mas, ao divulgarmos essas informações,
04:41
suddenly you find that information is only of value
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de repente descobrimos
que a informação só tem valor
se as dermos às pessoas
que têm a capacidade
04:44
if you give it to people who have the ability
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04:46
to do something with it.
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de fazer algo com elas.
O fato de eu saber alguma coisa
não tem valor algum
04:48
The fact that I know something has zero value
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04:50
if I'm not the person who can actually
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se eu não for a pessoa que pode
04:52
make something better because of it.
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criar algo melhor por isso.
04:54
So as a consequence, what we did was
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Então, consequentemente, o que fizemos
04:56
we changed the idea of information,
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foi mudar a ideia de informação
04:59
instead of knowledge is power,
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de "conhecimento é poder",
05:01
to one where sharing is power.
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para "compartilhamento é poder".
05:04
It was the fundamental shift,
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Foi a mudança fundamental,
05:06
not new tactics, not new weapons,
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não novas táticas, novas armas,
05:08
not new anything else.
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seja lá o que for de novo.
05:10
It was the idea that we were now part of a team
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Era a ideia de que éramos agora
parte de uma equipe
05:12
in which information became the essential link
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em que a informação
se tornou o elo essencial
05:15
between us, not a block between us.
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entre nós, não um obstáculo entre nós.
05:19
And I want everybody to take a deep breath
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Quero que todos respirem fundo
05:22
and let it out,
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e expirem,
porque em suas vidas,
haverá informações suas
05:24
because in your life, there's going to be information
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05:26
that leaks out you're not going to like.
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que vão vazar e vocês não vão gostar.
05:28
Somebody's going to get my college grades out,
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Alguém vai divulgar
minhas notas da faculdade,
05:30
a that's going to be a disaster. (Laughter)
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e isso vai ser um desastre. (Risos)
05:34
But it's going to be okay, and I will tell you that
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Mas tudo vai ficar bem, e posso dizer
05:38
I am more scared of the bureaucrat
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que tenho mais medo do burocrata
05:41
that holds information in a desk drawer
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que guarda informação
na gaveta de sua mesa
ou em um cofre, do que de uma pessoa
que vaza informação,
05:43
or in a safe than I am of someone who leaks,
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05:46
because ultimately, we'll be better off if we share.
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porque, por fim, será melhor
para nós se compartilharmos.
05:49
Thank you.
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Obrigado.
05:51
(Applause)
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(Aplausos)
Helen Walters: Não sei se você
estava aqui de manhã,
05:57
Helen Walters: So I don't know if
you were here this morning,
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05:59
if you were able to catch Rick Ledgett,
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se chegou a ver Rick Ledgett,
06:01
the deputy director of the NSA
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o diretor substituto da NSA,
06:03
who was responding to Edward
Snowden's talk earlier this week.
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que respondeu à palestra de Edward
Snowden no início da semana.
06:07
I just wonder, do you think the American government
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Só queria saber: você acha
que o governo americano
06:09
should give Edward Snowden amnesty?
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deveria conceder anistia a Edward Snowden?
Stanley McChrystal: Acho que Rick
disse algo muito importante.
06:12
Stanley McChrystal: I think that
Rick said something very important.
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06:14
We, most people, don't know all the facts.
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A maioria de nós
não conhece todos os fatos.
06:17
I think there are two parts of this.
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Acho que existem dois lados.
06:18
Edward Snowden shined a
light on an important need
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Edward Snowden chamou atenção
para uma necessidade importante
que as pessoas tinham de entender.
06:22
that people had to understand.
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06:23
He also took a lot of documents that he didn't have
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Ele também pegou vários
documentos cuja importância
06:26
the knowledge to know the importance of,
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ele desconhecia.
Então, acho que precisamos
conhecer os fatos neste caso,
06:29
so I think we need to learn the facts about this case
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06:31
before we make snap judgments
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antes de fazermos julgamentos precipitados
06:33
about Edward Snowden.
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sobre Edward Snowden.
06:35
HW: Thank you so much. Thank you.
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HW: Muito obrigada. Obrigada.
06:37
(Applause)
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(Aplausos)
Translated by Leonardo Silva
Reviewed by Elena Crescia

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Stanley McChrystal - Military leader
General Stanley McChrystal is the former commander of U.S. and International forces in Afghanistan. A four-star general, he is credited for creating a revolution in warfare that fuses intelligence and operations.

Why you should listen

With a remarkable record of achievement, General Stanley McChrystal has been praised for creating a revolution in warfare that fused intelligence and operations. A four-star general, he is the former commander of U.S. and international forces in Afghanistan and the former leader of Joint Special Operations Command (JSOC), which oversees the military’s most sensitive forces. McChrystal’s leadership of JSOC is credited with the December 2003 capture of Saddam Hussein and the June 2006 location and killing of Abu Musab al-Zarqawi, the leader of al-Qaeda in Iraq. McChrystal, a former Green Beret, is known for his candor.

After McChrystal graduated from West Point, he was commissioned as an infantry officer, and spent much of his career commanding special operations and airborne infantry units. During the Persian Gulf War, McChrystal served in a Joint Special Operations Task Force and later commanded the 75th Ranger Regiment. He completed year-long fellowships at Harvard’s John F. Kennedy School of Government in 1997 and in 2000 at the Council on Foreign Relations. In 2002, he was appointed chief of staff of military operations in Afghanistan. Two years later, McChrystal was selected to deliver nationally televised Pentagon briefings about military operations in Iraq. From 2003 to 2008, McChrystal commanded JSOC and was responsible for leading the nation’s deployed military counter-terrorism efforts around the globe. He assumed command of all International Forces in Afghanistan in June 2009. President Obama’s order for an additional 30,000 troops to Afghanistan was based on McChrystal’s assessment of the war there. McChrystal retired from the military in August 2010.

More profile about the speaker
Stanley McChrystal | Speaker | TED.com