ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Steven Johnson - Writer
Steven Berlin Johnson examines the intersection of science, technology and personal experience.

Why you should listen

Steven Johnson is a leading light of today's interdisciplinary and collaborative approach to innovation. His writings have influenced everything from cutting-edge ideas in urban planning to the battle against 21st-century terrorism. Johnson was chosen by Prospect magazine as one of the top ten brains of the digital future, and The Wall Street Journal calls him "one of the most persuasive advocates for the role of collaboration in innovation."

Johnson's work on the history of innovation inspired the Emmy-nominated six-part series on PBS, "How We Got To Now with Steven Johnson," which aired in the fall of 2014. The book version of How We Got To Now was a finalist for the PEN/E.O. Wilson Literary Science Writing Award. His new book, Wonderland: How Play Made the Modern World, revolves around the creative power of play and delight: ideas and innovations that set into motion many momentous changes in science, technology, politics and society. 

Johnson is also the author of the bestselling Where Good Ideas Come From: The Natural History of Innovation, one of his many books celebrating progress and innovation. Others include The Invention of Air and The Ghost Map. Everything Bad Is Good For You, one of the most discussed books of 2005, argued that the increasing complexity of modern media is training us to think in more complex ways. Emergence and Future Perfect explore the power of bottom-up intelligence in both nature and contemporary society.

An innovator himself, Johnson has co-created three influential sites: the pioneering online magazine FEED, the Webby-Award-winning community site, Plastic.com, and the hyperlocal media site outside.in, which was acquired by AOL in 2011.

Johnson is a regular contributor to WIRED magazine, as well as the New York Times, The Wall Street Journal and many other periodicals. He has appeared on many high-profile television programs, including "The Charlie Rose Show," "The Daily Show with Jon Stewart" and "The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer."


More profile about the speaker
Steven Johnson | Speaker | TED.com
TEDSalon 2006

Steven Johnson: How the "ghost map" helped end a killer disease

Steven Johnson faz um tour pelo Mapa Fantasma

Filmed:
845,548 views

O autor Steven Johnson nos leva por um tour de 10 minutos ao Mapa Fantasma, seu livro sobre a epidemia da cólera em 1854 em Londres e seu impacto sobre a ciência, as cidades e a sociedade moderna.
- Writer
Steven Berlin Johnson examines the intersection of science, technology and personal experience. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:25
If you haven't ordered yet, I generally find the rigatoni with the spicy tomato sauce
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Se você ainda não pediu, é mais apropriado pedir rigatoni com molho de tomate apimentado
00:32
goes best with diseases of the small intestine.
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para combinar com as doenças do intestino delgado.
00:35
(Laughter)
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(risos)
00:37
So, sorry -- it just feels like I should be doing stand-up up here because of the setting.
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Minhas desculpas - mas este arranjo de palco me sugere comédia 'stand-up'.
00:41
No, what I want to do is take you back to 1854
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Não - o que eu quero é levá-los de volta a 1854
00:46
in London for the next few minutes, and tell the story --
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em Londres, pelos próximos minutos, e contar a história -
00:50
in brief -- of this outbreak,
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resumidamente - da epidemia,
00:53
which in many ways, I think, helped create the world that we live in today,
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que de várias maneiras, penso eu, ajudaram a criar o mundo em que vivemos hoje,
00:57
and particularly the kind of city that we live in today.
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e em particular o tipo de cidade que vivemos hoje.
00:59
This period in 1854, in the middle part of the 19th century,
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Esse período em 1854, no meio do século 19,
01:03
in London's history, is incredibly interesting for a number of reasons.
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é surpreendentemente interessante para a história de Londres por uma série de razões.
01:07
But I think the most important one is that
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Mas creio que a mais importante de todas é que
01:10
London was this city of 2.5 million people,
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Londres era uma cidade de 2 e meio milhões de pessoas,
01:13
and it was the largest city on the face of the planet at that point.
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e era a maior cidade na face do planeta em seu tempo.
01:18
But it was also the largest city that had ever been built.
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Mas também era a maior cidade que tinha sido construída.
01:20
And so the Victorians were trying to live through
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Então os ingleses da era Vitoriana estavam tentando meio que viver
01:23
and simultaneously invent a whole new scale of living:
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e ao mesmo tempo inventar um nova maneira de se morar:
01:27
this scale of living that we, you know, now call "metropolitan living."
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numa escala de vida, que sabemos, hoje chama-se vida metropolitana.
01:32
And it was in many ways, at this point in the mid-1850s, a complete disaster.
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E que de várias maneiras foi para os anos 1850, um desastre completo.
01:38
They were basically a city living with a modern kind of industrial metropolis
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Era basicamente uma mistura de viver na cidade com um tipo moderno de metrópole industrial
01:42
with an Elizabethan public infrastructure.
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com a infraestrutura pública da era Elizabethiana.
01:45
So people, for instance, just to gross you out for a second,
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Então as pessoas, por exemplo, só para deixar vocês enojados por um segundo,
01:50
had cesspools of human waste in their basement. Like, a foot to two feet deep.
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tinham nos seus porões fossas de dejetos humanos, de 30 a 60 cm de profundidade.
01:56
And they would just kind of throw the buckets down there
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E eles simplesmente despejavam os baldes nas fossas
01:59
and hope that it would somehow go away,
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e esperavam que de algum jeito aquilo fosse embora,
02:01
and of course it never really would go away.
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e é claro - isso nunca acontecia.
02:04
And all of this stuff, basically, had accumulated to the point
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E toda essa 'coisa', basicamente, se acumulou a um ponto
02:07
where the city was incredibly offensive to just walk around in.
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que era um escândalo incrível só de se andar pela cidade.
02:11
It was an amazingly smelly city. Not just because of the cesspools,
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Era uma cidade exageradamente fedida. Não somente por causa das fossas,
02:15
but also the sheer number of livestock in the city would shock people.
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mas também o imenso rebanho de animais na cidade era um choque para as pessoas.
02:18
Not just the horses, but people had cows in their attics that they would use for milk,
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Não somente os cavalos, mas os moradores tinham vacas no sotão para tirar leite,
02:22
that they would hoist up there and keep them in the attic
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que de uma certa forma eles conseguiam subi-las e mantê-las no sotão
02:25
until literally their milk ran out and they died,
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até que literalmente tirassem todo o leite para depois elas morrerem,
02:27
and then they would drag them off to the bone boilers down the street.
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e daí eles iriam arrastá-las até o fim da rua para os caldeirões de fervura.
02:33
So, you would just walk around London at this point
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Então, se você estivesse andando nas ruas em Londres à época
02:36
and just be overwhelmed with this stench.
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você ficaria horrorizado com o mal cheiro.
02:39
And what ended up happening is that an entire emerging public health system
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E aconteceu de, em função do tipo de sistema de saúde pública que se formava
02:44
became convinced that it was the smell that was killing everybody,
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se concluiu que era o cheiro que estava matando todo mundo,
02:48
that was creating these diseases
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que estava criando essas doenças
02:50
that would wipe through the city every three or four years.
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e que poderia se espalhar pela cidade a cada três ou quatro anos.
02:53
And cholera was really the great killer of this period.
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E o cólera era o grande assassino da época.
02:55
It arrived in London in 1832, and every four or five years
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Chegou em Londres em 1832, e a cada quatro ou cinco anos
03:00
another epidemic would take 10,000, 20,000 people in London
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cada nova epidemia levava 10, 20 mil vidas dos moradores de Londres
03:04
and throughout the U.K.
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e pelo Reino Unido.
03:06
And so the authorities became convinced that this smell was this problem.
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Então as autoridades se convenceram que o problema estava no mau cheiro.
03:10
We had to get rid of the smell.
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Tínhamos que acabar com o fedor.
03:12
And so, in fact, they concocted a couple of early, you know,
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Então, de fato, eles combinaram ações, imaginem,
03:15
founding public-health interventions in the system of the city,
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como que inaugurando as intervenções de saúde pública no sistema da cidade,
03:19
one of which was called the "Nuisances Act,"
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uma delas sendo o Ato de Intervenção,
03:21
which they got everybody as far as they could
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no qual todas as pessoas teriam que ir o mais longe possível
03:23
to empty out their cesspools and just pour all that waste into the river.
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para esvaziar suas fossas, despejando todos os dejetos no rio.
03:28
Because if we get it out of the streets, it'll smell much better,
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Pois se tirarmos das ruas, o cheiro será bem melhor,
03:32
and -- oh right, we drink from the river.
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e - ah certo, nós bebemos do rio.
03:36
So what ended up happening, actually,
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Então o que acabou acontencendo na verdade,
03:38
is they ended up increasing the outbreaks of cholera
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foi que simplesmente aumentou a erupção da cólera
03:40
because, as we now know, cholera is actually in the water.
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porque, como agora sabemos, o coléra de fato está na água.
03:44
It's a waterborne disease, not something that's in the air.
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É uma doença que nasce na água, não algo que esteja no ar.
03:47
It's not something you smell or inhale; it's something you ingest.
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Não é algo que você cheira ou inspira. E algo que você ingere.
03:50
And so one of the founding moments of public health in the 19th century
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E então um dos momentos chaves que inaugura o que seria a saúde pública no século 19
03:54
effectively poisoned the water supply of London much more effectively
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efetivamente envenena o abastecimento de água de Londres muito mais eficientemente
03:58
than any modern day bioterrorist could have ever dreamed of doing.
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que qualquer bioterrorista dos tempos modernos pudesse sonhar.
04:01
So this was the state of London in 1854,
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Então esse era o estado de Londres em 1854,
04:05
and in the middle of all this carnage and offensive conditions,
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e no meio dessa carnificina e condições repugnantes,
04:11
and in the midst of all this scientific confusion
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e no meio de toda essa confusão científica
04:14
about what was actually killing people,
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sobre o que de fato matava as pessoas.
04:17
it was a very talented classic 19th century multi-disciplinarian named John Snow,
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Foi John Snow uma pessoa multidisciplinar e talentosa, típica do século 19,
04:23
who was a local doctor in Soho in London,
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um médico local de Soho em Londres,
04:26
who had been arguing for about four or five years
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que argumentava já há uns quatro ou cinco anos
04:28
that cholera was, in fact, a waterborne disease,
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que o cólera era na verdade uma doença que vinha da água,
04:31
and had basically convinced nobody of this.
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mas sem sucesso de convencer alguém sobre isso.
04:34
The public health authorities had largely ignored what he had to say.
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As autoridades de saúde pública haviam de longe ignorado o que ele dizia.
04:38
And he'd made the case in a number of papers and done a number of studies,
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E ele argumentava através de escritos, assim como concluia pesquisas,
04:42
but nothing had really stuck.
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mas nada parecia convencer.
04:44
And part of -- what's so interesting about this story to me
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E em parte isso - o que me pareceu muito interessante nessa história
04:46
is that in some ways, it's a great case study in how cultural change happens,
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é que de certa forma, é um grande caso de estudo de como a mudança cultural acontece.
04:51
how a good idea eventually comes to win out over much worse ideas.
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Como uma boa ideia eventualmente se torna vencedora sobre as piores ideias.
04:56
And Snow labored for a long time with this great insight that everybody ignored.
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E Snow trabalhou um bom tempo com essa grande sacada que tudo mundo ignorava.
05:00
And then on one day, August 28th of 1854,
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E daí em um dia, 28 de agosto de 1854,
05:05
a young child, a five-month-old girl whose first name we don't know,
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um bebezinho, uma garota de 5 meses e cujo nome desconhecemos,
05:09
we know her only as Baby Lewis, somehow contracted cholera,
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sabemos tão somente que a chamavam de Bebê Lewis, contraiu o coléra.
05:13
came down with cholera at 40 Broad Street.
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O coléra a pegou na Rua Broad, 40.
05:16
You can't really see it in this map, but this is the map
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Não dá para ver no mapa, mas este é o mapa
05:19
that becomes the central focus in the second half of my book.
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que se torna o foco central na segunda metade do meu livro.
05:24
It's in the middle of Soho, in this working class neighborhood,
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É bem no meio do Soho, nesse bairro de operários.
05:26
this little girl becomes sick and it turns out that the cesspool,
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Essa bebezinha contrai a doença e justamente porque a fossa,
05:30
that they still continue to have, despite the Nuisances Act,
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que eles ainda mantinham, apesar do Ato de Intervenção,
05:33
bordered on an extremely popular water pump,
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ficava ao lado de uma bomba d'água muito popular,
05:37
local watering hole that was well known for the best water in all of Soho,
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uma bica que vinha de um buraco, e que reconhecidamente era a melhor água de todo o Soho,
05:41
that all the residents from Soho and the surrounding neighborhoods would go to.
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que todos os moradores do Soho e os seus vizinhos próximos iam até lá.
05:45
And so this little girl inadvertently ended up
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Então, sem ter noção, deram para a bebezinha
05:48
contaminating the water in this popular pump,
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a água contaminada extraída dessa bomba popular,
05:50
and one of the most terrifying outbreaks in the history of England
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e uma das erupções mais violentas da história da Inglaterra
05:56
erupted about two or three days later.
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se explode cerca de dois a três dias depois.
05:58
Literally, 10 percent of the neighborhood died in seven days,
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Literalmente, 10% do bairro morre em sete dias,
06:02
and much more would have died if people hadn't fled
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e muitos outros morreriam se as pessoas não tivessem abandonado o bairro
06:04
after the initial outbreak kicked in.
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após essa explosão inicial da epidemia.
06:07
So it was this incredibly terrifying event.
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Foi um evento calamitoso e terrivel.
06:09
You had these scenes of entire families dying
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Cenas de famílias inteiras morrendo
06:12
over the course of 48 hours of cholera,
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em menos de 48 horas de cólera,
06:14
alone in their one-room apartments, in their little flats.
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sozinhos em seus apartamentos de um quarto, seus pequenos cubículos.
06:19
Just an extraordinary, terrifying scene.
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Uma cena extraordinariamente terrível.
06:22
Snow lived near there, heard about the outbreak,
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Snow morava por ali, e ao saber da erupção,
06:26
and in this amazing act of courage went directly into the belly of the beast
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e num ato fantástico de coragem foi diretamente para o núcleo da besta
06:29
because he thought an outbreak that concentrated
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porque ele pensou que a erupção que se concentrava
06:32
could actually potentially end up convincing people that,
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poderia potenciamente convencer as pessoas que
06:36
in fact, the real menace of cholera was in the water supply and not in the air.
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de fato o verdadeiro vilão do cólera era o suprimento de água e não o ar.
06:42
He suspected an outbreak that concentrated
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Ele suspeitava que tendo a erupção se concentrado
06:44
would probably involve a single point source.
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que ela deveria estar vindo de uma fonte única.
06:48
One single thing that everybody was going to
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Uma coisa só - que todos tivessem buscando
06:50
because it didn't have the traditional slower path
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porque não tinha aquela lentidão costumeira de contaminação
06:53
of infections that you might expect.
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que voce esperaria de infecções.
06:56
And so he went right in there and started interviewing people.
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Então ele foi no meio do bairro e começou a entrevistar pessoas.
06:59
He eventually enlisted the help of this amazing other figure,
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Ele eventualmente recrutou a ajuda dessa figura notável,
07:03
who's kind of the other protagonist of the book --
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que é um outro protagonista do livro,
07:05
this guy, Henry Whitehead, who was a local minister,
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Esse sujeito é Henry Whitehead, que foi um clérico local,
07:08
who was not at all a man of science, but was incredibly socially connected;
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que não era nem um pouco um homem da ciência, mas tinha uma conexão social fantástica.
07:11
he knew everybody in the neighborhood.
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Ele conhecia todas as pessoas do bairro,
07:13
And he managed to track down, Whitehead did,
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e ele deu um jeito de rastrear - Whitehead fez -
07:15
many of the cases of people who had drunk water from the pump,
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muitos dos casos de pessoas que haviam bebido da água da bomba,
07:18
or who hadn't drunk water from the pump.
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ou que não haviam bebido da água da bomba.
07:20
And eventually Snow made a map of the outbreak.
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E aconteceu do Snow fazer um mapa da erupção.
07:25
He found increasingly that people who drank from the pump were getting sick.
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Ele descobriu que a maioria das pessoas que bebiam da bomba contraíam a doença.
07:28
People who hadn't drunk from the pump were not getting sick.
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E pessoas que não bebiam da bomba, não estavam ficando doentes.
07:31
And he thought about representing that
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Ele então imaginou em apresentar
07:33
as a kind of a table of statistics of people living in different neighborhoods,
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como um tipo de tabela estatística das pessoas que moravam nos diferentes bairros,
07:36
people who hadn't, you know, percentages of people who hadn't,
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pessoas que não tinham contraindo o cólera e seus percentuais,
07:38
but eventually he hit upon the idea
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mas daí um ideia luminosa lhe veio à mente
07:40
that what he needed was something that you could see.
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que ele precisava de algo que as pessoas pudessem ver.
07:42
Something that would take in a sense a higher-level view
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Algo que daria sentido num nível mais alto da visão
07:44
of all this activity that had been happening in the neighborhood.
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de todos esses acontecimentos nos bairros.
07:47
And so he created this map,
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E então ele criou esse mapa,
07:50
which basically ended up representing all the deaths in the neighborhoods
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que ao final veio representar todas as mortes nos bairros
07:54
as black bars at each address.
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com as barras pretas em cada endereço.
07:57
And you can see in this map, the pump right at the center of it
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E você pode ver nesse mapa, que a bomba se localiza bem no centro dele
08:00
and you can see that one of the residences down the way
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e você pode ver que uma das casas por aqui
08:02
had about 15 people dead.
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tinha 15 pessoas mortas.
08:04
And the map is actually a little bit bigger.
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E o mapa na verdade é um pouco maior.
08:06
As you get further and further away from the pump,
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E quanto mais se distanciava da bomba,
08:08
the deaths begin to grow less and less frequent.
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as mortes aconteciam com menor e menor freqüência.
08:11
And so you can see this something poisonous
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E voce pode ver algo de venenoso
08:14
emanating out of this pump that you could see in a glance.
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que emana da bomba - só de olhar de relance.
08:18
And so, with the help of this map,
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E então, com a ajuda desse mapa,
08:20
and with the help of more evangelizing
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e com a ajuda de um tipo diferente de evangelização
08:22
that he did over the next few years
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que ele fez nos anos seguintes
08:24
and that Whitehead did, eventually, actually,
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e que o Whitehead eventualmente fez, na verdade
08:26
the authorities slowly started to come around.
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as autoridades aos poucos começaram a se aproximar.
08:28
It took much longer than sometimes we like to think in this story,
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Levou mais tempo do que achamos às vezes, que deveria ser nessa história,
08:31
but by 1866, when the next big cholera outbreak came to London,
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mas por 1866, quando a erupção seguinte de cólera chega a Londres
08:36
the authorities had been convinced -- in part because of this story,
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as autoridades já haviam se convencido - em parte por causa dessa história,
08:40
in part because of this map -- that in fact the water was the problem.
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e em parte por causa desse mapa - que de fato o problema estava na água.
08:44
And they had already started building the sewers in London,
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E eles já haviam iniciado a construção de esgotos em Londres,
08:46
and they immediately went to this outbreak
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e imediatamente eles acompanharam a erupção
08:48
and they told everybody to start boiling their water.
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e fizeram a população ferver a água.
08:50
And that was the last time that London has seen a cholera outbreak since.
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E assim foi a última vez que Londres teve uma erupção de coléra.
08:55
So, part of this story, I think -- well, it's a terrifying story,
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Então parte da história , penso eu - bem é uma história terrivel,
08:58
it's a very dark story and it's a story
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que é uma história escura e é uma história
09:00
that continues on in many of the developing cities of the world.
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que continua em muitas das cidades de países em crescimento.
09:04
It's also a story really that is fundamentally optimistic,
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E é na verdade uma história fundamentalmente otimista,
09:07
which is to say that it's possible to solve these problems
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na qual podemos dizer que é possível resolver esses problemas
09:10
if we listen to reason, if we listen to the kind of wisdom of these kinds of maps,
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se ouvirmos a razão, se ouvirmos o tipo de sabedoria desses mapas,
09:14
if we listen to people like Snow and Whitehead,
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se ouvirmos de pessoas como Snow e Whitehead,
09:16
if we listen to the locals who understand
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se ouvirmos dos que são locais, que entendem
09:18
what's going on in these kinds of situations.
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o que se passa nesses tipos de situações.
09:21
And what it ended up doing is making the idea
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E a grande lição ao final, foi criar a ideia
09:24
of large-scale metropolitan living a sustainable one.
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de que o viver em larga escala na metrópole deve ser sustentável.
09:28
When people were looking at 10 percent of their neighborhoods dying
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Quando as pessoas vêem 10% dos moradores de seus bairros morrendo
09:31
in the space of seven days,
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num prazo de sete dias,
09:33
there was a widespread consensus that this couldn't go on,
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o consenso geral era de que isso não podia continuar,
09:36
that people weren't meant to live in cities of 2.5 million people.
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que pessoas não poderiam morar em cidades de 2,5 milhões de habitantes.
09:40
But because of what Snow did, because of this map,
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Mas por causa do que Snow fez em função desse mapa,
09:42
because of the whole series of reforms
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por causa da série de reformas
09:44
that happened in the wake of this map,
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que aconteceram na mesma época desse mapa,
09:46
we now take for granted that cities have 10 million people,
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agora achamos natural ter cidades de 10 milhões de pessoas.
09:50
cities like this one are in fact sustainable things.
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Cidades como esta são de fato sustentáveis.
09:52
We don't worry that New York City is going to collapse in on itself
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Não nos preocupamos se Nova York vai ter um colapso por sua conta
09:55
quite the way that, you know, Rome did,
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como na verdade, você sabe, aconteceu com Roma,
09:57
and be 10 percent of its size in 100 years or 200 years.
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e ficar 10 porcento do seu tamanho em 100 ou 200 anos.
10:00
And so that in a way is the ultimate legacy of this map.
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Então este é o ultimo legado deste mapa.
10:03
It's a map of deaths that ended up creating a whole new way of life,
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Um mapa de mortes que ao final criou uma nova maneira de vida,
10:08
the life that we're enjoying here today. Thank you very much.
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a vida que usufruimos hoje aqui. Muito obrigado.
Translated by Volney Faustini
Reviewed by Leandro Cianconi

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Steven Johnson - Writer
Steven Berlin Johnson examines the intersection of science, technology and personal experience.

Why you should listen

Steven Johnson is a leading light of today's interdisciplinary and collaborative approach to innovation. His writings have influenced everything from cutting-edge ideas in urban planning to the battle against 21st-century terrorism. Johnson was chosen by Prospect magazine as one of the top ten brains of the digital future, and The Wall Street Journal calls him "one of the most persuasive advocates for the role of collaboration in innovation."

Johnson's work on the history of innovation inspired the Emmy-nominated six-part series on PBS, "How We Got To Now with Steven Johnson," which aired in the fall of 2014. The book version of How We Got To Now was a finalist for the PEN/E.O. Wilson Literary Science Writing Award. His new book, Wonderland: How Play Made the Modern World, revolves around the creative power of play and delight: ideas and innovations that set into motion many momentous changes in science, technology, politics and society. 

Johnson is also the author of the bestselling Where Good Ideas Come From: The Natural History of Innovation, one of his many books celebrating progress and innovation. Others include The Invention of Air and The Ghost Map. Everything Bad Is Good For You, one of the most discussed books of 2005, argued that the increasing complexity of modern media is training us to think in more complex ways. Emergence and Future Perfect explore the power of bottom-up intelligence in both nature and contemporary society.

An innovator himself, Johnson has co-created three influential sites: the pioneering online magazine FEED, the Webby-Award-winning community site, Plastic.com, and the hyperlocal media site outside.in, which was acquired by AOL in 2011.

Johnson is a regular contributor to WIRED magazine, as well as the New York Times, The Wall Street Journal and many other periodicals. He has appeared on many high-profile television programs, including "The Charlie Rose Show," "The Daily Show with Jon Stewart" and "The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer."


More profile about the speaker
Steven Johnson | Speaker | TED.com