TEDYouth 2014
Erin McKean: Go ahead, make up new words!
Erin McKean: Do toho, vymýšľaj nové slová!
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1,936,780 views
V tomto vtipnom krátkom prejave na podujatí TEDYouth slovnikárka Erin McKean nabáda, ba povzbudzuje jej publikum, aby vytváralo nové slová, ak im existujúce nestačia. Vymenúva 6 možností, ako vymyslieť nové anglické slová – od spájania až po premenenie podstatných mien na slovesá, ktoré majú pomôcť vyjadrovať naše myšlienky a vytvoriť nové spôsoby, aby sme si lepšie rozumeli.
Erin McKean - Dictionary editor
As the co-founder of Reverb Technologies, the maker of the online dictionary Wordnik, Erin McKean is reshaping how we interact with language itself. Full bio
As the co-founder of Reverb Technologies, the maker of the online dictionary Wordnik, Erin McKean is reshaping how we interact with language itself. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
I'm a lexicographer.
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Som slovnikárka.
00:13
I make dictionaries.
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Píšem slovníky.
00:15
And my job as a lexicographer
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A moja práca slovnikárky
00:17
is to try to put all the words possible
into the dictionary.
into the dictionary.
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spočíva vo vkladaní všetkých
možných slov do slovníka.
možných slov do slovníka.
00:20
My job is not to decide what a word is;
that is your job.
that is your job.
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Nerozhodujem o tom,
čo je slovo, to je vaša práca.
čo je slovo, to je vaša práca.
00:26
Everybody who speaks English
decides together
decides together
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Všetci, čo hovoria po anglicky
spoločne rozhodujú,
spoločne rozhodujú,
00:29
what's a word and what's not a word.
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čo je slovom a čo ním nie je.
00:32
Every language is just a group of people
who agree to understand each other.
who agree to understand each other.
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Každý jazyk je vlastne iba skupina ľudí,
ktorí súhlasili, že si budú rozumieť.
ktorí súhlasili, že si budú rozumieť.
00:37
Now, sometimes when people are trying
to decide whether a word is good or bad,
to decide whether a word is good or bad,
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Niekedy, keď sa ľudia snažia rozhodnúť,
či je slovo dobré alebo zlé,
či je slovo dobré alebo zlé,
00:41
they don't really have a good reason.
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nemajú na to dobré odôvodnenie.
00:43
So they say something like,
"Because grammar!"
"Because grammar!"
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Tak povedia niečo ako: „Kvôli gramatike!“
00:46
(Laughter)
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(Smiech)
00:48
I don't actually really care about grammar
too much -- don't tell anybody.
too much -- don't tell anybody.
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Ja sa vlastne ani veľmi nezaujímam
o gramatiku, nikomu to ale nehovorte.
o gramatiku, nikomu to ale nehovorte.
00:52
But the word "grammar," actually,
there are two kinds of grammar.
there are two kinds of grammar.
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No slovo „gramatika“, v skutočnosti
sú dva druhy gramatiky.
sú dva druhy gramatiky.
00:55
There's the kind of grammar
that lives inside your brain,
that lives inside your brain,
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Ten prvý druh gramatiky
žije vo vašom mozgu
žije vo vašom mozgu
00:58
and if you're a native
speaker of a language
speaker of a language
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a ak je to váš rodný jazyk alebo
01:00
or a good speaker of a language,
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ak hovoríte tým jazykom dobre,
01:02
it's the unconscious rules that you follow
when you speak that language.
when you speak that language.
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neuvedomujete si pravidlá,
ktoré dodržiavate, keď ním hovoríte.
ktoré dodržiavate, keď ním hovoríte.
01:05
And this is what you learn when
you learn a language as a child.
you learn a language as a child.
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A toto je to, čo sa naučíte ako deti.
01:08
And here's an example:
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Napríklad:
01:10
This is a wug, right?
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Toto je wug, však?
01:11
It's a wug.
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Je to wug.
01:13
Now there is another one.
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A teraz je tu ďalší.
01:15
There are two of these.
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Sú tu dva.
01:16
There are two ...
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Dva...
01:17
Audience: Wugs.
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Publikum: wugi.
01:19
Erin McKean: Exactly! You know
how to make the plural of wug.
how to make the plural of wug.
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Erin McKean: Presne! Viete
ako spraviť množné čislo od wug.
ako spraviť množné čislo od wug.
01:22
That rule lives in your brain.
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To pravidlo žije v našom mozgu.
01:24
You never had to be taught this rule,
you just understand it.
you just understand it.
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Nikdy ste neboli nútení učiť sa ho,
jednoducho ho viete.
jednoducho ho viete.
01:27
This is an experiment that was invented
by a professor at [Boston University]
by a professor at [Boston University]
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Toto je experiment vymyslený
profesorom Bostonskej Univerzity,
profesorom Bostonskej Univerzity,
01:30
named Jean Berko Gleason back in 1958.
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Jeanon Berkom Gleasonom v roku 1958.
01:34
So we've been talking about this
for a long time.
for a long time.
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Takže o tom hovoríme už dlhšiu dobu.
01:37
Now, these kinds of natural rules
that exist in your brain,
that exist in your brain,
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Takéto druhy vrodených pravidiel,
čo žijú vo vašich mozgoch,
čo žijú vo vašich mozgoch,
01:40
they're not like traffic laws,
they're more like laws of nature.
they're more like laws of nature.
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nie sú ako dopravné zákony,
sú skôr ako zákony prírody.
sú skôr ako zákony prírody.
01:44
And nobody has to remind you to obey
a law of nature, right?
a law of nature, right?
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A nikto vám nemusí pripomínať,
aby ste dodržiavali zákony prírody, že?
aby ste dodržiavali zákony prírody, že?
01:48
When you leave the house in the morning,
your mom doesn't say,
your mom doesn't say,
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Keď ráno odchádzate z domu,
mama vám nepovie:
mama vám nepovie:
01:51
"Hey, honey, I think
it's going to be cold, take a hoodie,
it's going to be cold, take a hoodie,
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„Hej zlato, myslím, že bude zima,
vezmi si bundu
vezmi si bundu
01:53
don't forget to obey the law of gravity."
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a nezabudni dodržiavať gravitačný zákon.“
01:56
Nobody says this.
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Nikto tak nehovorí.
01:58
Now, there are other rules that are more
about manners than they are about nature.
about manners than they are about nature.
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Taktiež existujú ďalšie pravidlá, ktoré sú
skôr o slušnosti ako o prirodzenosti.
skôr o slušnosti ako o prirodzenosti.
02:05
So you can think of a word as like a hat.
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Vezmite si napríklad slovo klobúk.
02:08
Once you know how hats work,
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Keď už raz viete na čo klobúk slúži,
02:10
nobody has to tell you,
"Don't wear hats on your feet."
"Don't wear hats on your feet."
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nikto vám nemusí hovoriť:
„Neobúvaj si klobúk na nohy.“
„Neobúvaj si klobúk na nohy.“
02:13
What they have to tell you is,
"Can you wear hats inside?
"Can you wear hats inside?
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Čo vám musia povedať je:
„Môžeš nosiť klobúk vo vnútri?
„Môžeš nosiť klobúk vo vnútri?
02:16
Who gets to wear a hat?
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Kto môže nosiť klobúk?
02:18
What are the kinds of hats
you get to wear?"
you get to wear?"
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Aké typy klobúkov môžeš nosiť?“
02:21
Those are more of the second kind
of grammar,
of grammar,
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Toto je skôr druhý druh gramatiky,
02:23
which linguists often call usage,
as opposed to grammar.
as opposed to grammar.
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ktorý lingvisti často nazývajú nie
gramatika, ale použitie.
gramatika, ale použitie.
02:28
Now, sometimes people use this kind of
rules-based grammar
rules-based grammar
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Niekedy ľudia používajú tento druh
gramatiky založenej na pravidlách,
gramatiky založenej na pravidlách,
02:32
to discourage people from making up words.
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aby odradili ostatných od
vymýšľania nových slov.
vymýšľania nových slov.
02:35
And I think that is, well, stupid.
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A ja si myslím, že to je hlúpe.
02:37
So, for example,
people are always telling you,
people are always telling you,
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Napríklad, ľudia vám stále hovoria:
02:40
"Be creative, make new music, do art,
invent things, science and technology."
invent things, science and technology."
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„Buď kreatívny, tvor hudbu, umenie,
vynájdi nové veci, vedu a technológiu.“
vynájdi nové veci, vedu a technológiu.“
02:46
But when it comes to
words, they're like,
words, they're like,
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Ale keď príde na slová, hovoria:
02:48
"Don't! No. Creativity stops right here,
whippersnappers. Give it a rest."
whippersnappers. Give it a rest."
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„Nerob! Nie. Kreativita končí tu.
Nechaj to tak.“
Nechaj to tak.“
02:53
(Laughter)
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(Smiech)
02:54
But that makes no sense to me.
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A to mi nedáva žiaden zmysel.
02:56
Words are great.
We should have more of them.
We should have more of them.
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Slová sú skvelé. Mali by sme ich mať viac.
02:58
I want you to make
as many new words as possible.
as many new words as possible.
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Chcem, aby ste tvorili toľko nových slov,
koľko sa len dá.
koľko sa len dá.
03:02
And I'm going to tell you six ways that
you can use to make new words in English.
you can use to make new words in English.
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A ja vám poviem šesť možností,
ako utvoriť nové anglické slová.
ako utvoriť nové anglické slová.
03:07
The first way is the simplest way.
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Prvá možnosť je tá najjednoduchšia.
03:09
Basically, steal them from other
languages.
languages.
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Ukradnite ich z iných jazykov.
03:11
["Go rob other people"]
(Laughter)
(Laughter)
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[„Choďte okradnúť iných ľudí“]
(Smiech)
(Smiech)
03:15
Linguists call this borrowing,
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Lingvisti to volajú požičiavanie,
03:17
but we never give the words back ,
so I'm just going to be honest
so I'm just going to be honest
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no my nikdy slová nevrátime,
takže budem úprimná
takže budem úprimná
03:20
and call it stealing.
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a nazvem to kradnutie.
03:22
We usually take words for things
that we like, like delicious food.
that we like, like delicious food.
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Obyčajne vezmeme slová pre veci,
ktoré máme radi, ako vynikajúce jedlo.
ktoré máme radi, ako vynikajúce jedlo.
03:26
We took "kumquat" from Chinese,
we took "caramel" from French.
we took "caramel" from French.
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Zobrali sme „kumquat“ z čínštiny,
„karamel“ z francúzštiny.
„karamel“ z francúzštiny.
03:29
We also take words
for cool things like "ninja," right?
for cool things like "ninja," right?
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Tiež sme vzali slová pre super veci
ako „ninja“, však?
ako „ninja“, však?
03:32
We took that from Japanese,
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To máme z japončiny,
03:34
which is kind of a cool trick because
ninjas are hard to steal from.
ninjas are hard to steal from.
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čo je super trik, keďže ninjovia
sa ťažko okrádajú.
sa ťažko okrádajú.
03:37
(Laughter)
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(Smiech)
03:39
So another way that you
can make words in English
can make words in English
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Ďalší spôsob, ako môžete
vytvoriť nové slová,
vytvoriť nové slová,
03:42
is by squishing two
other English words together.
other English words together.
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je stláčaním dvoch iných anglických slov.
03:45
This is called compounding.
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To sa nazýva skladanie.
03:47
Words in English are like Lego:
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Slová v angličtine sú ako lego:
03:49
If you use enough force,
you can put any two of them together.
you can put any two of them together.
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ak použijete dostatok sily,
môžte spojiť hocijaké dve z nich.
môžte spojiť hocijaké dve z nich.
03:52
(Laughter)
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(Smiech)
Toto robievame v angličtine stále.
03:54
We do this all the time in English:
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03:56
Words like "heartbroken," "bookworm,"
"sandcastle" all are compounds.
"sandcastle" all are compounds.
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Slová ako heartbroken (zdrvený),
bookworm (knihomoľ),
bookworm (knihomoľ),
sandcastle (hrad z piesku),
sú všetko zložené slová.
sú všetko zložené slová.
Pokojne tvorte slová
ako duckface (tvár kačky),
ako duckface (tvár kačky),
04:02
So go ahead and make words like
"duckface," just don't make duckface.
"duckface," just don't make duckface.
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len sa tak aj netvárte.
04:05
(Laughter)
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(Smiech)
04:07
Another way that you can make words
in English is kind of like compounding,
in English is kind of like compounding,
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Ďalší spôsob, ako vytvoriť nové slová,
sa podobá skladaniu,
sa podobá skladaniu,
04:11
but instead you use so much force
when you squish the words together
when you squish the words together
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no použijete tak veľa sily pri stlačení,
že nejaké časti vypadnú.
že nejaké časti vypadnú.
04:16
that some parts fall off.
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04:18
So these are blend words,
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Toto sú zmiešané slová, ako brunch je zmes
breakfast (raňajky) a lunch (obed).
breakfast (raňajky) a lunch (obed).
04:20
like "brunch" is a blend
of "breakfast" and "lunch."
of "breakfast" and "lunch."
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04:24
"Motel" is a blend of "motor" and "hotel."
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Motel je zmes motora a hotela.
04:26
Who here knew that "motel"
was a blend word?
was a blend word?
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Kto vedel, že motel je zmiešané slovo?
04:29
Yeah, that word is so old in English
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Presne, to slovo je také staré,
04:31
that lots of people don't know that
there are parts missing.
there are parts missing.
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že veľa ľudí ani nevie,
že nejaké časti vypadli.
že nejaké časti vypadli.
„Edutaiment“ je zmes
„education" (vzdelanie)
„education" (vzdelanie)
04:34
"Edutainment" is a blend
of "education" and "entertainment."
of "education" and "entertainment."
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a „entertainment“ (zábava)
04:38
And of course, "electrocute" is a
blend of "electric" and "execute."
blend of "electric" and "execute."
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A „electrocute“ je zmes „electric“
(elektrická) a „execute“ (poprava).
(elektrická) a „execute“ (poprava).
04:44
(Laughter)
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(Smiech)
04:46
You can also make words
by changing how they operate.
by changing how they operate.
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Taktiež môžte vytvoriť nové slova
zmenou ich použitia.
zmenou ich použitia.
04:49
This is called functional shift.
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Toto sa nazýva zmena funkcie.
Vezmete si slovo,
Vezmete si slovo,
04:50
You take a word that acts
as one part of speech,
as one part of speech,
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ktoré funguje ako jedna časť textu
04:53
and you change it into another
part of speech.
part of speech.
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a zmeníte to na inú časť.
04:55
Okay, who here knew that "friend"
hasn't always been a verb?
hasn't always been a verb?
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Kto tu vedel, že slovo „friend“
(priateliť sa) nebolo vždy slovesom?
(priateliť sa) nebolo vždy slovesom?
05:00
"Friend" used to be noun
and then we verbed it.
and then we verbed it.
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„Friend“ bolo podstatným menom
a potom sme ho zmenili na sloveso.
a potom sme ho zmenili na sloveso.
05:05
Almost any word in English can be verbed.
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Skoro každé slovo v angličtine
sa dá zmeniť na sloveso.
sa dá zmeniť na sloveso.
05:08
You can also take adjectives
and make them into nouns.
and make them into nouns.
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Tak isto môžte zmeniť prídavné meno
na podstatné meno.
na podstatné meno.
05:10
"Commercial" used to be an adjective
and now it's a noun.
and now it's a noun.
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„Commercial“ (komerčný) bolo prídavné meno
a teraz je to už podstatné meno.
a teraz je to už podstatné meno.
05:14
And of course, you can "green" things.
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A samozrejme môžte aj „ozeleniť“ veci.
05:17
Another way to make words
in English is back-formation.
in English is back-formation.
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Ďalšia možnosť, ako vytvoriť slová,
je spätné tvorenie slov.
je spätné tvorenie slov.
05:20
You can take a word and you can
kind of squish it down a little bit.
kind of squish it down a little bit.
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Môžete vziať slovo a akoby ho stlačiť.
05:23
So for example, in English we had the word
"editor" before we had the word "edit."
"editor" before we had the word "edit."
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Napríklad, v angličtine sme mali slovo
„editor“ a potom slovo „edit“ (editovať).
„editor“ a potom slovo „edit“ (editovať).
05:28
"Edit" was formed from "editor."
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„Edit“ bolo utvorené z „editor“.
05:30
Sometimes these back-formations
sound a little silly:
sound a little silly:
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Občas toto spätné tvorenie slov
znie vtipne:
znie vtipne:
05:33
Bulldozers bulldoze, butlers butle
and burglers burgle.
and burglers burgle.
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buldozéry demolujú, komorníci slúžia,
lupiči lúpia.
lupiči lúpia.
05:37
(Laughter)
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(Smiech)
05:39
Another way to make words in English
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Ďalšia možnosť, ako tvoriť slová,
05:41
is to take the first letters of something
and squish them together.
and squish them together.
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je vziať prvé písmená slov
a spojiť ich všetky spolu.
a spojiť ich všetky spolu.
05:44
So National Aeronautics and Space
Administration becomes NASA.
Administration becomes NASA.
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Tak vzniklo slovo NASA.
05:47
And of course you can do this
with anything, OMG!
with anything, OMG!
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A toto môžete robiť so všetkým, OMG!
05:50
So it doesn't matter how silly
the words are.
the words are.
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Nezáleží na tom, ako hlúpo slová znejú.
05:56
They can be really good words of English.
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Môžu byť naozaj dobrými anglickými slovami.
05:58
"Absquatulate" is a perfectly
good word of English.
good word of English.
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„Absquatulate“ (zdrhnúť)
je bezchybné anglické slovo.
je bezchybné anglické slovo.
06:02
"Mugwump" is a perfectly
good word of English.
good word of English.
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„Mugwump“ (neutralista)
je bezchybné anglické slovo.
je bezchybné anglické slovo.
06:05
So the words don't have have to sound
normal, they can sound really silly.
normal, they can sound really silly.
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Takže slová nemusia znieť normálne,
môžu znieť naozaj hlúpo.
môžu znieť naozaj hlúpo.
06:10
Why should you make words?
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Prečo by ste mali tvoriť slová?
06:12
You should make words because every word
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Mali by ste ich tvoriť,
pretože každé slovo
pretože každé slovo
06:14
is a chance to express your idea and get
your meaning across.
your meaning across.
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je šanca vyjadriť vlastnú myšlienku tak,
aby ju ostatní pochopili.
aby ju ostatní pochopili.
06:18
And new words grab people's attention.
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A nové slovo získa pozornosť druhých ľudí.
06:21
They get people to focus on what
you're saying
you're saying
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Ľudia sa sústredia na to, čo poviete
06:24
and that gives you a better chance to get
your meaning across.
your meaning across.
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a to vám dáva väčšiu šancu,
že pochopia, čo hovoríte.
že pochopia, čo hovoríte.
06:27
A lot of people
on this stage today have said,
on this stage today have said,
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Veľa ľudí na tomto pódiu dnes povedalo:
06:30
"In the future, you can do this,
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„V budúcnosti, tu môžte byť vy,
06:31
you can help with this, you can
help us explore, you can help us invent."
help us explore, you can help us invent."
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môžete tu pomáhať, pomáhať nám skúmať,
pomáhať nám objavovať.“
pomáhať nám objavovať.“
06:35
You can make a new word right now.
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Môžete vytvoriť nové slovo hneď teraz.
06:37
English has no age limit.
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Angličtina nemá žiaden vekový limit.
06:39
Go ahead, start making words today,
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Choďte, začnite už dnes tvoriť slová,
06:41
send them to me, and I will put them
in my online dictionary, Wordnik.
in my online dictionary, Wordnik.
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pošlite mi ich a ja ich dám
do môjho online slovníka – Wordnik.
do môjho online slovníka – Wordnik.
06:45
Thank you so much.
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Ďakujem veľmi pekne.
06:46
(Applause)
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(Potlesk)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Erin McKean - Dictionary editorAs the co-founder of Reverb Technologies, the maker of the online dictionary Wordnik, Erin McKean is reshaping how we interact with language itself.
Why you should listen
Erin McKean's job as a lexicographer involves living in a constant state of research. She searches high and low -- from books to blogs, newspapers to cocktail parties -- for new words, new meanings for old words, or signs that old words have fallen out of use. In June of this year, she involved us all in the search by launching Wordnik, an online dictionary that houses all the traditionally accepted words and definitions, but also asks users to contribute new words and new uses for old words. Wordnik pulls real-time examples of word usage from Twitter, image representations from Flickr along with many more non-traditional, and highly useful, features.
Before Wordnik, McKean was one of the youngest editors of the New Oxford American Dictionary. She continues to serve as the editor of the language quarterly Verbatim ("language and linguistics for the layperson since 1974") and is the author of multiple books, including That's Amore and the entire Weird and Wonderful Words series. All that, and she maintains multiple blogs, too: McKean is the keen observationalist behind A Dress a Day and Dictionary Evangelist. Is there anything she can't do? Surprisingly, she is notoriously bad at Scrabble.
Erin McKean | Speaker | TED.com