TED2006
Michael Shermer: Why people believe weird things
Michael Shermer: Prečo ľudia veria divným veciam
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Prečo ľudia vidia Pannu Máriu v syrovom sendviči a počujú démonický text v piesni „Stairway to Heaven“? Pomocou videa a hudby nám skeptik Michael Shermer ukazuje, ako sami seba vieme presvedčiť k viere – a ako prehliadame fakty.
Michael Shermer - Skeptic
Michael Shermer debunks myths, superstitions and urban legends -- and explains why we believe them. Along with publishing Skeptic Magazine, he's author of Why People Believe Weird Things and The Mind of the Market. Full bio
Michael Shermer debunks myths, superstitions and urban legends -- and explains why we believe them. Along with publishing Skeptic Magazine, he's author of Why People Believe Weird Things and The Mind of the Market. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:24
I'm Michael Shermer,
director of the Skeptics Society,
director of the Skeptics Society,
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Volám sa Michael Shermer,
som riaditeľ Spoločnosti skeptikov,
som riaditeľ Spoločnosti skeptikov,
00:27
publisher of "Skeptic" magazine.
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ktorá vydáva časopis Skeptik.
00:28
We investigate claims of the paranormal,
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Vyšetrujeme tvrdenia
o paranormálnych javoch,
o paranormálnych javoch,
00:30
pseudo-science, fringe groups and cults,
and claims of all kinds between,
and claims of all kinds between,
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pseudovede, sektách a kultoch
a všetko možné medzi tým.
a všetko možné medzi tým.
00:34
science and pseudo-science
and non-science and junk science,
and non-science and junk science,
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Veda a pseudoveda, neveda, paveda,
voodoo veda, patologická veda,
zlá veda, neveda
zlá veda, neveda
00:37
voodoo science, pathological science,
bad science, non-science,
bad science, non-science,
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00:40
and plain old non-sense.
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a jednoduché nezmysly.
00:42
And unless you've been on Mars recently,
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A ak ste v poslednom čase nežili na Marse,
00:44
you know there's a lot of that out there.
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viete, že je toho teraz kopa.
Niektorí nás volajú vyvracači nezmyslov,
čo je dosť negatívne označenie.
čo je dosť negatívne označenie.
00:46
Some people call us debunkers,
which is kind of a negative term.
which is kind of a negative term.
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00:49
But let's face it, there's a lot of bunk.
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Ale úprimne – nezmyslov je okolo nás dosť,
00:51
We are like the bunko squads
of the police departments out there --
of the police departments out there --
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a my sme niečo ako policajný útvar
boja s nezmyslami.
boja s nezmyslami.
00:55
well, we're sort of like
the Ralph Naders of bad ideas,
the Ralph Naders of bad ideas,
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Vlastne sme niečo ako občianski aktivisti
bojujúci proti nezmyslom.
bojujúci proti nezmyslom.
00:58
(Laughter)
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(smiech)
Snažíme sa vyvracať nezmysly.
01:00
trying to replace bad ideas
with good ideas.
with good ideas.
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Ukážem vám príklad takého nezmyslu.
01:02
I'll show you an example of a bad idea.
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01:04
I brought this with me,
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Priniesol som si toto.
01:05
this was given to us
by NBC Dateline to test.
by NBC Dateline to test.
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Toto nám dali v programe NBC Dateline,
nech to vyskúšame.
nech to vyskúšame.
01:09
It's produced by the Quadro
Corporation of West Virginia.
Corporation of West Virginia.
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Vyrába to Quadro Corporation
v Západnej Virgínii.
v Západnej Virgínii.
Volá sa to Virguľa Quadro 2000.
01:13
It's called the Quadro 2000 Dowser Rod.
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(smiech)
01:16
(Laughter)
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01:17
This was being sold to high-school
administrators for $900 apiece.
administrators for $900 apiece.
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Predávali to riaditeľom stredných škôl
za 900 dolárov za kus.
za 900 dolárov za kus.
01:22
It's a piece of plastic with a Radio
Shack antenna attached to it.
Shack antenna attached to it.
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Je to kus plastu,
ku ktorému je pripojená anténa.
ku ktorému je pripojená anténa.
Môžete s ňou hľadať všeličo,
ale konkrétne túto
ale konkrétne túto
01:27
You could dowse for all sorts of things,
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01:29
but this particular one was built
to dowse for marijuana
to dowse for marijuana
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vyvinuli na hľadanie marihuany
v skrinkách študentov.
v skrinkách študentov.
01:32
in students' lockers.
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01:33
(Laughter)
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(smiech)
01:36
So the way it works
is you go down the hallway,
is you go down the hallway,
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Funguje to takto:
idete po chodbe a sledujete,
idete po chodbe a sledujete,
01:39
and you see if it tilts
toward a particular locker,
toward a particular locker,
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či sa nevychýli k nejakej skrinke,
a potom ju otvoríte.
a potom ju otvoríte.
01:42
and then you open the locker.
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01:44
So it looks something like this.
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Vyzerá to asi takto,
ukážem vám.
ukážem vám.
01:45
I'll show you.
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01:48
(Laughter)
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(smiech)
01:49
Well, it has kind of a right-leaning bias.
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No, trochu to zanáša doprava.
Toto je veda, takže zopakujeme
a overíme pokus.
a overíme pokus.
01:53
Well, this is science,
so we'll do a controlled experiment.
so we'll do a controlled experiment.
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Určite pôjde týmto smerom.
01:56
It'll go this way for sure.
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(smiech)
01:57
(Laughter)
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02:01
Sir, do you want to empty
your pockets, please, sir?
your pockets, please, sir?
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Pane, môžete si prosím vyprázdniť vrecká?
(smiech)
02:04
(Laughter)
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02:06
So the question was, can it actually
find marijuana in students' lockers?
find marijuana in students' lockers?
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Dokážeme týmto teda nájsť
marihuanu v skrinkách študentov?
marihuanu v skrinkách študentov?
02:09
And the answer is,
if you open enough of them, yes.
if you open enough of them, yes.
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Ak otvoríme dostatočné množstvo,
samozrejme.
samozrejme.
(smiech)
02:12
(Laughter)
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02:13
(Applause)
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(potlesk)
02:14
But in science, we have to keep track
of the misses, not just the hits.
of the misses, not just the hits.
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Ale vo vede musíme brať do úvahy
aj neúspechy, nielen úspechy.
aj neúspechy, nielen úspechy.
02:18
And that's probably the key lesson
to my short talk here:
to my short talk here:
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A to je asi základné ponaučenie
z mojej krátkej prezentácie.
z mojej krátkej prezentácie.
02:21
This is how psychics work, astrologers,
tarot card readers and so on.
tarot card readers and so on.
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Robia to telepati, astrológovia,
vykladači tarotu a podobne.
vykladači tarotu a podobne.
Ľudia si pamätajú výhry a zabúdajú
na neúspechy.
na neúspechy.
02:25
People remember the hits
and forget the misses.
and forget the misses.
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Vo vede musíme zaznamenávať všetko
02:27
In science, we keep the whole database,
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a skúmať, či počet výhier nejako výrazne
02:29
and look to see if the number
of hits somehow stands out
of hits somehow stands out
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prevyšuje počet výhier,
ktoré by sa dali pripísať náhode.
ktoré by sa dali pripísať náhode.
02:32
from the total number
you'd expect by chance.
you'd expect by chance.
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V tomto prípade sme urobili test.
02:34
In this case, we tested it.
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02:35
We had two opaque boxes:
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Mali sme dve nepriehľadné krabice:
02:37
one with government-approved THC
marijuana, and one with nothing.
marijuana, and one with nothing.
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v jednej bola vládou schválená marihuana,
druhá bola prázdna.
druhá bola prázdna.
Virguľa uspela v 50 % prípadov.
02:40
And it got it 50 percent of the time --
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02:42
(Laughter)
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(smiech)
To je rovnaká pravdepodobnosť,
ako keby ste si hádzali mincou.
ako keby ste si hádzali mincou.
02:43
which is exactly what you'd expect
with a coin-flip model.
with a coin-flip model.
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02:46
So that's just a fun little example
here of the sorts of things we do.
here of the sorts of things we do.
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Toto bol len malý vtipný príklad toho,
čomu sa venujeme.
čomu sa venujeme.
Časopis Skeptik vychádza štvrťročne.
02:50
"Skeptic" is the quarterly publication.
Each one has a particular theme.
Each one has a particular theme.
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Každé číslo sa venuje určitej téme,
napríklad budúcnosti inteligencie.
napríklad budúcnosti inteligencie.
02:54
This one is on the future of intelligence.
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Sú ľudia časom inteligentnejší
alebo hlúpejší?
alebo hlúpejší?
02:56
Are people getting smarter or dumber?
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Ja mám síce na to svoj názor,
02:58
I have an opinion of this myself
because of the business I'm in,
because of the business I'm in,
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ale faktom je, že ľudia múdrejú.
03:01
but in fact, people, it turns out,
are getting smarter.
are getting smarter.
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IQ stúpa každých 10 rokov o 3 body.
03:03
Three IQ points per 10 years, going up.
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03:06
Sort of an interesting thing.
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Zaujímavé.
03:08
With science, don't think of skepticism
as a thing, or science as a thing.
as a thing, or science as a thing.
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Nepovažujte vedu ani skepticizmus za vec.
Je veda zlúčiteľná s náboženstvom?
03:12
Are science and religion compatible?
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03:13
It's like, are science
and plumbing compatible?
and plumbing compatible?
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Podobná otázka ako
„Je veda zlúčiteľná s inštalatérstvom?“
„Je veda zlúčiteľná s inštalatérstvom?“
03:16
They're just two different things.
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Sú to jednoducho dve rozdielne veci.
03:17
Science is not a thing. It's a verb.
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Veda nie je vec, je to činnosť.
Je to spôsob premýšľania o veciach.
Je to spôsob premýšľania o veciach.
03:19
It's a way of thinking about things.
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03:21
It's a way of looking for natural
explanations for all phenomena.
explanations for all phenomena.
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Je to spôsob hľadania prirodzených
vysvetlení pre všetky fenomény.
vysvetlení pre všetky fenomény.
03:24
I mean, what's more likely:
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Čo je pravdepodobnejšie:
03:25
that extraterrestrial intelligences
or multi-dimensional beings
or multi-dimensional beings
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že nejaké mimozemské
alebo viacrozmerné bytosti
alebo viacrozmerné bytosti
prekonajú nesmierne vzdialenosti
medzihviezdneho priestoru,
medzihviezdneho priestoru,
03:29
travel across vast distances
of interstellar space
of interstellar space
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03:31
to leave a crop circle in Farmer Bob's
field in Puckerbrush, Kansas
field in Puckerbrush, Kansas
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aby zanechali kruh v obilí na poli
farmára Boba v Puckerbrush v Kansase,
farmára Boba v Puckerbrush v Kansase,
03:34
to promote skeptic.com, our web page?
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aby urobili reklamu
našej stránke skeptic.com?
našej stránke skeptic.com?
03:36
Or is it more likely that a reader
of "Skeptic" did this with Photoshop?
of "Skeptic" did this with Photoshop?
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Alebo že to spravil čitateľ nášho časopisu
vo Photoshope.
vo Photoshope.
V každom prípade, musíme sa spýtať,
03:41
And in all cases we have to ask --
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(smiech)
03:42
(Laughter)
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03:44
What's the more likely explanation?
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čo je pravdepodobnejšie vysvetlenie?
A predtým, než vyhlásime,
že niečo nie je z tohto sveta,
že niečo nie je z tohto sveta,
03:46
Before we say something
is out of this world,
is out of this world,
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03:48
we should first make sure
that it's not in this world.
that it's not in this world.
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mali by sme sa presvedčiť,
že to nepochádza z tohto sveta.
že to nepochádza z tohto sveta.
03:51
What's more likely:
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Čo je pravdepodobnejšie:
03:52
that Arnold had extraterrestrial help
in his run for the governorship,
in his run for the governorship,
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že Arnoldovi pomohli
pri voľbách mimozemšťania?
pri voľbách mimozemšťania?
Alebo že si „World Weekly News“ vymýšľa?
03:56
or that the "World Weekly News"
makes stuff up?
makes stuff up?
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03:58
(Laughter)
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(smiech)
04:00
The same theme is expressed nicely
here in this Sidney Harris cartoon.
here in this Sidney Harris cartoon.
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Podobná pointa je pekne zachytená
v tomto komikse Sidneyho Harrisa.
Pre vás, čo sedíte vzadu – je tu napísané:
„Potom sa stane zázrak.“
„Potom sa stane zázrak.“
04:04
For those of you in the back,
it says here: "Then a miracle occurs.
it says here: "Then a miracle occurs.
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„Myslím, že v druhom kroku
by ste mali byť konkrétnejší.“
by ste mali byť konkrétnejší.“
04:08
I think you need to be more
explicit here in step two."
explicit here in step two."
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04:10
This single slide completely dismantles
the intelligent design arguments.
the intelligent design arguments.
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Tento obrázok úplne rozbíja argumenty
inteligentného dizajnu.
inteligentného dizajnu.
04:15
There's nothing more to it than that.
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Je to presne o tom.
(potlesk)
04:17
(Applause)
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Môžete povedať, že sa stane zázrak.
04:18
You can say a miracle occurs,
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04:19
it's just that it doesn't explain
anything or offer anything.
anything or offer anything.
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Len to nič nevysvetľuje.
Nič to neponúka.
Nič sa na tom nedá testovať.
Nič sa na tom nedá testovať.
04:22
There's nothing to test.
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Pre zástancov inteligentného dizajnu
sa tu končí debata.
sa tu končí debata.
04:23
It's the end of the conversation
for intelligent design creationists.
for intelligent design creationists.
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04:27
And it's true, scientists sometimes throw
terms out as linguistic place fillers --
terms out as linguistic place fillers --
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Je pravda, že vedci niekedy
používajú pojmy ako jazykové barličky
používajú pojmy ako jazykové barličky
04:32
dark energy or dark matter,
something like that --
something like that --
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– temná energia, temná hmota a podobne –
ale voláme to tak
len kým nezistíme, čo to je.
len kým nezistíme, čo to je.
04:34
until we figure out what it is,
we'll call it this.
we'll call it this.
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04:37
It's the beginning of the causal
chain for science.
chain for science.
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Pre vedcov je to len začiatok cesty.
Pre kreacionistov je to koniec cesty.
04:39
For intelligent design creationists,
it's the end of the chain.
it's the end of the chain.
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Takže znovu sa môžeme spýtať:
čo je pravdepodobnejšie?
čo je pravdepodobnejšie?
04:43
So again, we can ask this:
what's more likely?
what's more likely?
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Sú to lode mimozemštanov,
zmyslové klamy, či dokonca podvrhy?
zmyslové klamy, či dokonca podvrhy?
04:46
Are UFOs alien spaceships, or perceptual
cognitive mistakes, or even fakes?
cognitive mistakes, or even fakes?
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04:50
This is a UFO shot from my house
in Altadena, California,
in Altadena, California,
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Toto je záber UFA z môjho domu
v Altadene v Kalifornii,
v Altadene v Kalifornii,
04:53
looking down over Pasadena.
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s výhľadom na Pasadenu.
04:55
And if it looks a lot like a Buick
hubcap, it's because it is.
hubcap, it's because it is.
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Ak to vyzerá ako puklica z kolesa auta,
to je preto, že to tak je.
to je preto, že to tak je.
Nepotrebujete ani Photoshop;
nepotrebujete sofistikované vybavenie;
nepotrebujete sofistikované vybavenie;
04:59
You don't even need Photoshop
or high-tech equipment,
or high-tech equipment,
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05:02
you don't need computers.
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nepotrebujete počítače.
05:03
This was shot with a throwaway
Kodak Instamatic camera.
Kodak Instamatic camera.
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Toto som odfotil
jednorazovým fotoaparátom.
jednorazovým fotoaparátom.
05:06
You just have somebody off on the side
with a hubcap ready to go.
with a hubcap ready to go.
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Stačí, aby niekto stál
na boku s puklicou, hodí ju,
na boku s puklicou, hodí ju,
odfotíte to a je to.
05:09
Camera's ready -- that's it.
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(smiech)
05:11
(Laughter)
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Takže hoci je možné,
že väčšina týchto vecí
že väčšina týchto vecí
05:13
So, although it's possible
that most of these things are fake
that most of these things are fake
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sú podvrhy, ilúzie a podobne,
a niektoré sú skutočné,
a niektoré sú skutočné,
05:16
or illusions or so on,
and that some of them are real,
and that some of them are real,
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je pravdepodobnejšie,
že všetky sú podvrhy
že všetky sú podvrhy
05:20
it's more likely that all of them
are fake, like the crop circles.
are fake, like the crop circles.
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ako tie kruhy v obilí.
Ale teraz vážne.
Vo vede sa snažíme o rovnováhu
Vo vede sa snažíme o rovnováhu
05:23
On a more serious note, in all of science
we're looking for a balance
we're looking for a balance
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medzi údajmi a teóriou.
05:27
between data and theory.
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05:28
In the case of Galileo,
he had two problems
he had two problems
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Napríklad, Galileo mal dva problémy,
05:32
when he turned his telescope to Saturn.
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keď svoj teleskop otočil na Saturn.
05:35
First of all, there was no
theory of planetary rings.
theory of planetary rings.
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Po prvé, neexistovala teória
o prstencoch planét.
o prstencoch planét.
Po druhé, jeho údaje
boli nepresné a nejasné,
boli nepresné a nejasné,
05:38
Second of all, his data
was grainy and fuzzy,
was grainy and fuzzy,
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takže nevedel rozoznať,
na čo sa pozerá.
na čo sa pozerá.
05:40
and he couldn't quite make out
what he was looking at.
what he was looking at.
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Takže napísal, čo pozoroval.
05:43
So he wrote that he had seen --
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„Pozoroval som,
že najvzdialenejšiu planétu
že najvzdialenejšiu planétu
05:44
"I have observed that the furthest
planet has three bodies."
planet has three bodies."
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tvoria tri telesá.“
05:48
And this is what he ended up
concluding that he saw.
concluding that he saw.
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Takto uzavrel svoje pozorovanie.
05:51
So without a theory of planetary
rings and with only grainy data,
rings and with only grainy data,
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Čiže bez teórie planetárnych prstencov
a s nejasnými údajmi
a s nejasnými údajmi
05:54
you can't have a good theory.
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nie je možné vytvoriť dobrú teóriu.
Problém sa vyriešil až v roku 1655.
05:56
It wasn't solved until 1655.
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05:58
This is Christiaan Huygens's book
that catalogs all the mistakes
that catalogs all the mistakes
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Toto je kniha Christiana Huygensa,
kde zhrnul všetky omyly,
kde zhrnul všetky omyly,
06:01
people made trying to figure out
what was going on with Saturn.
what was going on with Saturn.
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ktoré ľudia urobili pri pokusoch zistiť,
ako to je so Saturnom.
ako to je so Saturnom.
06:04
It wasn't till Huygens had two things:
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Huygens mal teda dve veci.
06:06
He had a good theory of planetary rings
and how the solar system operated,
and how the solar system operated,
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Mal dobrú teóriu o planetárnych prstencoch
a o tom, ako funguje slnečná sústava.
a o tom, ako funguje slnečná sústava.
06:10
and he had better telescopic,
more fine-grain data
more fine-grain data
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Mal aj lepší teleskop,
a teda presnejšie údaje.
a teda presnejšie údaje.
06:13
in which he could figure out that
as the Earth is going around faster --
as the Earth is going around faster --
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Odvodil si, že keďže Zem obieha
podľa Keplerových zákonov okolo Slnka
podľa Keplerových zákonov okolo Slnka
06:17
according to Kepler's Laws --
than Saturn, then we catch up with it.
than Saturn, then we catch up with it.
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rýchlejšie než Saturn, dobieha ho.
Preto vidíme prstence pod rôznymi uhlami.
Preto vidíme prstence pod rôznymi uhlami.
06:20
And we see the angles of the rings
at different angles, there.
at different angles, there.
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06:23
And that, in fact, turns out to be true.
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A to sa nakoniec aj potvrdilo.
06:26
The problem with having a theory is that
it may be loaded with cognitive biases.
it may be loaded with cognitive biases.
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Problém s teóriami je ten,
že vaša teória môže byť ovplyvnená
množstvom kognitívnych klamov.
množstvom kognitívnych klamov.
Takže prečo vlastne ľudia
veria divným veciam?
veria divným veciam?
06:31
So one of the problems of explaining
why people believe weird things
why people believe weird things
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Začnime najprv s niečím jednoduchším.
06:34
is that we have things, on a simple level,
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Potom prejdeme k zložitejším veciam.
06:36
and then I'll go to more serious ones.
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Napríklad máme tendenciu vidieť tváre.
06:38
Like, we have a tendency to see faces.
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Toto je tvár na Marse, ktorá v roku 1976
06:40
This is the face on Mars.
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1776
podnietila vznik hnutia,
ktoré chcelo od NASA,
ktoré chcelo od NASA,
06:42
In 1976, where there was a whole movement
to get NASA to photograph that area
to get NASA to photograph that area
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aby znovu odfotila toto miesto,
lebo ľudia si mysleli,
lebo ľudia si mysleli,
06:46
because people thought this was monumental
architecture made by Martians.
architecture made by Martians.
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že ide o monumentálnu stavbu Marťanov.
Tu je zväčšená fotografia z roku 2001.
06:50
Here's the close-up of it from 2001.
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06:53
If you squint, you can still see the face.
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Keď prižmúrite oči, stále uvidíte tvár.
Ale keď máte privreté oči,
06:56
And when you're squinting,
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06:57
you're turning that from fine-grain
to coarse-grain,
to coarse-grain,
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z ostrého obrazu urobíte neostrý.
A tak znižujete kvalitu svojich údajov.
07:00
so you're reducing
the quality of your data.
the quality of your data.
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A ak by som vám nepovedal,
čo máte hľadať, stále by ste videli tvár,
čo máte hľadať, stále by ste videli tvár,
07:02
And if I didn't tell you what to look for,
you'd still see the face,
you'd still see the face,
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pretože sme evolučne
naprogramovaní vidieť tváre.
naprogramovaní vidieť tváre.
07:05
because we're programmed
by evolution to see faces.
by evolution to see faces.
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Tváre sú pre nás spoločensky dôležité.
07:08
Faces are important for us socially.
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A samozrejme, šťastné tváre.
07:10
And of course, happy faces,
faces of all kinds are easy to see.
faces of all kinds are easy to see.
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Tváre vidíme takmer všade.
(smiech)
07:14
You see the happy face on Mars, there.
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Tu vidíte šťastnú tvár na Marse.
07:16
(Laughter)
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Ak by astronómovia boli žaby,
asi by uvideli Kermita.
asi by uvideli Kermita.
07:17
If astronomers were frogs,
perhaps they'd see Kermit the Frog.
perhaps they'd see Kermit the Frog.
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Vidíte ho?
07:20
Do you see him there? Little froggy legs.
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Malé žabie nožičky.
07:22
Or if geologists were elephants?
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Alebo keby geológovia boli slony?
07:25
Religious iconography.
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Náboženská ikonografia...
07:28
(Laughter)
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(smiech)
Toto objavil pekár z Tennessee
v roku 1996.
v roku 1996.
07:31
Discovered by a Tennessee baker in 1996.
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07:33
He charged five bucks a head
to come see the nun bun
to come see the nun bun
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Vystavoval mníšku v šiške za 5 dolárov,
07:36
till he got a cease-and-desist
from Mother Teresa's lawyer.
from Mother Teresa's lawyer.
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kým nedostal list od právnika
Matky Terezy.
Matky Terezy.
07:40
Here's Our Lady of Guadalupe and Our
Lady of Watsonville, just down the street,
Lady of Watsonville, just down the street,
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Tu máme Pannu Máriu guadalupskú
a Pannu Máriu z Watsonville,
a Pannu Máriu z Watsonville,
čo je neďaleko tu na ulici
alebo opačným smerom?
alebo opačným smerom?
07:43
or is it up the street from here?
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07:45
Tree bark is particularly good
because it's nice and grainy, branchy,
because it's nice and grainy, branchy,
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Kôra stromov je veľmi vďačná,
pretože je zrnitá a rozvetvená,
pretože je zrnitá a rozvetvená,
07:48
black-and-white splotchy and you can
get the pattern-seeking --
get the pattern-seeking --
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s čiernobielymi fľakmi
a dobre sa v nej hľadajú obrazce.
a dobre sa v nej hľadajú obrazce.
Ľudia sú zvieratá hľadajúce obrazce.
07:51
humans are pattern-seeking animals.
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07:53
Here's the Virgin Mary on the side
of a glass window in Sao Paulo.
of a glass window in Sao Paulo.
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Toto je Panna Mária na boku
sklenej budovy v Sao Paulo.
sklenej budovy v Sao Paulo.
Tu sa Panna Mária objavila
na syrovom sendviči,
na syrovom sendviči,
07:57
Here's when the Virgin Mary made
her appearance on a cheese sandwich --
her appearance on a cheese sandwich --
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ktorého som sa dokonca mohol dotknúť
v jednom kasíne v Las Vegas,
v jednom kasíne v Las Vegas,
08:00
which I got to actually
hold in a Las Vegas casino --
hold in a Las Vegas casino --
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samozrejme, kde inde než v Amerike.
08:03
of course, this being America.
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(smiech)
08:04
(Laughter)
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Kasíno za tento sendvič na eBayi
zaplatilo 28 500 dolárov.
zaplatilo 28 500 dolárov.
08:06
This casino paid $28,500
on eBay for the cheese sandwich.
on eBay for the cheese sandwich.
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4327
08:10
(Laughter)
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1976
(smiech)
08:12
But who does it really look like?
The Virgin Mary?
The Virgin Mary?
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Ale ozaj to vyzerá ako Panna Mária?
(smiech)
08:15
(Laughter)
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Má také našpúlené pery,
tak v štýle 40. rokov.
tak v štýle 40. rokov.
08:17
It has that sort of
puckered lips, 1940s-era look.
puckered lips, 1940s-era look.
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Panna Mária v Clearwater na Floride.
08:21
Virgin Mary in Clearwater, Florida.
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08:22
I actually went to see this one.
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Túto som si pozrel naživo.
08:24
There was a lot of people there.
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1834
Bolo tam veľa ľudí.
Veriaci prichádzali
Veriaci prichádzali
08:26
The faithful come in their wheelchairs
and crutches, and so on.
and crutches, and so on.
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na svojich invalidných vozíkoch,
o barliach a podobne.
o barliach a podobne.
Tak sme to tam prišli prešetriť.
08:31
We went down and investigated.
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Pre porovnanie - to je Dawkins,
ja, a Úžasný Randi,
ja, a Úžasný Randi,
08:33
Just to give you a size, that's Dawkins,
me and The Amazing Randi,
me and The Amazing Randi,
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pri tomto zjavení vysokom
dva a pol poschodia.
dva a pol poschodia.
08:36
next to this two,
two and a half story-sized image.
two and a half story-sized image.
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Všade boli sviečky, toľko tisícok sviečok
tam ľudia zapálili na počesť tohto.
tam ľudia zapálili na počesť tohto.
08:38
All these candles, thousands of candles
people had lit in tribute to this.
people had lit in tribute to this.
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3502
08:42
So we walked around the backside,
to see what was going on.
to see what was going on.
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Tak sme obišli budovu,
aby sme zistili, čo sa tam deje,
aby sme zistili, čo sa tam deje,
a vyzerá to tak, že kdekoľvek sa nachádza
ostrekovač a palma,
ostrekovač a palma,
08:45
It turns out wherever there's
a sprinkler head and a palm tree,
a sprinkler head and a palm tree,
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tam vzniká podobný efekt.
08:48
you get the effect.
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08:49
Here's the Virgin Mary on the backside,
which they started to wipe off.
which they started to wipe off.
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Tu je Panna Mária na zadnej strane budovy,
ktorú už začali zotierať.
ktorú už začali zotierať.
08:53
I guess you can only have
one miracle per building.
one miracle per building.
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Asi je povolený
len jeden zázrak na budovu.
len jeden zázrak na budovu.
08:55
(Laughter)
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(smiech)
A je to skutočne zázrak Panny Márie,
alebo skôr zázrak Marge?
alebo skôr zázrak Marge?
08:59
So is it really a miracle of Mary,
or is it a miracle of Marge?
or is it a miracle of Marge?
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(smiech)
09:02
(Laughter)
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1001
09:03
And now I'm going to finish up
with another example of this,
with another example of this,
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Nakoniec vám ukážem
ďalší príklad tohto javu,
ďalší príklad tohto javu,
tentokrát so zvukovými ilúziami.
09:07
with auditory illusions.
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Možno poznáte film
Hlas smrti (White Noise)
Hlas smrti (White Noise)
09:10
There's this film, "White Noise,"
with Michael Keaton,
with Michael Keaton,
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s Michaelom Keatonom o mŕtvych,
ktorí s nami komunikujú.
ktorí s nami komunikujú.
09:12
about the dead talking back to us.
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2534
09:15
By the way, the whole business of talking
to the dead is not that big a deal.
to the dead is not that big a deal.
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Mimochodom hovoriť s mŕtvymi
nie je ani také ťažké.
nie je ani také ťažké.
Dokáže to každý.
09:19
Anybody can do it, turns out.
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Problémom je skôr donútiť mŕtvych,
aby odpovedali.
aby odpovedali.
09:20
It's getting the dead to talk
back that's the really hard part.
back that's the really hard part.
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(smiech)
09:23
(Laughter)
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V tomto filme sú tieto správy údajne
skryté v elektronických fenoménoch.
skryté v elektronických fenoménoch.
09:24
In this case, supposedly, these messages
are hidden in electronic phenomena.
are hidden in electronic phenomena.
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09:28
There's a ReverseSpeech.com web page
where I downloaded this stuff.
where I downloaded this stuff.
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Existuje stránka ReverseSpeech.com,
odkiaľ som stiahol toto.
odkiaľ som stiahol toto.
09:31
This is the most famous one
of all of these.
of all of these.
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Toto je asi najznámejší prípad.
Pustím vám jednu veľmi známu pieseň.
09:35
Here's the forward version
of the very famous song.
of the very famous song.
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09:37
(Music with lyrics)
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(hudba)
09:39
If there's a bustle in your hedgerow
don't be alarmed now.
don't be alarmed now.
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09:44
It's just a spring clean
for the May Queen.
for the May Queen.
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09:50
Yes, there are two paths you
can go by, but in the long run,
can go by, but in the long run,
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09:56
There's still time to change
the road you're on
the road you're on
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Toto by sme mohli počúvať celý deň, že?
10:03
Couldn't you just listen to that all day?
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(smiech)
10:06
All right, here it is backwards,
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A teraz si to pustíme odzadu,
10:07
and see if you can hear the hidden
messages that are supposedly in there.
messages that are supposedly in there.
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a zistíme, či zachytíte skryté posolstvá,
ktoré tam údajne sú.
ktoré tam údajne sú.
(hudba pustená odzadu)
10:12
(Music with unintelligible lyrics)
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10:26
(Lyrics) Satan!
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10:27
(Unintelligible lyrics continue)
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Čo ste objavili?
10:41
What did you get?
Audience: Satan!
Audience: Satan!
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Obecenstvo: "Satan."
10:43
Satan. OK, at least we got "Satan".
219
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Michael Shermer: "Satan?"
Objavili sme aspoň slovo "Satan".
Objavili sme aspoň slovo "Satan".
10:45
Now, I'll prime the auditory
part of your brain
part of your brain
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Teraz ukážem sluchovej časti
vášho mozgu, čo máte počuť.
vášho mozgu, čo máte počuť.
10:47
to tell you what you're supposed
to hear, and then hear it again.
to hear, and then hear it again.
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Vypočujme si to znovu.
(hudba pustená odzadu druhýkrát)
10:50
(Music with lyrics)
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11:17
(Music ends)
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1086
(smiech)
11:18
(Laughter)
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(potlesk)
11:19
(Applause)
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11:26
You can't miss it
when I tell you what's there.
when I tell you what's there.
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Nemôžete to nepočuť,
keď vám poviem, že to tam je.
keď vám poviem, že to tam je.
11:28
(Laughter)
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(smiech)
11:32
I'm going to just end
with a positive, nice little story.
with a positive, nice little story.
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Zakončím jedným pekným,
pozitívnym príbehom.
pozitívnym príbehom.
11:36
The Skeptics is a nonprofit
educational organization.
educational organization.
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Skeptici sú neziskovou
vzdelávacou organizáciou.
vzdelávacou organizáciou.
11:39
We're always looking for little
good things that people do.
good things that people do.
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Stále hľadáme malé dobré veci,
ktoré ľudia robia.
ktoré ľudia robia.
V Anglicku žije jedna popová speváčka.
11:41
And in England, there's a pop singer.
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677046
2009
11:43
One of the top popular singers
in England today, Katie Melua.
in England today, Katie Melua.
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3745
Jedna z najpopulárnejších
speváčok v Anglicku, Katie Melua,
speváčok v Anglicku, Katie Melua,
11:47
And she wrote a beautiful song.
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napísala krásnu pesničku.
11:49
It was in the top five in 2005, called,
"Nine Million Bicycles in Beijing."
"Nine Million Bicycles in Beijing."
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V roku 2005 bola v Top 5 a volá sa
"9 miliónov bicyklov v Pekingu".
"9 miliónov bicyklov v Pekingu".
11:54
It's a love story -- she's sort
of the Norah Jones of the UK --
of the Norah Jones of the UK --
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Katie Melua je taká anglická Norah Jones
a pesnička je o láske,
a pesnička je o láske,
o tom, ako veľmi miluje svojho chlapa,
11:57
about how she much loves her guy,
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11:59
and compared to nine million
bicycles, and so forth.
bicycles, and so forth.
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prirovnáva to k 9 miliónom bicyklov,
a tak ďalej.
a tak ďalej.
12:02
And she has this one passage here.
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Pustíme si krátku časť.
12:04
(Music)
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♫ Sme 12 miliárd svetelných rokov
od okraja. ♫
od okraja. ♫
12:05
(Lyrics) We are 12 billion
light-years from the edge
light-years from the edge
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♫ To je odhad. ♫
12:11
That's a guess,
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12:13
No one can ever say it's true,
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♫ Nikto nevie, či je to pravda. ♫
♫ Ale ja viem, že vždy budem s tebou. ♫
12:17
But I know that I will always be with you.
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No, to je pekné.
12:22
Michael Shermer: Well, that's nice.
At least she got it close.
At least she got it close.
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Aspoň bola blízko.
V Amerike by to bolo
"Sme 6 000 svetelných rokov od okraja".
"Sme 6 000 svetelných rokov od okraja".
12:25
In America it'd be,
"We're 6,000 light years from the edge."
"We're 6,000 light years from the edge."
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(smiech)
12:28
(Laughter)
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Ale môj priateľ, Simon Singh,
časticový fyzik, dnes popularizátor vedy,
časticový fyzik, dnes popularizátor vedy,
12:29
But my friend, Simon Singh, the particle
physicist now turned science educator,
physicist now turned science educator,
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12:33
who wrote the book
"The Big Bang," and so on,
"The Big Bang," and so on,
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napísal knihu „Veľký tresk“ a tak ďalej,
využíva každú príležitosť
na propagáciu kvalitnej vedy.
na propagáciu kvalitnej vedy.
12:35
uses every chance he gets
to promote good science.
to promote good science.
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12:37
And so he wrote an op-ed piece
in "The Guardian" about Katie's song,
in "The Guardian" about Katie's song,
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3286
Napísal teda do novín The Guardian
komentár o tejto pesničke.
komentár o tejto pesničke.
12:41
in which he said, well, we know exactly
how far from the edge.
how far from the edge.
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Písal, že vieme presne, ako ďaleko sme
od okraja vesmíru.
od okraja vesmíru.
12:46
You know, it's 13.7 billion light years,
and it's not a guess.
and it's not a guess.
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Je to 13,7 miliárd svetelných rokov,
a to nie je odhad.
a to nie je odhad.
12:50
We know within precise
error bars how close it is.
error bars how close it is.
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Vieme to celkom presne.
A tak môžeme povedať,
aj keď to nie je absolútna pravda,
aj keď to nie je absolútna pravda,
12:54
So we can say, although not absolutely
true, it's pretty close to being true.
true, it's pretty close to being true.
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že je to celkom blízko pravde.
12:58
And, to his credit, Katie called him up
after this op-ed piece came out, and said,
after this op-ed piece came out, and said,
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Na jeho prekvapenie mu Katie
po uverejnení tohto článku zavolala
po uverejnení tohto článku zavolala
a povedala: „Je mi to také trápne.
13:02
"I'm so embarrassed.
I was in the astronomy club.
I was in the astronomy club.
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Bola som členkou astronomického krúžku,
mala som to vedieť.“
mala som to vedieť.“
13:05
I should've known better."
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13:06
And she re-cut the song.
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A tak túto pesničku prespievala,
a my si tú novú verziu pustíme.
a my si tú novú verziu pustíme.
13:07
So I will end with the new version.
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13:09
(Music with lyrics)
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♫ Sme 13,7 miliardy svetelných rokov ♫
13:11
We are 13.7 billion light years
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♫ vzdialení od okraja
pozorovateľného vesmíru ♫
pozorovateľného vesmíru ♫
13:13
from the edge of the observable universe.
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♫ čo je pomerne presný odhad
s presne stanovenou odchýlkou.♫
s presne stanovenou odchýlkou.♫
13:17
That's a good estimate
with well-defined error bars.
with well-defined error bars.
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♫ A vzhľadom k všetkým
dostupným informáciám ♫
dostupným informáciám ♫
13:20
And with the available information,
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♫ predpokladám, že navždy budem s tebou. ♫
13:24
I predict that I will always be with you.
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13:28
(Laughter)
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(potlesk)
Nie je to super?
13:29
How cool is that?
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13:30
(Applause)
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(potlesk)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Michael Shermer - SkepticMichael Shermer debunks myths, superstitions and urban legends -- and explains why we believe them. Along with publishing Skeptic Magazine, he's author of Why People Believe Weird Things and The Mind of the Market.
Why you should listen
As founder and publisher of Skeptic Magazine, Michael Shermer has exposed fallacies behind intelligent design, 9/11 conspiracies, the low-carb craze, alien sightings and other popular beliefs and paranoias. But it's not about debunking for debunking's sake. Shermer defends the notion that we can understand our world better only by matching good theory with good science.
Shermer's work offers cognitive context for our often misguided beliefs: In the absence of sound science, incomplete information can powerfully combine with the power of suggestion (helping us hear Satanic lyrics when "Stairway to Heaven" plays backwards, for example). In fact, a common thread that runs through beliefs of all sorts, he says, is our tendency to convince ourselves: We overvalue the shreds of evidence that support our preferred outcome, and ignore the facts we aren't looking for.
He writes a monthly column for Scientific American, and is an adjunct at Claremont Graduate University and Chapman University. His latest book is The Believing Brain: From Ghosts and Gods to Politics and Conspiracies—How We Construct Beliefs and Reinforce Them as Truths. He is also the author of The Mind of the Market, on evolutionary economics, Why Darwin Matters: Evolution and the Case Against Intelligent Design, and The Science of Good and Evil. And his next book is titled The Moral Arc of Science.
Michael Shermer | Speaker | TED.com