ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Alison Gopnik - Child development psychologist
Alison Gopnik takes us into the fascinating minds of babies and children, and shows us how much we understand before we even realize we do.

Why you should listen

What’s it really like to see through the eyes of a child? Are babies and young children just empty, irrational vessels to be formed into little adults, until they become the perfect images of ourselves? On the contrary, argues Alison Gopnik, professor of psychology and philosophy at the University of California at Berkeley.

The author of The Philosophical BabyThe Scientist in the Crib and other influential books on cognitive development, Gopnik presents evidence that babies and children are conscious of far more than we give them credit for, as they engage every sense and spend every waking moment discovering, filing away, analyzing and acting on information about how the world works. Gopnik’s work draws on psychological, neuroscientific, and philosophical developments in child development research to understand how the human mind learns, how and why we love, our ability to innovate, as well as giving us a deeper appreciation for the role of parenthood.

She says: "What's it like to be a baby? Being in love in Paris for the first time after you've had 3 double espressos."

More profile about the speaker
Alison Gopnik | Speaker | TED.com
TEDGlobal 2011

Alison Gopnik: What do babies think?

Alison Gopnik: O čem razmišljajo malčki?

Filmed:
4,341,974 views

"Malčki in majhni otroci so kot oddelek za raziskave in razvoj človeške vrste," pravi psihologinja Alison Gopnik. Njene študije preiskujejo dovršeno nabiranje inteligence in odločanje, kar malčki v resnici počnejo, medtem ko se igrajo.
- Child development psychologist
Alison Gopnik takes us into the fascinating minds of babies and children, and shows us how much we understand before we even realize we do. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:15
What is going on
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O čem premišlja
00:17
in this baby'sotroka mindum?
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tale malček?
00:19
If you'dTi bi askedvprašal people this 30 yearslet agonazaj,
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Če bi to koga vprašali pred 30 leti,
00:21
mostnajbolj people, includingvključno z psychologistspsihologi,
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bi jih večina, vključno s psihologi,
00:23
would have said that this babyotroka was irrationaliracionalno,
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odgovorila, da je ta malček neracionalen,
00:26
illogicalnelogično, egocentricegocentrični --
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nelogičen, egocentričen --
00:28
that he couldn'tni mogel take the perspectiveperspektive of anotherdrugo personoseba
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da se ne more vživeti v nekoga drugega
00:30
or understandrazumeti causevzrok and effectučinek.
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in da ne razume vzroka in posledice.
00:32
In the last 20 yearslet,
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V zadnjih 20 letih
00:34
developmentalrazvojne scienceznanost has completelypopolnoma overturnedrazveljavilo that pictureslika.
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je znanost o razvoju popolnoma preobrnila to sliko.
00:37
So in some waysnačinov,
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Tako nekako
00:39
we think that this baby'sotroka thinkingrazmišljanje
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mislimo, da je premišljanje tega malčka
00:41
is like the thinkingrazmišljanje of the mostnajbolj brilliantsijajno scientistsznanstveniki.
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takšno kot je premišljanje najsijajnejših znanstvenikov.
00:45
Let me give you just one exampleprimer of this.
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Naj podam primer tega.
00:47
One thing that this babyotroka could be thinkingrazmišljanje about,
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Ena stvar, o kateri bi ta malček lahko premišljal,
00:50
that could be going on in his mindum,
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kar bi se lahko odvijalo v njegovem umu,
00:52
is tryingposkušam to figureštevilka out
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je, da poskuša ugotoviti,
00:54
what's going on in the mindum of that other babyotroka.
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o čem premišlja ta drugi malček.
00:57
After all, one of the things that's hardestnajtežje for all of us to do
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Navsezadnje je ena najtežjih stvari za vse nas
01:00
is to figureštevilka out what other people are thinkingrazmišljanje and feelingobčutek.
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ugotavljanje, kaj razmišljajo in čutijo drugi ljudje.
01:03
And maybe the hardestnajtežje thing of all
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In morda je najtežja stvar od vsega
01:05
is to figureštevilka out that what other people think and feel
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ugotoviti, da to, kar mislijo in čutijo drugi ljudje,
01:08
isn't actuallydejansko exactlytočno like what we think and feel.
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dejansko ni točno to, kar mislimo in čutimo sami.
01:10
AnyoneKdorkoli who'skdo je followedsledi politicspolitiko can testifypričajo
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Kdorkoli je kdaj sledil politiki lahko potrdi,
01:12
to how hardtežko that is for some people to get.
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kako težko je nekaterim ljudem to dojeti.
01:15
We wanted to know
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Želeli smo izvedeti,
01:17
if babiesdojenčki and youngmladi childrenotroci
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če bi malčki in majhni otroci
01:19
could understandrazumeti this really profoundgloboko thing about other people.
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razumeli to resnično poglobljeno stvar o drugih ljudeh.
01:22
Now the questionvprašanje is: How could we askvprašajte them?
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Ampak vprašanje je, kako bi jih o tem lahko vprašali?
01:24
BabiesDojenčki, after all, can't talk,
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Malčki navsezadnje ne morejo govoriti,
01:26
and if you askvprašajte a threetri year-oldletni
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če pa triletnika prosite,
01:28
to tell you what he thinksmisli,
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naj vam pove, kaj misli,
01:30
what you'llboš get is a beautifullepo streamtok of consciousnesszavest monologuemonolog
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boste dobili prelep tok zavestnega samogovora
01:33
about poniesponiji and birthdaysrojstni dnevi and things like that.
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o konjičkih in rojstnih dnevih in podobnem.
01:36
So how do we actuallydejansko askvprašajte them the questionvprašanje?
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Torej kako bi jim dejansko postavili to vprašanje?
01:39
Well it turnszavrti out that the secretskrivnost was broccolibrokoli.
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No, izkaže se, da je bila skrivnost v brokoliju.
01:42
What we did -- BettyBetty RapacholiRapacholi, who was one of my studentsštudenti, and I --
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Kar sva naredili skupaj z Betty Rapasholi, eno mojih študentk --
01:46
was actuallydejansko to give the babiesdojenčki two bowlssklede of foodhrano:
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je bilo to, da sva malčkom dali dve skledici hrane:
01:49
one bowlskledo of rawsurov broccolibrokoli
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eno skodelico surovega brokolija
01:51
and one bowlskledo of deliciousokusno goldfishzlata ribica crackerskrekerji.
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in eno skodelico slastnih krekerjev v obliki ribice.
01:54
Now all of the babiesdojenčki, even in BerkleyBerkley,
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No, prav vsi otroci, celo v Berkleyu,
01:57
like the crackerskrekerji and don't like the rawsurov broccolibrokoli.
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imajo radi krekerje in ne marajo surovega brokolija.
02:00
(LaughterSmeh)
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(Smeh)
02:02
But then what BettyBetty did
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Betty je potem
02:04
was to take a little tasteokus of foodhrano from eachvsak bowlskledo.
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poskusila malo jedi v vsaki izmed skodelic.
02:07
And she would actukrepati as if she likedVšeč mi je it or she didn't.
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Ob tem se je vedla kot da ji je jed všeč oziroma ji ni.
02:09
So halfpol the time, she acteddeloval
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V polovici primerov se je vedla
02:11
as if she likedVšeč mi je the crackerskrekerji and didn't like the broccolibrokoli --
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kot da so ji všeč krekerji, brokoli pa ne --
02:13
just like a babyotroka and any other sanepameten personoseba.
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enako kot malčki in vsaka oseba pri zdravi pameti.
02:16
But halfpol the time,
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V polovici primerov
02:18
what she would do is take a little bitbit of the broccolibrokoli
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pa je naredila tako, da je vzela malo brokolija
02:20
and go, "MmmmmMmmmm, broccolibrokoli.
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in rekla: "Mmmmmm, brokoli.
02:23
I tastedokusil the broccolibrokoli. MmmmmMmmmm."
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Poskusila sem brokoli. Mmmmm".
02:26
And then she would take a little bitbit of the crackerskrekerji,
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Nakar je vzela malo krekerjev
02:28
and she'dona bi go, "EwwEww, yuckFuj, crackerskrekerji.
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in rekla: "Ooo, bljak krekerji.
02:32
I tastedokusil the crackerskrekerji. EwwEww, yuckFuj."
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Poskusila sem krekerje. Ooo, bljak".
02:35
So she'dona bi actukrepati as if what she wanted
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Torej pretvarjala se je, da je želela
02:37
was just the oppositenasprotno of what the babiesdojenčki wanted.
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ravno nasprotno od tega, kar so želeli malčki.
02:40
We did this with 15 and 18 month-oldmesečno-star babiesdojenčki.
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To smo izvedli z malčki, starimi 15 in 18 mesecev.
02:42
And then she would simplypreprosto put her handroka out and say,
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Potem je preprosto nastavila roko in rekla:
02:45
"Can you give me some?"
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"Mi daš malo?"
02:47
So the questionvprašanje is: What would the babyotroka give her,
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Vprašanje je torej bilo, kaj ji bo dal malček:
02:49
what they likedVšeč mi je or what she likedVšeč mi je?
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to, kar ima rad sam ali to, kar ima rada ona?
02:51
And the remarkableizjemno thing was that 18 month-oldmesečno-star babiesdojenčki,
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In pomembno je, da so ji 18-mesečni malčki,
02:54
just barelykomaj walkinghoditi and talkinggovoriti,
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ki so komaj shodili in spregovorili,
02:56
would give her the crackerskrekerji if she likedVšeč mi je the crackerskrekerji,
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dali krekerje, če so ji bili všeč krekerji,
02:59
but they would give her the broccolibrokoli if she likedVšeč mi je the broccolibrokoli.
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vendar ji dali brokoli, če ji je bil všeč brokoli.
03:02
On the other handroka,
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A po drugi strani
03:04
15 month-oldsmesec-letnikov would starestari at her for a long time
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so 15-mesečniki dolgo časa strmeli vanjo,
03:06
if she acteddeloval as if she likedVšeč mi je the broccolibrokoli,
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če se je pretvarjala, da ji je všeč brokoli,
03:08
like they couldn'tni mogel figureštevilka this out.
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kakor da tega ne morejo razumeti.
03:11
But then after they staredgledal for a long time,
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Ampak potem, ko so dolgo časa strmeli,
03:13
they would just give her the crackerskrekerji,
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so ji preprosto izročili krekerje,
03:15
what they thought everybodyvsi mustmoraš like.
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kot so mislili da je najbrž všeč vsakomur.
03:17
So there are two really remarkableizjemno things about this.
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Dve resnično pomembni stvari glede tega sta.
03:20
The first one is that these little 18 month-oldmesečno-star babiesdojenčki
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Prva je, da so ti 18-mesečni malčki
03:23
have alreadyže discoveredodkriti
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že odkrili
03:25
this really profoundgloboko factdejstvo about humančlovek naturenarava,
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globoko dejstvo o človeški naravi,
03:27
that we don't always want the sameenako thing.
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to je, da nam ni vedno všeč ista stvar.
03:29
And what's more, they feltčutil that they should actuallydejansko do things
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Še več, čutili so, da bi morali ravnati tako,
03:31
to help other people get what they wanted.
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da drugim pomagajo dobiti, kar želijo.
03:34
Even more remarkablyIzjemno thoughčeprav,
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Še bolj pomembno pa je to,
03:36
the factdejstvo that 15 month-oldsmesec-letnikov didn't do this
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da dejstvo, da 15-mesečniki tega niso storili,
03:39
suggestspredlaga that these 18 month-oldsmesec-letnikov had learnednaučili
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navaja na misel, da so se 18-mesečniki
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this deepgloboko, profoundgloboko factdejstvo about humančlovek naturenarava
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tega globokega, poglobljenega dejstva o človeški
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in the threetri monthsmesecev from when they were 15 monthsmesecev oldstar.
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naravi naučili v treh mesecih odkar so bili še 15-mesečniki.
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So childrenotroci bothoboje know more and learnučiti se more
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Torej otroci znajo več in se naučijo več
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than we ever would have thought.
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kot si sploh lahko mislimo.
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And this is just one of hundredsstotine and hundredsstotine of studiesštudije over the last 20 yearslet
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In to je zgolj ena izmed stotin študij skozi zadnjih 20 let,
03:56
that's actuallydejansko demonstrateddokazano it.
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ki so to pokazale.
03:58
The questionvprašanje you mightmorda askvprašajte thoughčeprav is:
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Vendar bi si lahko zastavili vprašanje:
04:00
Why do childrenotroci learnučiti se so much?
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Zakaj se otroci toliko naučijo?
04:03
And how is it possiblemogoče for them to learnučiti se so much
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In zakaj je mogoče, da se naučijo toliko
04:05
in suchtako a shortkratek time?
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v tako kratkem času?
04:07
I mean, after all, if you look at babiesdojenčki superficiallypovršno,
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Ker, navsezadnje, če na malčke pogledamo malo površno,
04:09
they seemzdi se prettylepa uselessneuporabna.
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se zdi, da so precej nekoristni.
04:11
And actuallydejansko in manyveliko waysnačinov, they're worseslabše than uselessneuporabna,
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Dejansko so v mnogih pogledih še slabše kot nekoristni,
04:14
because we have to put so much time and energyenergija
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saj zahteva toliko časa in energije že to,
04:16
into just keepingvzdrževanje them aliveživ.
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da jih obdržimo pri življenju.
04:18
But if we turnobrat to evolutionevolucijo
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A če se zatečemo k evoluciji
04:20
for an answerodgovor to this puzzlepuzzle
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da bi našli odgovor na to uganko,
04:22
of why we spendporabiti so much time
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zakaj namenimo toliko časa
04:24
takingjemanje carenego of uselessneuporabna babiesdojenčki,
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skrbi za nekoristne malčke,
04:27
it turnszavrti out that there's actuallydejansko an answerodgovor.
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se izkaže, da odgovor pravzaprav obstaja.
04:30
If we look acrossčez manyveliko, manyveliko differentdrugačen speciesvrste of animalsživali,
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Če pregledamo veliko, veliko različnih živalskih vrst,
04:33
not just us primatesprimati,
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ne samo nas, primate,
04:35
but alsotudi includingvključno z other mammalssesalci, birdsptice,
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temveč tudi druge sesalce, ptiče,
04:37
even marsupialski ima vrečo
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celo vrečarje
04:39
like kangarooskenguruji and wombatsWombats,
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kot so kenguruji in vombati,
04:41
it turnszavrti out that there's a relationshiprazmerje
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se izkaže, da obstaja povezava
04:43
betweenmed how long a childhoodotroštvo a speciesvrste has
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med tem, kako dolgo otroštvo ima vrsta,
04:47
and how bigvelik theirnjihovi brainsmožgani are comparedprimerjali to theirnjihovi bodiestelesa
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in tem, kako veliki so možgani v primerjavi s telesom,
04:51
and how smartpameten and flexibleprilagodljiv they are.
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ter tem, kako bistri in fleksibilni so osebki.
04:53
And sortRazvrsti of the posterbirdsposterbirds for this ideaideja are the birdsptice up there.
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Kot ilustracija za to idejo so ptiči tamle zgoraj.
04:56
On one sidestran
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Na eni strani
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is a NewNove CaledonianCaledonian crowvrana.
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je novokaledonska vrana.
05:00
And crowsvrane and other corvidaeCorvidae, ravensRavens, rooksRooks and so forthnaprej,
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Vrane in drugi iz vrste corvidae, krokarji, kavke in tako naprej,
05:03
are incrediblyneverjetno smartpameten birdsptice.
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so neverjetno bistri ptiči.
05:05
They're as smartpameten as chimpanzeesšimpanzi in some respectsspoštuje.
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V nekaterih pogledih so prav tako bistri kot šimpanzi.
05:08
And this is a birdptica on the coverkritje of scienceznanost
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In to je ptič na naslovnici revije Science,
05:10
who'skdo je learnednaučili how to use a toolorodje to get foodhrano.
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ki se je naučil, kako uporabiti orodje, da bi prišel do hrane.
05:13
On the other handroka,
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Na drugi strani
05:15
we have our friendprijatelj the domesticdoma chickenpiščanec.
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imamo našo prijateljico domačo kokoš.
05:17
And chickenspiščanci and ducksRace and geesegosi and turkeyspuranov
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Kokoši, race, gosi in purani
05:20
are basicallyv bistvu as dumbneumna as dumpsodlagališč.
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pa so butasti kot so le lahko.
05:22
So they're very, very good at peckingkljuvanje for grainžita,
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Zelo, zelo so dobri pri kljuvanju za zrnjem,
05:25
and they're not much good at doing anything elsedrugače.
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niso pa kaj prida v ničemer drugem.
05:28
Well it turnszavrti out that the babiesdojenčki,
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Izkaže se, da so malčki,
05:30
the NewNove CaledonianCaledonian crowvrana babiesdojenčki, are fledglingsmladiči.
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mladički novokalednonske vrane, nebogljenjčki.
05:32
They dependodvisno on theirnjihovi momsmame
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Odvisni so od matere,
05:34
to droppadec wormsčrvi in theirnjihovi little openodprto mouthsusta
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ki jim v odprte kljunčke prinaša črve,
05:37
for as long as two yearslet,
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in to kar dve leti,
05:39
whichki is a really long time in the life of a birdptica.
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kar je v življenju ptiča resnično dolga doba.
05:41
WhereasKer the chickenspiščanci are actuallydejansko maturezrel
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Medtem ko kokoš dejansko odraste
05:43
withinznotraj a couplepar of monthsmesecev.
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v par mesecih.
05:45
So childhoodotroštvo is the reasonrazlog
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Torej otroštvo je razlog,
05:48
why the crowsvrane endkonec up on the coverkritje of ScienceZnanost
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zakaj vrane končajo na naslovnici revije Science,
05:50
and the chickenspiščanci endkonec up in the soupjuha potpot.
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kokoši pa končajo v loncu za juho.
05:52
There's something about that long childhoodotroštvo
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Nekaj v tem dolgem otroštvu
05:55
that seemsZdi se to be connectedpovezan
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se zdi kot da je povezano
05:57
to knowledgeznanje and learningučenje.
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z znanjem in učenjem.
05:59
Well what kindvrste of explanationrazlago could we have for this?
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Kakšno razlago bi lahko našli za to?
06:02
Well some animalsživali, like the chickenpiščanec,
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No, za nekatere živali, kot na primer za kokoši,
06:05
seemzdi se to be beautifullylepo suitedprimeren
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se zdi, kot da so lepo prilagojene
06:07
to doing just one thing very well.
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za dobro opravljanje le ene stvari.
06:09
So they seemzdi se to be beautifullylepo suitedprimeren
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Torej so videti lepo prilagojene
06:12
to peckingkljuvanje grainžita in one environmentokolje.
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na kljuvanje zrnja v nekem okolju.
06:14
Other creaturesbitja, like the crowsvrane,
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Druga bitja, kot na primer vrane,
06:16
aren'tne very good at doing anything in particularzlasti,
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niso posebej dobre pri kakšni določeni stvari,
06:18
but they're extremelyizredno good
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so pa izredno dobre
06:20
at learningučenje about lawszakoni of differentdrugačen environmentsokolja.
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glede učenja zakonitosti različnih okolj.
06:22
And of courseseveda, we humančlovek beingsbitja
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In seveda smo človeška bitja
06:24
are way out on the endkonec of the distributiondistribucija like the crowsvrane.
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še bolj čez rob statistične porazdelitve kot vrane.
06:27
We have biggervečje brainsmožgani relativerelativno to our bodiestelesa
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Glede na telo imamo zdaleč večje možgane
06:29
by fardaleč than any other animalživali.
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kot katerakoli druga žival.
06:31
We're smarterpametnejši, we're more flexibleprilagodljiv,
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Smo bolj bistri, fleksibilni,
06:33
we can learnučiti se more,
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lahko se naučimo več,
06:35
we survivepreživeti in more differentdrugačen environmentsokolja,
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preživimo v mnogih različnih okoljih,
06:37
we migratedpreseljeni to coverkritje the worldsvet and even go to outerzunaj spaceprostor.
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preseljevali smo se in prekrili svet in celo odpotovali v vesolje.
06:40
And our babiesdojenčki and childrenotroci are dependentodvisno on us
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Naši dojenčki in otroci pa so od staršev odvisni
06:43
for much longerdlje than the babiesdojenčki of any other speciesvrste.
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dlje kot potomci katere koli druge vrste.
06:46
My sonsin is 23.
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Moj sin je star 23 let.
06:48
(LaughterSmeh)
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(Smeh)
06:50
And at leastvsaj untildo they're 23,
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Vsaj dokler ne dosežejo 23 let,
06:52
we're still poppingpopping those wormsčrvi
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jim še vedno prinašamo črve
06:54
into those little openodprto mouthsusta.
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v odprta usteca.
06:57
All right, why would we see this correlationkorelacija?
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Zakaj bi torej opazili to korelacijo?
07:00
Well an ideaideja is that that strategystrategijo, that learningučenje strategystrategijo,
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Ena zamisel je, da je ta strategija, strategija učenja,
07:04
is an extremelyizredno powerfulmočno, great strategystrategijo for gettingpridobivanje on in the worldsvet,
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zelo prodorna, veličastna strategija za to, da uspevamo v svetu,
07:07
but it has one bigvelik disadvantagepomanjkljivost.
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vendar ima veliko pomanjkljivost.
07:09
And that one bigvelik disadvantagepomanjkljivost
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Ta pomanjkljivost je,
07:11
is that, untildo you actuallydejansko do all that learningučenje,
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da dokler ne izvedeš vsega tega učenja,
07:14
you're going to be helplessnemočna.
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ostajaš nebogljen.
07:16
So you don't want to have the mastodonmastodonta chargingpolnjenje at you
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Tako raje ne srečaš napadajočega mastodonta,
07:19
and be sayinggovoriti to yourselfsami,
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potem pa preudarjaš:
07:21
"A slingshotMala prača or maybe a spearkopje mightmorda work. WhichKi would actuallydejansko be better?"
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"Kopje ali sulica bi morda delovalo. Kaj bi bilo pravzaprav boljše?"
07:25
You want to know all that
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Raje vse to že veš,
07:27
before the mastodonsmastodons actuallydejansko showshow up.
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preden se mastodont prikaže.
07:29
And the way the evolutionsrazvoja seemsZdi se to have solvedrešiti that problemproblem
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Izgleda, da je evolucija to rešila na tak način,
07:32
is with a kindvrste of divisiondelitev of laborporod.
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da se nekako deli delo.
07:34
So the ideaideja is that we have this earlyzgodaj periodobdobje when we're completelypopolnoma protectedzaščitena.
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Ideja je, da obstaja to zgodnje obdobje, ko smo popolnoma varovani.
07:37
We don't have to do anything. All we have to do is learnučiti se.
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Ni nam treba ničesar. Vse kar moramo je, da se učimo.
07:40
And then as adultsodrasli,
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Kot odrasli potem
07:42
we can take all those things that we learnednaučili when we were babiesdojenčki and childrenotroci
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lahko vse te stvari, ki smo se jih naučili, ko smo bili malčki in otroci, vzamemo
07:45
and actuallydejansko put them to work to do things out there in the worldsvet.
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in jih udejanjamo v velikem svetu.
07:48
So one way of thinkingrazmišljanje about it
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Na en način lahko torej smatramo,
07:50
is that babiesdojenčki and youngmladi childrenotroci
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da so malčki in majhni otroci
07:52
are like the researchraziskave and developmentrazvoj divisiondelitev of the humančlovek speciesvrste.
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kot oddelek za raziskave in razvoj človeške vrste.
07:55
So they're the protectedzaščitena bluemodra skynebo guys
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Da so zaščiteni sanjači,
07:58
who just have to go out and learnučiti se and have good ideasideje,
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ki jim je le treba iti ven in se učiti in imeti dobre zamisli,
08:00
and we're productionproizvodnjo and marketingtrženje.
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proizvodnja in marketing pa smo mi.
08:02
We have to take all those ideasideje
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Vse ideje,
08:04
that we learnednaučili when we were childrenotroci
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ki smo se jih naučili kot otroci,
08:06
and actuallydejansko put them to use.
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moramo vzeti in jih uporabiti.
08:08
AnotherDrugo way of thinkingrazmišljanje about it
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Drug način je,
08:10
is insteadnamesto tega of thinkingrazmišljanje of babiesdojenčki and childrenotroci
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da namesto da smatramo malčke in otroke
08:12
as beingbiti like defectivenapako grownupsodrasli,
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kot odrasle z napako,
08:14
we should think about them
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nanje raje gledamo
08:16
as beingbiti a differentdrugačen developmentalrazvojne stagestopnja of the sameenako speciesvrste --
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kot na drugačno razvojno stopnjo iste vrste --
08:18
kindvrste of like caterpillarsgosenice and butterfliesmetulji --
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nekako tako kot na gosenice in metulje --
08:21
exceptrazen that they're actuallydejansko the brilliantsijajno butterfliesmetulji
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razen da so oni tisti čudoviti metulji,
08:23
who are flittingflitting sem around the gardenvrt and exploringraziskovati,
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ki letajo po vrtu in raziskujejo,
08:26
and we're the caterpillarsgosenice
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mi pa smo gosenice,
08:28
who are inchinginching alongskupaj our narrowozek, grownupgrownup, adultodrasla oseba pathpot.
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ki lezejo po naši ozki odrasli poti.
08:31
If this is trueresnično, if these babiesdojenčki are designedzasnovan to learnučiti se --
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Če to drži, če so malčki narejeni za učenje --
08:34
and this evolutionaryevolucijski storyzgodba would say childrenotroci are for learningučenje,
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in ta evolucijska zgodba bi zatrdila, da so otroci za učenje,
08:37
that's what they're for --
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da je to tisto, za kar so namenjeni --
08:39
we mightmorda expectpričakovati
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bi morda pričakovali,
08:41
that they would have really powerfulmočno learningučenje mechanismsmehanizmi.
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da bodo imeli resnično prodorne mehanizme učenja.
08:43
And in factdejstvo, the baby'sotroka brainmožganov
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Dejansko se zdi, da so možgani malčka
08:46
seemsZdi se to be the mostnajbolj powerfulmočno learningučenje computerračunalnik
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najmogočnejši računalnik za učenje
08:48
on the planetplanet.
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na vsem planetu.
08:50
But realresnično computersračunalniki are actuallydejansko gettingpridobivanje to be a lot better.
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Pravi računalniki dejansko postajajo mnogo boljši.
08:53
And there's been a revolutionrevolucija
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Nedavno je bila revolucija
08:55
in our understandingrazumevanje of machinestroj learningučenje recentlypred kratkim.
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v našem razumevanju strojnega učenja.
08:57
And it all dependsodvisno on the ideasideje of this guy,
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Vse na podlagi zamisli nekoga,
09:00
the ReverendČastiti ThomasThomas BayesBayes,
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to je častiti Thomas Bayes,
09:02
who was a statisticianstatistik and mathematicianmatematik in the 18thth centurystoletje.
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ki je bil statistik in matematik iz 18. stoletja.
09:05
And essentiallyv bistvu what BayesBayes did
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V osnovi je Bayes
09:08
was to providezagotoviti a mathematicalmatematično way
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ponudil matematični način,
09:10
usinguporabo probabilityverjetnost theoryteorija
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ki je z uporabo teorije verjetnosti
09:12
to characterizeso značilni, describeopišite,
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omogočal označevanje in opisovanje,
09:14
the way that scientistsznanstveniki find out about the worldsvet.
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način, s katerim znanstveniki raziskujejo svet.
09:16
So what scientistsznanstveniki do
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Znanstvenik ima najprej
09:18
is they have a hypothesishipoteza that they think mightmorda be likelyverjetno to startZačni with.
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hipotezo, s katero bo najbrž začel.
09:21
They go out and testtest it againstproti the evidencedokazov.
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Potem gre in jo preizkuša glede na dokazna dejstva.
09:23
The evidencedokazov makesnaredi them changesprememba that hypothesishipoteza.
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Zaradi dokaznih dejstev spreminja to hipotezo.
09:25
Then they testtest that newnovo hypothesishipoteza
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Potem preizkuša tisto novo hipotezo
09:27
and so on and so forthnaprej.
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in tako naprej.
09:29
And what BayesBayes showedpokazala was a mathematicalmatematično way that you could do that.
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Bayes je pokazal matematični način, kako bi bilo to izvedljivo.
09:32
And that mathematicsmatematika is at the corejedro
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Prav ta matematika je sedaj v osrčju
09:34
of the bestnajboljši machinestroj learningučenje programsprogramov that we have now.
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najboljših programov za strojno učenje, kar jih imamo.
09:36
And some 10 yearslet agonazaj,
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Pred približno 10 leti
09:38
I suggestedpredlagal that babiesdojenčki mightmorda be doing the sameenako thing.
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sem predlagala idejo, da malčki najbrž delajo isto.
09:42
So if you want to know what's going on
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Če vas torej zanima, kaj se odvija
09:44
underneathspodaj those beautifullepo brownrjav eyesoči,
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za temi lepimi rjavimi očmi,
09:46
I think it actuallydejansko looksizgleda something like this.
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menim, da je videti kot nekaj takega.
09:48
This is ReverendČastiti Bayes'sOsebe Bayes notebookzvezek.
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Tole je beležnica častitega Bayesa.
09:50
So I think those babiesdojenčki are actuallydejansko makingizdelavo complicatedzapleteno calculationsizračuni
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Menim, da malčki dejansko izvajajo komplicirane izračune
09:53
with conditionalpogojno probabilitiesverjetnosti that they're revisingrevizija
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s pogojnimi verjetnostmi, ki jih nato ponovno pretehtajo,
09:56
to figureštevilka out how the worldsvet worksdela.
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zato da bi ugotovili, kako deluje svet.
09:58
All right, now that mightmorda seemzdi se like an even tallervišji orderred to actuallydejansko demonstratedokazati.
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Prav, to je najbrž še bolj nemogoče dejansko pokazati.
10:02
Because after all, if you askvprašajte even grownupsodrasli about statisticsstatistiko,
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Saj že če odrasle sprašujemo o statistiki,
10:04
they look extremelyizredno stupidneumno.
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začnejo neumno gledati.
10:06
How could it be that childrenotroci are doing statisticsstatistiko?
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Kako bi torej otroci mogli izvajati statistiko?
10:09
So to testtest this we used a machinestroj that we have
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Da bi to preverili, smo uporabili napravo,
10:11
calledpozval the BlicketBlicket DetectorDetektor.
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ki smo jo poimenovali Blicket Detector.
10:13
This is a boxškatla that lightsluči up and playsigra musicglasba
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To je škatla, ki zasveti in zaigra glasbo,
10:15
when you put some things on it and not othersdrugi.
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kadar nanjo položiš določene stvari, kadar položiš druge, pa ne.
10:18
And usinguporabo this very simplepreprosto machinestroj,
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S to preprosto napravo
10:20
my lablaboratorij and othersdrugi have doneKončano dozensdesetine of studiesštudije
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smo pri nas v laboratoriju in tudi drugod opravili številne raziskave,
10:22
showingprikazovanje just how good babiesdojenčki are
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ki kažejo, kako dobri so otroci
10:24
at learningučenje about the worldsvet.
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pri učenju o svetu.
10:26
Let me mentionomeniti just one
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Naj omenim le eno,
10:28
that we did with TumarTumar KushnerKushner, my studentštudent.
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ki sva jo naredila moj študent Tumar Kushner in jaz.
10:30
If I showedpokazala you this detectordetektor,
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Če bi vam pokazala ta detektor,
10:32
you would be likelyverjetno to think to beginzačeti with
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bi najbrž spočetka menili,
10:34
that the way to make the detectordetektor go
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da se detektor sproži tako,
10:36
would be to put a blockblok on topna vrh of the detectordetektor.
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da nanj postavite kocko.
10:39
But actuallydejansko, this detectordetektor
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Vendar ta detektor
10:41
worksdela in a bitbit of a strangečudno way.
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deluje na malo nenavaden način.
10:43
Because if you waveval a blockblok over the topna vrh of the detectordetektor,
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Če s kocko pomahate nad detektorjem,
10:46
something you wouldn'tne bi ever think of to beginzačeti with,
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česar se najbrž sploh ne bi spomnili,
10:49
the detectordetektor will actuallydejansko activateaktiviranje two out of threetri timeskrat.
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se bo detektor sprožil v dveh primerih od treh.
10:52
WhereasKer, if you do the likelyverjetno thing, put the blockblok on the detectordetektor,
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Če pa kocko položite nanj, kar bi najbrž storili,
10:55
it will only activateaktiviranje two out of sixšest timeskrat.
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se bo sprožil le v dveh primerih od šestih.
10:59
So the unlikelymalo verjetno hypothesishipoteza
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Torej manj verjetna hipoteza
11:01
actuallydejansko has strongermočnejši evidencedokazov.
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je bolj podprta z dokaznimi dejstvi.
11:03
It looksizgleda as if the wavingmahanje
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Videti je, da je mahanje nad detektorjem
11:05
is a more effectiveučinkovito strategystrategijo than the other strategystrategijo.
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bolj učinkovita strategija kot tista druga strategija.
11:07
So we did just this; we gavedala fourštiri year-olds-letniki this patternvzorec of evidencedokazov,
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Napravili smo ravno tako: štiriletnikom smo dali opisan vzorec dokaznih dejstev
11:10
and we just askedvprašal them to make it go.
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in jih prosili, naj začnejo.
11:12
And sure enoughdovolj, the fourštiri year-olds-letniki used the evidencedokazov
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In zagotovo so štiriletniki uporabili dokazna dejstva za to,
11:15
to waveval the objectpredmet on topna vrh of the detectordetektor.
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da so s kocko pomahali nad detektorjem.
11:18
Now there are two things that are really interestingzanimivo about this.
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Pri tem sta dve resnično zanimivi stvari.
11:21
The first one is, again, rememberZapomni si, these are fourštiri year-olds-letniki.
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Najprej, spomnite se, da gre za štiriletnike.
11:24
They're just learningučenje how to countšteje.
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Ravno se učijo šteti.
11:26
But unconsciouslynezavedno,
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Vendar nezavedno
11:28
they're doing these quitečisto complicatedzapleteno calculationsizračuni
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izvajajo te kar zapletene izračune,
11:30
that will give them a conditionalpogojno probabilityverjetnost measureukrep.
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ki jim bodo povedali mero pogojne verjetnosti.
11:33
And the other interestingzanimivo thing
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Druga zanimiva stvar pa je,
11:35
is that they're usinguporabo that evidencedokazov
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da dokazna dejstva uporabljajo za to,
11:37
to get to an ideaideja, get to a hypothesishipoteza about the worldsvet,
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da bi dobili zamisel, hipotezo o svetu,
11:40
that seemsZdi se very unlikelymalo verjetno to beginzačeti with.
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s katero najbrž ne bi začeli.
11:43
And in studiesštudije we'vesmo just been doing in my lablaboratorij, similarpodobno studiesštudije,
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V podobnih študijah, ki jih smo jih ravno delali v našem laboratoriju,
11:46
we'vesmo showshow that fourštiri year-olds-letniki are actuallydejansko better
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smo pokazali, da so štiriletniki pravzaprav boljši
11:48
at findingugotovitev out an unlikelymalo verjetno hypothesishipoteza
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pri odkrivanju manj verjetne hipoteze
11:51
than adultsodrasli are when we give them exactlytočno the sameenako tasknaloga.
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kot pa odrasli, ki jim damo točno isto nalogo.
11:54
So in these circumstancesokoliščin,
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V teh okoliščinah torej
11:56
the childrenotroci are usinguporabo statisticsstatistiko to find out about the worldsvet,
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otroci uporabljajo statistiko za odkrivanje sveta,
11:59
but after all, scientistsznanstveniki alsotudi do experimentsposkuse,
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vendar znanstveniki delajo tudi poskuse
12:02
and we wanted to see if childrenotroci are doing experimentsposkuse.
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in nas je zanimalo, če tudi otroci delajo poskuse.
12:05
When childrenotroci do experimentsposkuse we call it "gettingpridobivanje into everything"
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Kadar otroci delajo poskuse, temu rečemo da "vtaknejo nos povsod"
12:08
or elsedrugače "playingigranje."
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oziroma da "se igrajo".
12:10
And there's been a bunchkup of interestingzanimivo studiesštudije recentlypred kratkim
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Pred kratkim je bilo kar nekaj zanimivih študij,
12:13
that have shownprikazano this playingigranje around
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ki so pokazale, da je to igračkanje
12:16
is really a kindvrste of experimentaleksperimentalni researchraziskave programprogram.
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v resnici nekakšen eksperimentalen raziskovalni program.
12:18
Here'sTukaj je one from CristineCristine Legare'sOsebe Legare lablaboratorij.
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Tukaj je študija iz laboratorija Christine Legare.
12:21
What CristineCristine did was use our BlicketBlicket DetectorsDetektorji.
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Christine je uporabila našo napravo Blicket Detector.
12:24
And what she did was showshow childrenotroci
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Otrokom je pokazala,
12:26
that yellowrumeno onestiste madeizdelane it go and redrdeča onestiste didn't,
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da rumene kocke detektor sprožijo, rdeče pa ne,
12:28
and then she showedpokazala them an anomalyanomalija.
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potem pa jim je pokazala nepravilnost v delovanju.
12:31
And what you'llboš see
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Na posnetku boste videli,
12:33
is that this little boyfant will go throughskozi fivepet hypotheseshipoteze
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kako je mali fantič preizkusil pet različnih hipotez
12:36
in the spaceprostor of two minutesminut.
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v roku dveh minut.
12:39
(VideoVideo) Boyfant: How about this?
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(Video) Fantič: Kaj pa takole?
12:43
SameIsti as the other sidestran.
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Isto kot na drugi strani.
12:46
AlisonAlison GopnikGopnik: Okay, so his first hypothesishipoteza has just been falsifiedponarejena.
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Alison Gopnik: V redu, njegova prva hipoteza je bila ovržena.
12:55
(LaughterSmeh)
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(Smeh)
12:57
Boyfant: This one lightedosvetljeni up, and this one nothing.
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Fantič: Tale se je prižgala, tale pa nič.
13:00
AGAG: Okay, he's got his experimentaleksperimentalni notebookzvezek out.
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AG: V redu, njegova eksperimentalna beležnica je tu.
13:06
Boyfant: What's makingizdelavo this lightsvetloba up.
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Fantič: Kaj naredi, da se to prižge.
13:11
(LaughterSmeh)
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(Smeh)
13:20
I don't know.
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Ne vem.
13:22
AGAG: EveryVsak scientistznanstvenik will recognizeprepoznati that expressionizraz of despairobup.
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AG: Vsak znanstvenik bo prepoznal ta izraz obupa.
13:26
(LaughterSmeh)
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(Smeh)
13:29
Boyfant: Oh, it's because this needspotrebe to be like this,
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Fantič: O, tole mora biti tako kot to,
13:35
and this needspotrebe to be like this.
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tole pa tako kot to.
13:37
AGAG: Okay, hypothesishipoteza two.
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AG: V redu, hipoteza dve.
13:40
Boyfant: That's why.
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Fantič: A, zato.
13:42
Oh.
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O.
13:44
(LaughterSmeh)
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(Smeh)
13:49
AGAG: Now this is his nextNaslednji ideaideja.
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AG: Tole je njegova naslednja zamisel.
13:51
He told the experimentereksperimentator to do this,
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Eksperimentatorja je prosil, naj naredi takole,
13:53
to try puttingdajanje it out ontona the other locationlokacija.
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naj postavi gor na drugo mesto.
13:57
Not workingdelo eitherbodisi.
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Tudi ne deluje.
14:02
Boyfant: Oh, because the lightsvetloba goesgre only to here,
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Fantič: Oh, to je zato, ker gre luč samo semle,
14:06
not here.
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semle pa ne.
14:09
Oh, the bottomspodaj of this boxškatla
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O, dno te škatle
14:12
has electricityelektrika in here,
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ima notri elektriko,
14:14
but this doesn't have electricityelektrika.
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tale pa nima elektrike.
14:16
AGAG: Okay, that's a fourthčetrti hypothesishipoteza.
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AG: V redu, to je četrta hipoteza.
14:18
Boyfant: It's lightingrazsvetljava up.
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Fantič: Prižgala se je.
14:20
So when you put fourštiri.
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Torej če postaviš štiri.
14:26
So you put fourštiri on this one to make it lightsvetloba up
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Torej na tole postaviš štiri, da se prižge,
14:29
and two on this one to make it lightsvetloba up.
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na tole pa dve, da se prižge.
14:31
AGAG: Okay,there's his fifthpeti hypothesishipoteza.
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AG: V redu, to je njegova peta hipoteza.
14:33
Now that is a particularlyzlasti --
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Tole je posebej,
14:36
that is a particularlyzlasti adorablečudovit and articulateoblikuje little boyfant,
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še posebej očarljiv in zgovoren fantič,
14:39
but what CristineCristine discoveredodkriti is this is actuallydejansko quitečisto typicaltipično.
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vendar je Christine odkrila, da je to pravzaprav kar tipično.
14:42
If you look at the way childrenotroci playigraj, when you askvprašajte them to explainpojasnite something,
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Če opazujete, kako se otroci igrajo, če jih prosite, naj nekaj razložijo,
14:45
what they really do is do a seriesserije of experimentsposkuse.
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pravzaprav izvedejo vrsto poskusov.
14:48
This is actuallydejansko prettylepa typicaltipično of fourštiri year-olds-letniki.
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To je za štiriletnike precej tipično.
14:51
Well, what's it like to be this kindvrste of creaturebitje?
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Kako je, če si takšno bitje?
14:54
What's it like to be one of these brilliantsijajno butterfliesmetulji
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Kako je, če si eden od teh sijajnih metuljev,
14:57
who can testtest fivepet hypotheseshipoteze in two minutesminut?
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ki lahko v dveh minutah testira pet hipotez?
15:00
Well, if you go back to those psychologistspsihologi and philosophersfilozofi,
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No, če gremo v preteklost k tistim psihologom in filozofom,
15:03
a lot of them have said
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jih je veliko reklo,
15:05
that babiesdojenčki and youngmladi childrenotroci were barelykomaj consciouszavestno
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da so majhni otroci komaj zavestni,
15:07
if they were consciouszavestno at all.
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če sploh so zavestni.
15:09
And I think just the oppositenasprotno is trueresnično.
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Jaz pa menim, da je res ravno nasprotno.
15:11
I think babiesdojenčki and childrenotroci are actuallydejansko more consciouszavestno than we are as adultsodrasli.
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Menim, da so malčki in otroci bolj zavestni kot smo mi, ki smo odrasli.
15:14
Now here'sTukaj je what we know about how adultodrasla oseba consciousnesszavest worksdela.
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O tem, kako deluje zavest odraslega, vemo tole.
15:17
And adults'odraslih attentionpozornost and consciousnesszavest
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Pozornost in zavest odraslega
15:19
look kindvrste of like a spotlightobsevati z reflektorsko lučjo.
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izgledata kot žaromet.
15:21
So what happensse zgodi for adultsodrasli
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Kar se zgodi pri odraslem je to,
15:23
is we decideodloči that something'snekaj je relevantpomembno or importantpomembno,
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da ko se odločimo, da je nekaj relevantno ali pomembno,
15:25
we should payplačati attentionpozornost to it.
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pozornost usmerimo na to.
15:27
Our consciousnesszavest of that thing that we're attendingprisotnost to
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Naše zavedanje o tem, na kar smo pozorni,
15:29
becomespostane extremelyizredno brightsvetlo and vividživo,
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postane skrajno svetlo in živo,
15:32
and everything elsedrugače sortRazvrsti of goesgre darktemno.
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vse ostalo postane nekako zatemnjeno.
15:34
And we even know something about the way the brainmožganov does this.
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Celo nekaj vemo o tem, kako možgani to izvedejo.
15:37
So what happensse zgodi when we payplačati attentionpozornost
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Ko smo na nekaj pozorni,
15:39
is that the prefrontalprefrontal cortexkorteks, the sortRazvrsti of executiveizvršni partdel of our brainsmožgani,
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se od korteksa, ki je na nek način izvršilni del naših možganov,
15:42
sendspošilja a signalsignal
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sproži signal,
15:44
that makesnaredi a little partdel of our brainmožganov much more flexibleprilagodljiv,
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ki majhen del možganov napravi bolj elastičen,
15:46
more plasticplastika, better at learningučenje,
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bolj upogibljiv, bolj učeč,
15:48
and shutszaprtje down activitydejavnost
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in utiša aktivnost
15:50
in all the restpočitek of our brainsmožgani.
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v drugih delih možganov.
15:52
So we have a very focusedosredotočen, purpose-drivennamen usmerjenih kindvrste of attentionpozornost.
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Torej imamo zelo osredotočeno in namensko vrsto pozornosti.
15:56
If we look at babiesdojenčki and youngmladi childrenotroci,
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Če pogledamo malčke in majhen otroke,
15:58
we see something very differentdrugačen.
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opazimo nekaj popolnoma drugega.
16:00
I think babiesdojenčki and youngmladi childrenotroci
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Menim, da imajo malčki in majhni otroci
16:02
seemzdi se to have more of a lanternluč of consciousnesszavest
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najbrž bolj svetilko zavesti
16:04
than a spotlightobsevati z reflektorsko lučjo of consciousnesszavest.
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kot pa žaromet zavesti.
16:06
So babiesdojenčki and youngmladi childrenotroci are very badslab
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Malčki in majhni otroci niso dobri v tem,
16:09
at narrowingzožitev down to just one thing.
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kako se omejiti na zgolj eno stvar.
16:12
But they're very good at takingjemanje in lots of informationinformacije
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So pa zelo dobri v tem, kako sprejemati veliko informacij
16:15
from lots of differentdrugačen sourcesvirov at onceenkrat.
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iz mnogih različnih virov naenkrat.
16:17
And if you actuallydejansko look in theirnjihovi brainsmožgani,
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In če pogledate v njihove možgane,
16:19
you see that they're floodedpoplavljena with these neurotransmittersnevrotransmiterjev
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opazite, da so preplavljeni z nevrotransmiterji,
16:22
that are really good at inducingindukcijo learningučenje and plasticityplastičnost,
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ki so res dobri v tem, da spodbujajo učenje in upogibljivost,
16:24
and the inhibitoryzaviralni partsdeli haven'tne come on yetše.
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tisti del, ki utiša možgane, pa še ni razvit.
16:27
So when we say that babiesdojenčki and youngmladi childrenotroci
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Ko rečemo, da so malčki in majhni otroci
16:29
are badslab at payingplačilo attentionpozornost,
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slabi v usmerjanju pozornosti,
16:31
what we really mean is that they're badslab at not payingplačilo attentionpozornost.
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v resnici pravzaprav mislimo, da so slabi v tem, da ne usmerjajo pozornosti.
16:35
So they're badslab at gettingpridobivanje ridreši
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Slabi so v tem, kako se znebiti
16:37
of all the interestingzanimivo things that could tell them something
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vseh zanimivih stvari, ki bi jim lahko kaj povedale
16:39
and just looking at the thing that's importantpomembno.
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in gledati samo stvar, ki je pomembna.
16:41
That's the kindvrste of attentionpozornost, the kindvrste of consciousnesszavest,
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To je taka vrsta pozornosti, taka vrsta zavesti,
16:44
that we mightmorda expectpričakovati
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ki bi jo pričakovali
16:46
from those butterfliesmetulji who are designedzasnovan to learnučiti se.
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od takih metuljev, ki so narejeni za učenje.
16:48
Well if we want to think about a way
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Če si hočemo zamisliti način,
16:50
of gettingpridobivanje a tasteokus of that kindvrste of babyotroka consciousnesszavest as adultsodrasli,
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kako bi okusili tako otroško zavest v naši odrasli dobi,
16:54
I think the bestnajboljši thing is think about casesprimerov
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menim, da se je najbolje spomniti primerov,
16:56
where we're put in a newnovo situationsituacija that we'vesmo never been in before --
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ko smo bili postavljeni v situacijo, v kateri še nismo bili --
16:59
when we fallpadec in love with someonenekdo newnovo,
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ko se zaljubimo v nekoga
17:01
or when we're in a newnovo citymesto for the first time.
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ali ko smo prvič v nekem novem mestu.
17:04
And what happensse zgodi then is not that our consciousnesszavest contractspogodbe,
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Kar se zgodi je, da se naša zavest ne skrči
17:06
it expandsse širi,
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ampak se razširi,
17:08
so that those threetri daysdnevi in ParisPariz
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tako da se tisti trije dnevi v Parizu
17:10
seemzdi se to be more fullpolno of consciousnesszavest and experienceizkušnje
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zdijo bolj polni zavesti in izkustev
17:12
than all the monthsmesecev of beingbiti
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kot pa celi meseci, ko ste nazaj doma
17:14
a walkinghoditi, talkinggovoriti, facultyfakulteta meeting-attendingudeležiti srečanja zombiezombi back home.
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in zgolj hodeči, govoreči, sestankujoči sodelavec-zombi.
17:18
And by the way, that coffeekava,
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In mimogrede, kava,
17:20
that wonderfulČudovito coffeekava you've been drinkingpitje downstairsspodaj,
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ta čudovita kava, ki ste jo pili prejle spodaj,
17:22
actuallydejansko mimicsposnema the effectučinek
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dejansko posnema
17:24
of those babyotroka neurotransmittersnevrotransmiterjev.
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učinek tistih otroških nevrotransmiterjev.
17:26
So what's it like to be a babyotroka?
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Torej kako je torej biti malček?
17:28
It's like beingbiti in love
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Tako, kot da ste zaljubljeni,
17:30
in ParisPariz for the first time
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prvič v Parizu,
17:32
after you've had threetri double-espressosdvojni espresso.
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potem ko ste popili tri dvojne ekspresne kave.
17:34
(LaughterSmeh)
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(Smeh)
17:37
That's a fantasticfantastično way to be,
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Fantastično počutje,
17:39
but it does tendnagibati se to leavedopust you wakingbedenje up cryingjok at threetri o'clockČas in the morningjutro.
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vendar pa teži k temu, da se v joku zbujate ob treh zjutraj.
17:43
(LaughterSmeh)
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(Smeh)
17:46
Now it's good to be a grownupgrownup.
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No, v redu je biti odrasel.
17:48
I don't want to say too much about how wonderfulČudovito babiesdojenčki are.
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Ne bi želela govoriti preveč o tem, kako krasni so malčki.
17:50
It's good to be a grownupgrownup.
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Dobro je biti odrasel.
17:52
We can do things like tiekravata our shoelacesvezalke and crosskriž the streetulica by ourselvessami.
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Zmoremo stvari kot je zavezovanje vezalk in samostojno prečkanje ceste.
17:55
And it makesnaredi sensesmisel that we put a lot of efforttrud
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In smiselno je, da vložimo veliko truda v to,
17:57
into makingizdelavo babiesdojenčki think like adultsodrasli do.
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da malčke pripravimo k temu, da začnejo misliti kot odrasli.
18:01
But if what we want is to be like those butterfliesmetulji,
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Ampak če bi radi bili bolj kot tisti metulji,
18:04
to have open-mindednessodprtost, openodprto learningučenje,
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da bi imeli odprtega duha, odprtost za učenje,
18:07
imaginationdomišljijo, creativityustvarjalnost, innovationinovacije,
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domišljijo, ustvarjalnost, inovativnost,
18:09
maybe at leastvsaj some of the time
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bi morali vsaj občasno
18:11
we should be gettingpridobivanje the adultsodrasli
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odrasle pripraviti do tega,
18:13
to startZačni thinkingrazmišljanje more like childrenotroci.
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da bi začeli misliti bolj tako kot otroci.
18:15
(ApplauseAplavz)
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(Aplavz)
Translated by Irma Sutlic
Reviewed by Tilen Pigac - EFZG

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Alison Gopnik - Child development psychologist
Alison Gopnik takes us into the fascinating minds of babies and children, and shows us how much we understand before we even realize we do.

Why you should listen

What’s it really like to see through the eyes of a child? Are babies and young children just empty, irrational vessels to be formed into little adults, until they become the perfect images of ourselves? On the contrary, argues Alison Gopnik, professor of psychology and philosophy at the University of California at Berkeley.

The author of The Philosophical BabyThe Scientist in the Crib and other influential books on cognitive development, Gopnik presents evidence that babies and children are conscious of far more than we give them credit for, as they engage every sense and spend every waking moment discovering, filing away, analyzing and acting on information about how the world works. Gopnik’s work draws on psychological, neuroscientific, and philosophical developments in child development research to understand how the human mind learns, how and why we love, our ability to innovate, as well as giving us a deeper appreciation for the role of parenthood.

She says: "What's it like to be a baby? Being in love in Paris for the first time after you've had 3 double espressos."

More profile about the speaker
Alison Gopnik | Speaker | TED.com