TED Talks Education
Sir Ken Robinson: How to escape education's death valley
Ken Robinson: Kako se izogniti Dolini smrti izobraževanja
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Sir Ken Robinson oriše 3 načela, ki so ključnega pomena za razcvet človeškega uma - in kako obstoječa kultura izobraževanja deluje proti njim. Na duhovit, navdušujoč način nam pove, kako najti izhod iz izobraževalne »Doline smrti«, s katero smo soočeni, in kako vzgajati naše najmlajše generacije v ozračju možnosti.
Ken Robinson - Author/educator
Creativity expert Sir Ken Robinson challenges the way we're educating our children. He champions a radical rethink of our school systems, to cultivate creativity and acknowledge multiple types of intelligence. Full bio
Creativity expert Sir Ken Robinson challenges the way we're educating our children. He champions a radical rethink of our school systems, to cultivate creativity and acknowledge multiple types of intelligence. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
Thank you very much.
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Hvala lepa.
00:17
I moved to America 12 years ago
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Pred 12 leti sem se s soprogo Terry
in otrokoma preselil v Ameriko.
in otrokoma preselil v Ameriko.
00:19
with my wife Terry and our two kids.
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00:21
Actually, truthfully, we moved to Los Angeles -- (Laughter) --
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Pravzaprav smo se preselili
v Los Angeles, (smeh)
v Los Angeles, (smeh)
00:27
thinking we were moving to America,
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misleč, da se selimo v Ameriko.
00:29
but anyway, it's a short plane ride from Los Angeles
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Kakorkoli že, pravzaprav ni tako daleč
od Los Angelesa
od Los Angelesa
00:35
to America.
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do Amerike.
00:38
I got here 12 years ago,
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Sem sem prispel pred 12 leti
00:41
and when I got here, I was told various things,
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in ko sem prispel,
so mi povedali različne stvari,
so mi povedali različne stvari,
00:44
like, "Americans don't get irony."
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kot: "Američani ne razumejo ironije."
00:50
Have you come across this idea?
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Ali ste se kdaj srečali s to trditvijo?
00:53
It's not true. I've traveled the whole length and breadth of this country.
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To ni res. Državo sem prepotoval
po dolgem in počez
po dolgem in počez
00:56
I have found no evidence that Americans don't get irony.
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in nisem našel dokazov,
da Američani ne razumejo ironije.
da Američani ne razumejo ironije.
00:59
It's one of those cultural myths,
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To je eden tistih kulturnih mitov,
01:02
like, "The British are reserved."
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kot je: "Britanci so zadržani."
01:06
I don't know why people think this.
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Ne vem, zakaj ljudje to mislijo.
01:08
We've invaded every country we've encountered.
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Napadli smo vsako državo,
s katero smo se srečali.
s katero smo se srečali.
01:10
(Laughter)
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(smeh)
01:14
But it's not true Americans don't get irony,
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Ampak ni res, da Američani
ne razumejo ironije.
ne razumejo ironije.
01:17
but I just want you to know that that's what people
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Rad bi le, da veste, da to ljudje
govorijo o vas za vašim hrbtom.
govorijo o vas za vašim hrbtom.
01:19
are saying about you behind your back.
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01:21
You know, so when you leave living rooms in Europe,
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Veste, ko zapustite dnevne sobe v Evropi,
01:24
people say, thankfully, nobody was ironic in your presence.
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ljudje pravijo, na srečo ni bil
nihče ironičen v vaši prisotnosti.
nihče ironičen v vaši prisotnosti.
01:28
But I knew that Americans get irony
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Toda vedel sem,
da Američani razumejo ironijo,
da Američani razumejo ironijo,
01:31
when I came across that legislation No Child Left Behind.
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ko sem zasledil zakon
"Noben otrok naj ne bo zapostavljen."
"Noben otrok naj ne bo zapostavljen."
01:37
Because whoever thought of that title gets irony,
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Ker kdorkoli se je domislil tega naslova,
mora razumeti ironijo,
mora razumeti ironijo,
01:42
don't they, because --
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kajne, zato ker ...
01:44
(Laughter) (Applause) —
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(smeh) (aplavz)
01:49
because it's leaving millions of children behind.
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... zato ker jih zapostavlja na milijone.
01:53
Now I can see that's not a very attractive name for legislation:
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Seveda razumem,
da ne bi bilo prav privlačno:
da ne bi bilo prav privlačno:
01:56
Millions of Children Left Behind. I can see that.
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"Milijoni zapostavljenih otrok."
To mi je jasno.
To mi je jasno.
02:00
What's the plan? Well, we propose
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Kakšen je načrt? Ideja je,
da zapostavimo milijone otrok
da zapostavimo milijone otrok
02:01
to leave millions of children behind,
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02:03
and here's how it's going to work.
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in to bomo naredili takole.
02:05
And it's working beautifully.
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Deluje krasno.
02:08
In some parts of the country,
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V nekaterih delih države
60 odstotkov otrok pusti srednjo šolo.
60 odstotkov otrok pusti srednjo šolo.
02:09
60 percent of kids drop out of high school.
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02:13
In the Native American communities,
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V indijanskih skupnostih pa
80 odstotkov otrok.
80 odstotkov otrok.
02:15
it's 80 percent of kids.
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02:17
If we halved that number, one estimate is
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Ocena pravi, da če bi nam uspelo
razpoloviti to število,
razpoloviti to število,
02:21
it would create a net gain to the U.S. economy
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bi ameriško gospodarstvo
ustvarilo čisti dobiček
ustvarilo čisti dobiček
02:26
over 10 years of nearly a trillion dollars.
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več kot bilijon dolarjev v 10 letih.
02:30
From an economic point of view,
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Z gospodarskega vidika
02:32
this is good math, isn't it, that we should do this?
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bi to morali storiti,
ker je matematika pravilna, kajne?
ker je matematika pravilna, kajne?
02:35
It actually costs an enormous amount
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Dejansko pa popravljanje škode,
02:38
to mop up the damage from the dropout crisis.
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ki jo povzroča kriza opuščanja šolanja,
ogromno stane.
ogromno stane.
02:42
But the dropout crisis is just the tip of an iceberg.
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Ampak opuščanje šolanja
je samo vrh ledene gore.
je samo vrh ledene gore.
02:46
What it doesn't count are all the kids who are in school
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Všteti niso še vsi otroci,
ki sicer hodijo v šolo,
ki sicer hodijo v šolo,
02:48
but being disengaged from it, who don't enjoy it,
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vendar ne zavzeto, ker v njej ne uživajo,
02:52
who don't get any real benefit from it.
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in zato od nje nimajo
nobene resnične koristi.
nobene resnične koristi.
02:55
And the reason is
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In razlog za to ni,
da se ne porabi dovolj denarja.
da se ne porabi dovolj denarja.
02:56
not that we're not spending enough money.
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Amerika porabi več denarja za
izobraževanje kot večina drugih držav.
izobraževanje kot večina drugih držav.
02:58
America spends more money on education
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03:00
than most other countries.
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Razredi so manjši
kot v mnogih državah.
kot v mnogih državah.
03:02
Class sizes are smaller than in many countries.
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03:05
And there are hundreds of initiatives every year
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In vsako leto je na stotine pobud
za izboljšanje izobraževanja.
za izboljšanje izobraževanja.
03:07
to try and improve education.
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Težava je v tem,
da se vse giblje v napačno smer.
da se vse giblje v napačno smer.
03:10
The trouble is, it's all going in the wrong direction.
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03:14
There are three principles
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Obstajajo tri načela,
s katerimi človeško življenje cveti,
s katerimi človeško življenje cveti,
03:15
on which human life flourishes,
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03:19
and they are contradicted by the culture of education
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a so v nasprotju s kulturo izobraževanja,
03:23
under which most teachers have to labor
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kjer mora večina učiteljev delati
in večina učencev prenašati.
in večina učencev prenašati.
03:25
and most students have to endure.
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03:28
The first is this, that human beings
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Prvo je to, da so ljudje
po naravi različni in raznovrstni.
po naravi različni in raznovrstni.
03:31
are naturally different and diverse.
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03:36
Can I ask you, how many of you
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Ali lahko vprašam,
koliko od vas ima otroke?
koliko od vas ima otroke?
03:37
have got children of your own?
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03:40
Okay. Or grandchildren.
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V redu. Kaj pa vnuke?
03:43
How about two children or more? Right.
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Kaj pa dva otroka ali več? Prav.
03:47
And the rest of you have seen such children.
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Drugi ste pa gotovo
že videli takšne otroke.
že videli takšne otroke.
03:49
(Laughter)
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(smeh)
03:52
Small people wandering about.
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Majhne ljudi, ki tavajo okoli.
03:55
I will make you a bet,
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Stavil bom,
in prepričan sem, da bom stavo dobil.
in prepričan sem, da bom stavo dobil.
03:57
and I am confident that I will win the bet.
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03:59
If you've got two children or more,
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Če imate dva otroka ali več, stavim,
da se popolnoma razlikujeta med seboj.
da se popolnoma razlikujeta med seboj.
04:01
I bet you they are completely different from each other.
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04:05
Aren't they? Aren't they? (Applause)
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Kajne? Kajne? (aplavz)
04:09
You would never confuse them, would you?
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Nikoli jih ne bi zamenjali, kajne?
04:12
Like, "Which one are you? Remind me.
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Kot: "Kateri si že ti? Spomni me.
04:16
Your mother and I are going to introduce
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S tvojo mamo bova uvedla nek barvno-kodirni
sistem, da ne bova več zmedena."
sistem, da ne bova več zmedena."
04:18
some color-coding system, so we don't get confused."
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04:21
Education under No Child Left Behind
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Izobraževanje pod načelom
"Noben otrok naj ne bo zapostavljen"
"Noben otrok naj ne bo zapostavljen"
04:24
is based on not diversity but conformity.
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ne temelji na različnosti,
ampak na skladnosti.
ampak na skladnosti.
04:29
What schools are encouraged to do is to find out
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Šole se spodbuja, da ugotavljajo,
04:32
what kids can do across a very narrow spectrum of achievement.
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kaj otroci zmorejo
v zelo ozkem spektru možnih dosežkov.
v zelo ozkem spektru možnih dosežkov.
04:36
One of the effects of No Child Left Behind
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Eden učinkov zakona
"Noben otrok naj ne bo zapostavljen"
"Noben otrok naj ne bo zapostavljen"
04:39
has been to narrow the focus
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je bil posvečanje pozornosti t. i. STEM
disciplinam. Te so zelo pomembne.
disciplinam. Te so zelo pomembne.
04:41
onto the so-called STEM disciplines. They're very important.
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Nisem tu, da bi nasprotoval
znanosti in matematiki.
znanosti in matematiki.
04:44
I'm not here to argue against science and math.
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04:46
On the contrary, they're necessary but they're not sufficient.
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Ravno nasprotno, potrebni sta,
vendar pa ne zadostujeta.
vendar pa ne zadostujeta.
04:51
A real education has to give equal weight
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Pravo izobraževanje mora
dajati enako težo
dajati enako težo
04:53
to the arts, the humanities, to physical education.
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umetnosti, humanistiki,
vse do telesne vzgoje.
vse do telesne vzgoje.
04:57
An awful lot of kids, sorry, thank you — (Applause) —
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Ogromno otrok, oprostite,
hvala... - (aplavz) -
hvala... - (aplavz) -
05:04
One estimate in America currently is that
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Trenutno je v Ameriki, po eni oceni,
05:07
something like 10 percent of kids, getting on that way,
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približno 10 % otrok, ki so jim
zahvaljujoč takšni miselnosti,
zahvaljujoč takšni miselnosti,
05:09
are being diagnosed with various conditions
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diagnosticirali različne bolezni
pod splošnim nazivom
pod splošnim nazivom
05:14
under the broad title of attention deficit disorder.
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"motnje pozornosti
in hiperaktivnost" (ADHD).
in hiperaktivnost" (ADHD).
05:18
ADHD. I'm not saying there's no such thing.
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Ne pravim, da tega ni.
05:22
I just don't believe it's an epidemic like this.
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Ne verjamem pa, da je takšna epidemija.
05:25
If you sit kids down, hour after hour,
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Če morajo otroci ure in ure sedeti
in delati nezahtevno pisarniško delo,
in delati nezahtevno pisarniško delo,
05:27
doing low-grade clerical work,
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05:31
don't be surprised if they start to fidget, you know?
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ne bodite presenečeni,
če se začnejo vrteti!
če se začnejo vrteti!
05:34
(Laughter) (Applause)
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(smeh) (aplavz)
Otroci, večinoma,
ne trpijo zaradi psihične motnje.
ne trpijo zaradi psihične motnje.
05:41
Children are not, for the most part,
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05:44
suffering from a psychological condition.
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05:46
They're suffering from childhood. (Laughter)
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Trpijo le od otroštva. (smeh)
05:52
And I know this because I spent my early life
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To vem zato, ker sem preživel zgodnja leta
kot otrok. Šel sem skozi celotno stvar.
kot otrok. Šel sem skozi celotno stvar.
05:54
as a child. I went through the whole thing.
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05:58
Kids prosper best with a broad curriculum
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Otroci najboljše napredujejo,
ko je učni program širok
ko je učni program širok
06:01
that celebrates their various talents,
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ter časti njihove različne talente,
ne pa le majhnega razpona talentov.
ne pa le majhnega razpona talentov.
06:03
not just a small range of them.
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Mimogrede, umetnostna vzgoja ni pomembna,
ker izboljšuje le uspeh pri matematiki.
ker izboljšuje le uspeh pri matematiki.
06:05
And by the way, the arts aren't just important
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06:07
because they improve math scores.
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06:08
They're important because they speak to parts
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Pomembna je zato, ker zbuja dele
otroškega bitja, ki so sicer nedotaknjeni.
otroškega bitja, ki so sicer nedotaknjeni.
06:10
of children's being which are otherwise untouched.
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06:14
The second, thank you — (Applause)
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Drugo, hvala... (aplavz)
06:20
The second principle that drives human life flourishing
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Drugo načelo,
ki poganja razcvet človeškega življenja,
ki poganja razcvet človeškega življenja,
06:24
is curiosity.
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je radovednost.
06:26
If you can light the spark of curiosity in a child,
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Če lahko pri otroku prižgete
iskrico radovednosti,
iskrico radovednosti,
06:29
they will learn without any further assistance, very often.
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se bodo zelo pogosto naučili
brez nadaljnje pomoči.
brez nadaljnje pomoči.
06:33
Children are natural learners.
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Otroci so naravni učenci.
06:35
It's a real achievement to put that particular ability out,
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Resnični dosežek je ugasniti
to posebno sposobnost, ali jo zadušiti.
to posebno sposobnost, ali jo zadušiti.
06:39
or to stifle it.
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06:42
Curiosity is the engine of achievement.
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Radovednost je gonilo dosežkov.
06:46
Now the reason I say this is because
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To sem rekel zato, ker je
06:48
one of the effects of the current culture here, if I can say so,
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en od učinkov sedanje kulture bil,
če se lahko tako izrazim,
če se lahko tako izrazim,
06:52
has been to de-professionalize teachers.
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de-profesionalizacija učiteljev.
06:56
There is no system in the world
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Ni sistema na svetu
06:59
or any school in the country
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ali šole v državi,
07:01
that is better than its teachers.
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ki je boljša od svojih učiteljev.
07:05
Teachers are the lifeblood of the success of schools.
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Učitelji so vitalno tkivo
uspehov šol.
uspehov šol.
07:09
But teaching is a creative profession.
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Toda poučevanje je ustvarjalen poklic.
07:12
Teaching, properly conceived, is not a delivery system.
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Pravilno koncipirano poučevanje
ni le dobava.
ni le dobava.
07:16
You know, you're not there just to pass on received information.
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Veste, tam niste le zato,
da bi prenesli prejete informacije.
da bi prenesli prejete informacije.
07:18
Great teachers do that,
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Izjemni učitelji to naredijo,
07:21
but what great teachers also do is mentor,
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ampak oni tudi usmerjajo,
spodbujajo, provocirajo, aktivirajo.
spodbujajo, provocirajo, aktivirajo.
07:24
stimulate, provoke, engage.
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Vidite, na koncu je
bistvo izobraževanja učenje.
bistvo izobraževanja učenje.
07:27
You see, in the end, education is about learning.
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07:30
If there's no learning going on,
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Če se učenje ne dogaja,
tudi izobraževanja ni.
tudi izobraževanja ni.
07:32
there's no education going on.
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07:34
And people can spend an awful lot of time
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Ljudje lahko porabijo ogromno časa
v razpravah o izobraževanju,
v razpravah o izobraževanju,
07:35
discussing education without ever discussing learning.
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ne da bi razpravljali o učenju.
07:38
The whole point of education is to get people to learn.
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Bistvo izobraževanja je,
da se ljudje učijo.
da se ljudje učijo.
07:41
A friend of mine, an old friend -- actually very old,
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Moj prijatelj, stari prijatelj
- pravzaprav zelo star,
- pravzaprav zelo star,
07:43
he's dead. (Laughter)
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pokojnik je, (smeh)
07:47
That's as old as it gets, I'm afraid.
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bojim se, da to pomeni,
da starejši ne bo nikoli.
da starejši ne bo nikoli.
07:53
But a wonderful guy he was, wonderful philosopher.
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Toda bil je čudovit fant,
čudovit filozof.
čudovit filozof.
07:58
He used to talk about the difference between the task
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Včasih je govoril o razliki med pomenoma
glagola v smislu naloge in dosežka.
glagola v smislu naloge in dosežka.
08:01
and achievement senses of verbs.
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08:05
You know, you can be engaged in the activity of something,
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Veste, lahko se ukvarjate
z neko dejavnostjo, a brez dosežka,
z neko dejavnostjo, a brez dosežka,
08:07
but not really be achieving it,
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08:09
like dieting. It's a very good example, you know.
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kot npr. z dieto.
To je zelo dober primer, saj veste.
To je zelo dober primer, saj veste.
08:13
There he is. He's dieting. Is he losing any weight? Not really.
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Poglejte ga, na dieti je.
Ali je kaj shujšal? Ne ravno.
Ali je kaj shujšal? Ne ravno.
08:18
Teaching is a word like that.
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Poučevanje je taka beseda. Lahko rečemo:
"Obstaja Deborah v sobi 34 , ki poučuje."
"Obstaja Deborah v sobi 34 , ki poučuje."
08:19
You can say, "There's Deborah, she's in room 34, she's teaching."
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08:23
But if nobody's learning anything,
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Ampak, če se nihče ničesar ne nauči,
08:25
she may be engaged in the task of teaching
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ona mogoče izvaja nalogo poučevanja,
vendar je dejansko ne izpolnjuje.
vendar je dejansko ne izpolnjuje.
08:27
but not actually fulfilling it.
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08:30
The role of a teacher is to facilitate learning. That's it.
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Vloga učitelja je,
da učenje olajša. In to je to.
da učenje olajša. In to je to.
08:34
And part of the problem is, I think,
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Mislim, da je del problema v tem,
08:36
that the dominant culture of education has come to focus
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da se prevladujoča
kultura izobraževanja osredotoča
kultura izobraževanja osredotoča
08:40
on not teaching and learning, but testing.
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na testiranje,
ne na poučevanje in učenje.
ne na poučevanje in učenje.
08:43
Now, testing is important. Standardized tests have a place.
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Testiranje je pomembno.
Standardizirani testi so na mestu,
Standardizirani testi so na mestu,
08:47
But they should not be the dominant culture of education.
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vendar, ne bi smeli prevladovati
v kulturi izobraževanja.
v kulturi izobraževanja.
08:50
They should be diagnostic. They should help.
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Morali bi diagnosticirati,
biti v pomoč.
biti v pomoč.
08:52
(Applause)
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(aplavz)
09:00
If I go for a medical examination,
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Če grem na zdravniški pregled,
09:02
I want some standardized tests. I do.
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želim standardizirane teste. Res.
09:06
You know, I want to know what my cholesterol level is
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Rad bi primerjal svojo raven holesterola
z vsemi drugimi na standardni lestvici.
z vsemi drugimi na standardni lestvici.
09:07
compared to everybody else's on a standard scale.
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09:10
I don't want to be told on some scale
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Ne bi rad neke lestvice,
ki jo je moj zdravnik izumil v avtu.
ki jo je moj zdravnik izumil v avtu.
09:11
my doctor invented in the car.
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09:15
"Your cholesterol is what I call Level Orange."
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"Vašo raven holesterola
sem poimenoval Oranžna raven."
sem poimenoval Oranžna raven."
09:18
"Really? Is that good?""We don't know."
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"Res? Ali je to dobro?"
"Ne vemo."
"Ne vemo."
09:24
But all that should support learning. It shouldn't obstruct it,
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Toda s tem je treba podpreti učenje.
To ga ne bi smelo ovirati,
To ga ne bi smelo ovirati,
09:29
which of course it often does.
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kar se seveda pogosto zgodi.
09:31
So in place of curiosity, what we have
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Torej, namesto radovednosti, imamo
kulturo izpolnjevanja in skladnosti.
kulturo izpolnjevanja in skladnosti.
09:33
is a culture of compliance.
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09:35
Our children and teachers are encouraged
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Naše otroke in učitelje spodbujajo,
da sledijo rutinskim algoritmom,
da sledijo rutinskim algoritmom,
09:38
to follow routine algorithms
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09:41
rather than to excite that power of imagination and curiosity.
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namesto, da bi vzbujali
moč domišljije in radovednosti.
moč domišljije in radovednosti.
09:45
And the third principle is this:
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In tretje načelo je:
09:46
that human life is inherently creative.
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Človeško življenje
je po naravi ustvarjalno.
je po naravi ustvarjalno.
09:49
It's why we all have different résumés.
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Zato se nam življenjepisi razlikujejo.
09:52
We create our lives,
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Svoja življenja ustvarjamo
in jih lahko v toku preustvarjamo.
in jih lahko v toku preustvarjamo.
09:54
and we can recreate them as we go through them.
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09:56
It's the common currency of being a human being.
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To je skupna valuta
svojstvena človeškim bitjem.
svojstvena človeškim bitjem.
09:59
It's why human culture is so interesting and diverse
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Zato je človeška kultura
tako zanimiva, raznolika in dinamična.
tako zanimiva, raznolika in dinamična.
10:01
and dynamic.
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1346
10:03
I mean, other animals may well have imaginations
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Druge živali tudi lahko imajo domišljijo
10:06
and creativity, but it's not so much in evidence,
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in ustvarjalnost, vendar za to
ni veliko dokazov, kot je za našo, a ne?
ni veliko dokazov, kot je za našo, a ne?
10:08
is it, as ours?
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1448
10:10
I mean, you may have a dog.
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Morda imate psa,
10:12
And your dog may get depressed.
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3006
ki je lahko depresiven,
10:15
You know, but it doesn't listen to Radiohead, does it?
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vendar ne posluša Radiohead, kajne?
10:18
(Laughter)
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(smeh)
10:22
And sit staring out the window with a bottle of Jack Daniels.
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2512
In ne sedi strmeč skozi okno
s steklenico Jack Daniel'sa.
s steklenico Jack Daniel'sa.
10:24
(Laughter)
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(smeh)
10:28
And you say, "Would you like to come for a walk?"
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In mu rečete: "A bi rad šel na sprehod?"
On pa odgovori: "Ne, dobro mi je.
On pa odgovori: "Ne, dobro mi je.
10:30
He says, "No, I'm fine.
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3131
10:33
You go. I'll wait. But take pictures."
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Pojdi. Počakal te bom,
ampak po poti fotkaj."
ampak po poti fotkaj."
10:39
We all create our own lives through this restless process
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2914
Vsi lastna življenja ustvarjamo
v tem nenehnem procesu
v tem nenehnem procesu
10:42
of imagining alternatives and possibilities,
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2009
razmišljanja o alternativah in možnostih
in ena od vlog izobraževanja je,
in ena od vlog izobraževanja je,
10:44
and what one of the roles of education
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10:46
is to awaken and develop these powers of creativity.
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4036
da prebuja in razvija
te ustvarjalne moči.
te ustvarjalne moči.
10:50
Instead, what we have is a culture of standardization.
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Namesto tega imamo
kulturo standardizacije.
kulturo standardizacije.
10:54
Now, it doesn't have to be that way. It really doesn't.
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Ni treba, da je vse tako. Res ni.
10:58
Finland regularly comes out on top
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Finska je vedno najboljša
v matematiki, znanosti in branju.
v matematiki, znanosti in branju.
11:01
in math, science and reading.
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1375
11:03
Now, we only know that's what they do well at
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2616
Da so v tem dobri vemo, ker je to edino,
kar se to trenutno preizkuša.
kar se to trenutno preizkuša.
11:05
because that's all that's being tested currently.
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1864
11:07
That's one of the problems of the test.
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1641
To je eden od problemov testa.
11:09
They don't look for other things that matter just as much.
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3159
Ne iščejo drugih,
enako pomembnih, stvari.
enako pomembnih, stvari.
11:12
The thing about work in Finland is this:
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2504
Bistvo dela v Finski je:
11:15
they don't obsess about those disciplines.
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3379
oni se ne obremenjujejo
s temi disciplinami.
s temi disciplinami.
11:18
They have a very broad approach to education
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Imajo zelo širok pristop k izobraževanju,
11:20
which includes humanities, physical education, the arts.
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4538
ki vključuje humanistiko,
telesno vzgojo, umetnostno vzgojo.
telesno vzgojo, umetnostno vzgojo.
11:24
Second, there is no standardized testing in Finland.
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5736
Drugič, standardiziranega testiranja
na Finskem ni.
na Finskem ni.
11:30
I mean, there's a bit,
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1760
Malo ga je že, ampak to ni tisto,
zaradi česar ljudje vstajajo zjutraj
zaradi česar ljudje vstajajo zjutraj
11:32
but it's not what gets people up in the morning.
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11:33
It's not what keeps them at their desks.
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2205
in kar jih zadržuje za njihovimi mizami.
11:36
And the third thing, and I was at a meeting recently
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1833
In tretjič,
pred kratkim sem bil na sestanku
pred kratkim sem bil na sestanku
11:37
with some people from Finland, actual Finnish people,
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3427
z nekaterimi ljudmi iz Finske,
dejanskimi Finci,
dejanskimi Finci,
11:41
and somebody from the American system
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689287
2803
in nekdo iz ameriškega sistema
jih je vprašal:
jih je vprašal:
11:44
was saying to the people in Finland,
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1773
11:45
"What do you do about the dropout rate in Finland?"
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3919
"Kaj ste naredili
glede stopnje osipa na Finskem?"
glede stopnje osipa na Finskem?"
11:49
And they all looked a bit bemused, and said,
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697782
1621
Vsi so izgledali malo zbegano,
odgovor pa je bil: "Nimamo osipa.
odgovor pa je bil: "Nimamo osipa.
11:51
"Well, we don't have one.
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2849
11:54
Why would you drop out?
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2339
Zakaj bi imeli osip?
11:56
If people are in trouble, we get to them quite quickly
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2265
Če so ljudje v težavah,
pridemo hitro do njih,
pridemo hitro do njih,
11:58
and help them and we support them."
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706856
1585
jim pomagamo in jih podpiramo. "
12:00
Now people always say, "Well, you know,
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1894
Ljudje vedno pravijo:
"Finske ne moremo primerjati z Ameriko."
"Finske ne moremo primerjati z Ameriko."
12:02
you can't compare Finland to America."
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710335
3128
12:05
No. I think there's a population
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Ne. Mislim, da ima Finska
okoli pet milijonov prebivalcev.
okoli pet milijonov prebivalcev.
12:06
of around five million in Finland.
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714858
2128
12:08
But you can compare it to a state in America.
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3829
Ampak lahko jo primerjamo
z državo v Ameriki.
z državo v Ameriki.
12:12
Many states in America have fewer people in them than that.
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3904
Mnoge države v Ameriki
imajo manj prebivalcev.
imajo manj prebivalcev.
12:16
I mean, I've been to some states in America
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1667
Bil sem v nekaterih državah v Ameriki,
kjer sem bil edina oseba. (smeh)
kjer sem bil edina oseba. (smeh)
12:18
and I was the only person there. (Laughter)
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3813
12:22
Really. Really. I was asked to lock up when I left.
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4373
Res, res. Bil sem naprošen,
da zaklenem, ko sem šel.
da zaklenem, ko sem šel.
12:26
(Laughter)
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4031
(smeh)
12:30
But what all the high-performing systems in the world do
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738603
3933
Ampak, to kar vsi
kakovostni sistemi na svetu počnejo,
kakovostni sistemi na svetu počnejo,
12:34
is currently what is not evident, sadly,
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742536
4182
žal, trenutno ni razvidno
v ameriških sistemih - kot celoti.
v ameriških sistemih - kot celoti.
12:38
across the systems in America -- I mean, as a whole.
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3985
12:42
One is this: They individualize teaching and learning.
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4934
Prvo je to: individualizirajo
poučevanje in učenje.
poučevanje in učenje.
12:47
They recognize that it's students who are learning
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755637
3466
Prepoznavajo, da so študenti ti,
ki se učijo,
ki se učijo,
12:51
and the system has to engage them, their curiosity,
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759103
3658
in da jih sistem mora aktivirati,
njihovo radovednost,
njihovo radovednost,
12:54
their individuality, and their creativity.
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2577
njihovo individualnost
in njihovo ustvarjalnost.
in njihovo ustvarjalnost.
12:57
That's how you get them to learn.
248
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2359
Tako jih boste spodbudili, da se učijo.
12:59
The second is that they attribute a very high status
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4087
Drugo je, da je učiteljski poklic zelo
visoko cenjen.
visoko cenjen.
13:03
to the teaching profession.
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2281
13:06
They recognize that you can't improve education
251
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2944
Prepoznavajo, da si ne morete
izboljšati izobraževanja,
izboljšati izobraževanja,
13:09
if you don't pick great people to teach
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1649
če ne izberete izjemnih ljudi,
da poučujejo,
da poučujejo,
13:10
and if you don't keep giving them constant support
253
778658
1859
in če jih ves čas ne podpirate
in strokovno razvijate.
in strokovno razvijate.
13:12
and professional development.
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1765
13:14
Investing in professional development is not a cost.
255
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2937
Vlaganje v strokovni razvoj ni strošek.
13:17
It's an investment,
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785219
1406
To je naložba
in vsaka uspešna država to dobro ve,
in vsaka uspešna država to dobro ve,
13:18
and every other country that's succeeding well knows that,
257
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2931
13:21
whether it's Australia, Canada, South Korea, Singapore,
258
789556
4959
ali je to Avstralija, Kanada,
Južna Koreja, Singapur,
Južna Koreja, Singapur,
13:26
Hong Kong or Shanghai. They know that to be the case.
259
794515
3446
Hong Kong ali Šanghaj.
Vedo, da je temu tako.
Vedo, da je temu tako.
13:29
And the third is, they devolve responsibility
260
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3543
In tretje je, da odgovornost
13:33
to the school level for getting the job done.
261
801504
3739
za opravljeno delo
prenašajo na šolsko raven.
prenašajo na šolsko raven.
13:37
You see, there's a big difference here between
262
805243
2378
Tu je velika razlika v načinu
vodenja in kontrole v izobraževanju -
vodenja in kontrole v izobraževanju -
13:39
going into a mode of command and control in education --
263
807621
3764
13:43
That's what happens in some systems.
264
811385
1600
V nekaterih sistemih se to dogaja.
Centralne ali državne vlade se odločijo,
Centralne ali državne vlade se odločijo,
13:44
You know, central governments decide
265
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1321
13:46
or state governments decide
266
814306
1290
13:47
they know best and they're going to tell you what to do.
267
815596
2995
da one najbolje vedo in vam bodo
povedale, kaj naj naredite.
povedale, kaj naj naredite.
13:50
The trouble is that education doesn't go on
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818591
3727
Težava je v tem, da se izobraževanje
ne odvija v sejnih sobah vladnih zgradb.
ne odvija v sejnih sobah vladnih zgradb.
13:54
in the committee rooms of our legislative buildings.
269
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2878
13:57
It happens in classrooms and schools,
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825196
3088
Odvija se v razredih in šolah,
izvajajo pa ga učitelji in učenci
izvajajo pa ga učitelji in učenci
14:00
and the people who do it are the teachers and the students,
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3073
14:03
and if you remove their discretion, it stops working.
272
831357
3408
in če odpravite svobodo njihove odločitve,
preneha delovati.
preneha delovati.
14:06
You have to put it back to the people.
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3050
To morate vrniti ljudem.
14:09
(Applause)
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837815
4829
(aplavz)
14:14
There is wonderful work happening in this country.
275
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2712
V tej državi se odvija čudovito delo.
14:17
But I have to say it's happening
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845356
2143
Ampak, moram reči, da se odvija
kljub dominantni kulturi izobraževanja,
kljub dominantni kulturi izobraževanja,
14:19
in spite of the dominant culture of education,
277
847499
2566
14:22
not because of it.
278
850065
1401
ne pa po njeni zaslugi.
14:23
It's like people are sailing into a headwind all the time.
279
851466
3604
To je, kot da bi ljudje
ves čas jadrali proti vetru.
ves čas jadrali proti vetru.
14:27
And the reason I think is this:
280
855070
2461
In mislim, da je to zato:
14:29
that many of the current policies are based on
281
857531
3337
ker mnoge veljavne politike temeljijo
na mehanističnih konceptih izobraževanja.
na mehanističnih konceptih izobraževanja.
14:32
mechanistic conceptions of education.
282
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3041
14:35
It's like education is an industrial process
283
863909
3768
Kot da je izobrazba industrijski proces,
14:39
that can be improved just by having better data,
284
867677
3007
ki ga je mogoče izboljšati
le z boljšimi podatki
le z boljšimi podatki
14:42
and somewhere in, I think, the back of the mind
285
870684
1667
in mislim, da je v glavah nekaterih
oblikovalcev politike ideja, da,
oblikovalcev politike ideja, da,
14:44
of some policy makers is this idea that
286
872351
2136
14:46
if we fine-tune it well enough, if we just get it right,
287
874487
3318
če jo le dovolj natančno uglasimo,
če zadenemo,
če zadenemo,
14:49
it will all hum along perfectly into the future.
288
877805
2631
bo vse skupaj lepo
odzvanjalo v prihodnost.
odzvanjalo v prihodnost.
14:52
It won't, and it never did.
289
880436
3221
Ne bo se in nikoli se ni.
14:55
The point is that education is not a mechanical system.
290
883657
4099
Bistvo je, da izobraževanje
ni mehanični sistem.
ni mehanični sistem.
14:59
It's a human system. It's about people,
291
887756
3897
To je človeški sistem. Gre za ljudi,
ki se ali želijo ali pa ne želijo učiti.
ki se ali želijo ali pa ne želijo učiti.
15:03
people who either do want to learn or don't want to learn.
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3055
15:06
Every student who drops out of school has a reason for it
293
894708
4815
Vsak učenec,
ki opusti šolanje, ima za to razlog,
ki opusti šolanje, ima za to razlog,
15:11
which is rooted in their own biography.
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899523
2321
ukoreninjen v svoji biografiji.
15:13
They may find it boring. They may find it irrelevant.
295
901844
3023
Lahko se jim zdi, da je dolgočasno
ali nepomembno,
ali nepomembno,
15:16
They may find that it's at odds
296
904867
2514
ali da je v nasprotju
z življenjem, ki ga živijo zunaj šole.
z življenjem, ki ga živijo zunaj šole.
15:19
with the life they're living outside of school.
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2544
15:21
There are trends, but the stories are always unique.
298
909925
3839
Obstajajo trendi, vendar so
posamezne zgodbe vedno edinstvene.
posamezne zgodbe vedno edinstvene.
15:25
I was at a meeting recently in Los Angeles of --
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Pred kratkim sem bil
v Los Angelesu na sestanku
v Los Angelesu na sestanku
15:28
they're called alternative education programs.
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t. i. alternativnih
programov izobraževanja.
programov izobraževanja.
15:31
These are programs designed to get kids back into education.
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To so programi, namenjeni
vrnitvi otrok v izobraževanje
vrnitvi otrok v izobraževanje
15:34
They have certain common features.
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in imajo določene skupne značilnosti.
15:36
They're very personalized.
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Zelo so personalizirani.
15:38
They have strong support for the teachers,
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Učitelji imajo močno podporo,
tesno so povezani z lokalno skupnostjo,
tesno so povezani z lokalno skupnostjo,
15:41
close links with the community
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imajo širok in raznolik učni načrt
15:43
and a broad and diverse curriculum,
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15:45
and often programs which involve students
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in pogosto programe, ki vključujejo
učence zunaj in znotraj šole.
učence zunaj in znotraj šole.
15:48
outside school as well as inside school.
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15:50
And they work.
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In se obnesejo.
15:52
What's interesting to me is,
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Zanimivo mi je, da se imenujejo
"alternativno izobraževanje."
"alternativno izobraževanje."
15:53
these are called "alternative education."
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15:57
You know?
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Veste?
15:59
And all the evidence from around the world is,
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In vsi dokazi iz celega sveta kažejo,
16:01
if we all did that, there'd be no need for the alternative.
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da če bi vsi to naredili,
ne bi bilo nobene potrebe za alternativo.
ne bi bilo nobene potrebe za alternativo.
16:05
(Applause)
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(aplavz)
16:13
So I think we have to embrace a different metaphor.
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Zato mislim,
da moramo sprejeti drugačno prispodobo.
da moramo sprejeti drugačno prispodobo.
16:16
We have to recognize that it's a human system,
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Zavedati se moramo,
da je to človeški sistem
da je to človeški sistem
16:19
and there are conditions under which people thrive,
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in da obstajajo pogoji,
pod katerimi ljudje cvetijo,
pod katerimi ljudje cvetijo,
16:22
and conditions under which they don't.
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2905
in pod katerimi ne uspevajo.
16:25
We are after all organic creatures,
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Na koncu koncev smo vsi organska bitja
16:28
and the culture of the school is absolutely essential.
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in kultura šole je nujno potrebna.
16:33
Culture is an organic term, isn't it?
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Kultura je organski izraz, kajne?
16:35
Not far from where I live is a place called Death Valley.
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Nedaleč od kjer živim,
je kraj, ki se imenuje Dolina smrti.
je kraj, ki se imenuje Dolina smrti.
16:39
Death Valley is the hottest, driest place in America,
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Dolina smrti je eno od najbolj
vročih in suhih mest v Ameriki
vročih in suhih mest v Ameriki
16:45
and nothing grows there.
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2802
in tam nič ne raste.
16:47
Nothing grows there because it doesn't rain.
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2624
Nič ne raste zato, ker ne dežuje.
16:50
Hence, Death Valley.
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Torej, Dolina smrti.
16:52
In the winter of 2004, it rained in Death Valley.
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Pozimi leta 2004
je v Dolini smrti deževalo.
je v Dolini smrti deževalo.
17:00
Seven inches of rain fell over a very short period.
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1008064
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V zelo kratkem času je padlo
18 centimetrov dežja.
18 centimetrov dežja.
17:03
And in the spring of 2005, there was a phenomenon.
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In spomladi leta 2005
se je zgodil čudež.
se je zgodil čudež.
17:09
The whole floor of Death Valley was carpeted in flowers
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4634
Tla celotne Doline smrti
so bila prekrita s cvetjem
so bila prekrita s cvetjem
17:13
for a while.
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za nekaj časa.
17:15
What it proved is this: that Death Valley isn't dead.
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Izkazalo se je, da Dolina smrti ni mrtva.
17:20
It's dormant.
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1028722
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Le spi.
17:23
Right beneath the surface are these seeds of possibility
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Že pod površjem so semena možnosti,
ki čakajo, da pridejo pravi pogoji.
ki čakajo, da pridejo pravi pogoji.
17:26
waiting for the right conditions to come about,
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3775
17:30
and with organic systems, if the conditions are right,
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V organskih sistemih,
pod ustreznimi pogoji,
pod ustreznimi pogoji,
17:33
life is inevitable. It happens all the time.
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3729
je življenje neizogibno.
To se dogaja ves čas.
To se dogaja ves čas.
17:37
You take an area, a school, a district,
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2600
V območju, šoli, regiji,
17:40
you change the conditions, give people a different sense of possibility,
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3040
ko spremenite pogoje, da ljudje dobijo
drugačen občutek možnosti,
drugačen občutek možnosti,
17:43
a different set of expectations,
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drugačna pričakovanja,
širši razpon priložnosti,
širši razpon priložnosti,
17:44
a broader range of opportunities,
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1052987
1756
17:46
you cherish and value the relationships between teachers and learners,
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1054743
3251
in ko negujete in spoštujete
odnose med učitelji in učenci,
odnose med učitelji in učenci,
17:49
you offer people the discretion to be creative
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1057994
2310
omogočite ljudem,
da se odločijo, da so ustvarjalni
da se odločijo, da so ustvarjalni
17:52
and to innovate in what they do,
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1060304
1754
in da so inovativni pri svojem delu,
in šole, nekoč brez upanja, oživijo.
in šole, nekoč brez upanja, oživijo.
17:54
and schools that were once bereft spring to life.
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17:57
Great leaders know that.
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1065669
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Izjemni voditelji to vedo.
17:59
The real role of leadership in education --
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Resnična vloga vodstva v izobraževanju -
18:01
and I think it's true at the national level, the state level,
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1069787
2557
mislim, da to drži na nacionalni ravni,
na državni ravni in na šolski ravni -
na državni ravni in na šolski ravni -
18:04
at the school level --
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1558
18:05
is not and should not be command and control.
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4400
ni in ne sme biti poveljevanje in nadzor.
18:10
The real role of leadership is climate control,
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Resnična vloga vodstva je v nadzoru klime,
18:14
creating a climate of possibility.
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ki ustvarja ozračje možnosti.
18:16
And if you do that, people will rise to it
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1084909
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In če boste to storili,
bodo ljudje to sprejeli
bodo ljudje to sprejeli
18:19
and achieve things that you
completely did not anticipate
completely did not anticipate
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1087306
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in bodo dosegali stvari,
ki si jih ne morete niti zamisliti,
ki si jih ne morete niti zamisliti,
18:22
and couldn't have expected.
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1090325
1800
niti pričakovati.
18:24
There's a wonderful quote from Benjamin Franklin.
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Obstaja čudovit citat Benjamina Franklina.
18:26
"There are three sorts of people in the world:
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"Tri vrste ljudi so na svetu:
18:29
Those who are immovable,
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1097355
2378
tisti, ki so nepremični,
ljudje, ki ne razumejo, ne želijo razumeti,
in ne bodo glede tega ničesar storili.
in ne bodo glede tega ničesar storili.
18:31
people who don't get it, they don't want to get it,
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1099733
1871
18:33
they're not going to do anything about it;
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1101604
1397
18:35
there are people who are movable,
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1903
Obstajajo ljudje, ki so premakljivi,
18:36
people who see the need for change
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ljudje, ki vidijo potrebo po spremembah
in so pripravljeni prisluhniti.
in so pripravljeni prisluhniti.
18:38
and are prepared to listen to it;
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1106226
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18:40
and there are people who move,
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1851
In obstajajo ljudje, ki ukrepajo,
18:42
people who make things happen."
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1110723
1780
ljudje, ki stvari premikajo."
18:44
And if we can encourage more people,
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In če bomo lahko spodbudili več ljudi,
18:46
that will be a movement.
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bi to bilo gibanje.
18:49
And if the movement is strong enough,
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In če je gibanje dovolj močno,
18:51
that's, in the best sense of the word, a revolution.
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je to revolucija
v najboljšem pomenu te besede.
v najboljšem pomenu te besede.
18:54
And that's what we need.
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In to je tisto, kar potrebujemo.
18:56
Thank you very much.
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Hvala lepa.
18:57
(Applause)
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3183
(aplavz)
19:00
Thank you very much. (Applause)
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5031
Hvala lepa. (aplavz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Ken Robinson - Author/educatorCreativity expert Sir Ken Robinson challenges the way we're educating our children. He champions a radical rethink of our school systems, to cultivate creativity and acknowledge multiple types of intelligence.
Why you should listen
Why don't we get the best out of people? Sir Ken Robinson argues that it's because we've been educated to become good workers, rather than creative thinkers. Students with restless minds and bodies -- far from being cultivated for their energy and curiosity -- are ignored or even stigmatized, with terrible consequences. "We are educating people out of their creativity," Robinson says. It's a message with deep resonance. Robinson's TED Talk has been distributed widely around the Web since its release in June 2006. The most popular words framing blog posts on his talk? "Everyone should watch this."
A visionary cultural leader, Sir Ken led the British government's 1998 advisory committee on creative and cultural education, a massive inquiry into the significance of creativity in the educational system and the economy, and was knighted in 2003 for his achievements. His 2009 book, The Element: How Finding Your Passion Changes Everything, is a New York Times bestseller and has been translated into 21 languages. A 10th anniversary edition of his classic work on creativity and innovation, Out of Our Minds: Learning to be Creative, was published in 2011. His 2013 book, Finding Your Element: How to Discover Your Talents and Passions and Transform Your Life, is a practical guide that answers questions about finding your personal Element. In his latest book, Creative Schools: The Grassroots Revolution That’s Transforming Education, he argues for an end to our outmoded industrial educational system and proposes a highly personalized, organic approach that draws on today’s unprecedented technological and professional resources to engage all students.
Ken Robinson | Speaker | TED.com