ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Malcolm Gladwell - Writer
Detective of fads and emerging subcultures, chronicler of jobs-you-never-knew-existed, Malcolm Gladwell's work is toppling the popular understanding of bias, crime, food, marketing, race, consumers and intelligence.

Why you should listen

Malcolm Gladwell searches for the counterintuitive in what we all take to be the mundane: cookies, sneakers, pasta sauce. A New Yorker staff writer since 1996, he visits obscure laboratories and infomercial set kitchens as often as the hangouts of freelance cool-hunters -- a sort of pop-R&D gumshoe -- and for that has become a star lecturer and bestselling author.

Sparkling with curiosity, undaunted by difficult research (yet an eloquent, accessible writer), his work uncovers truths hidden in strange data. His always-delightful blog tackles topics from serial killers to steroids in sports, while provocative recent work in the New Yorker sheds new light on the Flynn effect -- the decades-spanning rise in I.Q. scores.

Gladwell has written four books. The Tipping Point, which began as a New Yorker piece, applies the principles of epidemiology to crime (and sneaker sales), while Blink examines the unconscious processes that allow the mind to "thin slice" reality -- and make decisions in the blink of an eye. His third book, Outliers, questions the inevitabilities of success and identifies the relation of success to nature versus nurture. The newest work, What the Dog Saw and Other Adventures, is an anthology of his New Yorker contributions. 

He says: "There is more going on beneath the surface than we think, and more going on in little, finite moments of time than we would guess."
 

More profile about the speaker
Malcolm Gladwell | Speaker | TED.com
TEDSalon NY2013

Malcolm Gladwell: The unheard story of David and Goliath

Nikoli slišana zgodba o Davidu in Goljatu

Filmed:
7,134,861 views

Gre za klasično zgodbo o zmagi šibkejšega: David, mlad pastir, oborožen le s pračo, premaga Goljata, mogočnega vojščaka. Zgodba je presegla svetopisemski okvir in postala vsakdanja oznaka za malo verjetno zmago. Toda Malcolm Gladwell se sprašuje, ali je to res vse, kar nam ta zgodba pove.
- Writer
Detective of fads and emerging subcultures, chronicler of jobs-you-never-knew-existed, Malcolm Gladwell's work is toppling the popular understanding of bias, crime, food, marketing, race, consumers and intelligence. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:12
So I wanted to tell a storyzgodba
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Hotel sem povedati zgodbo,
00:13
that really obsessedobseden me when I was writingpisanje my newnovo bookknjigo,
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ki me je čisto obsedla, ko sem pisal novo knjigo,
00:17
and it's a storyzgodba of something that happenedse je zgodilo
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gre pa za zgodbo o nečem, kar se je zgodilo
00:20
3,000 yearslet agonazaj,
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pred tri tisoč leti,
00:22
when the KingdomBritanija of IsraelIzrael was in its infancypovojih.
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ko je bilo izraelsko kraljestvo še v povojih.
00:25
And it takes placemesto in an areaobmočje calledpozval the ShephelahShephelah
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Dogaja se na območju v Šefeli
00:28
in what is now IsraelIzrael.
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v današnjem Izraelu.
00:30
And the reasonrazlog the storyzgodba obsessedobseden me is that
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Zgodba me je obsedla zato,
00:32
I thought I understoodrazumel it, and then I wentšla back over it
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ker sem mislil, da jo razumem,
ko pa sem se vrnil k njej,
00:36
and I realizedrealiziran that I didn't understandrazumeti it at all.
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sem ugotovil, da pravzaprav nimam pojma.
00:40
AncientStarodavne PalestinePalestine had a -- alongskupaj its easternvzhodno bordermeja,
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Ob vzhodni meji stare Palestine je potekala
00:44
there's a mountaingore rangerazpon.
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gorska veriga.
00:46
Still sameenako is trueresnično of IsraelIzrael todaydanes.
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Tako je danes v Izraelu.
00:48
And in the mountaingore rangerazpon are all of the ancientstarodavne citiesmesta
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Ob njej so vsa stara mesta
00:51
of that regionregija, so JerusalemJeruzalem, BethlehemBetlehem, HebronHebron.
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te regije: Jeruzalem, Betlehem, Hebron.
00:55
And then there's a coastalobalna plainnavaden
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Na sredozemski strani,
00:57
alongskupaj the MediterraneanSredozemlje, where TelTel AvivAviv is now.
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na priobalnem območju, je sedaj Tel Aviv.
01:01
And connectingpovezovanje the mountaingore rangerazpon with the coastalobalna plainnavaden
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Med gorsko verigo in priobalnim območjem
01:04
is an areaobmočje calledpozval the ShephelahShephelah,
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pa je Šefela,
01:06
whichki is a seriesserije of valleysdoline and ridgesgrebeni that runteči eastvzhodno to westzahodno,
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serija dolin in grebenov, ki potekajo v smeri
vzhod - zahod.
01:10
and you can followsledite the ShephelahShephelah, go throughskozi the ShephelahShephelah
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Če sledite Šefeli in greste skoznjo,
01:14
to get from the coastalobalna plainnavaden to the mountainsgore.
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boste prišli od obale k goram.
01:16
And the ShephelahShephelah, if you've been to IsraelIzrael, you'llboš know
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Če ste bili v Izraelu, veste, da je Šefela
01:18
it's just about the mostnajbolj beautifullepo partdel of IsraelIzrael.
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morda najlepši del države.
01:20
It's gorgeouskrasen, with forestsgozdovi of oakhrast
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Čudovita je, s hrastovimi gozdovi,
01:23
and wheatpšenica fieldspolja and vineyardsvinogradi.
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pšeničnimi polji in vinogradi.
01:26
But more importantlypomembno, thoughčeprav, in the historyzgodovina of that regionregija,
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A kar je pomembneje, v zgodovini
01:29
it's servedslužil, it's had a realresnično strategicstrateško functionfunkcijo,
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je imela prav strateški pomen,
01:33
and that is, it is the meanssredstva by whichki hostilesovražno armiesvojske
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namreč: preko nje so sovražne vojske
01:36
on the coastalobalna plainnavaden find theirnjihovi way,
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našle pot z obale
01:38
get up into the mountainsgore and threatenogrožajo those livingživeti in the mountainsgore.
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do gora in ogrozile njihove prebivalce.
01:42
And 3,000 yearslet agonazaj, that's exactlytočno what happensse zgodi.
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Točno to se je zgodilo pred tri tisoč leti.
01:45
The PhilistinesFilistejci, who are the biggestnajvečji of enemiessovražniki
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Filistejci, največji sovražniki
01:49
of the KingdomBritanija of IsraelIzrael,
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izraelskega kraljestva,
01:51
are livingživeti in the coastalobalna plainnavaden.
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so živeli na obalni strani.
01:53
They're originallyoriginalno from CreteKreta. They're a seafaringpomorstvo people.
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Prišli so s Krete in so bili pomorsko ljudstvo.
01:56
And they maylahko startZačni to make theirnjihovi way
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Začeli so se prebijati
01:58
throughskozi one of the valleysdoline of the ShephelahShephelah
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skozi eno od dolin Šefele
02:00
up into the mountainsgore,
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proti goram,
02:02
because what they want to do is occupyzasedajo the highlandplanota areaobmočje
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saj so želeli zavzeti visokogorje
02:04
right by BethlehemBetlehem and splitsplit the KingdomBritanija of IsraelIzrael in two.
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poleg Betlehema in razdeliti Izrael na dva dela.
02:08
And the KingdomBritanija of IsraelIzrael, whichki is headedvodil by KingKralj SaulSaul,
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Kraljestvo, ki ga je vodil kralj Savel,
02:11
obviouslyočitno catchesulov windveter of this,
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je to seveda ugotovilo
02:13
and SaulSaul bringsprinaša his armyvojska down from the mountainsgore
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in Savel je prodrl z gora
02:16
and he confrontssooča the PhilistinesFilistejci in the ValleyDolina of ElahHaggisa,
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ter se v dolini Ela spopadel s Filistejci;
02:19
one of the mostnajbolj beautifullepo of the valleysdoline of the ShephelahShephelah.
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to je ena najlepših dolin v Šefeli.
02:22
And the IsraelitesIzraelci digkopati in alongskupaj the northernseverno ridgegreben,
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Izraelci so se vkopali ob severnem grebenu,
02:25
and the PhilistinesFilistejci digkopati in alongskupaj the southernJužni ridgegreben,
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Filistejci pa ob južnem
02:29
and the two armiesvojske just sitsedi there for weekstednih
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in tako sta vojski obstali več tednov
02:32
and starestari at eachvsak other, because they're deadlockedna mrtvi točki.
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ter se samo gledali, saj sta bili blokirani.
02:34
NeitherNiti can attacknapad the other, because to attacknapad the other sidestran
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Nista mogli napasti ena druge, saj katerakoli
stran bi to hotela,
02:36
you've got to come down the mountaingore into the valleydolina
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bi se morala spustiti v dolino
02:40
and then up the other sidestran, and you're completelypopolnoma exposedizpostavljeni.
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in se povzpeti po drugi strani, s čimer bi se
povsem izpostavila.
02:42
So finallykončno, to breakodmor the deadlockzastoja,
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Da bi končali nerešljiv položaj,
02:44
the PhilistinesFilistejci sendpošlji theirnjihovi mightiestnajmogočnejši warriorbojevnik
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so Filistejci svojega najmočnejšega vojaka
02:47
down into the valleydolina floornadstropje, and he callsklice out
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poslali v dolino;
02:50
and he sayspravi to the IsraelitesIzraelci,
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ta je proti Izraelcem zavpil:
02:51
"SendPošlji your mightiestnajmogočnejši warriorbojevnik down,
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"Pošljite dol najmočnejšega med vami,
02:54
and we'llbomo have this out, just the two of us."
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naj se samo midva spopadeva."
02:56
This was a traditiontradicija in ancientstarodavne warfarevojna calledpozval singlesamski combatboj.
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Ta tradicija se je v antičnem vojskovanju
imenovala boj eden na enega.
03:00
It was a way of settlingreševanje disputessporov
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Na ta način so reševali spore
03:02
withoutbrez incurringnastali the bloodshedprelivanje krvi of a majorMajor battleBitka.
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brez velikih bitk z ogromno prelite krvi.
03:06
And the PhilistineFilistejca who is sentposlano down,
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Filistejec, ki so ga poslali,
03:09
theirnjihovi mightymogočni warriorbojevnik, is a giantvelikan.
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je bil velikan.
03:11
He's 6 footstopalo 9.
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Visok je bil dva metra.
03:13
He's outfittedopremljevalec headglava to toetoe in this glitteringbleščeče bronzeBronasta armoroklep,
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Od glave do peta je bil odet v svetleč bronast oklep.
03:17
and he's got a swordmeč and he's got a javelinkopje
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Imel je meč in kopje in sulico.
03:20
and he's got his spearkopje. He is absolutelyabsolutno terrifyingzastrašujoče.
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Bil je strah vzbujajoč.
03:23
And he's so terrifyingzastrašujoče that nonenič of the IsraeliteIsraelite soldiersvojaki want to fightboj him.
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Tako zelo, da se noben izraelski vojak
ni hotel boriti proti njemu.
03:28
It's a deathsmrt wishželim, right? There's no way they think they can take him.
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To je vendar smrtna obsodba! Prepričani so bili,
da se ga ne morejo lotiti.
03:32
And finallykončno the only personoseba who will come forwardnaprej
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Končno se je kot edini javil
03:35
is this youngmladi shepherdpastir boyfant,
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mladi pastir ovac,
03:37
and he goesgre up to SaulSaul and he sayspravi, "I'll fightboj him."
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šel je k Savlu in rekel:
"Jaz se bom boril z njim."
03:40
And SaulSaul sayspravi, "You can't fightboj him. That's ridiculoussmešno.
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Savel je odgovoril:
"Tega ne moreš. To je noro.
03:43
You're this kidfant. This is this mightymogočni warriorbojevnik."
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Otrok si. On pa je mogočen vojščak."
03:45
But the shepherdpastir is adamantvztrajali. He sayspravi, "No, no, no,
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A pastir se ni dal. Dejal je:
"Ne, ne, ne,
03:48
you don't understandrazumeti, I have been defendingbrani my flockčreda
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ne razumeš. Svojo čredo sem leta branil
03:51
againstproti lionslevi and wolvesvolkovi for yearslet. I think I can do it."
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pred levi in volkovi. Zmorem to."
03:55
And SaulSaul has no choiceizbira. He's got no one elsedrugače who'skdo je come forwardnaprej.
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Savel ni imel izbire. Nihče drug se ni javil.
03:58
So he sayspravi, "All right."
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Tako je pristal.
03:59
And then he turnszavrti to the kidfant, and he sayspravi,
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Potem je dečku naročil:
04:01
"But you've got to wearobrabo this armoroklep. You can't go as you are."
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"Nositi moraš ta oklep. Ne moreš iti kar tak."
04:04
So he triesposkusi to give the shepherdpastir his armoroklep,
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Hotel mu je nadeti oklep,
04:07
and the shepherdpastir sayspravi, "No."
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a pastir je rekel ne.
04:08
He sayspravi, "I can't wearobrabo this stuffstvari."
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Dejal je: "Tega ne morem nositi."
04:10
The BiblicalSvetopisemskih verseverz is, "I cannotne morem wearobrabo this for I have not proveddokazano it,"
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Sveto pismo pravi: "Ne morem nositi tega,
saj ga nisem preizkusil,"
04:14
meaningpomen, "I've never wornnosili armoroklep before. You've got to be crazynoro."
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kar pomeni: "Nikoli nisem nosil oklepa.
Ti si vendar nor."
04:18
So he reachesdoseže down insteadnamesto tega on the groundtla
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Namesto tega je s tal pobral
04:20
and picksizbor up fivepet stoneskamni
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pet kamnov
04:22
and putsstavi them in his shepherd'spastirske bagvreča
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in jih dal v pastirsko torbo
04:24
and startsse začne to walkhodi down the mountainsidegore to meetsrečati the giantvelikan.
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ter se odpravil po bregu navzdol,
da bi se soočil z velikanom.
04:29
And the giantvelikan seesvidi this figureštevilka approachingpribližuje,
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Ko je velikan videl, kdo se približuje,
04:31
and callsklice out, "Come to me so I can feedkrmo your fleshmeso
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je zavpil: "Pridi, da s tvojim mesom
04:34
to the birdsptice of the heavensnebesa and the beastszveri of the fieldpolje."
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nahranim ptice neba in živali polja."
04:38
He issuesvprašanja this kindvrste of tauntPodsmijeh towardsproti this personoseba
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Tako je dražil tega človeka,
04:42
comingprihajajo to fightboj him.
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ki se je prihajal borit z njim.
04:43
And the shepherdpastir drawsčrpa closerbližje and closerbližje,
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Pastirček se je približeval
04:47
and the giantvelikan seesvidi that he's carryingprenašanje a staffosebje.
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in velikan je opazil, da nosi palico.
04:50
That's all he's carryingprenašanje.
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To je bilo vse, kar je imel s sabo.
04:51
InsteadNamesto of a weaponorožje, just this shepherd'spastirske staffosebje,
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Namesto orožja je imel samo pastirsko palico
04:53
and he sayspravi -- he's insultedužalil --
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in velikan je užaljeno dejal:
04:55
"Am I a dogpes that you would come to me with stickspalice?"
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"Sem mar pes, da prihajaš name s palicama?"
04:59
And the shepherdpastir boyfant takes one of his stoneskamni
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Pastirček pa je iz žepa vzel kamen,
05:02
out of his pocketžep, putsstavi it in his slingzanko
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ga napel v pračo,
05:05
and rollszvitki it around and letsdovolimo it flyletenje
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jo zavrtel in izstrelil
05:07
and it hitszadetkov the giantvelikan right betweenmed the eyesoči --
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ter zadel velikana med oči,
05:10
right here, in his mostnajbolj vulnerableranljivi spotspot --
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prav na najbolj občutljivo mesto,
05:12
and he fallspade down eitherbodisi deadmrtev or unconsciousnezavesten,
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ta je omahnil, nezavesten ali mrtev,
05:15
and the shepherdpastir boyfant runsteče up and takes his swordmeč
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pastirček je stekel k njemu, vzel njegov meč
05:18
and cutskosi off his headglava,
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in mu odsekal glavo.
05:19
and the PhilistinesFilistejci see this and they turnobrat and they just runteči.
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Ko so Filistejci to videli,
so se obrnili in zbežali.
05:25
And of courseseveda, the nameime of the giantvelikan is GoliathGoljat
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Seveda je bilo velikanu ime Goljat,
05:29
and the nameime of the shepherdpastir boyfant is DavidDavid,
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pastirčku pa David,
05:32
and the reasonrazlog that storyzgodba has obsessedobseden me
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zgodba pa me je
05:35
over the courseseveda of writingpisanje my bookknjigo
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med pisanjem knjige obsedla zato,
05:36
is that everything I thought I knewvedel about that storyzgodba
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ker je bilo vse, kar sem dotlej vedel o njej,
05:39
turnedobrnjen out to be wrongnarobe.
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napačno.
05:42
So DavidDavid, in that storyzgodba, is supposeddomnevno to be the underdogpremaganec, right?
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David je v tej zgodbi šibkejši, ne?
05:46
In factdejstvo, that termdolgoročno, DavidDavid and GoliathGoljat,
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Celo fraza David in Goljat
05:48
has enteredvnesli our languagejezik as a metaphormetafora for
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je postala metafora
05:51
improbableneverjeten victorieszmage
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za neverjetne zmage,
05:53
by some weakšibko partyzabava over someonenekdo fardaleč strongermočnejši.
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kjer šibkejši premaga mnogo močnejšega.
05:56
Now why do we call DavidDavid an underdogpremaganec?
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Zakaj pravimo, da je David šibkejši?
05:58
Well, we call him an underdogpremaganec because he's a kidfant,
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Ker je otrok,
06:01
a little kidfant, and GoliathGoljat is this bigvelik, strongmočno giantvelikan.
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majhen deček je, Goljat pa je močan velikan.
06:05
We alsotudi call him an underdogpremaganec
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Šibkejši mu pravimo tudi zato,
06:07
because GoliathGoljat is an experiencedizkušeni warriorbojevnik,
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ker je Goljat izkušen vojščak,
06:11
and DavidDavid is just a shepherdpastir.
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David pa le pastir.
06:12
But mostnajbolj importantlypomembno, we call him an underdogpremaganec
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A najpomembneje: šibkejši se zdi zato,
06:15
because all he has is -- it's that GoliathGoljat is outfittedopremljevalec with
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ker je Goljat opremljen
06:20
all of this modernmoderno weaponryorožje,
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z modernim orožjem,
06:22
this glitteringbleščeče coatplašč of armoroklep
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s svetlečim oklepom,
06:24
and a swordmeč and a javelinkopje and a spearkopje,
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mečem in kopjem in sulico,
06:27
and all DavidDavid has is this slingzanko.
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David pa ima samo pračo.
06:31
Well, let's startZačni there with the phrasefraza
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No, začnimo kar tu:
06:33
"All DavidDavid has is this slingzanko,"
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"David ima samo pračo."
06:35
because that's the first mistakenapaka that we make.
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To je prva napaka, ki jo napravimo.
06:38
In ancientstarodavne warfarevojna, there are threetri kindsvrste of warriorsbojevniki.
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V antičnem vojskovanju so poznali tri vrste vojakov.
06:42
There's cavalrykonjenica, menmoški on horsebackkonj and with chariotsavto.
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Konjenica so bili možje na konjih in
s kočijami.
06:45
There's heavytežka infantrypehota, whichki are footstopalo soldiersvojaki,
139
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Težka pehota so bili vojaki pešaki,
06:48
armedoboroženi footstopalo soldiersvojaki with swordsmeči and shieldsščiti
140
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oboroženi z meči in ščiti
06:51
and some kindvrste of armoroklep.
141
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in neke vrste oklepi.
06:53
And there's artilleryartilerijo, and artilleryartilerijo are archersLokostrelci,
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Potem je tu artilerija, to so lokostrelci,
06:56
but, more importantlypomembno, slingersslingers.
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in še pomembneje, vojaki s pračami.
06:58
And a slingerSlinger is someonenekdo who has a leatherusnje pouchtorbica
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To so tisti, ki so imeli usnjene pasove
07:01
with two long cordsvrvice attachedpriložen to it,
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z dvema vrvema, pripetima nanje,
07:04
and they put a projectileprojektil, eitherbodisi a rockrock or a leadsvinec ballžoga,
146
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izstrelek - kamen ali svinčeno kroglo -
07:07
insideznotraj the pouchtorbica, and they whirlvrtinec it around like this
147
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so položili v pas, ga takole zavrteli,
07:10
and they let one of the cordsvrvice go,
148
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in izpustili eno od vrvi,
07:13
and the effectučinek is to sendpošlji the projectileprojektil forwardnaprej
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kar je izstrelek pognalo
07:17
towardsproti its targetcilj.
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3305
proti tarči.
07:20
That's what DavidDavid has, and it's importantpomembno to understandrazumeti
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To je imel David in razumeti moramo,
07:23
that that slingzanko is not a slingshotMala prača.
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da prača ni fisto kot frača.
07:26
It's not this, right? It's not a child'sotroka toyigrače.
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To ni eno in isto. Ni otroška igrača.
07:28
It's in factdejstvo an incrediblyneverjetno devastatinguničujoče weaponorožje.
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Pravzaprav je neverjetno uničujoče orožje.
07:32
When DavidDavid rollszvitki it around like this,
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Ko jo David takole zavrti,
07:35
he's turningobračanje the slingzanko around probablyverjetno
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to počne verjetno
07:38
at sixšest or sevensedem revolutionsrevolucij perna seconddrugič,
157
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s šestimi ali sedmimi vrtljaji na sekundo.
07:41
and that meanssredstva that when the rockrock is releasedsprosti,
158
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3845
To pomeni, da ko se kamen sproži,
07:45
it's going forwardnaprej really fasthitro,
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potuje izjemno hitro,
07:47
probablyverjetno 35 metersmetrov perna seconddrugič.
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kakih 35 metrov na sekundo.
07:49
That's substantiallybistveno fasterhitreje than a baseballbaseball
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To je dosti hitreje od baseballske žogice,
07:52
thrownvržen by even the finestnajboljši of baseballbaseball pitchersvrče.
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tudi ko jo vrže najboljši igralec.
07:56
More than that, the stoneskamni in the ValleyDolina of ElahHaggisa
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Še več, kamni v dolini Ela
08:00
were not normalnormalno rockskamnine. They were bariumbarij sulphatesulfat,
164
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niso bili običajni. Šlo je za barijev sulfat,
08:03
whichki are rockskamnine twicedvakrat the densitygostota of normalnormalno stoneskamni.
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ki ima dvakrat večjo gostoto od običajnih kamnov.
08:06
If you do the calculationsizračuni on the ballisticsbalistična,
166
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2637
Če preračunate balistiko,
08:09
on the stoppingustavi powermoč of the rockrock firedodpuščen from David'sDavid slingzanko,
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je ustavitvena moč kamna, ki ga je izstrelil David,
08:13
it's roughlygrobo equalenako to the stoppingustavi powermoč
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približno enaka ustavitveni moči
08:15
of a [.45 caliberpremer] handgunpištola.
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pištole kalibra .45.
08:18
This is an incrediblyneverjetno devastatinguničujoče weaponorožje.
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To je neverjetno uničujoče orožje.
08:21
AccuracyNatančnost, we know from historicalzgodovinski recordsevidence
171
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Natančnost, kot vemo iz zgodovinskih zapisov,
08:26
that slingersslingers -- experiencedizkušeni slingersslingers could hitudaril
172
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ki so jo imeli tisti, ki so znali upravljati s pračo,
08:30
and maimpohabljajo or even killubiti a targetcilj at distancesrazdalje of up to 200 yardsdvorišča.
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je lahko pohabila ali celo ubila tarčo,
oddaljeno do 180 metrov.
08:36
From medievalsrednjeveški tapestriestapiserije, we know that slingersslingers
174
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Srednjeveške tapiserije prikazujejo,
da so strelci s pračami
08:39
were capablesposoben of hittingudaril birdsptice in flightlet.
175
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lahko zadeli ptico v letu.
08:42
They were incrediblyneverjetno accuratenatančno.
176
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Bili so izjemno natančni.
08:44
When DavidDavid lineslinije up -- and he's not 200 yardsdvorišča away from GoliathGoljat,
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Ko je David nameril - in ni bil 180 metrov stran od Goljata,
08:48
he's quitečisto closeblizu to GoliathGoljat --
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pravzaprav je bil kar blizu -
08:49
when he lineslinije up and firespožari that thing at GoliathGoljat,
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ko je nameril in ustrelil proti Goljatu,
08:53
he has everyvsak intentionnamen and everyvsak expectationpričakovanja
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je imel namen in pričakovanje,
08:56
of beingbiti ablesposoben to hitudaril GoliathGoljat at his mostnajbolj vulnerableranljivi spotspot
181
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da bo Goljata zadel na najbolj občutljivo mesto,
08:59
betweenmed his eyesoči.
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med oči.
09:00
If you go back over the historyzgodovina of ancientstarodavne warfarevojna,
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Če se vrnemo k zgodovini antičnega vojskovanja,
09:02
you will find time and time again
184
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bomo vedno znova ugotovili,
09:05
that slingersslingers were the decisiveodločilno factorfaktor againstproti infantrypehota
185
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da so bili strelci s pračo
odločilni v boju proti pehoti
09:09
in one kindvrste of battleBitka or anotherdrugo.
186
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v vseh vrstah bitk.
09:14
So what's GoliathGoljat? He's heavytežka infantrypehota,
187
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Kaj je potem Goljat? On je težka pehota
09:18
and his expectationpričakovanja when he challengesizzivi the IsraelitesIzraelci to a dueldvoboj
188
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in ko izzove Izraelce na boj,
09:23
is that he's going to be fightingboj anotherdrugo heavytežka infantrymanvojak pješke.
189
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pričakuje, da se bo boril z nekom iz njihove
težke pehote.
09:27
When he sayspravi, "Come to me that I mightmorda
190
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2171
Ko reče: "Pridi, da bom
09:29
feedkrmo your fleshmeso to the birdsptice of the heavensnebesa and the beastszveri of the fieldpolje,"
191
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2952
s teboj nahranil ptice neba in živali polja,"
09:32
the keyključ phrasefraza is "Come to me."
192
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je poudarek na "Pridi."
09:34
Come up to me because we're going to fightboj,
193
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Pridi, saj se bova borila
09:36
handroka to handroka, like this.
194
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mož na moža, takole.
09:38
SaulSaul has the sameenako expectationpričakovanja.
195
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Savel pričakuje isto.
09:40
DavidDavid sayspravi, "I want to fightboj GoliathGoljat,"
196
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2359
David pravi: "Hočem se boriti z Goljatom,"
09:42
and SaulSaul triesposkusi to give him his armoroklep,
197
570694
1821
in Savel mu hoče dati oklep,
09:44
because SaulSaul is thinkingrazmišljanje, "Oh, when you say 'fight"boj GoliathGoljat,'
198
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saj misli: "Oh, ko praviš 'boriti',
09:47
you mean 'fight"boj him in hand-to-handroko combatboj,'
199
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misliš na 'rokoborbo',
09:50
infantrypehota on infantrypehota."
200
578509
2188
pehoto proti pehoti."
09:52
But DavidDavid has absolutelyabsolutno no expectationpričakovanja.
201
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A David sploh nima nobenih pričakovanj.
09:55
He's not going to fightboj him that way. Why would he?
202
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Ne bo se boril na tak način. Zakaj bi se le?
09:58
He's a shepherdpastir. He's spentpreživel his entirecelotno careerkariero
203
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On je pastir. Ves čas je s pračo
10:01
usinguporabo a slingzanko to defendbrani his flockčreda againstproti lionslevi and wolvesvolkovi.
204
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ščitil čredo pred levi in volkovi.
10:05
That's where his strengthmoč lieslaži.
205
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V tem je njegova moč.
10:07
So here he is, this shepherdpastir, experiencedizkušeni
206
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2532
Tu imamo torej pastirja,
10:09
in the use of a devastatinguničujoče weaponorožje,
207
597725
2039
ki ima izkušnje z morilskim orožjem,
10:11
up againstproti this lumberingGlomazan giantvelikan
208
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2394
ki se zoperstavi okornemu velikanu,
10:14
weighedstehtamo down by a hundredsto poundsfuntov of armoroklep
209
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3300
katerega k tlom pritiska
petdesetkilogramski oklep
10:17
and these incrediblyneverjetno heavytežka weaponsorožje
210
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1501
ter neverjetno težko orožje,
10:18
that are usefulkoristno only in short-rangekratkega dosega combatboj.
211
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uporabno samo v boju na kratki razdalji.
10:22
GoliathGoljat is a sittingsedi duckraca. He doesn't have a chancepriložnost.
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Goljat je lahka tarča. Nobene možnosti nima.
10:26
So why do we keep callingklicanje DavidDavid an underdogpremaganec,
213
614793
2806
Zakaj torej Davida označujemo za šibkejši člen
10:29
and why do we keep referringsklicevanje to his victoryzmago as improbableneverjeten?
214
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5824
in zakaj imamo to zmago za neverjetno?
10:35
There's a seconddrugič piecekos of this that's importantpomembno.
215
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Pomembna je še ena stvar.
10:38
It's not just that we misunderstandrazumel DavidDavid
216
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3398
Ni to, da narobe razumemo Davida
10:41
and his choiceizbira of weaponryorožje.
217
629661
1905
in njegov izbor orožja.
10:43
It's alsotudi that we profoundlygloboko misunderstandrazumel GoliathGoljat.
218
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3339
V temelju narobe razumemo tudi Goljata.
10:46
GoliathGoljat is not what he seemsZdi se to be.
219
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3234
Goljat ni to, za kar se izdaja.
10:50
There's all kindsvrste of hintsNamigi of this in the BiblicalSvetopisemskih textbesedilo,
220
638139
3988
Svetopisemsko besedilo ponuja vse vrste namigov,
10:54
things that are in retrospectpogled nazaj v preteklost quitečisto puzzlingzmedo
221
642127
2805
ki nas, če se ozremo nazaj, precej zmedejo,
10:56
and don't squarekvadrat with his imagesliko as this mightymogočni warriorbojevnik.
222
644932
3777
in se ne skladajo s predstavo o mogočnem vojaku.
11:00
So to beginzačeti with, the BibleSveto pismo sayspravi that GoliathGoljat
223
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3377
Najprej: Sveto pismo pravi, da Goljata
11:04
is led ontona the valleydolina floornadstropje by an attendantspremljevalec.
224
652086
3965
v dolino privede pomočnik.
11:08
Now that is weirdčudno, right?
225
656051
2209
To je čudno, mar ne?
11:10
Here is this mightymogočni warriorbojevnik
226
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2130
Ta mogočni vojak
11:12
challengingizziv the IsraelitesIzraelci to one-on-oneena na ena combatboj.
227
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2807
izziva Izraelce na boj eden na enega.
11:15
Why is he beingbiti led by the handroka
228
663197
2712
Zakaj ga za roko drži
11:17
by some youngmladi boyfant, presumablydomnevno,
229
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3050
verjetno mlad fant,
11:20
to the pointtočka of combatboj?
230
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2462
vse do boja?
11:23
SecondlyDrugič, the BibleSveto pismo storyzgodba makesnaredi specialposeben noteOpomba
231
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4354
Potem, svetopisemska zgodba posebej omeni,
11:27
of how slowlypočasi GoliathGoljat movespremakne,
232
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3089
kako počasi se Goljat premika,
11:30
anotherdrugo oddčudno thing to say when you're describingopisuje
233
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2026
kar je spet čudno, če gre za
11:32
the mightiestnajmogočnejši warriorbojevnik knownznano to man at that pointtočka.
234
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4050
najmogočnejšega vojaka, kar jih je kdaj bilo.
11:36
And then there's this wholeceloto weirdčudno thing
235
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1823
In potem je tu še ta čudna zadeva o tem,
11:38
about how long it takes GoliathGoljat to reactreagirati
236
686763
3812
kako dolgo potrebuje Goljat, da
11:42
to the sightpogled of DavidDavid.
237
690575
1996
sploh reagira, ko zagleda Davida.
11:44
So David'sDavid comingprihajajo down the mountaingore,
238
692571
2778
David prihaja po pobočju navzdol
11:47
and he's clearlyjasno not preparingpriprava for hand-to-handroko combatboj.
239
695349
3937
in se očitno ne pripravlja na boj
eden na enega.
11:51
There is nothing about him that sayspravi,
240
699286
1968
Nič na njem ne nakazuje,
11:53
"I am about to fightboj you like this."
241
701254
2034
da se ne bo boril na ta način.
11:55
He's not even carryingprenašanje a swordmeč.
242
703288
1731
Saj niti meča ne nosi.
11:57
Why does GoliathGoljat not reactreagirati to that?
243
705019
2682
Zakaj Goljat na to ne reagira?
11:59
It's as if he's obliviouspozablja to what's going on that day.
244
707701
4228
Kot da ne ve, kaj se tisti dan dogaja.
12:03
And then there's that strangečudno commentkomentar he makesnaredi to DavidDavid:
245
711929
3947
Potem pa še tale njegov nenavadna izjava Davidu:
12:07
"Am I a dogpes that you should come to me with stickspalice?"
246
715876
4295
"Sem mar pes, da greš nad mene s palicama?"
12:12
SticksPalice? DavidDavid only has one stickpalico.
247
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3823
Palicama? David ima vendar samo eno palico.
12:15
Well, it turnszavrti out that there's been a great dealobravnava
248
723994
2259
Izkaže se, da je
12:18
of speculationšpekulacije withinznotraj the medicalmedicinski communityskupnosti over the yearslet
249
726253
3041
medicinska skupnost veliko ugibala o tem,
12:21
about whetherali there is something
250
729294
2526
ali je bilo nekaj resno
12:23
fundamentallytemeljito wrongnarobe with GoliathGoljat,
251
731820
2889
narobe z Goljatom,
12:26
an attemptposkus to make sensesmisel of all of those apparentočitno anomaliesnepravilnosti.
252
734709
3409
kar bi morda pojasnilo vse te
očitno nenavadne stvari.
12:30
There have been manyveliko articlesizdelki writtennapisano.
253
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1162
Članke so pisali o tem.
12:31
The first one was in 1960 in the IndianaIndiana MedicalMedicinske JournalListu,
254
739280
3994
Prvi je bil leta 1960 v Indiana Medical Journalu,
12:35
and it startedzačel a chainverige of speculationšpekulacije
255
743274
2355
kar je sprožilo verigo ugibanj,
12:37
that startsse začne with an explanationrazlago for Goliath'sGoljat je heightvišina.
256
745629
3123
ki se je začela z razlago za Goljatovo velikost.
12:40
So GoliathGoljat is headglava and shouldersramena abovenad
257
748752
2923
Goljat je bil za ramena in glavo
12:43
all of his peersvrstniki in that eraera,
258
751675
2162
višji od svojih sodobnikov,
12:45
and usuallyobičajno when someonenekdo is that fardaleč out of the normnorma,
259
753837
3982
in ponavadi je za tako velika odstopanja
12:49
there's an explanationrazlago for it.
260
757819
1597
vedno neka razlaga.
12:51
So the mostnajbolj commonpogosti formobrazec of giantismgiantism
261
759416
3233
Najpogostejša oblika gigantizma
12:54
is a conditionstanje calledpozval acromegalyakromegalija,
262
762649
2735
se imenuje akromegalija.
12:57
and acromegalyakromegalija is causedpovzročil by a benignbenigna tumortumor
263
765384
2903
To povzroči benigni tumor
13:00
on your pituitaryhipofiza glandžleza
264
768287
2503
na hipofizi,
13:02
that causesvzroki an overproductionprevelike of humančlovek growthrast hormonehormon.
265
770790
2716
kar povzroči pretirano izločanje rastnega hormona.
13:05
And throughoutves čas historyzgodovina, manyveliko of the mostnajbolj famousslavni giantsvelikani
266
773506
3559
Skozi zgodovino je veliko znanih velikanov
13:09
have all had acromegalyakromegalija.
267
777065
1769
trpelo za akromegalijo.
13:10
So the tallestnajvišji personoseba of all time
268
778834
2064
Najvišji človek vseh časov
13:12
was a guy namedimenovan RobertRobert WadlowWadlow
269
780898
1567
je bil Robert Wadlow,
13:14
who was still growingrastoče when he diedumrl at the agestarost of 24
270
782465
3051
ki je ob do smrti v starosti 24 let še vedno rastel,
13:17
and he was 8 footstopalo 11.
271
785516
2889
visok je bil 244 cm.
13:20
He had acromegalyakromegalija.
272
788405
1414
Imel je akromegalijo.
13:21
Do you rememberZapomni si the wrestlerrokoborec AndrAndré the GiantVelikan?
273
789819
2535
Se spomnite rokoborca Andreja Velikana?
13:24
FamousSlavni. He had acromegalyakromegalija.
274
792354
1683
Bil je znan. Imel je akromegalijo.
13:26
There's even speculationšpekulacije that AbrahamAbraham LincolnLincoln had acromegalyakromegalija.
275
794037
4539
Špekulira se celo, da jo je imel Abraham Lincoln.
13:30
AnyoneKdorkoli who'skdo je unusuallynenavadno tallvisok,
276
798576
1078
Pri vsakomur, ki je neobičajno visok,
13:31
that's the first explanationrazlago we come up with.
277
799654
2753
ponavadi najprej pomislimo na to razlago.
13:34
And acromegalyakromegalija has a very distinctizrazit setnastavite of sidestran effectsučinke
278
802407
3995
Akromegalijo spremljajo posebni stranski učinki,
13:38
associatedpovezan with it,
279
806402
1225
povezani z njo,
13:39
principallypredvsem havingimeti to do with visionvizijo.
280
807627
3562
ki vplivajo predvsem na vid.
13:43
The pituitaryhipofiza tumortumor, as it growsraste,
281
811189
3296
Ko tumor na hipofizi raste,
13:46
oftenpogosto startsse začne to compressstisniti the visualvizualno nervesživci in your brainmožganov,
282
814485
4048
pogosto začne pritiskati na živce vida v možganih,
13:50
with the resultrezultat that people with acromegalyakromegalija
283
818533
2504
zato ljudje z akromegalijo
13:53
have eitherbodisi doubledvojno visionvizijo or they are profoundlygloboko nearsightedKratkovidan.
284
821037
5471
bodisi vidijo dvojno ali so zelo kratkovidni.
13:58
So when people have startedzačel to speculatešpekulirati
285
826508
2593
Ko se je torej začelo ugibanje,
14:01
about what mightmorda have been wrongnarobe with GoliathGoljat,
286
829101
3231
kaj bi lahko bilo narobe z Goljatom,
14:04
they'veoni so said, "Wait a minuteminuto,
287
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911
so dejali: "Čakajte,
14:05
he looksizgleda and soundszvoki an awfulgrozno lot like someonenekdo
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3190
to se zdi precej podobno simptomom
14:08
who has acromegalyakromegalija."
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akromegalije."
14:10
And that would alsotudi explainpojasnite so much of what was strangečudno
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2984
To bi tudi pojasnilo veliko nenavadnih elementov
14:12
about his behaviorvedenje that day.
291
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2127
Goljatovega obnašanja tistega dne.
14:15
Why does he movePremakni se so slowlypočasi
292
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1821
Zakaj se premika tako počasi
14:16
and have to be escortedpospremili down into the valleydolina floornadstropje
293
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3528
in ga mora v dolino pospremiti
14:20
by an attendantspremljevalec?
294
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1359
pomočnik?
14:21
Because he can't make his way on his ownlastno.
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Ker sam ne zmore poti.
14:24
Why is he so strangelyčudno obliviouspozablja to DavidDavid
296
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3257
Zakaj tako čudno ne opazi in ne razume,
14:28
that he doesn't understandrazumeti that David'sDavid not going to fightboj him
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2649
da se David ne namerava boriti z njim,
14:30
untildo the very last momenttrenutek?
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2147
vse do zadnjega trenutka?
14:32
Because he can't see him.
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Ker ga ne vidi.
14:35
When he sayspravi, "Come to me that I mightmorda feedkrmo your fleshmeso
300
863375
3317
Ko reče: "Pridi sem, da s tvojim mesom nahranim
14:38
to the birdsptice of the heavensnebesa and the beastszveri of the fieldpolje,"
301
866692
2496
ptice neba in živali polja,"
14:41
the phrasefraza "come to me" is a hintnamig alsotudi of his vulnerabilityranljivost.
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4644
je fraza "pridi sem" znak njegove ranljivosti.
14:45
Come to me because I can't see you.
303
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2984
Pridi sem, saj te ne vidim.
14:48
And then there's, "Am I a dogpes that you should come to me with stickspalice?"
304
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5214
In potem je tu še: "Sem mar pes, da greš nad mene s palicama?"
14:54
He seesvidi two stickspalice when DavidDavid has only one.
305
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5330
Vidi dve palici, David pa ima samo eno.
14:59
So the IsraelitesIzraelci up on the mountaingore ridgegreben
306
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2964
Izraelci, opazujoč z vrha grebena,
15:02
looking down on him thought he was
307
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2197
so mislili, da je
15:04
this extraordinarilyizjemno powerfulmočno foesovražnik.
308
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izjemno močan nasprotnik.
15:07
What they didn't understandrazumeti was that
309
895632
1976
Niso razumeli,
15:09
the very thing that was the sourcevir of his apparentočitno strengthmoč
310
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3297
da je bil vir njegove moči
15:12
was alsotudi the sourcevir of his greatestnajvečji weaknessšibkost.
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3755
tudi vir njegove največje slabosti.
15:16
And there is, I think, in that,
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1957
In v tem je po moje
15:18
a very importantpomembno lessonlekcijo for all of us.
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za nas zelo pomembna lekcija.
15:21
GiantsVelikani are not as strongmočno and powerfulmočno as they seemzdi se.
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3862
Velikani niso tako močni kot se zdijo.
15:25
And sometimesvčasih the shepherdpastir boyfant has a slingzanko in his pocketžep.
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3489
In včasih ima pastirček v žepu pračo.
15:29
Thank you.
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Hvala.
15:30
(ApplauseAplavz)
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(Aplavz)
Translated by Klavdija Cernilogar
Reviewed by Lenka Tušar

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Malcolm Gladwell - Writer
Detective of fads and emerging subcultures, chronicler of jobs-you-never-knew-existed, Malcolm Gladwell's work is toppling the popular understanding of bias, crime, food, marketing, race, consumers and intelligence.

Why you should listen

Malcolm Gladwell searches for the counterintuitive in what we all take to be the mundane: cookies, sneakers, pasta sauce. A New Yorker staff writer since 1996, he visits obscure laboratories and infomercial set kitchens as often as the hangouts of freelance cool-hunters -- a sort of pop-R&D gumshoe -- and for that has become a star lecturer and bestselling author.

Sparkling with curiosity, undaunted by difficult research (yet an eloquent, accessible writer), his work uncovers truths hidden in strange data. His always-delightful blog tackles topics from serial killers to steroids in sports, while provocative recent work in the New Yorker sheds new light on the Flynn effect -- the decades-spanning rise in I.Q. scores.

Gladwell has written four books. The Tipping Point, which began as a New Yorker piece, applies the principles of epidemiology to crime (and sneaker sales), while Blink examines the unconscious processes that allow the mind to "thin slice" reality -- and make decisions in the blink of an eye. His third book, Outliers, questions the inevitabilities of success and identifies the relation of success to nature versus nurture. The newest work, What the Dog Saw and Other Adventures, is an anthology of his New Yorker contributions. 

He says: "There is more going on beneath the surface than we think, and more going on in little, finite moments of time than we would guess."
 

More profile about the speaker
Malcolm Gladwell | Speaker | TED.com