TED2014
Ed Yong: Zombie roaches and other parasite tales
Ed Yong: Samomorilski črički, zombi ščurki in druge pripovedi o zajedavcih
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Ljudje dajemo veliko težo svoji lastni svobodni volji in neodvisnosti ... pa vendar obstaja senčni vpliv, na katerega morda ne pomislimo. Kot razloži pisec znanstvenih besedil, Ed Yong, v tem zanimivem, smešnem in vznemirljivem govoru, so zajedavci izpopolnili umetnost manipulacije do neverjetne stopnje. Ali torej vplivajo na nas? Več kot verjetno.
Ed Yong - Science writer
Ed Yong blogs with a mission: to ignite excitement for science in everyone, regardless of their education or background. Full bio
Ed Yong blogs with a mission: to ignite excitement for science in everyone, regardless of their education or background. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
A herd of wildebeests, a shoal of fish,
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Čreda gnujev, jata rib, jata ptic.
00:15
a flock of birds.
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00:16
Many animals gather in large groups
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Mnoge živali se zbirajo
v velikih skupinah,
v velikih skupinah,
00:18
that are among the most wonderful spectacles
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ki so med najčudovitejšimi
prizori naravnega sveta.
prizori naravnega sveta.
00:20
in the natural world.
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00:22
But why do these groups form?
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A zakaj se te skupine oblikujejo?
Običajni odgovori vključujejo stvari,
kot so iskanje varnosti v množičnosti,
kot so iskanje varnosti v množičnosti,
00:25
The common answers include things like
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00:26
seeking safety in numbers or hunting in packs
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ali lov v krdelih, ali zbiranje
zaradi parjenja ali razmnoževanja,
zaradi parjenja ali razmnoževanja,
00:29
or gathering to mate or breed,
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00:32
and all of these explanations,
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in vse te razlage, čeprav pogosto držijo,
00:34
while often true,
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00:35
make a huge assumption about animal behavior,
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vsebujejo veliko predpostavko
o obnašanju živali,
o obnašanju živali,
00:38
that the animals are in control of their own actions,
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in sicer, da živali nadzirajo
svoja dejanja,
svoja dejanja,
00:41
that they are in charge of their bodies.
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da imajo nadzor nad svojimi telesi.
00:43
And that is often not the case.
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A temu pogosto ni tako.
00:47
This is Artemia, a brine shrimp.
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To je artemija, solinski rakec.
00:50
You probably know it better as a sea monkey.
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Verjetno ga bolj poznate
pod imenom morska opica.
pod imenom morska opica.
00:52
It's small, and it typically lives alone,
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Je majhen in navadno živi sam, a se lahko
zbira tudi v takšnih velikih rdečih rojih,
zbira tudi v takšnih velikih rdečih rojih,
00:54
but it can gather in these large red swarms
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00:57
that span for meters,
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ki se raztezajo več metrov.
01:00
and these form because of a parasite.
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Ti pa se oblikujejo zaradi zajedavca.
01:03
These shrimp are infected with a tapeworm.
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Ti rakci so okuženi s trakuljo.
01:06
A tapeworm is effectively a long, living gut
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Trakulja je v bistvu dolgo, živo črevesje,
01:08
with genitals at one end and
a hooked mouth at the other.
a hooked mouth at the other.
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z genitalijami na enem koncu in
kljukastimi usti na drugem.
kljukastimi usti na drugem.
01:11
As a freelance journalist, I sympathize.
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Kot samostojni novinar, sočustvujem.
01:13
(Laughter)
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(smeh)
01:15
The tapeworm drains nutrients from Artemia's body,
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Trakulja srka hranljive snovi
iz artemijinega telesa,
iz artemijinega telesa,
01:18
but it also does other things.
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a počne tudi druge stvari.
01:20
It castrates them,
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Kastrira jih, njihovo barvo spremeni
iz prosojne v svetlo rdečo,
iz prosojne v svetlo rdečo,
01:22
it changes their color from transparent to bright red,
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01:27
it makes them live longer,
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podaljša jim življenje,
01:28
and as biologist Nicolas Rode has found,
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in, kot je odkril biolog Nicolas Rode,
jih pripravi do plavanja v skupinah.
jih pripravi do plavanja v skupinah.
01:31
it makes them swim in groups.
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01:34
Why? Because the tapeworm,
like many other parasites,
like many other parasites,
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Zakaj? Zato ker ima trakulja,
tako kot mnogi drugi zajedavci,
tako kot mnogi drugi zajedavci,
01:37
has a complicated life cycle
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kompliciran življenjski cikel,
ki vključuje mnogo različnih gostiteljev.
ki vključuje mnogo različnih gostiteljev.
01:39
involving many different hosts.
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01:41
The shrimp are just one step on its journey.
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Rakci so samo en korak na njeni poti.
01:44
Its ultimate destination is this,
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Njen končni cilj je ta,
01:46
the greater flamingo.
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veliki flamingo.
01:48
Only in a flamingo can the tapeworm reproduce,
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Trakulja se lahko razmnožuje
samo v flamingu,
samo v flamingu,
01:51
so to get there, it manipulates its shrimp hosts
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zato, da bi prišla do njega,
zmanipulira svoje gostitelje rakce,
zmanipulira svoje gostitelje rakce,
01:54
into forming these conspicuous colored swarms
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da oblikujejo te roje vpadljive barve,
ki jih flamingo lažje opazi in požre,
ki jih flamingo lažje opazi in požre,
01:58
that are easier for a flamingo to spot
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02:00
and to devour,
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02:02
and that is the secret of the Artemia swarm.
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in to je skrivnost rojev artemij.
02:05
They aren't sociable through their own volition,
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Niso družabni po lastni volji,
ampak ker jih nadzirajo.
ampak ker jih nadzirajo.
02:07
but because they are being controlled.
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02:09
It's not safety in numbers.
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Ni varnost v množičnosti.
Dejansko je ravno nasprotno.
Dejansko je ravno nasprotno.
02:11
It's actually the exact opposite.
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02:13
The tapeworm hijacks their brains and their bodies,
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Trakulja ugrabi
njihove možgane in njihova telesa
njihove možgane in njihova telesa
02:16
turning them into vehicles
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ter jih spremeni v vozilo,
s katerim pride do flaminga.
s katerim pride do flaminga.
02:17
for getting itself into a flamingo.
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02:21
And here is another example
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Tu pa je še en primer
zajedavske manipulacije.
zajedavske manipulacije.
02:22
of a parasitic manipulation.
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02:25
This is a suicidal cricket.
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To je samomorilski čriček.
02:28
This cricket swallowed the
larvae of a Gordian worm,
larvae of a Gordian worm,
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Ta čriček je pogoltnil
ličinke gordijskega črva ali žive niti.
ličinke gordijskega črva ali žive niti.
02:31
or horsehair worm.
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02:33
The worm grew to adult size within it,
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Črv je v njem zrastel
do odrasle velikosti,
do odrasle velikosti,
02:35
but it needs to get into water in order to mate,
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vendar mora za parjenje priti do vode,
02:38
and it does that by releasing proteins
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to pa naredi z izločanjem beljakovin,
ki zmedejo čričkove možgane,
ki zmedejo čričkove možgane,
02:41
that addle the cricket's brain,
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02:43
causing it to behave erratically.
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da se začne obnašati neobičajno.
02:45
When the cricket nears a body of water,
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Ko se čriček približa vodi,
kot je ta bazen,
kot je ta bazen,
02:47
such as this swimming pool,
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02:48
it jumps in and drowns,
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skoči vanjo in se utopi,
02:51
and the worm wriggles out
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črv pa privijuga ven
iz njegovega samomorilskega trupelca.
iz njegovega samomorilskega trupelca.
02:52
of its suicidal corpse.
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02:56
Crickets are really roomy. Who knew?
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Črički so res prostorni.
Kdo bi si mislil?
Kdo bi si mislil?
03:00
The tapeworm and the Gordian worm are not alone.
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Trakulja in živa nit nista edina.
03:03
They are part of an entire cavalcade
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Sta del celotne kavalkade zajedavcev,
ki nadzirajo um,
ki nadzirajo um,
03:05
of mind-controlling parasites,
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03:07
of fungi, viruses, and worms and insects and more
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glivic, virusov,
črvov in žuželk ter drugih,
črvov in žuželk ter drugih,
03:11
that all specialize in subverting and overriding
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ki so vsi specializirani za
spodkopavanje in nadvladovanje
spodkopavanje in nadvladovanje
03:13
the wills of their hosts.
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volje njihovih gostiteljev.
03:16
Now, I first learned about this way of life
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Za ta način življenja sem prvič slišal
03:17
through David Attenborough's "Trials of Life"
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v "Preizkusih življenja"
Davida Attenbourgha
Davida Attenbourgha
03:20
about 20 years ago,
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pred približno 20 leti,
03:22
and then later through a wonderful book called
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kasneje pa še v čudoviti knjigi
"Zajedavec Reks", ki jo je napisal
moj prijatelj Carl Zimmer.
moj prijatelj Carl Zimmer.
03:23
"Parasite Rex" by my friend Carl Zimmer.
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03:26
And I've been writing about
these creatures ever since.
these creatures ever since.
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In od takrat naprej pišem o teh bitjih.
03:28
Few topics in biology enthrall me more.
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Ni veliko tem v biologiji,
ki bi me bolj očarale.
ki bi me bolj očarale.
03:31
It's like the parasites have subverted my own brain.
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Kot da bi zajedavci sprevrgli
tudi moje možgane.
tudi moje možgane.
03:35
Because after all, they are always compelling
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Konec koncev so vedno neustavljivo
privlačni in čudovito strašljivi.
privlačni in čudovito strašljivi.
03:37
and they are delightfully macabre.
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03:38
When you write about parasites,
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Ko pišete o zajedavcih,
je vaše besedišče polno fraz,
je vaše besedišče polno fraz,
03:40
your lexicon swells with phrases like
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kot so "živ pojeden" in
"izbruhne iz njegovega telesa."
"izbruhne iz njegovega telesa."
03:42
"devoured alive" and "bursts out of its body."
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03:45
(Laughter)
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(smeh)
03:46
But there's more to it than that.
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A gre za več kot zgolj to.
03:48
I'm a writer, and fellow writers in the audience
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Sem pisec in kolegi pisci v občinstvu
bodo vedeli, da imamo radi zgodbe.
bodo vedeli, da imamo radi zgodbe.
03:50
will know that we love stories.
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03:53
Parasites invite us to resist the allure
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Zajedavci nas vabijo,
da se upremo privlačnosti očitnih zgodb.
da se upremo privlačnosti očitnih zgodb.
03:55
of obvious stories.
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03:57
Their world is one of plot twists
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Njihov svet je poln zasukov v zgodbi
in nepričakovanih razlag.
in nepričakovanih razlag.
03:59
and unexpected explanations.
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04:03
Why, for example,
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Zakaj, na primer, ta gosenica
04:04
does this caterpillar
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04:06
start violently thrashing about
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začne nasilno mlatiti naokrog,
ko se katera druga žuželka približa njej
ko se katera druga žuželka približa njej
04:08
when another insect gets close to it
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04:10
and those white cocoons that it seems
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in tistim belim kokonom,
ki jih očitno straži?
ki jih očitno straži?
04:12
to be standing guard over?
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04:14
Is it maybe protecting its siblings?
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Ali morda ščiti svoje brate in sestre?
04:17
No.
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Ne.
04:18
This caterpillar was attacked
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To gosenico je napadla
zajedavska osa in vanjo izlegla jajčeca.
zajedavska osa in vanjo izlegla jajčeca.
04:20
by a parasitic wasp which laid eggs inside it.
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04:23
The eggs hatched and the young wasps
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Mlade osice so se izlegle
in gosenico živo pojedle,
in gosenico živo pojedle,
04:24
devoured the caterpillar alive
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04:26
before bursting out of its body.
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preden so izbruhnile iz njenega telesa.
Vidite, kaj mislim?
Vidite, kaj mislim?
04:27
See what I mean?
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04:30
Now, the caterpillar didn't die.
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Gosenica ni umrla.
04:33
Some of the wasps seemed to stay behind
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Nekaj os je očitno ostalo
04:35
and controlled it into defending their siblings
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in so jo nadzirale,
da je branila njihove brate in sestre,
da je branila njihove brate in sestre,
04:38
which are metamorphosing
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ki gredo skozi preobrazbo
v odrasle v tistih kokonih.
v odrasle v tistih kokonih.
04:40
into adults within those cocoons.
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04:42
This caterpillar is a head-banging
zombie bodyguard
zombie bodyguard
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Ta gosenica je z glavo udarjajoč
zombi telesni stražar,
zombi telesni stražar,
04:46
defending the offspring
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ki brani potomce bitja, ki jo je ubilo.
04:47
of the creature that killed it.
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04:49
(Applause)
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(aplavz)
04:53
We have a lot to get through.
I only have 13 minutes. (Laughter)
I only have 13 minutes. (Laughter)
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Veliko snovi imamo za predelat.
Imam pa samo 13 minut. (smeh)
Imam pa samo 13 minut. (smeh)
04:57
Now, some of you are probably just
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Najbrž nekateri od vas sedaj
obupno iščete nekaj tolažbe
obupno iščete nekaj tolažbe
04:59
desperately clawing for some solace
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05:01
in the idea that these things are oddities
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v ideji, da so te stvari nenavadnosti
naravnega sveta, da so osamelci,
naravnega sveta, da so osamelci,
05:04
of the natural world, that they are outliers,
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05:06
and that point of view is understandable,
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in takšno stališče je razumljivo, saj so
zajedavci po svoji naravi precej majhni
zajedavci po svoji naravi precej majhni
05:07
because by their nature, parasites are quite small
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05:10
and they spend a lot of their time
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in veliko svojega časa prebijejo
v telesih drugih stvari.
v telesih drugih stvari.
05:11
inside the bodies of other things.
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05:14
They're easy to overlook,
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Z lahkoto jih spregledamo,
vendar to ne pomeni, da niso pomembni.
vendar to ne pomeni, da niso pomembni.
05:16
but that doesn't mean that they aren't important.
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05:18
A few years back, a man called Kevin Lafferty
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Pred nekaj leti je Kevin Lafferty
05:21
took a group of scientists
into three Californian estuaries
into three Californian estuaries
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skupino znanstvenikov odpeljal
v tri kalifornijske estuarije
v tri kalifornijske estuarije
05:24
and they pretty much weighed and dissected
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in stehtali, secirali
in zabeležili so vse, kar so lahko našli,
in zabeležili so vse, kar so lahko našli,
05:26
and recorded everything they could find,
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05:28
and what they found
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in kar so našli,
je bilo skrajno izobilje zajedavcev.
je bilo skrajno izobilje zajedavcev.
05:29
were parasites in extreme abundance.
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05:32
Especially common were trematodes,
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Še posebej pogosti so bili metljaji,
majhni črvi,
majhni črvi,
05:34
tiny worms that specialize in castrating their hosts
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ki so specializirani za kastriranje svojih
gostiteljev, kot je ta nesrečni polž.
gostiteljev, kot je ta nesrečni polž.
05:37
like this unfortunate snail.
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05:39
Now, a single trematode is tiny, microscopic,
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Posamezen metljaj je mikroskopsko majhen,
05:42
but collectively they weighed as much
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vendar pa so vsi skupaj tehtali toliko,
kot vse ribe v estuarijih
kot vse ribe v estuarijih
05:44
as all the fish in the estuaries
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05:46
and three to nine times more than all the birds.
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in tri- do devetkrat več kot vse ptice.
05:50
And remember the Gordian worm that I showed you,
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In se spomnite žive niti,
ki sem vam jo pokazal, tisto s čričkom?
ki sem vam jo pokazal, tisto s čričkom?
05:52
the cricket thing?
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05:53
One Japanese scientist called Takuya Sato
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Japonski znanstvenik, Takuya Sato,
je odkril, da v nekem potoku,
je odkril, da v nekem potoku,
05:56
found that in one stream,
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05:58
these things drive so many crickets
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te stvari poženejo toliko
čričkov in kobilic v vodo,
čričkov in kobilic v vodo,
06:00
and grasshoppers into the water
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06:01
that the drowned insects
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da utopljene žuželke predstavljajo
60 odstotkov prehrane lokalnih postrvi.
60 odstotkov prehrane lokalnih postrvi.
06:02
make up some 60 percent of the diet of local trout.
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06:06
Manipulation is not an oddity.
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Manipulacija ni nenavadnost.
Je ključen in običajen del sveta okoli nas
Je ključen in običajen del sveta okoli nas
06:09
It is a critical and common part
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06:12
of the world around us,
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06:13
and scientists have now found
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in znanstveniki so odkrili že na stotine
primerov takšnih manipulatorjev,
primerov takšnih manipulatorjev,
06:15
hundreds of examples of such manipulators,
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06:17
and more excitingly, they're starting to understand
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kar pa je še bolj razburljivo,
začenjajo razumeti,
začenjajo razumeti,
06:20
exactly how these creatures control their hosts.
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točno kako ta bitja
nadzirajo svoje gostitelje.
nadzirajo svoje gostitelje.
06:24
And this is one of my favorite examples.
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In to je en od mojih najljubših primerov.
06:26
This is Ampulex compressa,
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To je Ampulex compressa, smaragdna osa,
in univerzalno sprejeta resnica je,
in univerzalno sprejeta resnica je,
06:29
the emerald cockroach wasp,
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06:31
and it is a truth universally acknowledged
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06:33
that an emerald cockroach wasp in possession
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da si smaragdna osa, ki ima
oplojena jajčeca, mora želeti ščurka.
oplojena jajčeca, mora želeti ščurka.
06:35
of some fertilized eggs
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06:37
must be in want of a cockroach.
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06:39
When she finds one,
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Ko ga najde, ga zabode z želom,
ki je tudi čutni organ.
ki je tudi čutni organ.
06:41
she stabs it with a stinger
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06:43
that is also a sense organ.
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06:44
This discovery came out three weeks ago.
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Do tega odkritja
smo prišli pred tremi tedni.
smo prišli pred tremi tedni.
06:47
She stabs it with a stinger that is a sense organ
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Zabode ga z želom, ki je čutni organ,
06:49
equipped with small sensory bumps
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opremljen z majhnimi
zaznavnimi izboklinami,
zaznavnimi izboklinami,
06:51
that allow her to feel the distinctive texture
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ki ji omogočijo, da otipa
značilno teksturo ščurkovih možganov.
značilno teksturo ščurkovih možganov.
06:54
of a roach's brain.
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06:56
So like a person blindly rooting about in a bag,
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Tako kot oseba,
ki na slepo tipa po vreči,
ki na slepo tipa po vreči,
06:59
she finds the brain, and she injects it with venom
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najde možgane in jim vbrizga strup
v dva točno določena skupka nevronov.
v dva točno določena skupka nevronov.
07:01
into two very specific clusters of neurons.
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07:05
Israeli scientists Frederic Libersat and Ram Gal
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Izraelska znanstvenika,
Frederic Libersat in Ram Gal,
Frederic Libersat in Ram Gal,
07:08
found that the venom is a
very specific chemical weapon.
very specific chemical weapon.
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sta odkrila, da je strup
zelo specifično kemično orožje.
zelo specifično kemično orožje.
07:12
It doesn't kill the roach, nor does it sedate it.
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Ščurka niti ne ubije, niti ga ne uspava.
07:15
The roach could walk away
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Ščurek bi lahko odkorakal ali odletel
ali stekel, če bi se tako odločil,
ali stekel, če bi se tako odločil,
07:17
or fly or run if it chose to,
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07:20
but it doesn't choose to,
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a se ne odloči za to,
ker strup uniči njegovo motivacijo za hojo
ker strup uniči njegovo motivacijo za hojo
07:22
because the venom nixes its motivation to walk,
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07:25
and only that.
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in samo to.
07:26
The wasp basically un-checks
the escape-from-danger box
the escape-from-danger box
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Osa v bistvu odstrani kljukico iz
kvadratka pobegni-pred-nevarnostjo
kvadratka pobegni-pred-nevarnostjo
07:30
in the roach's operating system,
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v operacijskem sistemu ščurka,
kar ji omogoči, da svojo nemočno žrtev vodi
kar ji omogoči, da svojo nemočno žrtev vodi
07:32
allowing her to lead her helpless victim
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07:35
back to her lair by its antennae
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nazaj do svojega brloga s svojimi antenami
kot človek, ki sprehaja psa.
kot človek, ki sprehaja psa.
07:37
like a person walking a dog.
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07:40
And once there, she lays an egg on it,
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Ko sta enkrat tam,
nanj izleže jajčece,
nanj izleže jajčece,
07:41
egg hatches, devoured alive, bursts out of body,
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jajčece se izleže, živega poje,
izbruhne iz telesa,
izbruhne iz telesa,
07:44
yadda yadda yadda, you know the drill.
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bla, bla, bla,
zdaj že veste, kako to gre.
zdaj že veste, kako to gre.
07:46
(Laughter) (Applause)
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(smeh) (aplavz)
07:49
Now I would argue that, once stung,
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Trdil bi, da ko ga osa enkrat piči,
ščurek ni več ščurek.
ščurek ni več ščurek.
07:52
the cockroach isn't a roach anymore.
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07:54
It's more of an extension of the wasp,
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Je bolj kot podaljšek ose,
kot je bil čriček podaljšek žive niti.
kot je bil čriček podaljšek žive niti.
07:56
just like the cricket was an
extension of the Gordian worm.
extension of the Gordian worm.
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07:59
These hosts won't get to survive or reproduce.
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Ti gostitelji ne bodo preživeli
ali se razmnoževali.
ali se razmnoževali.
08:02
They have as much control over their own fates
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Nad svojimi usodami imajo
toliko nadzora kot moj avto.
toliko nadzora kot moj avto.
08:04
as my car.
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08:06
Once the parasites get in,
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Ko zajedavec enkrat vstopi,
gostitelji nimajo več besede.
gostitelji nimajo več besede.
08:07
the hosts don't get a say.
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08:10
Now humans, of course,
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Seveda tudi ljudem manipulacija ni tuja.
08:11
are no stranger to manipulation.
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08:13
We take drugs to shift the chemistries of our brains
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Jemljemo zdravila, da bi spremenili kemijo
v svojih možganih in svoje razpoloženje,
v svojih možganih in svoje razpoloženje,
08:15
and to change our moods,
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08:17
and what are arguments or advertising or big ideas
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in kaj so argumenti
ali oglaševanje ali velike ideje,
ali oglaševanje ali velike ideje,
08:21
if not an attempt to influence someone else's mind?
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če ne poskus vplivanja
na um nekoga drugega?
na um nekoga drugega?
08:24
But our attempts at doing this
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Toda naši poskusi tega
so preprosti in nedodelani v primerjavi
so preprosti in nedodelani v primerjavi
08:26
are crude and blundering compared
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08:28
to the fine-grained specificity of the parasites.
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s fino specifičnostjo zajedavcev.
08:31
Don Draper only wishes he was as elegant
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Don Draper si lahko le želi, da bi bil tako
eleganten in natančen kot smaragdna osa.
eleganten in natančen kot smaragdna osa.
08:33
and precise as the emerald cockroach wasp.
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08:38
Now, I think this is part of what makes parasites
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Mislim, da je to tisti del,
ki dela zajedavce
ki dela zajedavce
08:42
so sinister and so compelling.
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tako zlovešče in
tako neustavljivo privlačne.
tako neustavljivo privlačne.
08:45
We place such a premium on our free will
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Takšno težo dajemo svoji svobodni volji
in svoji neodvisnosti,
in svoji neodvisnosti,
08:47
and our independence
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08:48
that the prospect of losing those qualities
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da možnost izgube teh lastnosti
zaradi nevidnih sil
zaradi nevidnih sil
08:50
to forces unseen
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08:51
informs many of our deepest societal fears.
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naslavlja naše
najgloblje družbene strahove.
najgloblje družbene strahove.
08:54
Orwellian dystopias and shadowy cabals
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Orwellovske distopije in senčne spletke
in super zlobneži, ki nadzirajo ume -
in super zlobneži, ki nadzirajo ume -
08:57
and mind-controlling supervillains --
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08:59
these are tropes that fill our darkest fiction,
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to so stvari, ki polnijo
našo najtemnejšo fikcijo,
našo najtemnejšo fikcijo,
09:02
but in nature, they happen all the time.
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v naravi pa se to kar naprej dogaja.
09:07
Which leads me to an obvious
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Kar me vodi do očitnega
in zaskrbljujočega vprašanja:
in zaskrbljujočega vprašanja:
09:09
and disquieting question:
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09:11
Are there dark, sinister parasites
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Ali obstajajo temačni, zlovešči zajedavci,
ki vplivajo na naše obnašanje,
ki vplivajo na naše obnašanje,
09:13
that are influencing our behavior
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09:15
without us knowing about it,
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ne da bi mi za to vedeli,
09:17
besides the NSA?
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poleg NSA
(nacionalni urad za varnost, op. p.)?
(nacionalni urad za varnost, op. p.)?
09:20
If there are any —
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Če obstajajo -
09:21
(Laughter) (Applause)
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(smeh) (aplavz)
09:25
I've got a red dot on my forehead now, don't I?
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Zdaj imam na čelu rdečo pikico, kajne?
09:27
(Laughter)
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(smeh)
09:30
If there are any, this is a good candidate for them.
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Če obstajajo,
je to dober kandidat za njih.
je to dober kandidat za njih.
09:33
This is Toxoplasma gondii, or Toxo, for short,
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To je Toxoplasma gondii,
ali na kratko, Toxo,
ali na kratko, Toxo,
09:36
because the terrifying creature
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ker si strašljivo bitje
vedno zasluži ljubek vzdevek.
vedno zasluži ljubek vzdevek.
09:37
always deserves a cute nickname.
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09:40
Toxo infects mammals,
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Toxo lahko okuži sesalce,
mnogo različnih vrst sesalcev,
mnogo različnih vrst sesalcev,
09:42
a wide variety of mammals,
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09:43
but it can only sexually reproduce in a cat.
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spolno razmnožuje
pa se lahko samo v mačkah.
pa se lahko samo v mačkah.
09:47
And scientists like Joanne Webster have shown that
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Znanstveniki kot Joanne Webster
so pokazali,
so pokazali,
da če Toxo pride v podgano ali miš, tega
glodavca spremeni v raketo, ki išče mačke.
glodavca spremeni v raketo, ki išče mačke.
09:49
if Toxo gets into a rat or a mouse,
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09:52
it turns the rodent into a cat-seeking missile.
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09:55
If the infected rat smells the delightful odor
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Če okužena podgana zavoha
prekrasen vonj mačjega scanja,
prekrasen vonj mačjega scanja,
09:58
of cat piss,
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09:59
it runs towards the source of the smell
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steče proti viru tega vonja,
namesto v bolj razumno smer, stran.
namesto v bolj razumno smer, stran.
10:02
rather than the more sensible direction of away.
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10:06
The cat eats the rat. Toxo gets to have sex.
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Mačka poje podgano. Toxo lahko seksa.
Klasična zgodba Jej, moli, ljubi.
Klasična zgodba Jej, moli, ljubi.
10:08
It's a classic tale of Eat, Prey, Love.
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10:11
(Laughter) (Applause)
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(smeh) (aplavz)
10:19
You're very charitable, generous people.
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3202
Ste zelo velikodušni, radodarni ljudje.
10:22
Hi, Elizabeth, I loved your talk.
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Zdravo, Elizabeth,
tvoj govor mi je bil všeč.
tvoj govor mi je bil všeč.
10:25
How does the parasite control its host
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Kako zajedavec svojega gostitelja
tako nadzira?
tako nadzira?
10:28
in this way?
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10:29
We don't really know.
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V bistvu ne vemo.
Vemo, da Toxo izloča encim,
Vemo, da Toxo izloča encim,
10:31
We know that Toxo releases an enzyme
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619197
1688
10:32
that makes dopamine, a substance involved
256
620885
1992
ki tvori dopamin, snov, ki je povezana
z nagrajevanjem in motivacijo.
z nagrajevanjem in motivacijo.
10:34
in reward and motivation.
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1813
10:36
We know it targets certain parts of a rodent's brain,
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Vemo, da cilja določene dele
glodavčevih možganov,
glodavčevih možganov,
10:39
including those involved in sexual arousal.
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v ključno s tistimi,
ki so povezani s spolno vzburjenostjo.
ki so povezani s spolno vzburjenostjo.
10:41
But how those puzzle pieces fit together
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2201
Toda, kako se ti koščki sestavljanke
sestavijo, ni takoj jasno.
sestavijo, ni takoj jasno.
10:43
is not immediately clear.
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1844
10:45
What is clear is that this thing
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2296
Kar je jasno je,
da je ta stvar ena sama celica.
da je ta stvar ena sama celica.
10:47
is a single cell.
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1392
10:49
This has no nervous system.
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1370
Nima živčnega sistema.
Nima zavesti. Celo telesa nima.
Nima zavesti. Celo telesa nima.
10:50
It has no consciousness.
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10:51
It doesn't even have a body.
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1301
10:53
But it's manipulating a mammal?
267
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2624
A manipulira s sesalcem?
10:55
We are mammals.
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1426
Mi smo sesalci.
Seveda smo bolj inteligentni
od navadne podgane,
od navadne podgane,
10:57
We are more intelligent than a mere rat, to be sure,
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2434
10:59
but our brains have the same basic structure,
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2524
a naši možgani imajo
enako osnovno strukturo,
enako osnovno strukturo,
11:02
the same types of cells,
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1393
enake vrste celic, enake kemikalije,
ki se pretakajo skozi njih,
ki se pretakajo skozi njih,
11:03
the same chemicals running through them,
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1588
11:05
and the same parasites.
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2319
in enake zajedavce.
11:07
Estimates vary a lot, but some figures suggest
274
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2348
Ocene se precej razlikujejo,
a nekatere številke nakazujejo,
a nekatere številke nakazujejo,
11:09
that one in three people around the world
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2360
da ima en od treh ljudi na svetu
v svojih možganih Toxo.
v svojih možganih Toxo.
11:12
have Toxo in their brains.
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1713
11:13
Now typically, this doesn't lead to any overt illness.
277
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3488
Običajno to ne vodi
v nobeno očitno bolezen.
v nobeno očitno bolezen.
11:17
The parasite holds up in a dormant state
278
665339
1878
Zajedavec zelo dolgo
ostaja v mirujočem stanju.
ostaja v mirujočem stanju.
11:19
for a long period of time.
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2183
11:21
But there's some evidence that those people
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2039
Vendar pa je nekaj dokazov, da ljudje,
11:23
who are carriers score slightly differently
281
671439
3034
ki ga prenašajo,
dosegajo nekoliko drugačne rezultate
dosegajo nekoliko drugačne rezultate
11:26
on personality questionnaires than other people,
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674473
2729
na vprašalnikih o osebnosti,
kot ostali ljudje,
kot ostali ljudje,
11:29
that they have a slightly
higher risk of car accidents,
higher risk of car accidents,
283
677202
2484
da imajo nekoliko večje tveganje
za avtomobilske nesreče,
za avtomobilske nesreče,
11:31
and there's some evidence
that people with schizophrenia
that people with schizophrenia
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679686
2603
nekaj pa je tudi dokazov, da so ljudje
s shizofrenijo bolj verjetno okuženi.
s shizofrenijo bolj verjetno okuženi.
11:34
are more likely to be infected.
285
682289
2546
11:36
Now, I think this evidence is still inconclusive,
286
684835
2183
Mislim, da ti dokazi še ne zadostujejo
in celo med raziskovalci Toxo-ja
in celo med raziskovalci Toxo-ja
11:39
and even among Toxo researchers,
287
687018
1911
11:40
opinion is divided as to whether the parasite
288
688929
2440
so deljena mnenja, ali zajedavec
resnično vpliva na naše obnašanje.
resnično vpliva na naše obnašanje.
11:43
is truly influencing our behavior.
289
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2385
11:45
But given the widespread
nature of such manipulations,
nature of such manipulations,
290
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2659
Vendar glede na razširjenost
narave takšnih manipulacij
narave takšnih manipulacij
11:48
it would be completely implausible
291
696413
1845
bi bilo precej neverjetno,
da bi bili ljudje edina vrsta,
da bi bili ljudje edina vrsta,
11:50
for humans to be the only species
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1649
11:51
that weren't similarly affected.
293
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2946
na katero ne bi imele podobnega vpliva.
11:54
And I think that this capacity to constantly
294
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4393
In mislim, da je ta zmožnost,
da nenehno spodkopavajo naš
način razmišljanja o svetu,
način razmišljanja o svetu,
11:59
subvert our way of thinking about the world
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12:02
makes parasites amazing.
296
710113
1547
tista, ki dela zajedavce neverjetne.
12:03
They're constantly inviting us to
look at the natural world sideways,
look at the natural world sideways,
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3209
Nenehno nas vabijo,
da naravni svet gledamo postrani,
da naravni svet gledamo postrani,
12:06
and to ask if the behaviors we're seeing,
298
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2171
in se sprašujemo,
ali obnašanja, ki jih vidimo,
ali obnašanja, ki jih vidimo,
12:09
whether they're simple and obvious
299
717040
1487
naj bodo enostavna in očitna,
ali begajoča in zapletena,
ali begajoča in zapletena,
12:10
or baffling and puzzling,
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718527
1533
12:12
are not the results of individuals
301
720060
2086
niso rezultat posameznikov,
ki se ravnajo po lastni volji,
ki se ravnajo po lastni volji,
12:14
acting through their own accord
302
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1853
12:15
but because they are being bent
303
723999
1809
ampak so upognjena
zaradi nadzora nečesa drugega.
zaradi nadzora nečesa drugega.
12:17
to the control of something else.
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2670
12:20
And while that idea may be disquieting,
305
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2040
In čeprav je ta ideja lahko zaskrbljujoča
12:22
and while parasites' habits may be very grisly,
306
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2923
in čeprav so navade zajedavcev
lahko zelo grozne,
lahko zelo grozne,
12:25
I think that ability to surprise us
307
733441
1792
mislim, da jih sposobnost, da nas
presenetijo, dela čudovite in karizmatične
presenetijo, dela čudovite in karizmatične
12:27
makes them as wonderful and as charismatic
308
735233
3175
12:30
as any panda or butterfly or dolphin.
309
738408
3364
kot katerakoli panda
ali metulj ali delfin.
ali metulj ali delfin.
12:33
At the end of "On the Origin of Species,"
310
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2219
Na koncu knjige "O izvoru vrst"
12:35
Charles Darwin writes about the grandeur of life,
311
743991
2989
Charles Darwin piše
o veličastnosti življenja
o veličastnosti življenja
12:38
and of endless forms most beautiful
312
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2653
in o neskončnih oblikah
najlepšega in najčudovitejšega
najlepšega in najčudovitejšega
12:41
and most wonderful,
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1432
12:43
and I like to think he could easily have been talking
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in rad si mislim,
da bi z lahkoto lahko govoril
da bi z lahkoto lahko govoril
12:45
about a tapeworm that makes shrimp sociable
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o trakulji, ki naredi rakca družabnega,
ali o osi, ki pelje ščurke na sprehod.
ali o osi, ki pelje ščurke na sprehod.
12:48
or a wasp that takes cockroaches for walks.
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12:52
But perhaps, that's just a parasite talking.
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Morda pa to govori le zajedavec.
12:55
Thank you.
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Hvala.
12:56
(Applause)
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764953
4000
(aplavz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Ed Yong - Science writerEd Yong blogs with a mission: to ignite excitement for science in everyone, regardless of their education or background.
Why you should listen
Whether he's exploring a possible resurrection for extinct mouth-birthing amphibians or skewering media misunderstandings of hyped hormones like oxytocin, Ed Yong has a gift for illuminating the beauty (or controversy) in difficult and complex topics.
The award-winning blog Not Exactly Rocket Science (hosted by National Geographic) is the epicenter of Yong’s formidable web and social media presence. In its posts, he tackles the hottest and most bizarre topics in science journalism. As he says, “The only one that matters to me, as far as my blog is concerned, is that something interests me. That is, excites or inspires or amuses me.” When not blogging, he also finds time to contribute to Nature, Wired, Scientific American and many other web and print outlets.
He is also the author of the book I Contain Multitudes: The Microbes Within Us and a Grander View of Life.
Ed Yong | Speaker | TED.com