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Marc Kushner: Why the buildings of the future will be shaped by ... you
Marc Kushner: Zakaj boste zgradbe prihodnosti oblikovali ... vi
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"Pri arhitekturi ne gre za matematiko ali coniranje - ampak za visceralna čustva," pravi Marc Kushner. V obširnem - pogosto smešnem - govoru hiti skozi zadnjih 30 let arhitekture, da bi pokazal, kako je javnost, ki nekoč ni imela nič s tem, postala sestavni del procesa oblikovanja. S pomočjo družbenih omrežij povratne informacije dosežejo arhitekte leta, preden je zgradba sploh končana. Rezultat? Arhitektura, ki bo za nas naredila več kot kadarkoli prej.
Marc Kushner - Architect
With Architizer, an online hub for architecture, Marc Kushner is breaking architecture out of its insular echo chamber and reconnecting the public with buildings. Full bio
With Architizer, an online hub for architecture, Marc Kushner is breaking architecture out of its insular echo chamber and reconnecting the public with buildings. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
Today I'm going to speak to you
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Danes vam bom govoril
o zadnjih 30 letih arhitekturne zgodovine.
o zadnjih 30 letih arhitekturne zgodovine.
00:15
about the last 30 years
of architectural history.
of architectural history.
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00:19
That's a lot to pack into 18 minutes.
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To je dosti za samo 18 minut.
00:22
It's a complex topic,
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Je kompleksna tema,
00:23
so we're just going to dive right in
at a complex place:
at a complex place:
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zato bomo vanjo skočili
na kompleksnem mestu:
na kompleksnem mestu:
00:28
New Jersey.
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New Jersey.
00:29
Because 30 years ago, I'm from Jersey,
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Zato, ker pred 30 leti,
jaz sem iz Jerseyja,
jaz sem iz Jerseyja,
00:32
and I was six, and I lived there
in my parents' house
in my parents' house
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bil sem šest let star,
živel pa sem pri starših
živel pa sem pri starših
00:36
in a town called Livingston,
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v mestecu Livingston
00:38
and this was my childhood bedroom.
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in to je bila moja otroška spalnica.
00:41
Around the corner from my bedroom
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Za vogalom moje sobe
00:44
was the bathroom
that I used to share with my sister.
that I used to share with my sister.
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je bila kopalnica,
ki sem si jo delil s svojo sestro.
ki sem si jo delil s svojo sestro.
00:47
And in between my bedroom and the bathroom
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Med mojo sobo in kopalnico
00:50
was a balcony that overlooked
the family room.
the family room.
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je bil balkon,
ki je nudil razgled na dnevno sobo.
ki je nudil razgled na dnevno sobo.
00:53
And that's where everyone
would hang out and watch TV,
would hang out and watch TV,
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Tam so se vsi družili in gledali TV,
00:57
so that every time that I walked
from my bedroom to the bathroom,
from my bedroom to the bathroom,
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tako da vsakič,
ko sem šel od sobe do kopalnice,
ko sem šel od sobe do kopalnice,
01:01
everyone would see me,
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so me vsi videli,
01:02
and every time I took a shower
and would come back in a towel,
and would come back in a towel,
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in vsakič, ko sem se stuširal
in se vrnil v brisači,
in se vrnil v brisači,
01:06
everyone would see me.
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so me vsi videli.
01:08
And I looked like this.
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Izgledal pa sem takole.
01:10
I was awkward,
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Bil sem neroden,
01:13
insecure, and I hated it.
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negotov in sovražil sem to.
01:15
I hated that walk, I hated that balcony,
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Sovražil sem tisto hojo,
sovražil sem tisti balkon,
sovražil sem tisti balkon,
01:18
I hated that room, and I hated that house.
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sovražil sem tisto sobo
in sovražil sem tisto hišo.
in sovražil sem tisto hišo.
01:22
And that's architecture.
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No, to je arhitektura.
01:24
(Laughter)
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(smeh)
01:26
Done.
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Končano.
01:28
That feeling, those emotions that I felt,
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Ta občutek, ta čustva, ki sem jih občutil,
01:31
that's the power of architecture,
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to je moč arhitekture,
01:34
because architecture is not about math
and it's not about zoning,
and it's not about zoning,
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ker pri arhitekturi ne gre za matematiko
in ne gre za coniranje,
in ne gre za coniranje,
01:37
it's about those visceral,
emotional connections
emotional connections
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ampak za tiste visceralne,
čustvene povezave
čustvene povezave
01:41
that we feel to the places that we occupy.
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ki jih čutimo do prostorov, v katerih smo.
01:44
And it's no surprise
that we feel that way,
that we feel that way,
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In nobeno presenečenje ni,
da tako čutimo,
da tako čutimo,
saj ameriška agencija
za varovanje okolja (EPA) pravi,
za varovanje okolja (EPA) pravi,
01:47
because according to the EPA,
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01:49
Americans spend 90 percent
of their time indoors.
of their time indoors.
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da Američani 90 odstotkov svojega časa
preživijo v zaprtih prostorih.
preživijo v zaprtih prostorih.
01:54
That's 90 percent of our time
surrounded by architecture.
surrounded by architecture.
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To je 90 odstotkov našega časa
obkroženi z arhitekturo.
obkroženi z arhitekturo.
01:59
That's huge.
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To je ogromno.
02:00
That means that architecture is shaping us
in ways that we didn't even realize.
in ways that we didn't even realize.
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To pomeni, da nas arhitektura oblikuje
na načine, ki se jih sploh ne zavedamo.
na načine, ki se jih sploh ne zavedamo.
02:05
That makes us a little bit gullible
and very, very predictable.
and very, very predictable.
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To nas naredi nekoliko lahkoverne
in zelo zelo predvidljive.
in zelo zelo predvidljive.
02:11
It means that when I show you
a building like this,
a building like this,
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To pomeni,
da ko vam pokažem takšno zgradbo,
da ko vam pokažem takšno zgradbo,
02:14
I know what you think:
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vem, kaj si mislite:
02:15
You think "power"
and "stability" and "democracy."
and "stability" and "democracy."
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Mislite si "moč" in "stabilnost"
in "demokracija."
in "demokracija."
02:19
And I know you think that
because it's based on a building
because it's based on a building
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In vem, da si to mislite,
ker temelji na zgradbi,
ker temelji na zgradbi,
02:22
that was build 2,500 years ago
by the Greeks.
by the Greeks.
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ki so je Grki zgradili pred 2.500 leti.
02:26
This is a trick.
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In v tem je trik.
02:27
This is a trigger that architects use
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To je sprožilec,
ki ga arhitekti uporabijo,
ki ga arhitekti uporabijo,
02:30
to get you to create
an emotional connection
an emotional connection
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da bi ustvarili čustveno povezavo
02:34
to the forms that we build
our buildings out of.
our buildings out of.
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z oblikami,
iz katerih gradimo svoje zgradbe.
iz katerih gradimo svoje zgradbe.
02:37
It's a predictable emotional connection,
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To je predvidljiva čustvena povezava
02:39
and we've been using this trick
for a long, long time.
for a long, long time.
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in ta trik uporabljamo že zelo zelo dolgo.
02:43
We used it [200] years ago to build banks.
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Pred [200] leti smo ga uporabili
za gradnjo bank.
za gradnjo bank.
02:46
We used it in the 19th century
to build art museums.
to build art museums.
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V 19. stoletju smo ga uporabili
za gradnjo muzejev.
za gradnjo muzejev.
02:50
And in the 20th century in America,
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In v 20. stoletju ga v Ameriki
02:52
we used it to build houses.
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uporabljamo za gradnjo hiš.
02:54
And look at these solid,
stable little soldiers
stable little soldiers
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Poglejte te trdne, neomajne majhne vojake,
02:56
facing the ocean
and keeping away the elements.
and keeping away the elements.
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obrnjene proti oceanu,
zadržujoč vremenske neprilike.
zadržujoč vremenske neprilike.
03:00
This is really, really useful,
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To je res res uporabno,
03:02
because building things is terrifying.
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saj je gradnja grozljiva.
03:06
It's expensive, it takes a long time,
and it's very complicated.
and it's very complicated.
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Je draga, zahteva veliko časa
in je zelo komplicirana.
in je zelo komplicirana.
03:10
And the people that build things --
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Ljudje, ki gradijo -
03:13
developers and governments --
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razvijalci in vlade -
03:15
they're naturally afraid of innovation,
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pa se po naravi bojijo inovacij
03:18
and they'd rather just use those forms
that they know you'll respond to.
that they know you'll respond to.
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in raje uporabijo kar oblike,
za katere vedo, da se boste odzvali nanje.
za katere vedo, da se boste odzvali nanje.
03:23
That's how we end up
with buildings like this.
with buildings like this.
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Zato končamo z zgradbami, kot je ta.
03:26
This is a nice building.
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To je prijetna zgradba.
03:27
This is the Livingston Public Library
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To je Livingstonska javna knjižnica,
03:30
that was completed in 2004 in my hometown,
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ki so jo dokončali v 2004
v mojem rojstnem mestecu
v mojem rojstnem mestecu
03:33
and, you know, it's got a dome
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in, veste, ima kupolo
03:34
and it's got this round thing
and columns, red brick,
and columns, red brick,
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in tole okroglo zadevo
in stebre, rdeče opeke,
in stebre, rdeče opeke,
03:38
and you can kind of guess what Livingston
is trying to say with this building:
is trying to say with this building:
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in nekako lahko uganete, kaj poskuša
Livingstone s to zgradbo sporočiti:
Livingstone s to zgradbo sporočiti:
03:43
children, property values and history.
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otroci, vrednosti nepremičnin
in zgodovina.
in zgodovina.
03:47
But it doesn't have much to do
with what a library actually does today.
with what a library actually does today.
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Vendar to nima veliko veze s tem,
kar knjižnica danes dejansko počne.
kar knjižnica danes dejansko počne.
03:52
That same year, in 2004,
on the other side of the country,
on the other side of the country,
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Istega leta, 2004, na drugi strani države
03:56
another library was completed,
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so dokončali še eno knjižnico,
03:58
and it looks like this.
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ki zgleda takole.
03:59
It's in Seattle.
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Je v Seattlu.
04:02
This library is about how
we consume media in a digital age.
we consume media in a digital age.
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Ta knjižnica predstavlja,
kako v digitalni dobi konzumiramo medije.
kako v digitalni dobi konzumiramo medije.
04:07
It's about a new kind
of public amenity for the city,
of public amenity for the city,
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Gre za novo vrsto javnega dobra za mesto,
04:11
a place to gather and read and share.
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kraj za zbiranje, branje in deljenje.
04:15
So how is it possible
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Kako je torej mogoče,
04:16
that in the same year,
in the same country,
in the same country,
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da v istem letu v isti državi
04:20
two buildings, both called libraries,
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dve zgradbi, obe knjižnici,
04:22
look so completely different?
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izgledata tako različno?
04:25
And the answer is that architecture works
on the principle of a pendulum.
on the principle of a pendulum.
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Odgovor je ta, da arhitektura
deluje po principu nihala.
deluje po principu nihala.
04:31
On the one side is innovation,
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Na eni strani je inovacija
04:34
and architects are constantly pushing,
pushing for new technologies,
pushing for new technologies,
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in arhitekti konstantno težijo
k novim tehnologijam,
k novim tehnologijam,
04:38
new typologies, new solutions
for the way that we live today.
for the way that we live today.
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novim tipologijam, novim rešitvam
za načine, kako danes živimo.
za načine, kako danes živimo.
04:41
And we push and we push and we push
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In pritiskamo, pritiskamo, pritiskamo,
04:44
until we completely alienate all of you.
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dokler vas vseh popolnoma ne odtujimo.
04:46
We wear all black, we get very depressed,
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Oblečeni smo v črno,
postanemo zelo depresivni,
postanemo zelo depresivni,
04:49
you think we're adorable,
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zdimo se vam prisrčni,
04:51
we're dead inside because
we've got no choice.
we've got no choice.
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navznoter smo mrtvi, ker nimamo izbire.
04:54
We have to go to the other side
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Moramo na drugo stran
04:56
and reengage those symbols
that we know you love.
that we know you love.
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in ponovno uporabiti simbole,
za katere vemo, da jih imate radi.
za katere vemo, da jih imate radi.
05:00
So we do that, and you're happy,
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To naredimo in vi ste srečni,
05:02
we feel like sellouts,
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mi pa se počutimo prodane
05:04
so we start experimenting again
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in znova začnemo eksperimentirati
05:06
and we push the pendulum back
and back and forth and back and forth
and back and forth and back and forth
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in potisnemo nihalo nazaj,
naprej in nazaj, naprej in nazaj,
naprej in nazaj, naprej in nazaj,
05:09
we've gone for the last 300 years,
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in to že zadnjih 300 let
05:11
and certainly for the last 30 years.
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in zagotovo zadnjih 30 let.
05:14
Okay, 30 years ago
we were coming out of the '70s.
we were coming out of the '70s.
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V redu, pred 30 leti
smo prihajali iz sedemdesetih.
smo prihajali iz sedemdesetih.
05:18
Architects had been busy experimenting
with something called brutalism.
with something called brutalism.
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Arhitekti so eksperimentirali
s tako imenovanim brutalizmom.
s tako imenovanim brutalizmom.
05:22
It's about concrete.
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Gre za beton.
05:23
(Laughter)
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(smeh)
05:25
You can guess this.
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To lahko uganete.
05:26
Small windows, dehumanizing scale.
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Majhna okna, razčlovečena merila.
05:29
This is really tough stuff.
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To je res surovo.
05:32
So as we get closer to the '80s,
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Ko pa se bližamo osemdesetim,
05:35
we start to reengage those symbols.
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ponovno začnemo uporabljati tiste simbole.
05:37
We push the pendulum
back into the other direction.
back into the other direction.
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Nihalo potisnemo nazaj v drugo smer.
05:40
We take these forms that we know you love
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Vzamemo oblike, za katere vemo,
da jih imate radi
da jih imate radi
05:43
and we update them.
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in jih posodobimo.
05:45
We add neon
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Dodamo neonke
05:47
and we add pastels
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in dodamo pastelne barve
05:49
and we use new materials.
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in uporabimo nove materiale.
05:51
And you love it.
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In vi to obožujete.
05:52
And we can't give you enough of it.
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In ne moremo vam dati dovolj tega.
05:54
We take Chippendale armoires
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Vzamemo Chippendale omare
05:56
and we turned those into skyscrapers,
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in jih spremenimo v nebotičnike,
05:59
and skyscrapers can be
medieval castles made out of glass.
medieval castles made out of glass.
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nebotičniki pa so lahko
srednjeveški gradovi iz stekla.
srednjeveški gradovi iz stekla.
06:04
Forms got big,
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Oblike so postale velike,
06:05
forms got bold and colorful.
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pogumne in barvite.
06:08
Dwarves became columns.
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Škrati so postali stebri.
06:11
(Laughter)
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(smeh)
06:12
Swans grew to the size of buildings.
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Labodi so zrasli do velikosti zgradb.
06:14
It was crazy.
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Noro je bilo.
06:16
But it's the '80s, it's cool.
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A osemdeseta so, to je kul.
06:20
(Laughter)
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(smeh)
06:21
We're all hanging out in malls
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Vsi se družimo v nakupovalnih središčih
06:23
and we're all moving to the suburbs,
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in vsi se selimo v predmestja,
06:26
and out there, out in the suburbs,
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tam zunaj v predmestjih pa
06:28
we can create our own
architectural fantasies.
architectural fantasies.
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lahko ustvarjamo lastne
arhitekturne fantazije.
arhitekturne fantazije.
06:32
And those fantasies,
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Te fantazije
06:33
they can be Mediterranean
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pa so lahko mediteranske
06:35
or French
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ali francoske
06:37
or Italian.
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ali italijanske.
06:39
(Laughter)
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(smeh)
Po možnosti z neomejeno
količino krušnih palčk.
količino krušnih palčk.
06:40
Possibly with endless breadsticks.
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06:42
This is the thing about postmodernism.
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Tako je to s postmodernizmom.
06:44
This is the thing about symbols.
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Tako je to s simboli.
06:46
They're easy, they're cheap,
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Preprosti so, poceni,
06:49
because instead of making places,
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ker namesto ustvarjanja prostorov,
06:52
we're making memories of places.
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ustvarjamo spomine na prostore.
06:55
Because I know,
and I know all of you know,
and I know all of you know,
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Ker vem,
in vem, da tudi vsi vi veste,
in vem, da tudi vsi vi veste,
06:57
this isn't Tuscany.
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da to ni Toskana.
07:00
This is Ohio.
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To je Ohio.
07:01
(Laughter)
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(smeh)
07:02
So architects get frustrated,
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Arhitekti postanejo frustrirani
07:04
and we start pushing the pendulum
back into the other direction.
back into the other direction.
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in začnemo potiskati nihalo
nazaj v drugo smer.
nazaj v drugo smer.
07:08
In the late '80s and early '90s,
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V poznih osemdesetih
in zgodnjih devetdesetih
in zgodnjih devetdesetih
07:10
we start experimenting with something
called deconstructivism.
called deconstructivism.
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začnemo eksperimentirati
s tako imenovanim dekonstruktivizmom.
s tako imenovanim dekonstruktivizmom.
07:14
We throw out historical symbols,
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Znebimo se zgodovinskih simbolov,
07:17
we rely on new, computer-aided
design techniques,
design techniques,
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zanašamo se na nove, računalniško podprte
tehnike oblikovanja
tehnike oblikovanja
07:21
and we come up with new compositions,
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in pridemo do novih kompozicij,
07:23
forms crashing into forms.
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kjer oblike trčijo v oblike.
07:26
This is academic and heady stuff,
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To so akademske in močne stvari,
07:29
it's super unpopular,
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zelo nepriljubljene,
07:31
we totally alienate you.
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popolnoma vas odtujimo.
07:32
Ordinarily, the pendulum would just
swing back into the other direction.
swing back into the other direction.
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Navadno bi nihalo zanihalo
nazaj v drugo smer.
nazaj v drugo smer.
07:37
And then, something amazing happened.
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A potem se je zgodilo nekaj neverjetnega.
07:40
In 1997, this building opened.
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Leta 1997 so odprli to zgradbo.
07:43
This is the Guggenheim Bilbao,
by Frank Gehry.
by Frank Gehry.
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To je Guggenheim Bilbao,
Franka Gehryja.
Franka Gehryja.
07:48
And this building
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In ta zgradba
07:49
fundamentally changes
the world's relationship to architecture.
the world's relationship to architecture.
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je do temeljev spremenila
odnos sveta do arhitekture.
odnos sveta do arhitekture.
07:54
Paul Goldberger said that Bilbao
was one of those rare moments
was one of those rare moments
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Paul Goldberger je rekel, da je bil
Bilbao eden od tistih redkih trenutkov,
Bilbao eden od tistih redkih trenutkov,
07:58
when critics, academics,
and the general public
and the general public
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ko so se kritiki, akademiki
in splošna javnost
in splošna javnost
08:01
were completely united around a building.
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popolnoma zedinili glede zgradbe.
08:05
The New York Times
called this building a miracle.
called this building a miracle.
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New York Times je to zgradbo
oklical za čudež.
oklical za čudež.
08:09
Tourism in Bilbao increased 2,500 percent
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Turizem v Bilbau
se je povišal za 2.500 odstotkov,
se je povišal za 2.500 odstotkov,
08:14
after this building was completed.
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ko je bila ta zgradba končana.
08:16
So all of a sudden, everybody
wants one of these buildings:
wants one of these buildings:
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Tako kar naenkrat
vsi želijo eno od teh zgradb:
vsi želijo eno od teh zgradb:
08:21
L.A.,
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Los Angeles,
08:23
Seattle,
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Seattle,
08:25
Chicago,
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Chicago,
08:26
New York,
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New York,
08:28
Cleveland,
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Cleveland,
08:30
Springfield.
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Springfield.
08:31
(Laughter)
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(smeh)
08:32
Everybody wants one,
and Gehry is everywhere.
and Gehry is everywhere.
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Vsi želijo svojo in Gehry je povsod.
08:36
He is our very first starchitect.
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Je naš čisto prvi zvezdniški arhitekt.
08:39
Now, how is it possible
that these forms --
that these forms --
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Kako je mogoče, da te oblike -
08:44
they're wild and radical --
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divje so in radikalne -
08:46
how is it possible that they become
so ubiquitous throughout the world?
so ubiquitous throughout the world?
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kako je mogoče, da postanejo
tako vseprisotne širom po svetu?
tako vseprisotne širom po svetu?
08:51
And it happened because media
so successfully galvanized around them
so successfully galvanized around them
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To se je zgodilo zato, ker so se mediji
tako uspešno navduševali nad njimi,
tako uspešno navduševali nad njimi,
08:56
that they quickly taught us
that these forms mean culture and tourism.
that these forms mean culture and tourism.
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da so nas hitro naučili,
da te oblike pomenijo kulturo in turizem.
da te oblike pomenijo kulturo in turizem.
09:03
We created an emotional
reaction to these forms.
reaction to these forms.
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Ustvarili smo čustven odziv na te oblike.
09:06
So did every mayor in the world.
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Tako kot vsak župan na svetu.
Vsak župan je torej vedel,
da če bodo imeli te oblike,
da če bodo imeli te oblike,
09:08
So every mayor knew
that if they had these forms,
that if they had these forms,
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09:11
they had culture and tourism.
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bodo imeli kulturo in turizem.
09:15
This phenomenon
at the turn of the new millennium
at the turn of the new millennium
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Ta fenomen se je na prelomu tisočletja
09:18
happened to a few other starchitects.
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zgodil še nekaj zvezdniškim arhitektom.
09:20
It happened to Zaha
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Zgodilo se je Zahi
09:22
and it happened to Libeskind,
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in zgodilo se je Libeskindu,
09:25
and what happened
to these elite few architects
to these elite few architects
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in kar se je zgodilo nekaterim
od teh elitnih arhitektov
od teh elitnih arhitektov
09:29
at the turn of the new millennium
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na prelomu tisočletja,
09:31
could actually start to happen
to the entire field of architecture,
to the entire field of architecture,
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bi se v resnici lahko začelo dogajati
celotnemu področju arhitekture,
celotnemu področju arhitekture,
09:35
as digital media starts
to increase the speed
to increase the speed
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ker digitalni mediji začenjajo
zviševati hitrost,
zviševati hitrost,
09:38
with which we consume information.
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s katero konzumiramo informacije.
09:41
Because think about
how you consume architecture.
how you consume architecture.
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Razmislite, kako konzumirate arhitekturo.
09:44
A thousand years ago,
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Pred tisoč leti
09:45
you would have had to have walked to
the village next door to see a building.
the village next door to see a building.
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bi se morali sprehoditi do sosednje vasi,
da bi videli zgradbo.
da bi videli zgradbo.
09:49
Transportation speeds up:
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Prevoz se pohitri:
09:51
You can take a boat, you can take a plane,
you can be a tourist.
you can be a tourist.
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lahko greste s čolnom ali letalom,
lahko postanete turist.
lahko postanete turist.
09:54
Technology speeds up:
You can see it in a newspaper, on TV,
You can see it in a newspaper, on TV,
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Tehnologija se pohitri:
lahko jo vidite v časopisu, na TV,
lahko jo vidite v časopisu, na TV,
09:57
until finally, we are all
architectural photographers,
architectural photographers,
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dokler nismo na koncu
vsi arhitekturni fotografi
vsi arhitekturni fotografi
10:01
and the building has become
disembodied from the site.
disembodied from the site.
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in zgradba postane
izvzeta iz svojega mesta.
izvzeta iz svojega mesta.
10:06
Architecture is everywhere now,
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Arhitektura je zdaj povsod
10:10
and that means that
the speed of communication
the speed of communication
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in to pomeni, da je hitrost komunikacije
10:13
has finally caught up
to the speed of architecture.
to the speed of architecture.
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končno dosegla hitrost arhitekture.
10:17
Because architecture
actually moves quite quickly.
actually moves quite quickly.
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Arhitektura se namreč kar hitro premika.
10:19
It doesn't take long
to think about a building.
to think about a building.
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Ne traja dolgo, da si zamislite zgradbo.
10:22
It takes a long time to build a building,
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Dolgo traja, da jo zgradite,
10:24
three or four years,
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tri ali štiri leta,
10:27
and in the interim, an architect
will design two or eight
will design two or eight
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vmes pa bo arhitekt oblikoval dve ali osem
10:30
or a hundred other buildings
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ali sto drugih zgradb,
10:33
before they know if that building
that they designed four years ago
that they designed four years ago
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preden bo vedel, ali je tista zgradba,
ki jo je oblikoval pred štirimi leti,
ki jo je oblikoval pred štirimi leti,
10:37
was a success or not.
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bila uspešna ali ne.
10:39
That's because there's never been
a good feedback loop in architecture.
a good feedback loop in architecture.
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To pa zato, ker v arhitekturi
nikoli ni bilo dobre povratne informacije.
nikoli ni bilo dobre povratne informacije.
10:44
That's how we end up
with buildings like this.
with buildings like this.
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Zato končamo z zgradbami, kot je ta.
10:47
Brutalism wasn't a two-year movement,
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Brutalizem ni bil dveletno gibanje,
10:50
it was a 20-year movement.
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bil je 20-letno gibanje.
10:52
For 20 years, we were producing
buildings like this
buildings like this
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20 let smo gradili zgradbe, kot je ta,
10:56
because we had no idea
how much you hated it.
how much you hated it.
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ker nismo vedeli, kako zelo jih sovražite.
11:00
It's never going to happen again,
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To se ne bo nikoli več zgodilo,
11:03
I think,
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vsaj mislim,
11:05
because we are living on the verge
of the greatest revolution in architecture
of the greatest revolution in architecture
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ker živimo na pragu
največje revolucije v arhitekturi
največje revolucije v arhitekturi
11:11
since the invention of concrete,
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od izuma betona,
11:13
of steel, or of the elevator,
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jekla ali dvigala,
11:16
and it's a media revolution.
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1682
in sicer revolucije medijev.
11:19
So my theory is that when
you apply media to this pendulum,
you apply media to this pendulum,
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Moja teorija je, da ko
na to nihalo dodate medije,
na to nihalo dodate medije,
11:23
it starts swinging faster and faster,
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začne vedno hitreje nihati,
11:26
until it's at both extremes
nearly simultaneously,
nearly simultaneously,
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3738
dokler ni na obeh ekstremih
skoraj sočasno,
skoraj sočasno,
11:30
and that effectively blurs the difference
between innovation and symbol,
between innovation and symbol,
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to pa uspešno zamegli razliko
med inovacijo in simbolom,
med inovacijo in simbolom,
11:35
between us, the architects,
and you, the public.
and you, the public.
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med nami, arhitekti, in vami, javnostjo.
11:39
Now we can make nearly instantaneous,
emotionally charged symbols
emotionally charged symbols
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Zdaj lahko skoraj v hipu naredimo
čustveno nabite simbole
čustveno nabite simbole
11:45
out of something that's brand new.
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iz nečesa, kar je popolnoma novo.
11:48
Let me show you how this plays out
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Naj vam pokažem, kako se to odvije
na projektu, ki ga je moje podjetje
nedavno zaključilo.
nedavno zaključilo.
11:50
in a project that my firm
recently completed.
recently completed.
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11:52
We were hired to replace this building,
which burned down.
which burned down.
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3475
Najeli so nas, da nadomestimo
to zgradbo, ki je pogorela.
to zgradbo, ki je pogorela.
11:56
This is the center of a town
called the Pines
called the Pines
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To je center mesteca Pines
na otoku Fire v zvezni državi New York.
11:58
in Fire Island in New York State.
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1746
12:00
It's a vacation community.
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1413
To je dopustniško naselje.
12:02
We proposed a building that was audacious,
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3753
Predlagali smo zgradbo, ki je bila drzna,
12:06
that was different than any of the forms
that the community was used to,
that the community was used to,
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3651
ki je bila drugačna od vseh oblik,
ki jih je skupnost bila vajena
ki jih je skupnost bila vajena
12:10
and we were scared
and our client was scared
and our client was scared
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in bilo nas je strah
in našo stranko je bilo strah
in našo stranko je bilo strah
12:14
and the community was scared,
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1763
in skupnost je bilo strah,
12:16
so we created a series
of photorealistic renderings
of photorealistic renderings
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4156
zato smo pripravili serijo
fotorealističnih upodobitev,
fotorealističnih upodobitev,
12:20
that we put onto Facebook
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ki smo jih dali na Facebook
12:22
and we put onto Instagram,
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in na Instragram
12:24
and we let people start
to do what they do:
to do what they do:
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in pustili, da ljudje začnejo početi,
kar počnejo:
kar počnejo:
12:26
share it, comment, like it, hate it.
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2701
delijo, komentirajo, všečkajo, sovražijo.
12:30
But that meant that two years
before the building was complete,
before the building was complete,
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4330
A to je pomenilo, da je dve leti,
preden je bila zgradba dokončana,
preden je bila zgradba dokončana,
12:34
it was already a part of the community,
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že bila del skupnosti,
12:37
so that when the renderings
looked exactly like the finished product,
looked exactly like the finished product,
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tako da, ko so upodobitve
izgledale natanko tako kot končni produkt,
izgledale natanko tako kot končni produkt,
12:44
there were no surprises.
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1960
ni bilo presenečenj.
12:46
This building was already a part
of this community,
of this community,
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3888
Ta zgradba je že bila del te skupnosti
12:50
and then that first summer,
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2285
in potem tisto prvo poletje,
12:52
when people started arriving
and sharing the building on social media,
and sharing the building on social media,
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3918
ko so ljudje začeli prihajati
in deliti zgradbo na družbenih omrežjih,
in deliti zgradbo na družbenih omrežjih,
12:56
the building ceased to be just an edifice
and it became media,
and it became media,
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5487
je zgradba prenehala biti samo stavba
in je postala medij,
in je postala medij,
13:01
because these, these are not
just pictures of a building,
just pictures of a building,
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3783
ker to niso samo slike zgradbe,
13:05
they're your pictures of a building.
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2387
to so vaše slike zgradbe.
13:08
And as you use them to tell your story,
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3287
In ko jih uporabljate,
da poveste svojo zgodbo,
da poveste svojo zgodbo,
13:11
they become part
of your personal narrative,
of your personal narrative,
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2708
postanejo del vaše osebne pripovedi
13:14
and what you're doing
is you're short-circuiting
is you're short-circuiting
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3548
in s tem v bistvu delate kratek stik
13:18
all of our collective memory,
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2250
v našem kolektivnem spominu
13:20
and you're making these charged symbols
for us to understand.
for us to understand.
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3855
in ustvarjate te naelektrene simbole,
ki jih razumemo.
ki jih razumemo.
13:25
That means we don't need
the Greeks anymore
the Greeks anymore
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2289
To pomeni, da več ne potrebujemo Grkov,
13:27
to tell us what to think
about architecture.
about architecture.
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2618
da nam povedo,
kaj si naj mislimo o arhitekturi.
kaj si naj mislimo o arhitekturi.
13:30
We can tell each other
what we think about architecture,
what we think about architecture,
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4025
Lahko drug drugemu povemo,
kaj si mislimo o arhitekturi,
kaj si mislimo o arhitekturi,
13:34
because digital media hasn't just changed
the relationship between all of us,
the relationship between all of us,
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802191
5771
ker digitalni mediji niso spremenili
samo odnosov med vsemi nami,
samo odnosov med vsemi nami,
13:39
it's changed the relationship
between us and buildings.
between us and buildings.
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3529
spremenili so tudi odnos
med nami in zgradbami.
med nami in zgradbami.
13:44
Think for a second about
those librarians back in Livingston.
those librarians back in Livingston.
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3118
Za trenutek pomislite na tiste
knjižničarje v Livingstonu.
knjižničarje v Livingstonu.
13:48
If that building was going
to be built today,
to be built today,
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2415
Če bi tisto zgradbo želeli zgraditi danes,
13:50
the first thing they would do is go online
and search "new libraries."
and search "new libraries."
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4644
bi najprej šli na splet
in poiskali "nove knjižnice".
in poiskali "nove knjižnice".
13:55
They would be bombarded by examples
of experimentation, of innovation,
of experimentation, of innovation,
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5270
Preplavili bi jih
primeri eksperimentiranja in inovacij,
primeri eksperimentiranja in inovacij,
14:00
of pushing at the envelope
of what a library can be.
of what a library can be.
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3188
premikanja mej tega,
kar je lahko knjižnica.
kar je lahko knjižnica.
14:04
That's ammunition.
276
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1343
To je strelivo.
14:06
That's ammunition
that they can take with them
that they can take with them
277
834846
2335
To je strelivo,
ki ga lahko vzamejo in nesejo
ki ga lahko vzamejo in nesejo
županu Livingstona, ljudem Livingstona
14:09
to the mayor of Livingston,
to the people of Livingston,
to the people of Livingston,
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837205
3125
14:12
and say, there's no one answer
to what a library is today.
to what a library is today.
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840354
3959
in rečejo, da ne obstaja enoten odgovor
na to, kaj vse je lahko knjižnica danes.
na to, kaj vse je lahko knjižnica danes.
14:16
Let's be a part of this.
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1485
Bodimo del tega.
14:18
This abundance of experimentation
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2866
To obilje eksperimentiranja
14:21
gives them the freedom
to run their own experiment.
to run their own experiment.
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3059
jim daje svobodo,
da naredijo svoj eksperiment.
da naredijo svoj eksperiment.
14:26
Everything is different now.
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2212
Zdaj je vse drugače.
14:28
Architects are no longer
these mysterious creatures
these mysterious creatures
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3355
Arhitekti niso več ta skrivnostna bitja,
14:32
that use big words
and complicated drawings,
and complicated drawings,
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2495
ki uporabljajo velike besede
in komplicirane risbe,
in komplicirane risbe,
14:34
and you aren't the hapless public,
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2960
in vi niste več nesrečna javnost,
14:37
the consumer that won't accept
anything that they haven't seen anymore.
anything that they haven't seen anymore.
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3535
potrošniki, ki ne bodo sprejeli ničesar,
kar še niso videli.
kar še niso videli.
14:42
Architects can hear you,
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1733
Arhitekti vas lahko slišijo
14:44
and you're not intimidated
by architecture.
by architecture.
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2104
in vas arhitektura ne ustrahuje.
14:47
That means that that pendulum
swinging back and forth
swinging back and forth
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875770
3382
To pomeni, da nihalo,
ki niha naprej in nazaj,
ki niha naprej in nazaj,
14:51
from style to style,
from movement to movement,
from movement to movement,
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2978
od stila k stilu, od gibanja k gibanju,
14:54
is irrelevant.
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1281
ni več pomembno.
14:55
We can actually move forward
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2600
Lahko gremo naprej
14:58
and find relevant solutions
to the problems that our society faces.
to the problems that our society faces.
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in najdemo ustrezne rešitve za težave,
s katerimi se sooča naša družba.
s katerimi se sooča naša družba.
15:03
This is the end of architectural history,
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To je konec arhitekturne zgodovine
15:07
and it means that
the buildings of tomorrow
the buildings of tomorrow
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in pomeni, da bodo jutrišnje zgradbe
15:10
are going to look a lot different
than the buildings of today.
than the buildings of today.
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videti precej drugačne od današnjih.
15:14
It means that a public space
in the ancient city of Seville
in the ancient city of Seville
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To pomeni, da je javni prostor
v starodavnem mestu Sevilji
v starodavnem mestu Sevilji
15:18
can be unique and tailored
to the way that a modern city works.
to the way that a modern city works.
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lahko edinstven in prikrojen
načinu, kako funkcionira moderno mesto.
načinu, kako funkcionira moderno mesto.
15:23
It means that a stadium in Brooklyn
can be a stadium in Brooklyn,
can be a stadium in Brooklyn,
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To pomeni, da je stadion v Brooklynu
lahko stadion v Brooklynu
lahko stadion v Brooklynu
15:28
not some red-brick historical pastiche
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in ne nek posnetek zgodovine
iz rdečih opek,
iz rdečih opek,
15:31
of what we think a stadium ought to be.
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za kar mislimo, da predstavlja,
kako bi stadion naj izgledal.
kako bi stadion naj izgledal.
15:34
It means that robots are going
to build our buildings,
to build our buildings,
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To pomeni, da bodo roboti
gradili naše zgradbe,
gradili naše zgradbe,
15:37
because we're finally ready for the forms
that they're going to produce.
that they're going to produce.
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ker smo končno pripravljeni na oblike,
ki jih bodo proizvajali.
ki jih bodo proizvajali.
15:41
And it means that buildings
will twist to the whims of nature
will twist to the whims of nature
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In to pomeni, da se bodo zgradbe
prilagajale kapricam narave
prilagajale kapricam narave
15:45
instead of the other way around.
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933717
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in ne obratno.
15:48
It means that a parking garage
in Miami Beach, Florida,
in Miami Beach, Florida,
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3604
To pomeni, da je parkirna hiša
na Miami Beach na Floridi
na Miami Beach na Floridi
15:52
can also be a place for sports
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lahko tudi prostor za šport
15:54
and for yoga
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in za jogo,
15:56
and you can even
get married there late at night.
get married there late at night.
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pozno ponoči
pa se lahko tam tudi poročite.
pa se lahko tam tudi poročite.
15:58
(Laughter)
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(smeh)
15:59
It means that three architects
can dream about swimming
can dream about swimming
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To pomeni, da lahko trije arhitekti
sanjajo o plavanju
sanjajo o plavanju
16:04
in the East River of New York,
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1920
v reki East River v New Yorku,
16:05
and then raise nearly
half a million dollars
half a million dollars
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potem pa zberejo
skoraj pol milijona dolarjev
skoraj pol milijona dolarjev
16:08
from a community
that gathered around their cause,
that gathered around their cause,
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od skupnosti, ki je podprla njihov namen,
16:11
no one client anymore.
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ni več samo enega naročnika.
16:14
It means that no building
is too small for innovation,
is too small for innovation,
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To pomeni, da nobena zgradba
ni premajhna za inovacijo,
ni premajhna za inovacijo,
16:17
like this little reindeer pavilion
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2198
kot tale paviljon za severne jelene,
16:19
that's as muscly and sinewy
as the animals it's designed to observe.
as the animals it's designed to observe.
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ki je mišičast in žilav kot živali,
za opazovanje katerih je narejen.
za opazovanje katerih je narejen.
16:25
And it means that a building
doesn't have to be beautiful
doesn't have to be beautiful
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2738
In to pomeni,
da zgradba ne rabi biti lepa,
da zgradba ne rabi biti lepa,
16:28
to be lovable,
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da bi jo lahko imeli radi,
16:29
like this ugly little building in Spain,
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3015
kot ta grda mala zgradba v Španiji,
16:32
where the architects dug a hole,
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2481
kjer so arhitekti izkopali luknjo,
16:35
packed it with hay,
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jo napolnili s senom,
16:36
and then poured concrete around it,
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potem pa okoli tega nalili beton
16:39
and when the concrete dried,
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in ko se je beton posušil,
16:40
they invited someone to come
and clean that hay out
and clean that hay out
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so povabili nekoga, da pride
počistit to seno,
počistit to seno,
16:44
so that all that's left when it's done
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tako da je na koncu ostala le
16:47
is this hideous little room
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ta majhna nagravžna sobica,
16:50
that's filled with the imprints
and scratches of how that place was made,
and scratches of how that place was made,
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ki je napolnjena z odtisi in praskami
od tega, kako je bila narejena
od tega, kako je bila narejena
16:56
and that becomes the most sublime place
to watch a Spanish sunset.
to watch a Spanish sunset.
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1004074
4484
in to postane najbolj sublimno mesto
za opazovanje španskega sončnega zahoda.
za opazovanje španskega sončnega zahoda.
17:01
Because it doesn't matter
if a cow builds our buildings
if a cow builds our buildings
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Ker ni pomembno,
ali naše zgradbe gradi krava
ali naše zgradbe gradi krava
17:05
or a robot builds our buildings.
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1810
ali robot.
17:06
It doesn't matter how we build,
it matters what we build.
it matters what we build.
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Ni pomembno, kako gradimo,
pomembno je, kaj gradimo.
pomembno je, kaj gradimo.
17:10
Architects already know how
to make buildings that are greener
to make buildings that are greener
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Arhitekti že vedo, kako narediti zgradbe,
ki bodo bolj ekološke
ki bodo bolj ekološke
17:14
and smarter and friendlier.
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in pametnejše in prijaznejše.
17:16
We've just been waiting
for all of you to want them.
for all of you to want them.
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Čakali smo le na vas, da si jih želite.
17:20
And finally, we're not
on opposite sides anymore.
on opposite sides anymore.
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In končno nismo več na nasprotnih straneh.
17:23
Find an architect, hire an architect,
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Najdite arhitekta, najemite arhitekta,
17:26
work with us to design better buildings,
better cities, and a better world,
better cities, and a better world,
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delajte z nami na oblikovanju boljših
zgradb, boljših mest in boljšega sveta,
zgradb, boljših mest in boljšega sveta,
17:32
because the stakes are high.
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ker je veliko na kocki.
17:35
Buildings don't just reflect our society,
they shape our society
they shape our society
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Zgradbe niso samo odraz družbe,
ampak oblikujejo našo družbo
ampak oblikujejo našo družbo
17:40
down to the smallest spaces:
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vse do najmanjših prostorov:
17:42
the local libraries,
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2004
lokalnih knjižnic,
17:44
the homes where we raise our children,
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domov, v katerih vzgajamo svoje otroke,
17:47
and the walk that they take
from the bedroom to the bathroom.
from the bedroom to the bathroom.
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in njihove hoje od spalnice do kopalnice.
17:51
Thank you.
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Hvala.
17:52
(Applause)
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(aplavz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Marc Kushner - ArchitectWith Architizer, an online hub for architecture, Marc Kushner is breaking architecture out of its insular echo chamber and reconnecting the public with buildings.
Why you should listen
Marc Kushner is a practicing architect who splits his time between designing buildings at HWKN, the architecture firm he cofounded, and amassing the world’s architecture on the website he runs, Architizer.com. Both have the same mission: to reconnect the public with architecture.
Kushner’s core belief is that architecture touches everyone -- and everyone is a fan of architecture, even if they don’t know it yet. New forms of media empower people to shape the built environment, and that means better buildings, which make better cities, which make a better world. To that end he wrote the TED Book The Future of Architecture in 100 Buildings, published in March 2015, to challenge the public to help shape tomorrow's designs.
More profile about the speakerKushner’s core belief is that architecture touches everyone -- and everyone is a fan of architecture, even if they don’t know it yet. New forms of media empower people to shape the built environment, and that means better buildings, which make better cities, which make a better world. To that end he wrote the TED Book The Future of Architecture in 100 Buildings, published in March 2015, to challenge the public to help shape tomorrow's designs.
Marc Kushner | Speaker | TED.com