ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Joshua Klein - Hacker
Joshua Klein is a fervent hacker of all things, including wet, pulpy systems like animals and people and the way they behave.

Why you should listen

Joshua Klein will hack anything that moves -- his list includes "social systems, computer networks, institutions, consumer hardware and animal behavior." His latest project, though charmingly low-tech, has amazing implications for the human-animal interface.

Right now, Klein is working at Frog Design as a Principle Technologist, while developing mobile/social applications, health care-related systems and other tools that improve people's lives. He's the author of the novel Roo'd, which was the first modern book (after Tarzan) to be ported to the iPhone.

More profile about the speaker
Joshua Klein | Speaker | TED.com
TED2008

Joshua Klein: A thought experiment on the intelligence of crows

Joshua Klein o inteligenci vran

Filmed:
2,645,444 views

Heker in pisec Joshua Klein se navdušuje nad vranami (ste kdaj opazili odsev inteligence v njihovih malih, črnih očeh?). Po dolgem ljubiteljskem raziskovanju obnašanja vran, se je domislil elegantne napravice, ki bo morda med živaljo in človekom vzpostavila novo vez.
- Hacker
Joshua Klein is a fervent hacker of all things, including wet, pulpy systems like animals and people and the way they behave. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:18
How manyveliko of you have seenvidel the AlfredAlfred HitchcockHitchcock filmfilm "The BirdsPtice"?
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Koliko vas pozna film Alfreda Hitchcocka - Ptiči?
00:21
Any of you get really freakedprestrašila out by that?
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Se je komu zdel zelo strašljiv?
00:24
You mightmorda want to leavedopust now.
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Morda želite zapustiti to predavanje...
00:26
(LaughterSmeh)
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(smeh)
00:27
So, this is a vendingprodajnih avtomatov machinestroj for crowsvrane.
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To je avtomat za vrane...
00:29
And over the pastpreteklost fewmalo daysdnevi, manyveliko of you have been askingsprašujem me,
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V minulih dneh me je veliko udeležencev vprašalo,
00:31
"How did you come to this? How did you get startedzačel doing this?"
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kako sem se sploh lotil tega? Kako sem se začel ukvarjati s tem?
00:34
And it startedzačel, as with manyveliko great ideasideje,
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In kot mnogo krasnih idej,
00:36
or manyveliko ideasideje you can't get ridreši of anywayvseeno,
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ki se jih ne moreš znebiti,
00:38
at a cocktailkoktajl partyzabava.
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se je tudi ta porodila na cocktail partiju.
00:39
About 10 yearslet agonazaj, I was at a cocktailkoktajl partyzabava with a friendprijatelj of minemoj,
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Pred približno 10 leti sem bil na zabavi pri prijatelju.
00:42
and we're sittingsedi there, and he was complainingpritožite se about the crowsvrane
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Sedeli smo in prijatelj se je pritoževal o vranah,
00:44
that he had seenvidel that were all over his yarddvorišče and makingizdelavo a bigvelik messnered.
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ki jih je začel videvati, kako svinjajo po njegovem dvorišču.
00:48
And he was tellingpovedal me that really, we oughtmoralo to try and eradicateizkoreniniti these things.
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Rekel je, da bi bilo treba ta problem rešiti.
00:50
We gottaMoram killubiti them because they're makingizdelavo a messnered.
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"Ubiti jih moramo, ker so z njimi same težave."
00:52
I said that was stupidneumno,
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Odvrnil sem, da je to neumno.
00:53
you know, maybe we should just trainvlak them to do something usefulkoristno.
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Mogoče bi jih morali samo naučiti česa uporabnega.
00:55
And he said that was impossiblenemogoče.
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On je trdil, da je to nemogoče
00:58
And I'm sure I'm in good companypodjetje in findingugotovitev that tremendouslyizjemno annoyingnadležen
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Prepričan sem, da gre tudi vam zelo na živce, če vam kdo reče,
01:01
-- when someonenekdo tellspove you it's impossiblenemogoče.
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da je nekaj nemogoče,
01:02
So, I spentpreživel the nextNaslednji 10 yearslet readingbranje about crowsvrane in my sparerezervni time.
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zato sem naslednjih 10 let v svojem prostem času bral o vranah.
01:06
(LaughterSmeh)
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(smeh)
01:09
And after 10 yearslet of this, my wifežena eventuallysčasoma said,
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In po 10 letih branja mi je žena rekla,
01:11
"Look, you know, you gottaMoram do this thing
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da le moram narediti to,
01:13
you've been talkinggovoriti about, and buildzgraditi the vendingprodajnih avtomatov machinestroj."
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o čemer vedno govorim: namreč avtomatu za vrane.
01:15
So I did.
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In tako sem ga naredil.
01:16
But partdel of the reasonrazlog that I foundnajdemo this interestingzanimivo
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Toda na nek način me je to zanimalo tudi zato,
01:18
is that I startedzačel noticingopazil that we are
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ker sem opazil, da se vsi
01:20
very awarese zaveda of all the speciesvrste that are going
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zavedamo tega, da vrste živali izumirajo
01:22
extinctizumrla on the planetplanet as a resultrezultat of humančlovek habitationstanovanjske pravice expansionširitev,
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zaradi širitve človekovega življenjskega prostora,
01:24
and no one seemsZdi se to be payingplačilo attentionpozornost
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nihče pa ne posveča pozornosti
01:27
to all the speciesvrste that are actuallydejansko livingživeti -- that are survivingpreživeli.
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vrstam, ki dejansko živijo - ki preživijo.
01:30
And I'm talkinggovoriti specificallyposebej about synanthropicsynanthropic speciesvrste,
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V mislih imam predvsem sinantropne vrste -
01:33
whichki are speciesvrste that have adaptedprilagojeno specificallyposebej for humančlovek ecologiesecologies,
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to so tiste, ki so se posebej prilagodile življenju v bližini človeka.
01:36
speciesvrste like ratspodgane and cockroachesščurki and crowsvrane.
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To so denimo podgane, ščurki in vrane.
01:40
And as I startedzačel looking at them, I was findingugotovitev that they had hyper-adaptedhiper-prilagojeno.
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Ko sem jih opazoval, se mi je posvetilo, da so hiper-prilagojene.
01:43
They'dBi jih becomepostane extremelyizredno adeptspretni at livingživeti with us.
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Postale so izjemno vešče življenja z nami,
01:46
And in returnvrnitev, we just triedposkušal to killubiti them all the time.
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mi pa jih že ves čas skušamo iztrebiti.
01:50
And in doing so, we were breedingvzreja them for parasitismParazitizem.
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Na ta način smo jih samo vzredili kot zajedalce.
01:52
We were givingdajanje them all sortsvrste of reasonsrazlogov to adaptprilagoditi newnovo waysnačinov.
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Vedno znova smo jim dajali povod za prilagoditev.
01:56
So, for exampleprimer, ratspodgane are incrediblyneverjetno responsiveodziven breedersrejci.
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Tako so na primer podgane izjemno plodne,
01:59
And cockroachesščurki, as anyonekdorkoli who'skdo je triedposkušal to get ridreši of them knowsve,
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ščurki - to ve vsak, ki se jih je kdaj hotel znebiti -
02:02
have becomepostane really immuneimunski to the poisonsstrupi that we're usinguporabo.
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pa so postali izjemno odporni na naše strupe.
02:05
So, I thought, let's buildzgraditi something that's mutuallymedsebojno beneficialkoristno.
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Tako sem prišel na idejo, da bi morali narediti nekaj, kar bo v obojestransko korist,
02:08
Well, then let's buildzgraditi something that we can bothoboje benefitkoristi from,
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nekaj, kar bo dobro zanje in za nas in
02:10
and find some way to make a newnovo relationshiprazmerje with these speciesvrste.
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nam s temi vrstami omogočilo vzpostaviti nek nov odnos.
02:13
And so I builtzgrajeno the vendingprodajnih avtomatov machinestroj.
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Tako je nastal avtomat za vrane.
02:16
But the storyzgodba of the vendingprodajnih avtomatov machinestroj is a little more interestingzanimivo
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A zgodba o tem avtomatu je zanimivejša,
02:18
if you know more about crowsvrane.
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če vemo nekaj več o vranah.
02:20
It turnszavrti out that crowsvrane aren'tne just survivingpreživeli with humančlovek beingsbitja --
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Kot se je izkazalo, se vrane niso naučile z ljudmi le preživeti,
02:22
they're actuallydejansko really thrivinguspešno.
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pač pa so pri tem sobivanju celo izredno uspešne.
02:24
They're foundnajdemo everywherepovsod on the planetplanet exceptrazen for the ArcticArctic
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Najdemo jih povsod, razen na Arktiki
02:26
and the southernJužni tipnasvet of SouthJužna AmericaAmerika.
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in južnem koncu Južne Amerike,
02:28
And in all that areaobmočje, they're only rarelyredko foundnajdemo
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le redko pa živijo in se razmnožujejo
02:31
breedingvzreja more than fivepet kilometerskilometrov away from humančlovek beingsbitja.
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več kot 5 km stran od ljudi.
02:33
So we maylahko not think about them,
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Morda se jih ne zavedamo,
02:35
but they're always around.
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a vrane so vedno nekje v bližini.
02:37
And not surprisinglypresenetljivo, givendan the humančlovek populationprebivalstvo growthrast,
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In glede na rast človeške populacije -
02:39
more than halfpol of the humančlovek populationprebivalstvo is livingživeti in citiesmesta now.
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več kot polovica človeštva živi v mestih
02:42
And out of those, nine-tenthsdevet desetin
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in približno 90 odstotkov
02:44
of the humančlovek growthrast populationprebivalstvo is occurringpojavljajo in citiesmesta.
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rasti populacije se dogaja v mestih -
02:46
We're seeingvidenje a populationprebivalstvo boomboom with crowsvrane.
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ni presenetljivo, da tudi število vran naglo narašča.
02:49
So birdptica countsšteje are indicatingoznačuje that we mightmorda be seeingvidenje
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Preštevanje ptic kaže,
02:51
up to exponentialeksponentni growthrast in theirnjihovi numbersštevilke.
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da je to naraščanje skoraj eksponencialno.
02:53
So that's no great surprisepresenečenje.
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A temu se niti ne gre čuditi.
02:56
But what was really interestingzanimivo to me was to find out that
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Kar pa se mi je zdelo zanimivo, je bilo odkritje,
02:58
the birdsptice were adaptingprilagajanje in a prettylepa unusualnenavadno way.
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da se vrane prilagajajo na zelo zanimiv način.
03:01
And I'll give you an exampleprimer of that.
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Naj vam pokažem primer.
03:04
So this is BettyBetty. She's a NewNove CaledonianCaledonian crowvrana.
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To je Betty, novokaledonska vrana.
03:07
And these crowsvrane use stickspalice in the wilddivji
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Te vrane v divjini uporabljajo palčke
03:09
to get insectsžuželke and whatnotmalenkosti out of pieceskosov of woodles.
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za bezanje insektov in še česa iz kosov lesa.
03:12
Here, she's tryingposkušam to get a piecekos of meatmeso out of a tubecev.
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Tukaj poskuša dobiti košček mesa iz cevi.
03:14
But the researchersraziskovalci had a problemproblem.
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Ampak raziskovalci so očitno imeli problem,
03:16
They messedsel up and left just a stickpalico of wirežica in there.
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nekaj so zamočili in ji pustili samo košček žice.
03:18
And she hadn'tni had the opportunitypriložnost to do this before.
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Pred tem še ni imela priložnosti početi česa takega,
03:21
You see, it wasn'tni bilo workingdelo very well.
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vidite lahko, da ni bila ravno uspešna.
03:24
So she adaptedprilagojeno.
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Pa se je prilagodila.
03:26
Now this is completelypopolnoma unpromptedsam od sebe. She had never seenvidel this doneKončano before.
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Tole dela popolnoma sama od sebe. Pred tem tega še ni naredila.
03:30
No one taughtučil her to bendbend this into a hookkavelj,
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Nihče je ni naučil ukriviti žice,
03:32
had shownprikazano her how it could happense zgodi.
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nihče ji ni pokazal, kako se to lahko naredi.
03:33
But she did it all on her ownlastno.
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Vsega se je domislila sama.
03:35
So keep in mindum that she's never seenvidel this doneKončano.
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Še enkrat: nikoli prej ni videla, kako se to počne.
03:39
Right.
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Dobro.
03:41
(LaughterSmeh)
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(smeh)
03:48
Yeah. All right.
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Mhm, v redu.
03:50
(ApplauseAplavz)
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(aplavz)
03:53
That's the partdel where the researchersraziskovalci freakčudak out.
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To je del, kjer se raziskovalcem naježijo dlake.
03:56
(LaughterSmeh)
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(smeh)
03:58
So, it turnszavrti out we'vesmo been findingugotovitev more and more
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Bolj in bolj smo ugotavljali,
04:00
that crowsvrane are really, really intelligentinteligenten.
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da so vrane zares zelo inteligentne.
04:01
TheirNjihovega brainsmožgani are proportionatesorazmerne,
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Njihovi možgani so sorazmerno
04:02
in the sameenako proportiondelež as chimpanzeešimpanzi brainsmožgani are.
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približno tako veliki kot šimpanzovi.
04:05
There are all kindsvrste of anecdotesanekdote for differentdrugačen kindsvrste of intelligenceinteligenca they have.
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Obstaja več anekdot o njihovi inteligenci.
04:09
For exampleprimer, in SwedenŠvedska,
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Na primer: na Švedskem
04:11
crowsvrane will wait for fishermenribiči to droppadec lineslinije throughskozi holesluknje in the iceled.
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prežijo na ribiče. Ko ti odvržejo trnke skozi luknje v ledu
04:13
And when the fishermenribiči movePremakni se off,
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in se umaknejo,
04:15
the crowsvrane flyletenje down, reelreel up the lineslinije, and eatjesti the fishribe or the baitvabe.
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priletijo vrane, izvlečejo trnke in pojedo ribe ali vabo.
04:19
It's prettylepa annoyingnadležen for the fishermenribiči.
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Precej nadležno za ribiče.
04:22
On an entirelypopolnoma differentdrugačen tackprečenje,
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Čisto drugače pa je bilo
04:23
at UniversityUniverza of WashingtonWashington, they, a fewmalo yearslet agonazaj,
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na Univerzi v Washingtonu, kjer so pred nekaj leti
04:25
were doing an experimentposkus where they capturedujet some crowsvrane on campuskampus.
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izvedli poskus, v katerem so nekaj vran iz kampusa ujeli.
04:28
Some studentsštudenti wentšla out and nettedpobotajo some crowsvrane,
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Študentje so šli ven, v mreže ujeli nekaj vran,
04:30
broughtprinesel them in, and were -- weighedstehtamo them, and measuredmerjeno them and whatnotmalenkosti,
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jih prinesli v laboratorij, jih stehtali, izmerili in te stvari
04:33
and then let them back out again.
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in jih izpustili.
04:34
And were entertainedzabavali to discoverodkrijte
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Zdelo se jim je zabavno, ko so odkrili,
04:35
that for the restpočitek of the weekteden, these crowsvrane,
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da so te vrane še ves teden,
04:37
wheneverkadarkoli these particularzlasti studentsštudenti walkedhodil around campuskampus,
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ko so se točno ti študentje sprehajali po kampusu -
04:39
these crowsvrane would cawcaw at them,
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zaradi njih krakale,
04:41
and runteči around and make theirnjihovi life kindvrste of miserablenesrečen.
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tekale okrog njih in jim na nek način grenile življenje.
04:44
They were significantlyznatno lessmanj entertainedzabavali when this wentšla on for the nextNaslednji weekteden.
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Bistveno manj zabavno je to bilo... naslednji teden.
04:48
And the nextNaslednji monthmesec. And after summerpoletje breakodmor.
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In naslednji mesec. In po počitnicah.
04:52
UntilDo they finallykončno graduateddiplomiral and left campuskampus,
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Dokler niso končno diplomirali in zapustili kampusa -
04:54
and -- gladveseli to get away, I'm sure --
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prepričan sem, da so bili veseli, da so šli.
04:56
cameprišel back sometimenekje laterpozneje, and foundnajdemo the crowsvrane still rememberedspomnil them.
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Ko so se kasneje vrnili, so ugotovili, da se jih vrane še vedno spominjajo.
04:59
So -- the moralmoralno beingbiti, don't pissurin off crowsvrane.
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Poanta zgodbe: ne razjezite vran!
05:02
So now, studentsštudenti at the UniversityUniverza of WashingtonWashington
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Ko zdaj študentje na Univerzi v Washingtonu
05:06
that are studyingŠtudij these crowsvrane
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preučujejo vrane,
05:07
do so with a giantvelikan wiglasulja and a bigvelik maskmaska.
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to počnejo z ogromno lasuljo in masko.
05:09
(LaughterSmeh)
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(smeh)
05:12
It's fairlypošteno interestingzanimivo.
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Zelo zanimivo.
05:14
So we know that these crowsvrane are really smartpameten,
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Zdaj vemo, da so te vrane res bistre,
05:16
but the more I dugizkopali into this, the more I foundnajdemo
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ampak bolj kot sem ril po tem, bolj sem bil prepričan,
05:18
that they actuallydejansko have an even more significantpomembno adaptationprilagoditev.
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da imajo še pomembnejšo prilagoditev.
05:23
VideoVideo: CrowsVrane have becomepostane highlyvisoko skilledusposobljeni at
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(Pripovedovalec) Vrane so razvile izjemne spretnosti,
05:25
makingizdelavo a livingživeti in these newnovo urbanmestno environmentsokolja.
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ki jim pomagajo preživeti v novih, urbanih okoljih.
05:29
In this Japanesejaponščina citymesto, they have devisedoblikovala a way of
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V tem japonskem mestu so iznašle način
05:32
eatingjedo a foodhrano that normallyobičajno they can't manageupravljati:
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uživanja hrane, ki jim je sicer nedostopna -
05:37
droppadec it amongmed the trafficprometa.
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z višine jo spustijo na cesto.
05:43
The problemproblem now is collectingzbiranje the bitsbitov,
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Zdaj je problem to, kako pobrati koščke,
05:46
withoutbrez gettingpridobivanje runteči over.
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ne da bi jo zbil avto.
05:48
Wait for the lightsvetloba to stop the trafficprometa.
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Počaka na semafor, ki ustavi promet.
06:02
Then, collectzbiranje your crackedrazpokan nutmatica in safetyvarnost.
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In tako pobere lešnik popolnoma varno.
06:10
(LaughterSmeh)
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(smeh)
06:11
(ApplauseAplavz)
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(aplavz)
06:12
JoshuaJoshua KleinKlein: Yeah, yeah. Prettylepo interestingzanimivo.
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Joshua Klein: Ja, ja. Še kar zanimivo.
06:14
So what's significantpomembno about this isn't that crowsvrane are usinguporabo carsavtomobili to crackcrack nutsoreščki.
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To, da vrane uporabljajo promet za trenje lešnikov, niti ni tako pomembno.
06:17
In factdejstvo, that's oldstar hatklobuk for crowsvrane.
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Pravzaprav je to zanje star trik.
06:19
This happenedse je zgodilo about 10 yearslet agonazaj
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To se je zgodilo pred približno 10 leti
06:21
in a placemesto calledpozval SendaiSendai CityMesto, at a drivingvožnja schoolšola
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v avtošoli v Sendai Cityju,
06:24
in the suburbspredmestja of TokyoTokyo.
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predmestju Tokia.
06:26
And sinceod that time,
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Od takrat dalje,
06:27
all of the crowsvrane in the neighborhoodsoseska are pickingnabiranje up this behaviorvedenje.
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so se vse vrane v okolišu naučile tega obnašanja.
06:29
And now, everyvsak crowvrana withinznotraj fivepet kilometerskilometrov is standingstoji by a sidewalkpločnik,
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Zdaj vsaka vrana v razdalji 5 kilometrov stoji ob pločniku
06:32
waitingčakanje to collectzbiranje its lunchkosilo.
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in čaka, da bo kosilo nared.
06:35
So, they're learningučenje from eachvsak other. And researchraziskave bearsmedvedi this out.
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Učijo se druga od druge. To podpirajo tudi raziskave.
06:37
ParentsStarši seemzdi se to be teachingpoučevanje theirnjihovi youngmladi.
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Starši učijo mladiče.
06:39
They'veOni learnednaučili from theirnjihovi peersvrstniki. They'veOni learnednaučili from theirnjihovi enemiessovražniki.
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Oni so se naučili od vrstnikov, ti od sovražnikov.
06:43
If I have a little extraekstra time, I'll tell you about a caseprimera of crowvrana infidelitynezvestoba
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Če mi bo ostalo kaj časa, vam bom povedal o primeru vranje nezvestobe,
06:46
that illustratesponazarja that nicelylepo.
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ki to dobro ponazarja.
06:48
The pointtočka beingbiti that they'veoni so developedrazvili culturalkulturno adaptationprilagoditev.
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Dejstvo je, da so vrane razvile kulturno prilagoditev.
06:51
And as we heardslišal yesterdayvčeraj,
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Kot smo slišali včeraj,
06:53
that's the Pandora'sPandora boxškatla that's gettingpridobivanje humančlovek beingsbitja in troubletežave,
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je to ta Pandorina skrinjica, ki spravlja človeka v težave,
06:55
and we're startingzačetek to see it with them.
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in to se kaže tudi pri vranah.
06:57
They're ablesposoben to very quicklyhitro and very flexiblyprožno adaptprilagoditi
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Vrane se zelo hitro in zelo fleksibilno prilagajajo
07:00
to newnovo challengesizzivi and newnovo resourcesvirov in theirnjihovi environmentokolje,
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novim izzivom in virom v svojem okolju,
07:03
whichki is really usefulkoristno if you livev živo in a citymesto.
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kar je posebej koristno, če živiš v mestu.
07:06
So we know that there's lots of crowsvrane.
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Vemo, da je vran veliko.
07:08
We foundnajdemo out they're really smartpameten, and we foundnajdemo out that they can teachučiti eachvsak other.
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Ugotovili smo, da so precej bistre in tudi, da lahko druga drugo učijo.
07:11
And when all this becamepostati clearjasno to me,
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Ko se mi je to posvetilo,
07:13
I realizedrealiziran the only obviousočitno thing to do is buildzgraditi a vendingprodajnih avtomatov machinestroj.
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sem vedel, da je zame edina logična poteza to, da naredim avtomat za vrane.
07:16
So that's what we did.
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In to sem naredil.
07:17
This is a vendingprodajnih avtomatov machinestroj for crowsvrane.
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To je avtomat za vrane.
07:19
And it usesuporabe SkinnerianSkinnerian trainingusposabljanje to shapeobliko theirnjihovi behaviorvedenje over fourštiri stagesfaze.
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Pri avtomatu sem uporabil trening po Skinnerju, ki vrane uči v štirih fazah.
07:22
It's prettylepa simplepreprosto.
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Je zelo preprost.
07:24
BasicallyV bistvu, what happensse zgodi is that we put this out in a fieldpolje,
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Najprej avtomat postavimo nekam ven,
07:27
or someplacenekam where there's lots of crowsvrane,
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nekam, kjer je veliko vran.
07:29
and we put coinskovanci and peanutsarašidi all around the basebazo of the machinestroj.
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Okrog naprave razstresemo kovance in arašide.
07:31
And crowsvrane eventuallysčasoma come by, and eatjesti the peanutsarašidi
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Vrane priledijo, pojedo arašide
07:33
and get used to the machinestroj beingbiti there.
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in se na napravo nekako navadijo.
07:35
And eventuallysčasoma, they eatjesti up all the peanutsarašidi.
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Kmalu pojedo vse arašide,
07:37
And then they see that there are peanutsarašidi here on the feederpodajalnik traypladenj,
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a opazijo, da so še na vodilu,
07:40
and they hophop up and help themselvessami.
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zato skočijo gor in si postrežejo.
07:42
And then they leavedopust, and the machinestroj spitspljune up more coinskovanci and peanutsarašidi,
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Odidejo stran in avtomat izpljune še več kovancev in arašidov
07:44
and life is really dandyDandy, if you're a crowvrana.
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in življenje je prav krasno, če si vrana.
07:46
Then you can come back anytimekadarkoli and get yourselfsami a peanutlaški lešnik.
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Vrneš se kadarkoli in si privoščiš arašid.
07:49
So, when they get really used to that, we movePremakni se on to the crowsvrane comingprihajajo back.
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Ko se vrane tega res privadijo, jih naučimo vračanja.
07:52
Now, they're used to the soundzvok of the machinestroj, and they keep comingprihajajo back,
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Navajene so tudi zvokov avtomata, še vedno se vračajo
07:55
and diggingkopanje out these peanutsarašidi from amongstmed the pilekup of coinskovanci that's there.
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in izkopavajo arašide iz kupa kovancev,
07:57
And when they get really happyvesel about this,
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in ko so s tem povsem zadovoljne,
07:59
we go aheadnaprej and stymiestymie them.
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gremo korak naprej in jih uženemo v kozji rog.
08:01
And we movePremakni se to the thirdtretjino stagestopnja, where we only give them a coinkovanec.
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Sledi tretja stopnja, v kateri jim damo samo kovanec.
08:04
Now, like mostnajbolj of us who have gottengotten used to a good thing,
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In to jih, kot večino nas, ko se enkrat navadimo na dobre stvari,
08:06
this really pissesjezi them off.
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zares razjezi.
08:07
So, they do what they do in naturenarava when they're looking for something --
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In začnejo se obnašati tako, kot se obnašajo tudi v naravi, kadar kaj iščejo -
08:11
they sweeppometanje things out of the way with theirnjihovi beakkljun.
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s kljunom odmikajo in razmetavajo stvari.
08:13
And they do that here, and that knocksudarci the coinskovanci down the slotrežo,
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To počnejo tudi tukaj, zaradi česar kakšen kovanec zleti tudi v režo.
08:16
and when that happensse zgodi, they get a peanutlaški lešnik.
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In ko se to zgodi, dobijo arašid.
08:18
And so this goesgre on for some time.
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Po določenem času
08:19
The crowsvrane learnučiti se that all they have to do is showshow up,
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se vrane naučijo, da je vse, kar morajo storiti, to, da pridejo,
08:21
wait for the coinkovanec to come out, put the coinkovanec in the slotrežo, and then they get theirnjihovi peanutlaški lešnik.
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počakajo na kovanec, ga vržejo v režo in dobijo arašid.
08:24
And when they're really good and comfortableudobno with that,
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In ko to res obvladajo,
08:26
we movePremakni se to the finalkončno stagestopnja, in whichki they showshow up and nothing happensse zgodi.
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sledi zadnja stopnja. Vrane pridejo, nič pa se ne zgodi.
08:31
And this is where we see the differenceRazlika betweenmed crowsvrane and other animalsživali.
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In tukaj lahko vidimo razliko med vranami in ostalimi živalmi.
08:33
SquirrelsVeverice, for exampleprimer, would showshow up, look for the peanutlaški lešnik, go away.
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Veverice, na primer, bi prišle, iskale arašid, neuspešno, in odšle.
08:37
Come back, look for the peanutlaški lešnik, go away.
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Čez nekaj časa bi spet prišle, iskale arašid, neuspešno, in odšle.
08:40
They do this maybe halfpol a dozenducat timeskrat before they get boreddolgčas,
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To bi naredile mogoče 6x, nato bi se naveličale
08:43
and then they go off and playigraj in trafficprometa.
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in se šle raje igrat na cesto med avtomobile.
08:45
CrowsVrane, on the other handroka, showshow up, and they try and figureštevilka it out.
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Vrane, po drugi strani, pridejo in zadevo poskušajo razvozlat.
08:49
They know that this machine'sstroja been messingmesijanski with them,
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Jasno jim je, da jih ta avtomat vleče za kljun,
08:51
throughskozi threetri differentdrugačen stagesfaze of behaviorvedenje.
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obnašal se je že na tri različne načine,
08:53
(LaughterSmeh)
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(smeh)
08:54
They figureštevilka it's gottaMoram have more to it.
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torej mora biti še kaj na tem.
08:56
So, they pokesuniti at it and peckPeck at it and whatnotmalenkosti.
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Zato drezajo vanj, ga kljuvajo itd.,
08:58
And eventuallysčasoma some crowvrana getsdobi a brightsvetlo ideaideja that,
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dokler ene od vran ne prešine,
09:00
"Hey, there's lots of coinskovanci lyinglaž around from the first stagestopnja,
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da naokoli leži precej kovancev - na tleh so še iz prve stopnje -
09:03
lyinglaž around on the groundtla," hopshmelj down, picksizbor it up, dropskapljice it in the slotrežo.
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skoči dol, pobere kovanec, ga vrže v režo in ...
09:06
And then, we're off to the racesdirke.
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... naj se zabava začne!
09:08
That crowvrana enjoysuživa a temporaryzačasno monopolymonopol on peanutsarašidi,
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Ta vrana nekaj časa uživa monopol nad arašidi,
09:10
untildo his friendsprijatelji figureštevilka out how to do it, and then there we go.
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potem pa postopek dojamejo tudi njene kolegice.
09:15
So, what's significantpomembno about this to me
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Pri vsem tem se mi ne zdi najbolj pomembno to,
09:17
isn't that we can trainvlak crowsvrane to pickpick up peanutsarašidi.
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da vrane lahko naučimo pobirati arašide.
09:19
MindUm you, there's 216 millionmilijonov dollars'dolarjev " worthvredno of changesprememba lostizgubljen everyvsak yearleto,
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Naj vas samo spomnim, da vsako leto izgubimo za 216 milionov dolarjev drobiža,
09:23
but I'm not sure I can dependodvisno on that ROIROI from crowsvrane.
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a vseeno nisem prepričan, da bi se lahko zanašal na ROI (donos na investicijo) vran.
09:27
InsteadNamesto, I think we should look a little bitbit largervečje.
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Namesto tega bi po moje morali pogledati širše.
09:30
I think that crowsvrane can be trainedusposobljeni to do other things.
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Mislim, da se da vrane natretnirati tudi kaj drugega.
09:32
For exampleprimer, why not trainvlak them to pickpick up garbagesmeti after stadiumstadion eventsdogodki?
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Zakaj jih, na primer, ne bi naučili pobirati smeti po prireditvah na stadionih?
09:36
Or find expensivedraga componentskomponente from discardedzavreči electronicselektronika?
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Ali pa med elektronskimi odpadki poiskati drage komponente?
09:38
Or maybe do searchIskanje and rescuereševanje?
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Kaj pa iskanje in reševanje ponesrečencev?
09:40
The mainglavni thing, the mainglavni pointtočka of all this for me is
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Menim, da je pri vsem tem najpomembnejše to,
09:44
that we can find mutuallymedsebojno beneficialkoristno systemssistemov for these speciesvrste.
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da lahko najdemo sisteme, ki bodo v korist nam in drugim živalskim vrstam.
09:46
We can find waysnačinov to interactinterakcijo with these other speciesvrste
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Najdemo lahko načine medsebojne interakcije,
09:48
that doesn't involvevključujejo exterminatingiztrebljanja them,
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ki ne vključujejo iztrebljanja,
09:50
but involvesvključuje findingugotovitev an equilibriumravnotežje with them that's a usefulkoristno balanceravnovesje.
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pač pa iskanje za vse koristnega ravnovesja.
09:54
Thankshvala very much.
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Hvala za pozornost.
09:56
(ApplauseAplavz)
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(aplavz)
Translated by Tjasa Vrhovnik
Reviewed by Gregor Vidmar

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Joshua Klein - Hacker
Joshua Klein is a fervent hacker of all things, including wet, pulpy systems like animals and people and the way they behave.

Why you should listen

Joshua Klein will hack anything that moves -- his list includes "social systems, computer networks, institutions, consumer hardware and animal behavior." His latest project, though charmingly low-tech, has amazing implications for the human-animal interface.

Right now, Klein is working at Frog Design as a Principle Technologist, while developing mobile/social applications, health care-related systems and other tools that improve people's lives. He's the author of the novel Roo'd, which was the first modern book (after Tarzan) to be ported to the iPhone.

More profile about the speaker
Joshua Klein | Speaker | TED.com