ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Bonnie Bassler - Molecular biologist
Bonnie Bassler studies how bacteria can communicate with one another, through chemical signals, to act as a unit. Her work could pave the way for new, more potent medicine.

Why you should listen

In 2002, bearing her microscope on a microbe that lives in the gut of fish, Bonnie Bassler isolated an elusive molecule called AI-2, and uncovered the mechanism behind mysterious behavior called quorum sensing -- or bacterial communication. She showed that bacterial chatter is hardly exceptional or anomolous behavior, as was once thought -- and in fact, most bacteria do it, and most do it all the time. (She calls the signaling molecules "bacterial Esperanto.")

The discovery shows how cell populations use chemical powwows to stage attacks, evade immune systems and forge slimy defenses called biofilms. For that, she's won a MacArthur "genius" grant -- and is giving new hope to frustrated pharmacos seeking new weapons against drug-resistant superbugs.

Bassler teaches molecular biology at Princeton, where she continues her years-long study of V. harveyi, one such social microbe that is mainly responsible for glow-in-the-dark sushi. She also teaches aerobics at the YMCA.

More profile about the speaker
Bonnie Bassler | Speaker | TED.com
TED2009

Bonnie Bassler: How bacteria "talk"

Bonnie Bassler o sporazumevanju bakterij

Filmed:
2,683,171 views

Bonnie Bassler govori o odkritju, da se bakterije med seboj sporazumevajo s kemično govorico, ki sproži skupinsko obrambo ali napad. To spoznanje ima pomembno vlogo v medicini, industriji in dojemanju nas samih.
- Molecular biologist
Bonnie Bassler studies how bacteria can communicate with one another, through chemical signals, to act as a unit. Her work could pave the way for new, more potent medicine. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:18
BacteriaBakterije are the oldestnajstarejši livingživeti organismsorganizmi on the earthZemlja.
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Bakterije so najstarejši živeči organizmi na Zemlji.
00:21
They'veOni been here for billionsmilijarde of yearslet,
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Ti enocelični mikroskopski organizmi
00:23
and what they are are single-celledenocelično microscopicmikroskopsko organismsorganizmi.
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obstajajo že miljarde let.
00:27
So they are one cellcelica and they have this specialposeben propertynepremičnine
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Gre torej za enoceličarje, njihova značilnost pa je,
00:30
that they only have one piecekos of DNADNA.
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da imajo enojen genski zapis.
00:32
They have very fewmalo genesgeni,
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Imajo zelo malo genov,
00:34
and geneticgenetski informationinformacije to encodekodiranje all of the traitslastnosti that they carrynositi out.
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genski zapis vsebuje vse njihove značilnosti.
00:38
And the way bacteriabakterije make a livingživeti
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Bakterije se preživljajo
00:40
is that they consumeporabijo nutrientshranila from the environmentokolje,
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s hranili iz okolja,
00:43
they growrastejo to twicedvakrat theirnjihovi sizevelikost, they cutcut themselvessami down in the middlesredi,
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zrastejo in se prepolovijo,
00:46
and one cellcelica becomespostane two, and so on and so on.
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s čimer nastaneta dve novi celici in tako dalje.
00:49
They just growrastejo and divideRazdelite, and growrastejo and divideRazdelite -- so a kindvrste of boringdolgočasno life,
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Stalno rastejo in se delijo -- nič posebnega --
00:53
exceptrazen that what I would arguetrdijo is that you have
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vendar pa smo s temi bitji
00:55
an amazingneverjetno interactioninterakcija with these crittersKritike.
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v izjemnem odnosu.
00:58
I know you guys think of yourselfsami as humansljudje, and this is sortRazvrsti of how I think of you.
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Vem, da vi sebe vidite kot ljudi, jaz pa razmišljam tako.
01:01
This man is supposeddomnevno to representpredstavljajo
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Ta figura predstavlja
01:03
a genericgenerično humančlovek beingbiti,
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povprečnega človeka,
01:05
and all of the circleskroge in that man are all of the cellscelice that make up your bodytelo.
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pike na njem pa predstavljajo celice, ki sestavljajo človeško telo.
01:09
There is about a trilliontrilijon humančlovek cellscelice that make eachvsak one of us
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Vsakega od nas sestavlja okrog bilijon človeških celic
01:12
who we are and ablesposoben to do all the things that we do,
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zaradi katerih lahko živimo in delujemo,
01:15
but you have 10 trilliontrilijon bacterialbakterij cellscelice
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poleg tega pa je v in na nas še 10 bilijonov bakterijskih celic
01:18
in you or on you at any momenttrenutek in your life.
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v vsakem trenutku življenja.
01:20
So, 10 timeskrat more bacterialbakterij cellscelice
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Na človeškem telesu je torej
01:22
than humančlovek cellscelice on a humančlovek beingbiti.
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desetkrat več bakterijskih kot človeških celic.
01:25
And of courseseveda it's the DNADNA that countsšteje,
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Šteje pa seveda le zaporedje nukleotidov
01:27
so here'sTukaj je all the A, T, GsGS and CsCS
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A, T, G in C,
01:29
that make up your geneticgenetski codeKoda, and give you all your charmingočarljiv characteristicsznačilnosti.
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ki sestavljajo vaš genski kod in pogojujejo vaše značilnosti.
01:32
You have about 30,000 genesgeni.
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Imate okrog 30.000 genov.
01:34
Well it turnszavrti out you have 100 timeskrat more bacterialbakterij genesgeni
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Bakterijskih genov imate stokrat več,
01:37
playingigranje a rolevloga in you or on you all of your life.
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za vas pa so pomembni celo življenje.
01:41
At the bestnajboljši, you're 10 percentodstotkov humančlovek,
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Morda ste 10 odstotkov človek,
01:44
but more likelyverjetno about one percentodstotkov humančlovek,
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verjetneje pa zgolj 1 odstotek,
01:46
dependingodvisno on whichki of these metricsmeritve you like.
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odvisno kateri vidik vam je ljubši.
01:48
I know you think of yourselfsami as humančlovek beingsbitja,
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Vi se vidite kot ljudi,
01:50
but I think of you as 90 or 99 percentodstotkov bacterialbakterij.
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jaz pa vas vidim kot skoraj izključno bakterije.
01:54
(LaughterSmeh)
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(Smeh)
01:55
These bacteriabakterije are not passivepasivno riderskolesarji,
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Te bakterije niso pasivne,
01:58
these are incrediblyneverjetno importantpomembno, they keep us aliveživ.
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pač pa so izjemnega pomena, saj nas ohranjajo žive.
02:01
They coverkritje us in an invisibleneviden bodytelo armoroklep
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Okrog nas ustvarjajo neviden ščit,
02:04
that keepsohranja environmentalokolje insultsžalitve out
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ki nas brani pred škodljivimi vplivi okolja,
02:06
so that we stayostani healthyzdravo.
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da ne zbolimo.
02:08
They digestprebaviti our foodhrano, they make our vitaminsvitamini,
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Prebavljajo nam hrano, sintetizirajo vitamine,
02:10
they actuallydejansko educateizobraževati your immuneimunski systemsistem
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našemu imunskemu sistemu sporočajo,
02:12
to keep badslab microbesmikrobi out.
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naj se ubrani slabih mikrobov.
02:14
So they do all these amazingneverjetno things
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Vse te neverjetne stvari počnejo,
02:16
that help us and are vitalvitalnega for keepingvzdrževanje us aliveživ,
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da ostanemo živi in zdravi,
02:20
and they never get any presspritisnite for that.
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pa kljub temu ostajajo prezrte.
02:22
But they get a lot of presspritisnite because they do a lot of
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Ponovno se jih pa zavemo,
02:24
terriblegrozno things as well.
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ko smo zaradi njih ogroženi.
02:26
So, there's all kindsvrste of bacteriabakterije on the EarthZemlja
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Na Zemlji je torej mnogo vrst bakterij,
02:29
that have no businessposlovanje beingbiti in you or on you at any time,
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ki niso v stiku s človeškim telesom,
02:32
and if they are, they make you incrediblyneverjetno sickbolan.
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ko pa so, lahko zaradi tega hudo zbolite.
02:36
And so, the questionvprašanje for my lablaboratorij is whetherali you want to think about all the
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V našem laboratoriju se torej ukvarjamo s tem,
02:39
good things that bacteriabakterije do, or all the badslab things that bacteriabakterije do.
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ali so pomembnejši dobri ali slabi vplivi bakterij.
02:43
The questionvprašanje we had is how could they do anything at all?
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Zanimalo nas je predvsem, kako sploh lahko kaj naredijo?
02:45
I mean they're incrediblyneverjetno smallmajhna,
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Ker so izjemno majhne,
02:47
you have to have a microscopemikroskopom to see one.
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jih lahko vidimo le z mikroskopom.
02:49
They livev živo this sortRazvrsti of boringdolgočasno life where they growrastejo and divideRazdelite,
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Vse življenje le rastejo in se delijo
02:52
and they'veoni so always been consideredupoštevati to be these asocialAsocijalan reclusivesamota organismsorganizmi.
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in vedno se jih je dojemalo kot samotarske organizme.
02:57
And so it seemedzdelo se mi je to us that they are just too smallmajhna to have an impactvpliv
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Zdelo se nam je, da so pač premajhne,
03:00
on the environmentokolje
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da bi lahko vplivale na okolje,
03:02
if they simplypreprosto actukrepati as individualsposamezniki.
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če delujejo individualno.
03:04
And so we wanted to think if there couldn'tni mogel be a differentdrugačen
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Zanimalo nas je torej, ali obstaja
03:06
way that bacteriabakterije livev živo.
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drugačen način življenja bakterij.
03:08
The cluenamig to this cameprišel from anotherdrugo marineMarine bacteriumbakterija,
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Namig za to nam je dala morska bakterija,
03:12
and it's a bacteriumbakterija calledpozval VibrioVibrio fischerifischeri.
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imenovana Vibrio fischeri.
03:15
What you're looking at on this slidezdrs is just a personoseba from my lablaboratorij
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Na sliki vidite pomočnika iz mojega laboratorija,
03:18
holdinggospodarstvo a flaskbučko of a liquidtekočina culturekulturo of a bacteriumbakterija,
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ki drži bučko tekoče bakterijske kulture,
03:21
a harmlessneškodljive beautifullepo bacteriumbakterija that comesprihaja from the oceanocean,
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čudovite neškodljive bakterije iz oceana,
03:24
namedimenovan VibrioVibrio fischerifischeri.
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imenovane Vibrio fischeri.
03:26
This bacteriumbakterija has the specialposeben propertynepremičnine that it makesnaredi lightsvetloba,
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Njena posebnost je, da ustvarja svetlobo,
03:29
so it makesnaredi bioluminescenceBioluminiscenca,
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torej bioluminescenco,
03:31
like fireflieskresnice make lightsvetloba.
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tako kot kresnice.
03:33
We're not doing anything to the cellscelice here.
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Tem celicam nismo dodali ničesar.
03:35
We just tookvzel the pictureslika by turningobračanje the lightsluči off in the roomsoba,
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Fotografijo smo posneli le z ugasnjenimi lučmi
03:37
and this is what we see.
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in videlo se je to.
03:39
What was actuallydejansko interestingzanimivo to us
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Za nas ni bilo presenetljivo to,
03:41
was not that the bacteriabakterije madeizdelane lightsvetloba,
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da bakterije ustvarjajo svetlobo,
03:43
but when the bacteriabakterije madeizdelane lightsvetloba.
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pač pa kdaj jo ustvarjajo.
03:45
What we noticedopazili is when the bacteriabakterije were alonesam,
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Ugotovili smo, da v osami
03:48
so when they were in diluterazredčimo suspensionvzmetenje, they madeizdelane no lightsvetloba.
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oz. v razredčeni suspenziji do tega ne pride.
03:51
But when they grewnaraščal to a certainnekateri cellcelica numberštevilka
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Ko pa se namnožijo do določenega števila celic,
03:53
all the bacteriabakterije turnedobrnjen on lightsvetloba simultaneouslyhkrati.
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začnejo vse bakterije hkrati oddajati svetlobo.
03:57
The questionvprašanje that we had is how can bacteriabakterije, these primitiveprimitivna organismsorganizmi,
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Želeli smo vedeti, kako lahko bakterije, ti preprosti organizmi,
04:01
tell the differenceRazlika from timeskrat when they're alonesam,
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zaznajo, kdaj so same
04:03
and timeskrat when they're in a communityskupnosti,
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in kdaj so v skupini,
04:05
and then all do something togetherskupaj.
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da potem skupaj nekaj izvedejo.
04:08
What we'vesmo figuredfigured out is that the way that they do that is that they talk to eachvsak other,
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Ugotovili smo, da to dosežejo z medsebojnim sporazumevanjem,
04:12
and they talk with a chemicalkemično languagejezik.
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nekakšnim kemičnim jezikom.
04:14
This is now supposeddomnevno to be my bacterialbakterij cellcelica.
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Predpostavimo, da je to naša bakterijska celica.
04:17
When it's alonesam it doesn't make any lightsvetloba.
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Ko je sama, ne ustvarja svetlobe.
04:20
But what it does do is to make and secreteizločajo smallmajhna moleculesmolekule
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Namesto tega proizvaja in izloča majhne molekule,
04:24
that you can think of like hormoneshormoni,
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ki si jih lahko predstavljate kot hormone --
04:26
and these are the redrdeča trianglestrikotniki, and when the bacteriabakterije is alonesam
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predstavljajo jih rdeči trikotniki -- in ko je bakterija sama,
04:29
the moleculesmolekule just floatplovec away and so no lightsvetloba.
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molekule le odplavajo stran in svetlobe ni.
04:32
But when the bacteriabakterije growrastejo and doubledvojno
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Ko pa se bakterije pomnožijo,
04:34
and they're all participatingsodelujoči in makingizdelavo these moleculesmolekule,
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vse sodelujejo pri sproščanju takih molekul,
04:37
the moleculemolekula -- the extracellularzunajcelični amountznesek of that moleculemolekula
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izvencelična količina teh molekul se torej prav tako pomnoži
04:41
increasespovečuje in proportiondelež to cellcelica numberštevilka.
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v sorazmerju s številom celic.
04:44
And when the moleculemolekula hitszadetkov a certainnekateri amountznesek
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Ko molekula doseže količino,
04:46
that tellspove the bacteriabakterije how manyveliko neighborssosedje there are,
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ki sporoči bakterijam, koliko sosednjih celic je,
04:49
they recognizeprepoznati that moleculemolekula
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skupaj prepoznajo to molekulo
04:51
and all of the bacteriabakterije turnobrat on lightsvetloba in synchronysinhrone.
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in skupaj ustvarijo svetlobo.
04:54
That's how bioluminescenceBioluminiscenca worksdela --
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Tako deluje bioluminescenca --
04:56
they're talkinggovoriti with these chemicalkemično wordsbesede.
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sporazumevajo se s kemičnimi besedami.
04:58
The reasonrazlog that VibrioVibrio fischerifischeri is doing that comesprihaja from the biologybiologija.
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Razlog, da Vibrio fisceri to počne, je biološki.
05:02
Again, anotherdrugo plugvtič for the animalsživali in the oceanocean,
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Tu je še eno morsko bitje --
05:05
VibrioVibrio fischerifischeri livesživi in this squidlignji.
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ta ligenj je namreč njen gostitelj.
05:08
What you are looking at is the HawaiianHavajska BobtailPodsječen rep SquidLignji,
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Na sliki je ligenj Euprymna scolopes,
05:10
and it's been turnedobrnjen on its back,
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obrnjen na hrbet
05:12
and what I hopeupanje you can see are these two glowingžareče lobeslupine
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in upam, da vidite dva svetleča režnja,
05:15
and these househiša the VibrioVibrio fischerifischeri cellscelice,
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v katerih živijo celice Vibro fischeri
05:18
they livev živo in there, at highvisoko cellcelica numberštevilka
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in v velikem številu
05:20
that moleculemolekula is there, and they're makingizdelavo lightsvetloba.
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ustvarjajo svetlobo.
05:22
The reasonrazlog the squidlignji is willingpripravljen to put up with these shenaniganspendrek
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Ligenj te vsiljivce gosti,
05:25
is because it wants that lightsvetloba.
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ker potrebuje njihovo svetlobo.
05:27
The way that this symbiosisSimbioza worksdela
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Živijo v sožitju,
05:29
is that this little squidlignji livesživi just off the coastObala of HawaiiHavaji,
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mehkužec pa živi blizu havajskih obal
05:33
just in sortRazvrsti of shallowplitvo knee-deepkolen globoko watervoda.
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v zelo nizki vodi.
05:35
The squidlignji is nocturnalnočne, so duringmed the day
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Ta ligenj je nočna žival, tekom dneva
05:38
it buriespokopava itselfsama in the sandpesek and sleepsspi,
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namreč zakopan v pesek spi,
05:40
but then at night it has to come out to huntlov.
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ponoči pa pride ven na lov.
05:43
On brightsvetlo nightsnoči when there is lots of starlightStarlight or moonlightmesečno svetlobo
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Zaradi plitkosti vode, kjer ligenj živi,
05:45
that lightsvetloba can penetrateprodreti the depthglobino of the watervoda
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zvezdna ali lunina svetloba
05:48
the squidlignji livesživi in, sinceod it's just in those couplepar feetstopala of watervoda.
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zlahka prodre do morskega dna.
05:51
What the squidlignji has developedrazvili is a shutterroleta
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Ligenj je razvil zaslonko,
05:54
that can openodprto and closeblizu over this specializedspecializirano lightsvetloba organorgan housingstanovanja the bacteriabakterije.
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s katero odstira in zastira ta poseben organ, ki gosti bakterijo.
05:58
Then it has detectorsdetektorji on its back
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Na hrbtu ima senzorje za določanje
06:00
so it can sensesmisel how much starlightStarlight or moonlightmesečno svetlobo is hittingudaril its back.
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jakosti zvezdne ali lunine svetlobe na njem.
06:04
And it opensse odpre and closesse zapre the shutterroleta
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Glede na to odpira in zapira zaslonko,
06:06
so the amountznesek of lightsvetloba comingprihajajo out of the bottomspodaj --
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da se jakost svetlobe, ki jo bakterije
06:08
whichki is madeizdelane by the bacteriumbakterija --
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sproščajo na njegovi spodnji strani,
06:10
exactlytočno matchestekme how much lightsvetloba hitszadetkov the squid'sna lignje back,
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natanko ujema s svetlobo na hrbtu,
06:12
so the squidlignji doesn't make a shadowsence.
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zato pod sabo ne ustvarja sence.
06:14
It actuallydejansko usesuporabe the lightsvetloba from the bacteriabakterije
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S svetlobo bakterij torej
06:17
to counter-illuminateCounter-osvetlitev itselfsama in an anti-predationboj proti plenilskega devicenaprave
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osvetli osenčeno površino pod sabo,
06:20
so predatorsplenilci can't see its shadowsence,
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da plenilci ne zaznajo njegove sence
06:22
calculateizračunati its trajectorytrajektorija, and eatjesti it.
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in ga tako tudi ne morejo upleniti.
06:24
This is like the stealthStealth bomberbombnik of the oceanocean.
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Je torej nekakšen oceanski nevidni bombnik.
06:27
(LaughterSmeh)
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(Smeh)
06:28
But then if you think about it, the squidlignji has this terriblegrozno problemproblem
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A pravzaprav je to zanj tudi težava,
06:31
because it's got this dyingumiranje, thickdebel culturekulturo of bacteriabakterije
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saj mu lahko ta razkrajajoča, gosta bakterijska kultura,
06:34
and it can't sustainvzdrževati that.
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ki jo nosi, tudi škodi.
06:36
And so what happensse zgodi is everyvsak morningjutro when the sunsonce comesprihaja up
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Zato se ligenj vsako jutro ob sončnem vzhodu
06:38
the squidlignji goesgre back to sleepspanje, it buriespokopava itselfsama in the sandpesek,
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zakoplje v pesek in preko črpalke,
06:41
and it's got a pumpčrpalka that's attachedpriložen to its circadiancirkadianega rhythmritem,
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ki se odziva na njegov dnevni ritem,
06:44
and when the sunsonce comesprihaja up it pumpsčrpalke out like 95 percentodstotkov of the bacteriabakterije.
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izčrpa 95 odstotkov bakterijskih celic.
06:49
Now the bacteriabakterije are diluterazredčimo, that little hormonehormon moleculemolekula is goneizginil,
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Bakterije so zdaj razredčene, malih hormonskih molekul ni,
06:52
so they're not makingizdelavo lightsvetloba --
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zato tudi ni svetlobe,
06:54
but of courseseveda the squidlignji doesn't carenego. It's asleepspati in the sandpesek.
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kar lignja ne moti, saj spi v pesku.
06:56
And as the day goesgre by the bacteriabakterije doubledvojno,
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Preko dneva se bakterije pomnožijo,
06:58
they releasesprostitev the moleculemolekula, and then lightsvetloba comesprihaja on
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izločajo molekule in ponoči ustvarijo svetlobo,
07:01
at night, exactlytočno when the squidlignji wants it.
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točno takrat, ko jo ligenj potrebuje.
07:04
First we figuredfigured out how this bacteriumbakterija does this,
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Najprej smo ugotovili, kako bakterija to izvede,
07:07
but then we broughtprinesel the toolsorodja of molecularmolekularno biologybiologija to this
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nato pa smo z molekularno biologijo
07:10
to figureštevilka out really what's the mechanismmehanizem.
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prišli do spoznanja o tem mehanizmu.
07:12
And what we foundnajdemo -- so this is now supposeddomnevno to be, again, my bacterialbakterij cellcelica --
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Ugotovili smo -- to je torej ta bakterijska celica --
07:16
is that VibrioVibrio fischerifischeri has a proteinbeljakovine --
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da Vibrio fischeri vsebuje protein --
07:18
that's the redrdeča boxškatla -- it's an enzymeencim that makesnaredi
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to je rdeči kvader -- encim, ki ustvari
07:21
that little hormonehormon moleculemolekula, the redrdeča triangletrikotnik.
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ta rdeči trikotnik, hormonsko molekulo.
07:24
And then as the cellscelice growrastejo, they're all releasingsprostitev that moleculemolekula
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Ko celice rastejo, vse oddajajo molekulo,
07:26
into the environmentokolje, so there's lots of moleculemolekula there.
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s katero se napolne okolica.
07:29
And the bacteriabakterije alsotudi have a receptorreceptor on theirnjihovi cellcelica surfacepovršina
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Bakterije pa imajo na celični površini tudi receptor,
07:33
that fitsUjema like a lockzaklepanje and keyključ with that moleculemolekula.
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ki se kot ključ ujema s ključavnico -- molekulo.
07:36
These are just like the receptorsreceptorji on the surfacespovršine of your cellscelice.
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Taki receptorji so tudi na celičnih površinah v vašem telesu.
07:39
When the moleculemolekula increasespovečuje to a certainnekateri amountznesek --
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Ko se molekula namnoži do določene vrednosti,
07:42
whichki sayspravi something about the numberštevilka of cellscelice --
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ki sporoča število celic,
07:44
it locksključavnice down into that receptorreceptor
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se zaklene v ta receptor,
07:46
and informationinformacije comesprihaja into the cellscelice
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podatki pa vstopijo v celice
07:48
that tellspove the cellscelice to turnobrat on
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in jim sporočijo, naj izvršijo
07:50
this collectivekolektiv behaviorvedenje of makingizdelavo lightsvetloba.
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skupinsko ustvarjanje svetlobe.
07:53
Why this is interestingzanimivo is because in the pastpreteklost decadedesetletje
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To je pomembno, ker smo v zadnjem desetletju dognali,
07:56
we have foundnajdemo that this is not just some anomalyanomalija
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da pri tej smešni morski svetleči bakteriji
07:58
of this ridiculoussmešno, glow-in-the-darkžareti v temi bacteriumbakterija that livesživi in the oceanocean --
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ne gre le za nepravilnost,
08:01
all bacteriabakterije have systemssistemov like this.
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pač pa imajo vse bakterije take sisteme.
08:04
So now what we understandrazumeti is that all bacteriabakterije can talk to eachvsak other.
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Zdaj je torej jasno, da imajo vse bakterije možnost sporazumevanja.
08:07
They make chemicalkemično wordsbesede, they recognizeprepoznati those wordsbesede,
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Ustvarjajo kemične besede, jih prepoznavajo
08:10
and they turnobrat on groupskupina behaviorsvedenja
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in se nanje skupinsko odzivajo,
08:12
that are only successfuluspešno when all of the cellscelice participatesodelovati in unisonsozvočju.
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pri čemer morajo sodelovati vse celice, da delovanje uspe.
08:17
We have a fancyfancy nameime for this: we call it quorumugotavljanje sklepčnosti sensingzaznavanje.
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Gre za t.i. quorum sensing (zaznavanje celične gostote oz. avtoindukcija).
08:20
They voteglasovanje with these chemicalkemično votesglasov,
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Glasujejo s kemičnimi glasovi,
08:22
the voteglasovanje getsdobi countedštetje, and then everybodyvsi respondsodgovarja to the voteglasovanje.
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jih preštejejo in nato vse nanje odgovorijo.
08:26
What's importantpomembno for today'sdanes talk
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Pomembno je, da vemo,
08:28
is that we know that there are hundredsstotine of behaviorsvedenja
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da bakterije na tak kolektiven način
08:30
that bacteriabakterije carrynositi out in these collectivekolektiv fashionsmodo.
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izvedejo na stotine različnih dejavnosti.
08:33
But the one that's probablyverjetno the mostnajbolj importantpomembno to you is virulencevirulenco.
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Za vas najpomembejši pa je najbrž njihova sposobnost povzročiti bolezen.
08:36
It's not like a couplepar bacteriabakterije get in you
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Ena ali dve bakterijski celici ob vstopu v telo
08:39
and they startZačni secretingizločajo some toxinstoksini --
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še ne izločata toksinov --
08:41
you're enormousogromno, that would have no effectučinek on you. You're hugeogromno.
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človeško telo je namreč ogromno, preveliko, da bi nanj imeli vpliv.
08:44
What they do, we now understandrazumeti,
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Zdaj torej vemo,
08:47
is they get in you, they wait, they startZačni growingrastoče,
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da ob vstopu čakajo, se množijo,
08:50
they countšteje themselvessami with these little moleculesmolekule,
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se preko molekul preštejejo
08:52
and they recognizeprepoznati when they have the right cellcelica numberštevilka
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in ko dosežejo določeno število celic,
08:54
that if all of the bacteriabakterije launchkosilo theirnjihovi virulencevirulenco attacknapad togetherskupaj,
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da skupaj sprožijo izbruh bolezni,
08:58
they are going to be successfuluspešno at overcomingpremagovanje an enormousogromno hostgostitelj.
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bodo zmožne premagati še tako velikega gostitelja.
09:02
BacteriaBakterije always controlnadzor pathogenicitypatogenosti with quorumugotavljanje sklepčnosti sensingzaznavanje.
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Bakterije patogenost vedno upravljajo z avtoindukcijo.
09:06
That's how it worksdela.
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Tako to deluje.
09:08
We alsotudi then wentšla to look at what are these moleculesmolekule --
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Nato smo se vrnili tudi k molekulam,
09:11
these were the redrdeča trianglestrikotniki on my slidesdiapozitivi before.
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rdečim trikotnikom na slikah.
09:14
This is the VibrioVibrio fischerifischeri moleculemolekula.
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To je molekula bakterije Vibrio fischeri.
09:16
This is the wordbeseda that it talkspogovori with.
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To je beseda, s katero se sporazumeva.
09:18
So then we startedzačel to look at other bacteriabakterije,
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Začeli smo opazovati še druge bakterije
09:20
and these are just a smatteringNatucanje of the moleculesmolekule that we'vesmo discoveredodkriti.
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in to je le delček odkritih molekul.
09:23
What I hopeupanje you can see
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Upam, da je vidno,
09:25
is that the moleculesmolekule are relatedpovezane.
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kaj imajo te molekule skupnega.
09:27
The left-handlevo partdel of the moleculemolekula is identicalenako
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Levi del molekule je identičen
09:29
in everyvsak singlesamski speciesvrste of bacteriabakterije.
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pri prav vsaki vrsti bakterije.
09:32
But the right-handdesno partdel of the moleculemolekula is a little bitbit differentdrugačen in everyvsak singlesamski speciesvrste.
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Desni del molekule pa je nekoliko drugačen.
09:36
What that does is to conferpodeliti
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To v teh jezikih izraža
09:38
exquisiteizvrstno speciesvrste specificitiesposebnosti to these languagesjezikov.
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posebne značilnosti vrste bakterije.
09:42
EachVsak moleculemolekula fitsUjema into its partnerpartnerja receptorreceptor and no other.
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Vsaka molekula spada zgolj k primernemu receptorju.
09:46
So these are privatezasebno, secretskrivnost conversationspogovori.
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Gre torej za zasebne, skrivne pogovore
09:49
These conversationspogovori are for intraspeciesintraspecies communicationkomunikacija.
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znotraj ene vrste.
09:53
EachVsak bacteriabakterije usesuporabe a particularzlasti moleculemolekula that's its languagejezik
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Vsaka bakterija z določeno molekulo ugotovi,
09:57
that allowsdovoljuje it to countšteje its ownlastno siblingsbratje in sestre.
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koliko celic njene vrste jo obkroža.
10:01
OnceEnkrat we got that fardaleč we thought
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Verjeli smo, da začenjamo razumeti
10:03
we were startingzačetek to understandrazumeti that bacteriabakterije have these socialsocialno behaviorsvedenja.
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skupinsko delovanje bakterij.
10:06
But what we were really thinkingrazmišljanje about is that mostnajbolj of the time
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Seveda pa vemo, da večino časa
10:09
bacteriabakterije don't livev živo by themselvessami, they livev živo in incredibleneverjetno mixturesmešanice,
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bakterije ne živijo same, pač pa v gostih mešanicah
10:12
with hundredsstotine or thousandstisoče of other speciesvrste of bacteriabakterije.
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stotin, tisočin vrst bakterij.
10:16
And that's depictedupodobljen on this slidezdrs. This is your skinkoža.
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To prikazuje ta slika. To je površina vaše kože.
10:19
So this is just a pictureslika -- a micrographposnetek of your skinkoža.
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Gre le za sliko, približan posnetek kože.
10:22
AnywhereKjerkoli on your bodytelo, it looksizgleda prettylepa much like this,
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Kjerkoli na vašem telesu gre za podoben prizor
10:24
and what I hopeupanje you can see is that there's all kindsvrste of bacteriabakterije there.
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in upam, da vidite, da gre za različne vrste bakterij.
10:28
And so we startedzačel to think if this really is about communicationkomunikacija in bacteriabakterije,
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Pri sporazumevanju bakterij in štetju sorodnih sosed
10:32
and it's about countingštetje your neighborssosedje,
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pa ni dovolj le sposobnost
10:34
it's not enoughdovolj to be ablesposoben to only talk withinznotraj your speciesvrste.
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sporazumevanja s člani iste vrste.
10:37
There has to be a way to take a censuspopis
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Obstajati mora torej tudi način
10:39
of the restpočitek of the bacteriabakterije in the populationprebivalstvo.
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popisa ostalih bakterij v okolici.
10:42
So we wentšla back to molecularmolekularno biologybiologija
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Vrnili smo se k molekularni biologiji
10:44
and startedzačel studyingŠtudij differentdrugačen bacteriabakterije,
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in začeli preučevati različne vrste bakterij,
10:46
and what we'vesmo foundnajdemo now is that
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pri čemer smo ugotovili,
10:48
in factdejstvo, bacteriabakterije are multilingualvečjezični.
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da so bakterije pravzaprav večjezične.
10:50
They all have a species-specificvrstno specifični systemsistem --
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Vse imajo sistem prepoznavanja lastne vrste --
10:53
they have a moleculemolekula that sayspravi "me."
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molekulo, ki pravi "jaz".
10:55
But then, runningteče in parallelvzporedno to that is a seconddrugič systemsistem
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A temu vzporedno smo odkrili še
10:58
that we'vesmo discoveredodkriti, that's genericgenerično.
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sistem prepoznavanja različnih članov rodu.
11:00
So, they have a seconddrugič enzymeencim that makesnaredi a seconddrugič signalsignal
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Obstaja torej še drug encim, ki ustvari drugačen signal
11:03
and it has its ownlastno receptorreceptor,
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za drugačen receptor --
11:05
and this moleculemolekula is the tradetrgovino languagejezik of bacteriabakterije.
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ta molekula je jezik sporazumevanja med različnimi bakterijami,
11:08
It's used by all differentdrugačen bacteriabakterije
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uporabljajo pa ga
11:10
and it's the languagejezik of interspeciesinterspecies communicationkomunikacija.
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za medvrstno sporazumevanje.
11:14
What happensse zgodi is that bacteriabakterije are ablesposoben to countšteje
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Bakterije tako lahko preštejejo člane
11:17
how manyveliko of me and how manyveliko of you.
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svoje in tuje vrste.
11:20
They take that informationinformacije insideznotraj,
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Glede na podatek
11:22
and they decideodloči what tasksnaloge to carrynositi out
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o večinski in manjšinski vrsti
11:24
dependingodvisno on who'skdo je in the minoritymanjšine and who'skdo je in the majorityvečino
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v katerikoli populaciji se odločijo,
11:28
of any givendan populationprebivalstvo.
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kateri postopek naj izvedejo.
11:30
Then again we turnobrat to chemistrykemija,
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Nato smo se vrnili h kemiji
11:32
and we figuredfigured out what this genericgenerično moleculemolekula is --
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in ugotovili sestavo te rodovne molekule --
11:35
that was the pinkroza ovalsovala on my last slidezdrs, this is it.
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rožnatih ovalov na zadnji sliki.
11:38
It's a very smallmajhna, five-carbonpet-ogljik moleculemolekula.
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To je majhna molekula s petimi atomi ogljika.
11:40
What the importantpomembno thing is that we learnednaučili
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Pomembno je,
11:43
is that everyvsak bacteriumbakterija has exactlytočno the sameenako enzymeencim
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da ima vsaka bakterija točno enak encim
11:46
and makesnaredi exactlytočno the sameenako moleculemolekula.
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in ustvari točno enako molekulo.
11:48
So they're all usinguporabo this moleculemolekula
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Tako torej vse uporabljajo to molekulo
11:50
for interspeciesinterspecies communicationkomunikacija.
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za medvrstno sporazumevanje.
11:52
This is the bacterialbakterij EsperantoEsperanto.
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To je bakterijski esperanto.
11:55
(LaughterSmeh)
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(Smeh)
11:56
OnceEnkrat we got that fardaleč, we startedzačel to learnučiti se
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Nato smo spoznali,
11:58
that bacteriabakterije can talk to eachvsak other with this chemicalkemično languagejezik.
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da se bakterije sporazumevajo s tem kemičnim jezikom.
12:01
But what we startedzačel to think is that maybe there is something
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Začelo pa nas je zanimati tudi,
12:03
practicalpraktično that we can do here as well.
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kako bi lahko to praktično uporabili.
12:05
I've told you that bacteriabakterije do have all these socialsocialno behaviorsvedenja,
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Delovanje bakterij je torej skupinsko,
12:08
they communicatekomunicirajo with these moleculesmolekule.
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sporazumevajo pa se preko teh molekul.
12:11
Of courseseveda, I've alsotudi told you that one of the importantpomembno things they do
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Pri tem je pomembno,
12:14
is to initiatesproži pathogenicitypatogenosti usinguporabo quorumugotavljanje sklepčnosti sensingzaznavanje.
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da se patogenost začne z zaznavanjem celične gostote.
12:17
We thought, what if we madeizdelane these bacteriabakterije
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Razmišljali smo, kako bi lahko vplivali na bakterije,
12:19
so they can't talk or they can't hearslišite?
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da se ne bi mogle sporazumevati?
12:22
Couldn'tNi mogel these be newnovo kindsvrste of antibioticsantibiotiki?
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Bi lahko ustvarili novo vrsto antibiotikov?
12:25
Of courseseveda, you've just heardslišal and you alreadyže know
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Vsi seveda že veste,
12:27
that we're runningteče out of antibioticsantibiotiki.
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da nam zmanjkuje antibiotikov.
12:29
BacteriaBakterije are incrediblyneverjetno multi-drug-resistantMulti drug odporne right now,
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Bakterije so dandanes odporne že na vrsto zdravil,
12:32
and that's because all of the antibioticsantibiotiki that we use killubiti bacteriabakterije.
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saj antibiotiki, kot jih poznamo, bakterijo ubijejo.
12:36
They eitherbodisi poppop the bacterialbakterij membranemembrana,
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Učinkujejo na membrano bakterij
12:38
they make the bacteriumbakterija so it can't replicateponovite its DNADNA.
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oz. na njihovo DNK, da se ne more podvojevati.
12:41
We killubiti bacteriabakterije with traditionaltradicionalno antibioticsantibiotiki
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Bakterije uničujemo s tradicionalnimi antibiotiki,
12:44
and that selectsizbere for resistantodporen mutantsmutanti.
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nastanejo pa odporni mutanti.
12:46
And so now of courseseveda we have this globalglobalno problemproblem
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Velik svetovni problem so seveda
12:49
in infectiousnalezljive diseasesbolezni.
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nalezljive bolezni.
12:51
We thought, well what if we could sortRazvrsti of do behaviorvedenje modificationsspremembe,
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Pomislili smo, da bi lahko posegli v delovanje bakterij,
12:54
just make these bacteriabakterije so they can't talk, they can't countšteje,
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da se ne bi mogle sporazumevati in preštevati,
12:57
and they don't know to launchkosilo virulencevirulenco.
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kar bi zaustavilo sprožitev bolezni.
13:00
And so that's exactlytočno what we'vesmo doneKončano, and we'vesmo sortRazvrsti of takensprejeti two strategiesstrategije.
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Naredili smo točno to in sicer na dva načina.
13:03
The first one is we'vesmo targetedusmerjeni
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Najprej je bil naš cilj
13:05
the intraspeciesintraspecies communicationkomunikacija systemsistem.
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sistem sporazumevanja znotraj ene vrste.
13:08
So we madeizdelane moleculesmolekule that look kindvrste of like the realresnično moleculesmolekule --
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Ustvarili smo molekule, ki so videti kot prave --
13:11
whichki you saw -- but they're a little bitbit differentdrugačen.
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take, kot ste jih videli -- a so nekoliko drugačne.
13:13
And so they lockzaklepanje into those receptorsreceptorji,
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Ko se priklenejo na receptorje bakterij,
13:15
and they jamdžem recognitionpriznanje of the realresnično thing.
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zaustavijo prepoznavanje prave molekule.
13:18
By targetingCiljanje the redrdeča systemsistem,
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S ciljanjem na rdeči sistem lahko ustvarimo
13:20
what we are ablesposoben to do is to make
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molekule prav za določeno vrsto bakterije ali bolezni,
13:22
species-specificvrstno specifični, or disease-specificposameznih bolezni, anti-quorumanti-sklepčnost sensingzaznavanje moleculesmolekule.
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a ki ne zaznavajo celične gostote.
13:27
We'veSmo alsotudi doneKončano the sameenako thing with the pinkroza systemsistem.
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Enako smo naredili z rožnatim sistemom.
13:30
We'veSmo takensprejeti that universaluniverzalno moleculemolekula and turnedobrnjen it around a little bitbit
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Univerzalno molekulo smo spremenili tako,
13:33
so that we'vesmo madeizdelane antagonistsantagonisti
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da smo onemogočili tudi
13:35
of the interspeciesinterspecies communicationkomunikacija systemsistem.
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medvrstni sistem sporazumevanja.
13:37
The hopeupanje is that these will be used as broad-spectrumširokega spektra antibioticsantibiotiki
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Upamo, da bodo taki antibiotiki široko uporabni
13:42
that work againstproti all bacteriabakterije.
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proti vsem bakterijam.
13:44
To finishkonča I'll just showshow you the strategystrategijo.
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Za konec naj predstavim to strategijo.
13:47
In this one I'm just usinguporabo the interspeciesinterspecies moleculemolekula,
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Tu je prikazana molekula medvrstnega sporazumevanja,
13:49
but the logiclogika is exactlytočno the sameenako.
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a način delovanja je isti.
13:51
What you know is that when that bacteriumbakterija getsdobi into the animalživali,
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Ko bakterija pride v žival,
13:54
in this caseprimera, a mousemiš,
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v tem primeru v miš,
13:56
it doesn't initiatesproži virulencevirulenco right away.
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bolezni ne sproži takoj.
13:58
It getsdobi in, it startsse začne growingrastoče, it startsse začne secretingizločajo
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Najprej začne rasti in izločati molekule,
14:01
its quorumugotavljanje sklepčnosti sensingzaznavanje moleculesmolekule.
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ki zaznavajo celično gostoto.
14:03
It recognizesprepozna when it has enoughdovolj bacteriabakterije
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Ko bakterije dosežejo zadostno število,
14:05
that now they're going to launchkosilo theirnjihovi attacknapad,
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sprožijo bolezen
14:07
and the animalživali diesumre.
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in žival pogine.
14:09
What we'vesmo been ablesposoben to do is to give these virulentvirulentni infectionsokužbe,
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Vnesli smo bolezenske bakterije,
14:12
but we give them in conjunctionkonjunkcija with our anti-quorumanti-sklepčnost sensingzaznavanje moleculesmolekule --
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a hkrati z molekulami, ki ne zaznavajo celične gostote --
14:16
so these are moleculesmolekule that look kindvrste of like the realresnično thing,
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molekule, ki so videti kot prave, ustrezne,
14:18
but they're a little bitbit differentdrugačen whichki I've depictedupodobljen on this slidezdrs.
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a so vseeno nekoliko drugačne, kot lahko vidite.
14:21
What we now know is that if we treatzdravljenje the animalživali
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Ugotovili smo, da če žival podvržemo
14:24
with a pathogenicpatogeni bacteriumbakterija -- a multi-drug-resistantMulti drug odporne pathogenicpatogeni bacteriumbakterija --
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patogeni bakteriji, odporni na številna zdravila,
14:28
in the sameenako time we give our anti-quorumanti-sklepčnost sensingzaznavanje moleculemolekula,
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in ji hkrati dodamo molekulo, ki ne zaznava celične gostote,
14:32
in factdejstvo, the animalživali livesživi.
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žival preživi.
14:34
We think that this is the nextNaslednji generationgeneracije of antibioticsantibiotiki
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Verjamemo, da je to nova generacija antibiotikov,
14:38
and it's going to get us around, at leastvsaj initiallyna začetku,
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s katerimi bomo lahko vsaj začasno
14:40
this bigvelik problemproblem of resistanceodpornost.
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premagali težavo odpornosti.
14:42
What I hopeupanje you think, is that bacteriabakterije can talk to eachvsak other,
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Bakterije se torej lahko sporazumevajo
14:45
they use chemicalskemikalije as theirnjihovi wordsbesede,
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s kemičnimi besedami,
14:48
they have an incrediblyneverjetno complicatedzapleteno chemicalkemično lexiconleksikon
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njihov izjemno zapleten nabor
14:51
that we're just now startingzačetek to learnučiti se about.
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pa smo šele začeli spoznavati.
14:53
Of courseseveda what that allowsdovoljuje bacteriabakterije to do
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S tem bakterije pravzaprav
14:56
is to be multicellularvečcelično.
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postanejo večcelične.
14:58
So in the spiritduh of TEDTED they're doing things togetherskupaj
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Podobno kot TED tudi bakterije
15:01
because it makesnaredi a differenceRazlika.
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za dosego sprememb stavijo na sodelovanje.
15:03
What happensse zgodi is that bacteriabakterije have these collectivekolektiv behaviorsvedenja,
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Obnašajo se kolektivno,
15:07
and they can carrynositi out tasksnaloge
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s čimer izvršujejo naloge,
15:09
that they could never accomplishizpolniti
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ki jih same ne bi
15:11
if they simplypreprosto acteddeloval as individualsposamezniki.
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nikoli izvedle.
15:13
What I would hopeupanje that I could furthernadalje arguetrdijo to you
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Upam, da mi bo uspelo utemeljiti,
15:16
is that this is the inventionizum of multicellularityvečceličnost.
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da govorim o začetku večceličnosti.
15:19
BacteriaBakterije have been on the EarthZemlja for billionsmilijarde of yearslet;
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Bakterije so na Zemlji že milijarde let,
15:23
humansljudje, couplepar hundredsto thousandtisoč.
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ljudje pa le nekaj sto tisoč.
15:25
We think bacteriabakterije madeizdelane the rulespravila
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Menimo, da so bakterije postavile pravila
15:27
for how multicellularvečcelično organizationorganizacija worksdela.
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za delovanje večceličnih skupnosti.
15:30
We think, by studyingŠtudij bacteriabakterije,
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S preučevanjem bakterij
15:33
we're going to be ablesposoben to have insightvpogled about multicellularityvečceličnost in the humančlovek bodytelo.
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želimo spoznati tudi večceličnost v človeškem telesu.
15:37
We know that the principlesnačela and the rulespravila,
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Če bi nam uspelo razvozlati
15:39
if we can figureštevilka them out in these sortRazvrsti of primitiveprimitivna organismsorganizmi,
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načela in pravila delovanja v teh preprostih organizmih,
15:41
the hopeupanje is that they will be applieduporablja
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bi jih lahko uporabili
15:43
to other humančlovek diseasesbolezni and humančlovek behaviorsvedenja as well.
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tudi pri človeških boleznih in delovanju.
15:47
I hopeupanje that what you've learnednaučili
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Upam, da sem pojasnila, da bakterije
15:49
is that bacteriabakterije can distinguishrazlikovati selfjaz from other.
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znajo ločiti med sebi enakimi in drugačnimi.
15:52
By usinguporabo these two moleculesmolekule they can say "me" and they can say "you."
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S tema dvema molekulama lahko rečejo "mi" in "oni".
15:55
Again of courseseveda that's what we do,
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To izražamo tudi ljudje,
15:57
bothoboje in a molecularmolekularno way,
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tako na molekularni
15:59
and alsotudi in an outwardnavzven way,
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kot na beseden način,
16:01
but I think about the molecularmolekularno stuffstvari.
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a sedaj je govora o molekularnem.
16:03
This is exactlytočno what happensse zgodi in your bodytelo.
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Točno to se torej dogaja v vašem telesu.
16:05
It's not like your heartsrce cellscelice and your kidneyledvice cellscelice get all mixedmešano up everyvsak day,
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Celice vašega srca in ledvic se ne mešajo med sabo,
16:08
and that's because there's all of this chemistrykemija going on,
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saj jim na kemični način
16:11
these moleculesmolekule that say who eachvsak of these groupsskupine of cellscelice is,
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molekule povejo, kdo spada h kateri skupini celic
16:14
and what theirnjihovi tasksnaloge should be.
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in kaj je njihova naloga.
16:16
Again, we think that bacteriabakterije inventedizumil that,
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Menimo, da so tak način iznašle bakterije.
16:19
and you've just evolvedevolucijo a fewmalo more bellszvonovi and whistlespiščalke,
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Človeško telo je sicer razvilo nekoliko bolj zapletene celice,
16:22
but all of the ideasideje are in these simplepreprosto systemssistemov that we can studyštudija.
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a enak princip se vrši v teh preprostih sistemih, ki jih preučujemo.
16:26
The finalkončno thing is, again just to reiterateponovno that there's this practicalpraktično partdel,
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V praktičnem delu smo torej razvili molekule,
16:30
and so we'vesmo madeizdelane these anti-quorumanti-sklepčnost sensingzaznavanje moleculesmolekule
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ki ne zaznavajo celične gostote,
16:33
that are beingbiti developedrazvili as newnovo kindsvrste of therapeuticsterapije.
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da bi ustvarili nova zdravila.
16:36
But then, to finishkonča with a plugvtič for all the good and miraculousčudežno bacteriabakterije
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Da pa ne bi pozabili na vse koristne in čudovite
16:39
that livev živo on the EarthZemlja,
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bakterije na Zemlji, smo razvili tudi
16:41
we'vesmo alsotudi madeizdelane pro-quorumPro-sklepčnost sensingzaznavanje moleculesmolekule.
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molekule, ki zaznavajo celično gostoto.
16:43
So, we'vesmo targetedusmerjeni those systemssistemov to make the moleculesmolekule work better.
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Na te sisteme smo se osredotočili, da bi tako izboljšali delovanje molekul.
16:46
RememberNe pozabite you have these 10 timeskrat or more bacterialbakterij cellscelice
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Ne pozabite, da je na in v vašem telesu desetkrat več
16:50
in you or on you, keepingvzdrževanje you healthyzdravo.
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bakterijskih celic, ki vas ohranjajo zdrave.
16:52
What we're alsotudi tryingposkušam to do is to beefgoveje meso up the conversationpogovor
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Poleg tega smo želeli
16:55
of the bacteriabakterije that livev živo as mutualistsmutualists with you,
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izboljšati pogovore med bakterijami,
16:58
in the hopesupa of makingizdelavo you more healthyzdravo,
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ki živijo z vami v sožitju,
17:00
makingizdelavo those conversationspogovori better,
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da bi na vaše zdravje in delovanje
17:02
so bacteriabakterije can do things that we want them to do
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učinkovale bolje,
17:05
better than they would be on theirnjihovi ownlastno.
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kot bi sicer same zase.
17:08
FinallyKončno, I wanted to showshow you
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Za konec vam želim še pokazati
17:10
this is my gangtolpa at PrincetonPrinceton, NewNove JerseyJersey.
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mojo družbo na Princetonu v New Jerseyu.
17:12
Everything I told you about was discoveredodkriti by someonenekdo in that pictureslika.
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Vse, o čemer sem vam pripovedovala, je odkrila oseba na tej sliki.
17:16
I hopeupanje when you learnučiti se things,
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Upam, da se zavedate, da dejstva,
17:18
like about how the naturalnaravno worldsvet worksdela --
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ki se jih učite, jih preberete v časopisu
17:20
I just want to say that wheneverkadarkoli you readpreberite something in the newspaperčasopis
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ali o njih slišite na predavanju
17:23
or you get to hearslišite some talk about something ridiculoussmešno in the naturalnaravno worldsvet
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o neverjetnih naravoslovnih odkritjih,
17:26
it was doneKončano by a childotrok.
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so odkrili mladi ljudje.
17:28
ScienceZnanost is doneKončano by that demographicdemografski.
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Znanost se odvija v tej starostni skupini.
17:30
All of those people are betweenmed 20 and 30 yearslet oldstar,
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Vsi od njih so stari med dvajset in trideset let
17:34
and they are the enginemotor that drivespogoni scientificznanstveni discoveryodkritje in this countrydržava.
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in predstavljajo gonilo znanstvenih odkritij v tej državi.
17:38
It's a really luckysrečen demographicdemografski to work with.
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Krasno je sodelovati z njimi.
17:41
I keep gettingpridobivanje olderstarejši and olderstarejši and they're always the sameenako agestarost,
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Jaz se staram, ta skupina pa je vedno enakih let,
17:44
and it's just a crazynoro delightfulčudovito jobdelo.
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zato v tem delu res izjemno uživam.
17:47
I want to thank you for invitingvabi me here.
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Najlepša hvala za vabilo.
17:49
It's a bigvelik treatzdravljenje for me to get to come to this conferencekonferenca.
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Zelo sem vesela sem, da sem lahko sodelovala na tej konferenci.
17:52
(ApplauseAplavz)
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(Aplavz)
17:57
Thankshvala.
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Hvala.
17:58
(ApplauseAplavz)
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(Aplavz)
Translated by Lenka Tušar
Reviewed by Tilen Pigac - EFZG

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Bonnie Bassler - Molecular biologist
Bonnie Bassler studies how bacteria can communicate with one another, through chemical signals, to act as a unit. Her work could pave the way for new, more potent medicine.

Why you should listen

In 2002, bearing her microscope on a microbe that lives in the gut of fish, Bonnie Bassler isolated an elusive molecule called AI-2, and uncovered the mechanism behind mysterious behavior called quorum sensing -- or bacterial communication. She showed that bacterial chatter is hardly exceptional or anomolous behavior, as was once thought -- and in fact, most bacteria do it, and most do it all the time. (She calls the signaling molecules "bacterial Esperanto.")

The discovery shows how cell populations use chemical powwows to stage attacks, evade immune systems and forge slimy defenses called biofilms. For that, she's won a MacArthur "genius" grant -- and is giving new hope to frustrated pharmacos seeking new weapons against drug-resistant superbugs.

Bassler teaches molecular biology at Princeton, where she continues her years-long study of V. harveyi, one such social microbe that is mainly responsible for glow-in-the-dark sushi. She also teaches aerobics at the YMCA.

More profile about the speaker
Bonnie Bassler | Speaker | TED.com