TEDSalon London Spring 2011
Neil Burgess: How your brain tells you where you are
Nil Bardžis (Neil Burgess): Kako vam mozak govori gde ste
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Kako se sećate gde ste parkirali svoj auto? Kako znate da li se krećete u ispravnom pravcu? Neuro naučnik Nil Bardžis proučava mehanizme neurona koji prave mapu prostora oko nas i njihovu vezu sa memorijom i imaginacijom.
Neil Burgess - Neuroscientist
At University College in London, Neil Burgess researches how patterns of electrical activity in brain cells guide us through space. Full bio
At University College in London, Neil Burgess researches how patterns of electrical activity in brain cells guide us through space. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
When we park in a big parking lot,
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Kada se parkiramo na parkingu,
00:17
how do we remember where we parked our car?
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kako se sećamo gde smo ostavili svoj automobil?
00:19
Here's the problem facing Homer.
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Ovo je problem sa kojim se Homer suočava.
00:22
And we're going to try to understand
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Pokušaćemo da razumemo
00:24
what's happening in his brain.
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šta se dešava u njegovom mozgu.
00:26
So we'll start with the hippocampus, shown in yellow,
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Dakle, počećemo sa hipokampusom,
prikazanim žutom bojom,
prikazanim žutom bojom,
00:28
which is the organ of memory.
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koji je organ memorije.
00:30
If you have damage there, like in Alzheimer's,
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Ako tu imate oštećenje,
kao kod Alchajmerove bolesti,
kao kod Alchajmerove bolesti,
00:32
you can't remember things including where you parked your car.
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ne možete da se setite stvari,
uključujući i gde ste parkirali auto.
uključujući i gde ste parkirali auto.
00:34
It's named after Latin for "seahorse,"
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Nazvan je "morski konjić" na latinskom,
00:36
which it resembles.
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na kojeg i liči.
00:38
And like the rest of the brain, it's made of neurons.
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Kao i ostatak mozga, sačinjen je od neurona.
00:40
So the human brain
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Dakle, ljudski mozak
00:42
has about a hundred billion neurons in it.
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ima oko stotinu milijardi neurona.
00:44
And the neurons communicate with each other
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Neuroni komuniciraju između sebe
00:47
by sending little pulses or spikes of electricity
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slanjem malih električnih potencijala
00:49
via connections to each other.
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preko međusobnih veza.
00:51
The hippocampus is formed of two sheets of cells,
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Hipokampus je građen od dva sloja ćelija,
00:54
which are very densely interconnected.
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koji su veoma gusto povezani.
00:56
And scientists have begun to understand
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Naučnici počinju da shvataju
00:58
how spatial memory works
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kako pamćenje prostora funkcioniše
01:00
by recording from individual neurons
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beleženjem aktivnosti pojedinačnih neurona
01:02
in rats or mice
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pacova i miševa,
01:04
while they forage or explore an environment
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dok tragaju za hranom ili istražuju okolinu
01:06
looking for food.
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tražeći hranu.
01:08
So we're going to imagine we're recording from a single neuron
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Dakle, zamislićemo da snimamo pojedinačni neuron
01:11
in the hippocampus of this rat here.
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hipokampusa ovog pacova.
01:14
And when it fires a little spike of electricity,
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Kada neuron okine električni potencijal
01:16
there's going to be a red dot and a click.
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pojaviće se crvena tačka i klik.
01:19
So what we see
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Dakle, ono što vidimo
01:21
is that this neuron knows
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je da ovaj neuron zna
01:23
whenever the rat has gone into one particular place in its environment.
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kad god je pacov otišao
na određeno mesto u svojoj okolini.
na određeno mesto u svojoj okolini.
01:26
And it signals to the rest of the brain
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On to signalizira ostatku mozga
01:28
by sending a little electrical spike.
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šaljući male impulse elektriciteta.
01:31
So we could show the firing rate of that neuron
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Dakle, možemo da prikažemo obrazac okidanja tog neurona
01:34
as a function of the animal's location.
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kao funkciju položaja te životnje u prostoru.
01:36
And if we record from lots of different neurons,
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Ako snimimo aktivnost više neurona,
01:38
we'll see that different neurons fire
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videćemo da različiti neuroni šalju impulse
01:40
when the animal goes in different parts of its environment,
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kada životinja ide na različita mesta te sredine,
01:42
like in this square box shown here.
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kao u ovoj kvadratnoj kutiji.
01:44
So together they form a map
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Dakle, oni zajedno formiraju mapu
01:46
for the rest of the brain,
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namenjenu ostatku mozga
01:48
telling the brain continually,
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obaveštavajući ga neprekidno:
01:50
"Where am I now within my environment?"
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"Gde sam sad u svom okruženju?"
01:52
Place cells are also being recorded in humans.
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"Ćelije mesta" su nađene i kod ljudi.
01:55
So epilepsy patients sometimes need
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Tako je pacijentima sa epilepsijom potrebno
01:57
the electrical activity in their brain monitoring.
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nadgledanje električne aktivnosti mozga.
02:00
And some of these patients played a video game
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Neki od ovih pacijenata igrali su video igricu
02:02
where they drive around a small town.
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u kojoj su se vozili po malom gradu.
02:04
And place cells in their hippocampi would fire, become active,
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Ćelije mesta njihovog hipokampusa bi se aktivirale
02:07
start sending electrical impulses
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i slale električne impulse
02:10
whenever they drove through a particular location in that town.
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kad god bi prolazili pored određenog mesta u tom gradu.
02:13
So how does a place cell know
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Kako ćelije mesta znaju
02:15
where the rat or person is within its environment?
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gde je pacov ili čovek unutar svoje okoline?
02:18
Well these two cells here
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Ove dve ćelije
02:20
show us that the boundaries of the environment
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nam pokazuju da su granice sredine
02:22
are particularly important.
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posebno važne.
02:24
So the one on the top
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Dakle, ova na vrhu
02:26
likes to fire sort of midway between the walls
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voli da šalje signal nekako
na pola puta između zidova
na pola puta između zidova
02:28
of the box that their rat's in.
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kutije u kojoj je pacov.
02:30
And when you expand the box, the firing location expands.
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A kada proširite kutiju, prostor slanja signala se širi.
02:33
The one below likes to fire
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Ova ispod voli da šalje signal
02:35
whenever there's a wall close by to the south.
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kad god je u blizini južnog zida kutije.
02:38
And if you put another wall inside the box,
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Ako postavite još jedan zid unutar kutije,
02:40
then the cell fires in both place
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tada ćelija okida impulse na oba mesta
02:42
wherever there's a wall to the south
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kad god postoji zid na jugu,
02:44
as the animal explores around in its box.
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dok životnja istražuje okolo unutar kutije.
02:48
So this predicts
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Dakle, ovim se predviđa
02:50
that sensing the distances and directions of boundaries around you --
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da je percepcija graničnih udaljenosti
i pravaca oko vas
i pravaca oko vas
02:52
extended buildings and so on --
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uključujući i zgrade i slično -
02:54
is particularly important for the hippocampus.
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posebno važna za hipokampus.
02:57
And indeed, on the inputs to the hippocampus,
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Zaista, u aferentnim putevima hipokampusa,
02:59
cells are found which project into the hippocampus,
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su ćelije koje se projektuju u hipokampus,
03:01
which do respond exactly
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koje reaguju upravo
03:03
to detecting boundaries or edges
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pri otkrivanju granica i ivica
03:06
at particular distances and directions
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na određenim odstojanjima i pravcima
03:08
from the rat or mouse
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od pacova ili miša,
03:10
as it's exploring around.
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dok se on kreće i istražuje okolinu.
03:12
So the cell on the left, you can see,
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Dakle, ćelija levo, kao što možete videti,
03:14
it fires whenever the animal gets near
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okida kad god se životinja približi
03:16
to a wall or a boundary to the east,
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zidu ili granici na istoku,
03:19
whether it's the edge or the wall of a square box
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bilo da je to ivica ili zid kvadratne kutije
03:22
or the circular wall of the circular box
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ili kružni zid kružne kutije
03:24
or even the drop at the edge of a table, which the animals are running around.
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ili čak ivica stola po kom životnja trči.
03:27
And the cell on the right there
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A ova ćelija desno
03:29
fires whenever there's a boundary to the south,
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ispaljuje kad god postoji granica na jugu,
03:31
whether it's the drop at the edge of the table or a wall
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bez obzira da li je to ivica stola ili zid
03:33
or even the gap between two tables that are pulled apart.
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ili čak prostor između dva razdvojena stola.
03:36
So that's one way in which we think
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Mislimo da je to jedan način koji koriste
03:38
place cells determine where the animal is as it's exploring around.
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ćelije mesta da bi odredile položaj životinje,
dok istražuje okolinu.
dok istražuje okolinu.
03:41
We can also test where we think objects are,
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Takođe možemo ispitati gde mislimo da su objekti,
03:44
like this goal flag, in simple environments --
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kao što je ova zastavica, u jednostavnoj sredini
03:47
or indeed, where your car would be.
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ili u stvarnosti, gde bi mogao biti vaš auto.
03:49
So we can have people explore an environment
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Tako, možemo imati i ljude koji istražuju okolinu
03:52
and see the location they have to remember.
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i vide mesto koje treba da zapamte.
03:55
And then, if we put them back in the environment,
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I onda, ako ih vratimo nazad u tu sredinu,
03:57
generally they're quite good at putting a marker down
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u većini slučajeva odrede mesto
03:59
where they thought that flag or their car was.
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gde misle da su bili zastavica ili automobil.
04:02
But on some trials,
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Ali u nekim ispitivanjima,
04:04
we could change the shape and size of the environment
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možemo da promenimo oblik i veličinu okoline
04:06
like we did with the place cell.
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kao što smo uradili sa ćelijom mesta.
04:08
In that case, we can see
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U tom slučaju, možemo videti
04:10
how where they think the flag had been changes
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kako se njihovo sećanje na položaj zastavice menja
04:13
as a function of how you change the shape and size of the environment.
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zavisno od naše promene izgleda i veličine okoline.
04:16
And what you see, for example,
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I ono što možete videti, na primer,
04:18
if the flag was where that cross was in a small square environment,
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ako je zastavica bila na mestu
ovog krsta u malom kvadratu
ovog krsta u malom kvadratu
04:21
and then if you ask people where it was,
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i onda ih pitate gde je bila,
04:23
but you've made the environment bigger,
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a vi ste u međuvremenu učinili prostor većim,
04:25
where they think the flag had been
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mesto gde misle da je bila zastavica
04:27
stretches out in exactly the same way
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se izdužuje na isti način
04:29
that the place cell firing stretched out.
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kao što se izdužio prostor aktivnosti ćelija mesta.
04:31
It's as if you remember where the flag was
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To je kao da se sećate gde je zastavica bila
04:33
by storing the pattern of firing across all of your place cells
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čuvanjem obrazaca okidanja duž svih svojih ćelija mesta
04:36
at that location,
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na zadatoj lokaciji,
04:38
and then you can get back to that location
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onda možete da se vratite na to mesto
04:40
by moving around
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krećući se okolo,
04:42
so that you best match the current pattern of firing of your place cells
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tako da najbolje usaglasite
trenutni obrazac okidanja ćelija mesta
trenutni obrazac okidanja ćelija mesta
04:44
with that stored pattern.
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sa već sačuvanim obrascem.
04:46
That guides you back to the location that you want to remember.
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Ovo vas vodi nazad na mesto koje želite da zapamtite.
04:49
But we also know where we are through movement.
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Ali, mi znamo gde se nalazimo i pomoću kretanja.
04:52
So if we take some outbound path --
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Ako posmatramo neki put odlaska -
04:54
perhaps we park and we wander off --
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kao kad se parkiramo i posle odlutamo -
04:56
we know because our own movements,
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znamo uz pomoć sopstvenog kretanja,
04:58
which we can integrate over this path
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koje možemo da integrišemo preko ovog puta
05:00
roughly what the heading direction is to go back.
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i tako grubo da odredimo glavni pravac povratka.
05:02
And place cells also get this kind of path integration input
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Ćelije mesta takođe dobijaju ovako integrisani unos
05:06
from a kind of cell called a grid cell.
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preko ćelija koje zovemo "ćelijama rešetke".
05:09
Now grid cells are found, again,
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Ovakve ćelije se nalaze
05:11
on the inputs to the hippocampus,
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u aferentima hipokampusa
05:13
and they're a bit like place cells.
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i liče na ćelije mesta.
05:15
But now as the rat explores around,
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Ali sada, kad pacov istražuje
05:17
each individual cell fires
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svaka ćelija okida impulse
05:19
in a whole array of different locations
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sa niza različitih mesta
05:22
which are laid out across the environment
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i one su raspoređene po celom prostoru
05:24
in an amazingly regular triangular grid.
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u obliku zapanjujuće pravilne
rešetkaste mreže trouglova.
rešetkaste mreže trouglova.
05:29
And if you record from several grid cells --
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Ako beležite aktivnost različitih ćelija rešetke -
05:32
shown here in different colors --
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prikazanih ovde u različitim bojama -
05:34
each one has a grid-like firing pattern across the environment,
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svaka prostorno ima obrazac aktivnosti
u vidu rešetkaste mreže
u vidu rešetkaste mreže
05:37
and each cell's grid-like firing pattern is shifted slightly
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i svaki pojedinačni obrazac okidanja je malo pomeren
05:40
relative to the other cells.
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u odnosu na druge ćelije.
05:42
So the red one fires on this grid
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Crvena je aktivna na ovoj mreži
05:44
and the green one on this one and the blue on on this one.
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zelena na ovoj, a plava na ovoj.
05:47
So together, it's as if the rat
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Zajedno, čini se da pacov
05:50
can put a virtual grid of firing locations
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može da postavi virtuelnu mrežu obrazaca ovih aktivnosti
05:52
across its environment --
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preko celog prostora,
05:54
a bit like the latitude and longitude lines that you'd find on a map,
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slično linijama geografske dužine i širine na mapi,
05:57
but using triangles.
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ali koristeći trouglove.
05:59
And as it moves around,
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Kako se kreće unaokolo,
06:01
the electrical activity can pass
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električna aktivnost može da pređe
06:03
from one of these cells to the next cell
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sa jedne od ovih ćelija na sledeću
06:05
to keep track of where it is,
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pamteći tako gde se nalazi,
06:07
so that it can use its own movements
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tako da koristi sopstveno kretanje
06:09
to know where it is in its environment.
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da bi znao gde se nalazi u prostoru.
06:11
Do people have grid cells?
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Da li ljudi imaju ove ćelije rešetke?
06:13
Well because all of the grid-like firing patterns
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S obzirom da svi rešetkasti obrasci okidanja
u vidu mreže
u vidu mreže
06:15
have the same axes of symmetry,
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imaju istu osu simetrije,
06:17
the same orientations of grid, shown in orange here,
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odnosno iste orijentacije mreža, prikazane narandžasto,
06:20
it means that the net activity
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znači da bi ukupna aktivnost
06:22
of all of the grid cells in a particular part of the brain
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svih ćelija rešetke u određenom delu mozga
06:25
should change
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trebalo da se promeni
06:27
according to whether we're running along these six directions
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zavisno od toga da li se krećemo
duž ovih šest pravaca
duž ovih šest pravaca
06:29
or running along one of the six directions in between.
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ili ovih šest pravaca između njih.
06:32
So we can put people in an MRI scanner
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Možemo da stavimo ljude u skener magnetne rezonance
06:34
and have them do a little video game
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damo im zadatak kao video igricu
06:36
like the one I showed you
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kao ona koju sam već prikazao
06:38
and look for this signal.
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i posmatramo ovaj signal.
06:40
And indeed, you do see it in the human entorhinal cortex,
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I zaista, to vidite u ljudskom entorinalnom korteksu,
06:43
which is the same part of the brain that you see grid cells in rats.
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što odgovara delu mozga pacova
koji sadrži ćelije rešetke.
koji sadrži ćelije rešetke.
06:46
So back to Homer.
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Dakle, vratimo se Homeru.
06:48
He's probably remembering where his car was
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Verovatno se seća gde mu je automobil,
06:50
in terms of the distances and directions
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u funkciji udaljenosti i pravaca
06:52
to extended buildings and boundaries
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uključujući zgrade i granice
06:54
around the location where he parked.
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oko mesta gde se parkirao.
06:56
And that would be represented
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To bi bilo predstavljeno
06:58
by the firing of boundary-detecting cells.
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okidanjem ćelija koje detektuju granice.
07:00
He's also remembering the path he took out of the car park,
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On se takođe seća puta kojim je izašao iz parkinga,
07:03
which would be represented in the firing of grid cells.
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što bi bilo predstavljeno aktivnošću ćelija rešetke.
07:06
Now both of these kinds of cells
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Obe ove vrste ćelija
07:08
can make the place cells fire.
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mogu da aktiviraju ćelije mesta.
07:10
And he can return to the location where he parked
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On će se vratiti na mesto gde je parkirao
07:12
by moving so as to find where it is
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krećući se i pokušavajući da pronađe
07:15
that best matches the firing pattern
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najbolje preklapanje sadašnjeg obrasca
07:17
of the place cells in his brain currently
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aktivnosti ćelija mesta
07:19
with the stored pattern where he parked his car.
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sa već sačuvanim obrascem gde je parkirao auto.
07:22
And that guides him back to that location
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To ga navodi na lokaciju
07:24
irrespective of visual cues
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bez obzira na vizualne znakove
07:26
like whether his car's actually there.
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da li je njegov automobil zapravo tamo.
07:28
Maybe it's been towed.
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Možda ga je "pauk" odneo.
07:30
But he knows where it was, so he knows to go and get it.
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Ali zna gde je bio i zna do njega da dođe.
07:33
So beyond spatial memory,
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Osim pamćenja prostora,
07:35
if we look for this grid-like firing pattern
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ako posmatramo ovaj rešetkasti obrazac aktivnosti
07:37
throughout the whole brain,
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u celom mozgu,
07:39
we see it in a whole series of locations
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vidimo ga u raznim delovima
07:42
which are always active
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koji su uvek aktivni
07:44
when we do all kinds of autobiographical memory tasks,
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kad obavljamo različite
autobiografske memorijske aktivnosti,
autobiografske memorijske aktivnosti,
07:46
like remembering the last time you went to a wedding, for example.
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npr. kao što je sećanje kad ste
poslednji put bili na venčanju.
poslednji put bili na venčanju.
07:49
So it may be that the neural mechanisms
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Moguće je da se neuronski mehanizmi
07:51
for representing the space around us
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za predstavljanje prostora oko nas
07:54
are also used for generating visual imagery
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takođe koriste za stvaranje vizuelnog sećanja,
07:58
so that we can recreate the spatial scene, at least,
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tako da možemo da rekonstruišemo prostornu scenu
08:01
of the events that have happened to us when we want to imagine them.
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onoga što smo doživeli
kada želimo da je zamislimo.
kada želimo da je zamislimo.
08:04
So if this was happening,
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Ako se ovo dešava,
08:06
your memories could start by place cells activating each other
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vaše sećanje bi moglo da započne
tako što ćelije mesta aktiviraju jedna drugu
tako što ćelije mesta aktiviraju jedna drugu
08:09
via these dense interconnections
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preko međusobnih gustih veza,
08:11
and then reactivating boundary cells
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a zatim reaktiviraju ćelije granice
08:13
to create the spatial structure
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da bi stvorile prostorni sklop
08:15
of the scene around your viewpoint.
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scene oko vaše tačke gledanja.
08:17
And grid cells could move this viewpoint through that space.
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Ćelije reštke bi mogle da pomeraju
ovu tačku gledanja kroz prostor.
ovu tačku gledanja kroz prostor.
08:19
Another kind of cell, head direction cells,
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Druga vrsta ćelija, ćelije pravca glave
08:21
which I didn't mention yet,
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koje još nisam pomenuo,
08:23
they fire like a compass according to which way you're facing.
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okidaju kao kompas zavisno od pravca kojem ste okrenuti.
08:26
They could define the viewing direction
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One bi mogle da definišu pravac gledanja
08:28
from which you want to generate an image for your visual imagery,
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iz kog ćete stvoriti sliku svog vizuelnog sećanja
08:31
so you can imagine what happened when you were at this wedding, for example.
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tako da možete da zamislite šta se dogodilo
kad ste bili na tom venčanju.
kad ste bili na tom venčanju.
08:34
So this is just one example
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Ovo je samo jedan primer
08:36
of a new era really
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nove ere
08:38
in cognitive neuroscience
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kognitivne neuronauke
08:40
where we're beginning to understand
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gde počinjemo da razumevamo
08:42
psychological processes
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psihološke procese
08:44
like how you remember or imagine or even think
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kao što je kako pamtite ili zamišljate ili čak razmišljate,
08:47
in terms of the actions
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kao izraz aktivnosti
08:49
of the billions of individual neurons that make up our brains.
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milijardi pojedinačnih neurona koji čine naš mozak.
08:52
Thank you very much.
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Hvala najlepše.
08:54
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Neil Burgess - NeuroscientistAt University College in London, Neil Burgess researches how patterns of electrical activity in brain cells guide us through space.
Why you should listen
Neil Burgessis is deputy director of the Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience at University College London, where he investigates of the role of the hippocampus in spatial navigation and episodic memory. His research is directed at answering questions such as: How are locations represented, stored and used in the brain? What processes and which parts of the brain are involved in remembering the spatial and temporal context of everyday events, and in finding one's way about?
To explore this space, he and his team use a range of methods for gathering data, including pioneering uses of virtual reality, as well as computational modelling and electrophysiological analysis of the function of hippocampal neurons in the rat, functional imaging of human navigation, and neuropsychological experiments on spatial and episodic memory.
A parallel interest: Investigating our human short-term memory for serial order, or how we know our 123s.
Neil Burgess | Speaker | TED.com