TED-Ed
Adam Savage: How simple ideas lead to scientific discoveries
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Adam Savage walks through two spectacular examples of profound scientific discoveries that came from simple, creative methods anyone could have followed -- Eratosthenes' calculation of the Earth's circumference around 200 BC and Hippolyte Fizeau's measurement of the speed of light in 1849. Find more TED-Ed videos on our new YouTube channel: youtube.com/TEDEd.
Adam Savage - Maker, critical thinker
Adam Savage is an internationally renowned television producer, host and public speaker. Full bio
Adam Savage is an internationally renowned television producer, host and public speaker. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
Jedna od zanimljivih stvari
u vezi sa posedovanjem mozga je
u vezi sa posedovanjem mozga je
00:14
One of the funny things
about owning a brain
about owning a brain
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00:16
is that you have
no control over the things
no control over the things
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da nemamo kontrolu nad onim
što on prikuplja i čega se drži,
što on prikuplja i čega se drži,
00:18
that it gathers and holds onto,
the facts and the stories.
the facts and the stories.
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nad podacima i pričama.
00:21
And as you get older, it only gets worse.
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Kako starite, to se samo pogoršava.
00:23
Things stick around for years sometimes
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Stvari ponekad ostaju
tu negde godinama
tu negde godinama
00:25
before you understand
why you're interested in them,
why you're interested in them,
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pre nego što shvatite
zašto vas interesuju,
zašto vas interesuju,
00:28
before you understand their import to you.
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pre nego što shvatite
njihovu važnost po vas.
njihovu važnost po vas.
00:30
Here's three of mine.
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Ovo su tri koje su meni važne.
00:31
When Richard Feynman
was a young boy in Queens,
was a young boy in Queens,
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Kada je Ričard Fajnman
bio mlad momak u Kvinsu
bio mlad momak u Kvinsu
otišao je u šetnju sa svojim ocem,
kolicima i lopticom.
kolicima i lopticom.
00:34
he went for a walk with his dad
and his wagon and a ball.
and his wagon and a ball.
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00:38
He noticed that when he pulled the wagon,
the ball went to the back of the wagon.
the ball went to the back of the wagon.
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Primetio je da se,
kada povuče kolica,
kada povuče kolica,
loptica vraća nazad prema kolicima.
Kada je upitao oca:
00:42
He asked his dad, "Why does
the ball go to the back of the wagon?"
the ball go to the back of the wagon?"
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„Zašto se lopta vraća
prema kraju kolica?”,
prema kraju kolica?”,
otac mu je odgovorio:
„To je inercija.”
„To je inercija.”
00:45
And his dad said, "That's inertia."
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00:47
He said, "What's inertia?"
And his dad said, "Ah.
And his dad said, "Ah.
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Upitao je: „Šta je inercija?”,
a otac mu je odgovorio:
a otac mu je odgovorio:
„Inercija je ime
koje naučnici daju pojavi
koje naučnici daju pojavi
00:50
Inertia is the name that scientists give
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00:52
to the phenomenon of the ball
going to the back of the wagon."
going to the back of the wagon."
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da se lopta vraća unazad u kolicima,
00:55
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
00:57
"But in truth, nobody really knows."
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ali istina je da to niko zaista ne zna.”
Fajnman je dobio nekoliko diploma
01:00
Feynman went on to earn degrees
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01:02
at MIT, Princeton, he solved
the Challenger disaster,
the Challenger disaster,
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na MIT, Prinstonu,
rešio je katastrofu Čelendžer
rešio je katastrofu Čelendžer
01:05
he ended up winning
the Nobel Prize in Physics
the Nobel Prize in Physics
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i na kraju dobio
Nobelovu nagradu za fiziku
Nobelovu nagradu za fiziku
01:08
for his Feynman diagrams, describing
the movement of subatomic particles.
the movement of subatomic particles.
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za Fajnmanov dijagram koji objašnjava
kretanje subatomskih čestica.
kretanje subatomskih čestica.
Zaslugu za to pripisuje
upravo tom razgovoru sa ocem
upravo tom razgovoru sa ocem
01:12
And he credits that conversation
with his father as giving him a sense
with his father as giving him a sense
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jer mu je dao osećaj
01:16
that the simplest questions could carry
you out to the edge of human knowledge,
you out to the edge of human knowledge,
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da najjednostavnija pitanja mogu
da vas odvedu do ivica ljudskog znanja
da vas odvedu do ivica ljudskog znanja
i da je upravo to mesto
gde on želi da se igra.
gde on želi da se igra.
01:21
and that that's where he wanted to play.
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01:23
And play he did.
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I igrao se.
01:25
Eratosthenes was the third librarian
at the great Library of Alexandria,
at the great Library of Alexandria,
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Eratosten je bio treći bibliotekar
u velikoj Aleksandrijskoj biblioteci
01:29
and he made many contributions to science.
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i dao je brojne doprinose nauci,
ali ono po čemu je ostao zapamćen
01:32
But the one he is most remembered for
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01:34
began in a letter that he received
as the librarian,
as the librarian,
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počelo je pismom
koje je primio kao bibliotekar
koje je primio kao bibliotekar
iz grada Svenet koji se nalazio
južno od Aleksandrije.
južno od Aleksandrije.
01:37
from the town of Swenet,
which was south of Alexandria.
which was south of Alexandria.
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01:41
The letter included this fact
that stuck in Eratosthenes' mind,
that stuck in Eratosthenes' mind,
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Pismo je sadržalo činjenicu
koja se zadržala u njegovom umu,
koja se zadržala u njegovom umu,
01:44
and the fact was that the writer said,
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a ta činjenica bila je
da je pisac rekao da je u podne
da je pisac rekao da je u podne
01:46
at noon on the solstice,
when he looked down this deep well,
when he looked down this deep well,
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na ravnodnevnicu,
kada je pogledao u duboki bunar
kada je pogledao u duboki bunar
01:49
he could see his reflection at the bottom,
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video sopstveni odraz,
01:51
and he could also see
that his head was blocking the sun.
that his head was blocking the sun.
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kao i da njegova glava blokira Sunce.
Sad, trebalo bi da naglasim -
ideja da je Kristofer Kolumbo
ideja da je Kristofer Kolumbo
01:54
I should tell you -- the idea
that Christopher Columbus
that Christopher Columbus
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otkrio da je zemlja okrugla je
totalna glupost.
totalna glupost.
01:57
discovered that the world
is spherical is total bull.
is spherical is total bull.
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To uopšte nije istina.
01:59
It's not true at all.
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Svako ko je bio obrazovan
razumeo je da je Zemlja okrugla
razumeo je da je Zemlja okrugla
02:00
In fact, everyone who was educated
understood that the world was spherical
understood that the world was spherical
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još od Aristotelovog doba,
a Aristotel je to dokazao
a Aristotel je to dokazao
02:04
since Aristotle's time.
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02:05
Aristotle had proved it
with a simple observation.
with a simple observation.
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jednostavnim pomatranjem.
Primetio je da svaki put kada vidimo
Zemljinu senku na Mesecu,
Zemljinu senku na Mesecu,
02:07
He noticed that every time you saw
the Earth's shadow on the Moon,
the Earth's shadow on the Moon,
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ona je kružna,
02:11
it was circular,
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a jednini oblik
koji stalno pravi kružnu senku
koji stalno pravi kružnu senku
02:12
and the only shape that constantly
creates a circular shadow
creates a circular shadow
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je sfera -
znači, Zemlja je okrugla.
znači, Zemlja je okrugla.
02:15
is a sphere, Q.E.D. the Earth is round.
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Međutim, niko nije znao
koliko je velika
koliko je velika
02:18
But nobody knew how big it was
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02:19
until Eratosthenes got
this letter with this fact.
this letter with this fact.
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sve dok Eratosten nije dobio
pismo sa ovom činjenicom.
pismo sa ovom činjenicom.
02:23
So he understood that the sun
was directly above the city of Swenet,
was directly above the city of Swenet,
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Razumeo je da je Sunce
direktno iznad Sveneta
direktno iznad Sveneta
zato sto je gledajući niz bunar
video pravu liniju
video pravu liniju
02:26
because looking down a well,
it was a straight line
it was a straight line
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sve do dna bunara,
pored njegove glave do Sunca.
pored njegove glave do Sunca.
02:29
all the way down the well,
right past the guy's head up to the sun.
right past the guy's head up to the sun.
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02:33
Eratosthenes knew another fact.
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Eratosten je znao jos jednu činjenicu -
02:34
He knew that a stick stuck
in the ground in Alexandria
in the ground in Alexandria
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znao je da će štap
zaboden u zemlju u Aleksandriji
zaboden u zemlju u Aleksandriji
02:37
at the same time
and the same day, at noon,
and the same day, at noon,
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u isto vreme i istog dana u podne,
02:40
the sun's zenith, on the solstice,
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na Sunčev zenit, na ravnodnevnicu.
02:42
the sun cast a shadow that showed
that it was 7.2 degrees off-axis.
that it was 7.2 degrees off-axis.
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Sunce će baciti senku koja će pokazati
da je bio 7,2 stepena po osi.
da je bio 7,2 stepena po osi.
Sad, ako znate obim kruga
02:49
If you know the circumference of a circle,
and you have two points on it,
and you have two points on it,
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i imate dve tačke na njemu,
sve što treba da znate je
razmak izmedju te dve tačke
razmak izmedju te dve tačke
02:53
all you need to know is the distance
between those two points,
between those two points,
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i možete da izvedete obim.
02:56
and you can extrapolate the circumference.
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Trista šezdeset stepeni
podeljeno sa 7,2 je 50.
podeljeno sa 7,2 je 50.
02:58
360 degrees divided by 7.2 equals 50.
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03:02
I know it's a little bit
of a round number,
of a round number,
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Znam da je to okrugao broj,
a i mene čini malo sumnjičavim
a i mene čini malo sumnjičavim
03:04
and it makes me suspicious
of this story too,
of this story too,
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po pitanju ove priče,
ali to je dobra priča,
pa ćemo nastaviti sa njom.
pa ćemo nastaviti sa njom.
03:06
but it's a good story,
so we'll continue with it.
so we'll continue with it.
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03:08
He needed to know the distance
between Swenet and Alexandria,
between Swenet and Alexandria,
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Trebalo mu je da zna udaljenost
između Sveneta i Aleksandrije,
između Sveneta i Aleksandrije,
03:11
which is good because Eratosthenes
was good at geography.
was good at geography.
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što je dobro jer je Eratosten
bio dobar u geografiji.
bio dobar u geografiji.
03:15
In fact, he invented the word geography.
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Zapravo, baš on je izmislio
reč geografija.
reč geografija.
03:17
(Laughter)
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Put između Sveneta i Aleksandrije
03:19
The road between Swenet and Alexandria
was a road of commerce,
was a road of commerce,
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bio je trgovačka ruta,
03:22
and commerce needed to know
how long it took to get there.
how long it took to get there.
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a trgovcima je trebalo da znaju
koliko dugo im treba do tamo;
koliko dugo im treba do tamo;
03:25
It needed to know the exact distance,
so he knew very precisely
so he knew very precisely
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bila im je potrebna tačna udaljenost,
pa je on znao veoma precizno
pa je on znao veoma precizno
03:28
that the distance between
the two cities was 500 miles.
the two cities was 500 miles.
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da je udaljenost
između dva grada 800 kilometara.
između dva grada 800 kilometara.
Pomnožite to sa 50 i dobijate 40 000,
03:31
Multiply that times 50, you get 25,000,
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što je unutar jednog procenta
Zemljinog prečnika.
Zemljinog prečnika.
03:34
which is within one percent
of the actual diameter of the Earth.
of the actual diameter of the Earth.
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On je to uradio pre 2 200 godina,
03:38
He did this 2,200 years ago.
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03:42
Now, we live in an age where
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a mi živimo u vremenu
03:44
multi-billion-dollar pieces of machinery
are looking for the Higgs boson.
are looking for the Higgs boson.
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u kom multimilionska mašinerija
traži Higsov bozon.
traži Higsov bozon.
03:48
We're discovering particles
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Otkrivamo čestice koje mogu
da putuju brže od svetlosti,
da putuju brže od svetlosti,
03:50
that may travel faster
than the speed of light,
than the speed of light,
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a sve ove pronalaske
omogućila je tehnologija
omogućila je tehnologija
03:52
and all of these discoveries
are made possible
are made possible
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03:55
by technology that's been developed
in the last few decades.
in the last few decades.
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koja je otkrivena
u prethodnih par decenija.
u prethodnih par decenija.
03:58
But for most of human history,
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Ipak, tokom većeg dela
ljudske istorije
ljudske istorije
morali smo da otkrivamo ovakve stvari
koristeći oči, uši i umove.
koristeći oči, uši i umove.
04:01
we had to discover these things using
our eyes and our ears and our minds.
our eyes and our ears and our minds.
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Armand Fizo bio je
eksperimentalni fizičar u Parizu.
eksperimentalni fizičar u Parizu.
04:06
Armand Fizeau was
an experimental physicist in Paris.
an experimental physicist in Paris.
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Njegova specijalnost je zapravo bila
04:10
His specialty was actually refining
and confirming other people's results,
and confirming other people's results,
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da preradi i potvrdi
rezultate drugih ljudi.
rezultate drugih ljudi.
Ovo možda zvuči kao gubitak vremena,
04:15
and this might sound
like a bit of an also-ran,
like a bit of an also-ran,
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04:17
but in fact, this is the soul of science,
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ali zapravo je to srž nauke
04:19
because there is no such thing as a fact
that cannot be independently corroborated.
that cannot be independently corroborated.
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zato što ne postoji činjenica
koja ne može biti
nezavisno potkrepljena činjenicama,
nezavisno potkrepljena činjenicama,
04:23
And he was familiar
with Galileo's experiments
with Galileo's experiments
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a njemu su bili poznati
Galileovi eksperimenti
Galileovi eksperimenti
dok je pokušavao da odredi
da li svetlo ima brzinu.
da li svetlo ima brzinu.
04:26
in trying to determine
whether or not light had a speed.
whether or not light had a speed.
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04:29
Galileo had worked out this
really wonderful experiment
really wonderful experiment
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Tako je Galileo završio
ovaj sjajan eksperiment
ovaj sjajan eksperiment
u kom su on i njegov asistent
imali lampu;
imali lampu;
04:32
where he and his assistant had a lamp,
each one of them was holding a lamp.
each one of them was holding a lamp.
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svaki je držao po lampu,
a Galileo bi otvorio svoju lampu,
a Galileo bi otvorio svoju lampu,
04:36
Galileo would open his lamp,
and his assistant would open his.
and his assistant would open his.
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a njegov asistent bi uradio isto
04:39
They got the timing down really good.
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i dobro su podesili vreme.
04:41
They just knew their timing.
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Jednostavno su znali vreme.
Zatim bi stajali na dva vrha,
Zatim bi stajali na dva vrha,
04:42
And then they stood at two hilltops,
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04:44
two miles distant,
and they did the same thing,
and they did the same thing,
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udaljeni tri kilometra
i uradili bi istu stvar,
i uradili bi istu stvar,
04:47
on the assumption from Galileo
that if light had a discernible speed,
that if light had a discernible speed,
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pod Galileovom pretpostavkom da će,
ako svetlost ima uočljivu brzinu,
ako svetlost ima uočljivu brzinu,
04:50
he'd notice a delay in the light
coming back from his assistant's lamp.
coming back from his assistant's lamp.
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primetiti zastoj kod vraćanja
svetlosti iz lampe njegovog asistenta.
svetlosti iz lampe njegovog asistenta.
04:53
But light was too fast for Galileo.
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Svetlost je, međutim,
bila prebrza za Galilea.
bila prebrza za Galilea.
04:56
He was off by several orders
of magnitude when he assumed
of magnitude when he assumed
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Falilo mu je nekoliko redova veličina
kada je pretpostavio
kada je pretpostavio
04:58
that light was roughly ten times
as fast as the speed of sound.
as fast as the speed of sound.
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da je svetlost okvirno
10 puta brža od zvuka.
10 puta brža od zvuka.
05:02
Fizeau was aware of this experiment.
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Fizo je bio upoznat
sa ovim eksperimentom.
sa ovim eksperimentom.
05:04
He lived in Paris, and he set up
two experimental stations,
two experimental stations,
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Živeo je u Parizu i napravio je
dve eksperimentalne stanice,
dve eksperimentalne stanice,
na udaljenosti od otprilike
devet kilometara u Parizu.
devet kilometara u Parizu.
05:09
roughly 5.5 miles distant, in Paris.
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Rešio je ovaj Galileov problem,
05:12
And he solved this problem of Galileo's,
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a to je uradio
sa relativno trivijalnim komadom opreme.
sa relativno trivijalnim komadom opreme.
05:14
and he did it with a really relatively
trivial piece of equipment.
trivial piece of equipment.
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Učinio je to sa jednim od ovih.
05:19
He did it with one of these.
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05:21
I'm going to put away
the clicker for a second
the clicker for a second
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Otkloniću kliker na sekundu
05:23
because I want to engage
your brains in this.
your brains in this.
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zato što želim da angažujete svoje umove.
05:25
So this is a toothed wheel.
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Ovo je nazubljeni točak.
05:27
It's got a bunch of notches
and it's got a bunch of teeth.
and it's got a bunch of teeth.
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Ima gomilu udubljenja i zubaca.
05:30
This was Fizeau's solution
to sending discrete pulses of light.
to sending discrete pulses of light.
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Ovo je Fizoovo rešenje za slanje
direktnih pulseva svetlosti.
direktnih pulseva svetlosti.
Postavio je zrak
iza jednog od ovih udubljenja.
iza jednog od ovih udubljenja.
05:33
He put a beam behind one of these notches.
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05:35
If I point a beam
through this notch at a mirror,
through this notch at a mirror,
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Ako usmerite zrak kroz udubljenje
prema ogledalu
prema ogledalu
05:39
five miles away, that beam
is bouncing off the mirror
is bouncing off the mirror
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udaljenom 8 kilometara,
zrak se odbija od ogledala
zrak se odbija od ogledala
i vraća se ka meni
kroz ovo udubljenje.
kroz ovo udubljenje.
05:41
and coming back to me through this notch.
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Međutim, nešto interesantno se dešava
kada okrenemo brže točak.
kada okrenemo brže točak.
05:44
But something interesting happens
as he spins the wheel faster.
as he spins the wheel faster.
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05:47
He notices that it seems
like a door is starting to close
like a door is starting to close
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Primećuje da deluje
kao da se vrata zatvaraju
kao da se vrata zatvaraju
na zraku koji se vraća u njegovo oko.
05:50
on the light beam
that's coming back to his eye.
that's coming back to his eye.
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Zbog čega se to dešava?
05:53
Why is that?
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Zbog toga se što puls svetlosti
05:55
It's because the pulse
of light is not coming back
of light is not coming back
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ne vraća kroz isto udubljenje.
Zapravo udara u zubac,
Zapravo udara u zubac,
05:57
through the same notch.
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05:59
It's actually hitting a tooth.
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06:00
And he spins the wheel fast enough
and he fully occludes the light.
and he fully occludes the light.
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a on okreće točak dovoljno brzo
i potpuno zaklanja svetlost.
06:05
And then, based on the distance
between the two stations
between the two stations
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Zatim je, na osnovu udaljenosti
između dve stanice,
između dve stanice,
06:08
and the speed of his wheel
and the number of notches in the wheel,
and the number of notches in the wheel,
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brzine točka
i broja udubljenja na točku,
i broja udubljenja na točku,
06:11
he calculates the speed of light
to within two percent of its actual value.
to within two percent of its actual value.
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izračunao brzinu svetlosti
unutar dva procenta
njene stvarne vrednosti,
njene stvarne vrednosti,
a učinio je ovo 1849. godine.
06:16
And he does this in 1849.
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06:21
This is what really gets me
going about science.
going about science.
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To je ono što me tera
da nastavim sa ovom naukom.
da nastavim sa ovom naukom.
06:23
Whenever I'm having trouble
understanding a concept,
understanding a concept,
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Kad god imam problema
sa razumevanjem koncepta,
sa razumevanjem koncepta,
vratim se i istražim ljude
koji su otkrili taj koncept.
koji su otkrili taj koncept.
06:26
I go back and I research
the people that discovered that concept.
the people that discovered that concept.
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Pogledam priču kako su ga oni razumeli.
06:29
I look at the story of how
they came to understand it.
they came to understand it.
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06:31
What happens when you look
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Kada pogledate u ono o čemu su
oni koji su ga otkrili razmišljali
oni koji su ga otkrili razmišljali
06:33
at what the discoverers
were thinking about
were thinking about
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06:35
when they made their discoveries,
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dok su ga otkrivali,
06:37
is you understand that
they are not so different from us.
they are not so different from us.
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razumete da nisu
mnogo drugačiji od nas samih.
mnogo drugačiji od nas samih.
Mi smo vreće mesa i vode.
Svi krećemo sa istim sredstvima.
Svi krećemo sa istim sredstvima.
06:42
We are all bags of meat and water.
We all start with the same tools.
We all start with the same tools.
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Sviđa mi se ideja
da se različite grane nauke
da se različite grane nauke
06:46
I love the idea that different branches
of science are called fields of study.
of science are called fields of study.
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nazivaju grane istraživanja.
06:50
Most people think of science
as a closed, black box,
as a closed, black box,
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Većina ljudi vidi nauku
kao zatvorenu, crnu kutiju,
kao zatvorenu, crnu kutiju,
dok je ona zapravo otvoreno polje,
06:53
when in fact it is an open field.
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a svi smo mi istraživači.
06:56
And we are all explorers.
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06:58
The people that made these discoveries
just thought a little bit harder
just thought a little bit harder
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Ljudi koji su došli do ovih otkrića
samo su malo više razmišljali
samo su malo više razmišljali
07:01
about what they were looking at,
and they were a little bit more curious.
and they were a little bit more curious.
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o stvarima koje posmatraju
i bili su za mrvicu radoznaliji,
i bili su za mrvicu radoznaliji,
a njihova radoznalost promenila je
način na koji ljudi razmišljaju o svetu
način na koji ljudi razmišljaju o svetu
07:05
And their curiosity changed the way
people thought about the world,
people thought about the world,
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i tako su promenili svet.
07:08
and thus it changed the world.
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07:10
They changed the world, and so can you.
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Oni su promenili svet, pa možete i vi.
07:14
Thank you.
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Hvala vam.
(Aplauz)
07:15
(Applause)
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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Adam Savage - Maker, critical thinkerAdam Savage is an internationally renowned television producer, host and public speaker.
Why you should listen
Adam Savage's mother is a psychologist; his father was a celebrated artist, painter and filmmaker. From the youngest age they encouraged his flights of fancy. Savage has been a paperboy, a projectionist, juggler, unicycle rider, sculptor, graphic designer, scenic painter, robot builder, welder, carpenter, machinist, prop maker, toy designer, actor, writer, executive producer and director. He spent six years in theater and 10 years in commercial and film special effects working for clients such as Nike, Corning, Hershey's, and Coca-Cola, and films like Star Wars, The Matrix films, A.I., Space Cowboys, Terminator 3 and Galaxy Quest.
Savage has built everything from theater sets to miniature particle accelerators. From spaceships to animatronic arms. He's made Rube Goldberg machines, hand props and spacesuits. His online videos have generated over 230 million page views. He's written for Popular Mechanics, the Wall Street Journal and Wired Magazine, among others. His program "Mythbusters" produced 270 episodes that aired in over 100 countries for 14 years. Adam shares his builds, his love for movie props and costumes, and passion for the transformative power of making on his award winning website Tested.com. He lives in San Francisco with his wife Julia, his twin boys Thing1 and Thing2, and two amazing dogs.
(Photo: Michael Shindler)
Adam Savage | Speaker | TED.com