TED2012
Nathan Wolfe: What's left to explore?
Nejtan Volf (Nathan Wolfe): Šta je preostalo za istraživanje?
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Bili smo na Mesecu, ucrtali smo kontinente na karte, čak smo bili i na najdubljoj tački u okeanu - dvaput. Šta je sledećoj generaciji preostalo za istraživanje? Biolog i istraživač Nejtan Volf predlaže ovaj odgovor: skoro sve. I možemo započeti, kaže, s malim nevidljivim svetom.
Nathan Wolfe - Virus hunter
Armed with blood samples, high-tech tools and a small army of fieldworkers, Nathan Wolfe hopes to re-invent pandemic control -- and reveal hidden secrets of the planet's dominant lifeform: the virus. Full bio
Armed with blood samples, high-tech tools and a small army of fieldworkers, Nathan Wolfe hopes to re-invent pandemic control -- and reveal hidden secrets of the planet's dominant lifeform: the virus. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:16
Recently I visited Beloit, Wisconsin.
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Nedavno sam posetio Beloit,
u Viskonsinu.
u Viskonsinu.
00:19
And I was there to honor a great 20th century explorer,
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Bio sam tamo kako bih odao počast
velikom istraživaču 20. veka,
velikom istraživaču 20. veka,
00:22
Roy Chapman Andrews.
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Roju Čapmanu Endrusu.
00:24
During his time at the American Museum of Natural History,
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Za vreme njegovog rada
u Američkom prirodnjačkom muzeju,
u Američkom prirodnjačkom muzeju,
00:27
Andrews led a range of expeditions to uncharted regions,
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Endrus je vodio niz ekspedicija
u neistražene regione,
u neistražene regione,
00:31
like here in the Gobi Desert.
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kao ovde, u pustinji Gobi.
00:33
He was quite a figure.
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Bio je značajna ličnost.
00:34
He was later, it's said, the basis of the Indiana Jones character.
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Kasnije je, navodno, bio inspiracija
za lik Indijana Džonsa.
za lik Indijana Džonsa.
00:38
And when I was in Beloit, Wisconsin,
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Kada sam bio u Beloitu u Viskonsinu,
00:40
I gave a public lecture to a group of middle school students.
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održao sam javno predavanje
grupi srednjoškolaca.
grupi srednjoškolaca.
00:44
And I'm here to tell you,
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I ovde sam da vam kažem
00:46
if there's anything more intimidating than talking here at TED,
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da ako postoji nešto strašnije
od držanja TED govora,
od držanja TED govora,
00:49
it'll be trying to hold the attention
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bio bi to pokušaj da se održi pažnja
00:50
of a group of a thousand 12-year-olds for a 45-minute lecture.
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hiljadi 12-godišnjaka
na 45-minutnom predavanju.
na 45-minutnom predavanju.
00:54
Don't try that one.
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Ne pokušavajte to.
00:56
At the end of the lecture they asked a number of questions,
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Na kraju predavanja
postavljali su pitanja,
postavljali su pitanja,
01:00
but there was one that's really stuck with me since then.
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ali jedno pitanje
me ne napušta od tada.
me ne napušta od tada.
01:03
There was a young girl who stood up,
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Ustala je mlada devojka
01:05
and she asked the question:
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i pitala me:
01:06
"Where should we explore?"
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"Gde treba da istražujemo?"
01:08
I think there's a sense that many of us have
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Mislim da postoji utisak
koji mnogi od nas imaju
koji mnogi od nas imaju
01:11
that the great age of exploration on Earth is over,
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da je to sjajno doba
istraživanja Zemlje prošlo,
istraživanja Zemlje prošlo,
01:13
that for the next generation
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da će sledeća generacija
01:15
they're going to have to go to outer space or the deepest oceans
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morati da ide u svemir
ili u najdublji okean
ili u najdublji okean
01:18
in order to find something significant to explore.
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da bi mogla da nađe
nešto značajno da istražuje.
nešto značajno da istražuje.
01:21
But is that really the case?
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Ali, da li je to zaista slučaj?
01:23
Is there really nowhere significant for us to explore
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Da li zaista ne postoji neko
značajno mesto za istraživanje
značajno mesto za istraživanje
01:26
left here on Earth?
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koje je preostalo na Zemlji?
01:28
It sort of made me think back
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To me je na neki način
nateralo da razmišljam
nateralo da razmišljam
01:29
to one of my favorite explorers in the history of biology.
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o jednom od svojih omiljenih
istraživača u istoriji biologije.
istraživača u istoriji biologije.
01:32
This is an explorer of the unseen world, Martinus Beijerinck.
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To je istraživač nevidljivog sveta
Martinus Bajerink.
Martinus Bajerink.
01:35
So Beijerinck set out to discover the cause
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Bajerink je krenuo da otkrije uzrok
01:38
of tobacco mosaic disease.
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bolesti mozaika duvana.
01:40
What he did is he took the infected juice from tobacco plants
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Uzeo je zaraženi sok iz biljke duvana
01:44
and he would filter it through smaller and smaller filters.
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i filtrirao ga kroz
sve manje i manje filtere.
sve manje i manje filtere.
01:47
And he reached the point
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I stigao je do tačke
01:48
where he felt that there must be something out there
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kada je osetio da mora
da postoji nešto što je
da postoji nešto što je
01:51
that was smaller than the smallest forms of life that were ever known --
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manje od najmanje
poznate forme života -
poznate forme života -
01:55
bacteria, at the time.
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bakterije, u to vreme.
01:57
He came up with a name for his mystery agent.
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Smislio je ime za svoj
tajanstveni uzročnik.
tajanstveni uzročnik.
02:00
He called it the virus --
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Nazvao ga je virus -
02:02
Latin for "poison."
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latinski naziv za "otrov".
02:04
And in uncovering viruses,
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I otkrivanjem virusa,
02:07
Beijerinck really opened this entirely new world for us.
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Bajerink je otvorio čitav
novi svet za nas.
novi svet za nas.
02:11
We now know that viruses make up the majority
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Sada znamo da virusi čine većinu
02:13
of the genetic information on our planet,
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genetskih informacija na našoj planeti,
02:15
more than the genetic information
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više od genetskih informacija
02:17
of all other forms of life combined.
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svih drugih formi života zajedno.
02:18
And obviously there's been tremendous practical applications
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I očigledno je da postoje
važne praktične primene
važne praktične primene
02:22
associated with this world --
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povezane sa ovim svetom -
02:23
things like the eradication of smallpox,
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stvari kao što su istrebljenje
malih boginja,
malih boginja,
02:25
the advent of a vaccine against cervical cancer,
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pojava vakcine protiv raka
grlića materice,
grlića materice,
02:29
which we now know is mostly caused by human papillomavirus.
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za koji znamo da ga uglavnom izazivaju
humani papiloma virusi.
humani papiloma virusi.
02:32
And Beijerinck's discovery,
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Bajerinkovo otkriće
02:34
this was not something that occurred 500 years ago.
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se nije desilo pre 500 godina.
02:37
It was a little over 100 years ago
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Pre malo više od 100 godina
02:40
that Beijerinck discovered viruses.
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Bajerink je otkrio viruse.
02:42
So basically we had automobiles,
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Znači, u suštini,
imali smo automobile,
imali smo automobile,
02:44
but we were unaware of the forms of life
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ali nismo bili svesni formi života
02:46
that make up most of the genetic information on our planet.
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koje čine većinu genetske informacije
na našoj planeti.
na našoj planeti.
02:49
We now have these amazing tools
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Sada imamo ove fantastične alate
02:51
to allow us to explore the unseen world --
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uz pomoć kojih možemo
da otkrivamo nevidljivi svet -
da otkrivamo nevidljivi svet -
02:54
things like deep sequencing,
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stvari poput dubokog sekvenciranja
02:56
which allow us to do much more than just skim the surface
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koje nam dopušta da učinimo mnogo više
od pregledanja površine
od pregledanja površine
02:59
and look at individual genomes from a particular species,
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i gledanja pojedinačnih genoma
određenih vrsta,
određenih vrsta,
03:02
but to look at entire metagenomes,
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omogućava nam da gledamo
cele metagenome,
cele metagenome,
03:05
the communities of teeming microorganisms in, on and around us
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zajednicu mnogobrojnih mikroorganizama
u nama, na nama i oko nas
u nama, na nama i oko nas
03:09
and to document all of the genetic information in these species.
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i da dokumentujemo
sve genetske informacije tih vrsta.
sve genetske informacije tih vrsta.
03:12
We can apply these techniques
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Ove tehnike možemo da primenimo
03:14
to things from soil to skin and everything in between.
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od zemljišta do kože i na sve između.
03:18
In my organization we now do this on a regular basis
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Sada u mojoj organizaciji
ovo radimo svakodnevno
ovo radimo svakodnevno
03:21
to identify the causes of outbreaks
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da bismo identifikovali razloge
izbijanja bolesti
izbijanja bolesti
03:24
that are unclear exactly what causes them.
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za koje je nejasno
šta ih tačno izaziva.
šta ih tačno izaziva.
03:27
And just to give you a sense of how this works,
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I samo da vam dočaram kako ovo radi,
03:29
imagine that we took a nasal swab from every single one of you.
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zamislite da smo uzeli
bris iz nosa svakome od vas.
bris iz nosa svakome od vas.
03:32
And this is something we commonly do
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A to je nešto što obično radimo
03:34
to look for respiratory viruses like influenza.
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da bismo pronašli respiratorne
viruse kao grip.
viruse kao grip.
03:37
The first thing we would see
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Prva stvar koju bismo videli
03:39
is a tremendous amount of genetic information.
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je ogromna količina
genetskih informacija.
genetskih informacija.
03:42
And if we started looking into that genetic information,
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Ako bismo počeli da istražujemo
te genetske informacije,
te genetske informacije,
03:44
we'd see a number of usual suspects out there --
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tamo bismo videli određeni broj
uobičajenih krivaca -
uobičajenih krivaca -
03:46
of course, a lot of human genetic information,
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naravno, mnogo ljudskih
genetskih informacija,
genetskih informacija,
03:48
but also bacterial and viral information,
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ali i bakterijske i virusne informacije,
03:51
mostly from things that are completely harmless within your nose.
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uglavnom iz potpuno bezopasnih stvari
unutar vašeg nosa.
unutar vašeg nosa.
03:54
But we'd also see something very, very surprising.
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Ali videli bismo i nešto
veoma iznenađujuće.
veoma iznenađujuće.
03:57
As we started to look at this information,
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Kada bismo počeli
proučavati te informacije,
proučavati te informacije,
03:59
we would see that about 20 percent of the genetic information in your nose
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videli bismo da oko 20%
genetskih informacija u vašem nosu
genetskih informacija u vašem nosu
04:04
doesn't match anything that we've ever seen before --
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ne odgovara ničemu
što smo ikad pre videli -
što smo ikad pre videli -
04:07
no plant, animal, fungus, virus or bacteria.
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nijednoj biljci, životinji, gljivici,
virusu ili bakteriji.
virusu ili bakteriji.
04:10
Basically we have no clue what this is.
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U suštini, nemamo predstavu
šta bi to moglo biti.
šta bi to moglo biti.
04:13
And for the small group of us who actually study this kind of data,
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Mala grupa nas koji zapravo proučavamo
tu vrstu podataka,
tu vrstu podataka,
04:17
a few of us have actually begun to call this information
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počela je da zove ovu informaciju -
04:21
biological dark matter.
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biološka tamna materija.
04:23
We know it's not anything that we've seen before;
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Nije slična ničemu
što smo ranije videli;
što smo ranije videli;
04:26
it's sort of the equivalent of an uncharted continent
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ekvivalentna je kontinentu
koji nije ucrtan na karti,
koji nije ucrtan na karti,
04:29
right within our own genetic information.
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koji se nalazi upravo među
našim genetskim informacijama.
našim genetskim informacijama.
04:32
And there's a lot of it.
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A ima ih mnogo.
04:34
If you think 20 percent of genetic information in your nose is a lot
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Ako vam se čini da je 20%
genetskih informacija u vašem nosu
genetskih informacija u vašem nosu
04:37
of biological dark matter,
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mnogo tamne biološke materije,
04:39
if we looked at your gut,
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ako pogledamo u vaša creva,
04:40
up to 40 or 50 percent of that information is biological dark matter.
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40 do 50% te genetske informacije
je tamna biološka materija.
je tamna biološka materija.
04:44
And even in the relatively sterile blood,
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Čak i u relativno sterilnoj krvi,
04:46
around one to two percent of this information is dark matter --
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oko 1 do 2% je tamna
biološka materija -
biološka materija -
04:49
can't be classified, can't be typed or matched with anything we've seen before.
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ne može se klasifikovati niti uporediti
ni sa čim poznatim.
ni sa čim poznatim.
04:54
At first we thought that perhaps this was artifact.
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Prvo smo mislili da je ovo artefakt.
04:57
These deep sequencing tools are relatively new.
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Ovi duboko sekvencirajući
uređaji su relativno novi.
uređaji su relativno novi.
05:00
But as they become more and more accurate,
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Ali kako postaju sve tačniji i tačniji,
05:02
we've determined that this information is a form of life,
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shvatamo da je ova materija vid života
05:06
or at least some of it is a form of life.
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ili je bar deo nje - neki vid života.
05:08
And while the hypotheses for explaining the existence of biological dark matter
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I dok su hipoteze za objašnjenje
postojanja biološke tamne materije
postojanja biološke tamne materije
05:13
are really only in their infancy,
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tek u začetku,
05:15
there's a very, very exciting possibility that exists:
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postoji veoma uzbudljiva mogućnost:
05:18
that buried in this life, in this genetic information,
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da je unutar ove genetske
informacije sadržan
informacije sadržan
05:22
are signatures of as of yet unidentified life.
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potpis još neidentifikovanog života.
05:26
That as we explore these strings of A's, T's, C's and G's,
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Ako istražimo ove lance
A, T, C i G aminokiselina,
A, T, C i G aminokiselina,
05:30
we may uncover a completely new class of life
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možemo otkriti
potpuno novi vid života
potpuno novi vid života
05:33
that, like Beijerinck, will fundamentally change
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koji će, kao i Bajerink,
iz korena promeniti
iz korena promeniti
05:36
the way that we think about the nature of biology.
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način na koji razmišljamo
o prirodi biologije.
o prirodi biologije.
05:38
That perhaps will allow us to identify the cause of a cancer that afflicts us
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To će nam verovatno omogućiti
da identifikujemo uzrok raka
da identifikujemo uzrok raka
05:42
or identify the source of an outbreak that we aren't familiar with
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ili da identifikujemo izvor izbijanja
bolesti s kojim nismo upoznati
bolesti s kojim nismo upoznati
05:46
or perhaps create a new tool in molecular biology.
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ili možda da stvorimo novo sredstvo
u molekularnoj biologiji.
u molekularnoj biologiji.
05:49
I'm pleased to announce that,
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Drago mi je da mogu da najavim
05:51
along with colleagues at Stanford and Caltech and UCSF,
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da zajedno sa kolegama
sa Stanforda, Kalteka i UCSF-a,
sa Stanforda, Kalteka i UCSF-a,
05:56
we're currently starting an initiative
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upravo započinjemo inicijativu
05:57
to explore biological dark matter for the existence of new forms of life.
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za istraživanje biološke tamne materije
i da li u njoj ima novih oblika života.
i da li u njoj ima novih oblika života.
06:01
A little over a hundred years ago,
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Pre malo više od 100 godina
06:03
people were unaware of viruses,
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ljudi nisu bili svesni postojanja virusa,
06:06
the forms of life that make up most of the genetic information on our planet.
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oblika života koji čini najveći broj
genetskih informacija na našoj planeti.
genetskih informacija na našoj planeti.
06:10
A hundred years from now, people may marvel
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Sto godina u budućnost,
ljudi se mogu čuditi tome
ljudi se mogu čuditi tome
06:13
that we were perhaps completely unaware of a new class of life
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da smo bili potpuno nesvesni
postojanja novog vida života
postojanja novog vida života
06:16
that literally was right under our noses.
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koji nam je bukvalno bio pred nosem.
06:20
It's true, we may have charted all the continents on the planet
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Istina je, možda smo ucrtali na karti
sve kontinente na planeti
sve kontinente na planeti
06:23
and we may have discovered all the mammals that are out there,
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i možda smo otkrili sve sisare
koji postoje,
koji postoje,
06:26
but that doesn't mean that there's nothing left to explore on Earth.
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ali to ne znači da nije ostalo ništa
da se istražuje na Zemlji.
da se istražuje na Zemlji.
06:30
Beijerinck and his kind
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Bajerink i njemu slični
06:32
provide an important lesson for the next generation of explorers --
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su dali neverovatnu lekciju
budućim generacijama istraživača -
budućim generacijama istraživača -
06:35
people like that young girl from Beloit, Wisconsin.
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ljudima poput one mlade devojke
iz Beloita iz Viskonsina.
iz Beloita iz Viskonsina.
06:39
And I think if we phrase that lesson, it's something like this:
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Mislim da ako tu lekciju
kažemo kao poruku, glasila bi:
kažemo kao poruku, glasila bi:
06:42
Don't assume that what we currently think is out there is the full story.
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ne smatrajte da je ovo
što sada znamo, cela priča.
što sada znamo, cela priča.
06:47
Go after the dark matter in whatever field you choose to explore.
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Idite za nepoznatim stvarima u bilo kojoj
oblasti koju izaberete da istražujete.
oblasti koju izaberete da istražujete.
06:52
There are unknowns all around us
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Mnogo je nepoznatih stvari oko nas
06:54
and they're just waiting to be discovered.
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koje samo čekaju da budu otkrivene.
06:56
Thank you.
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Hvala.
06:58
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Nathan Wolfe - Virus hunterArmed with blood samples, high-tech tools and a small army of fieldworkers, Nathan Wolfe hopes to re-invent pandemic control -- and reveal hidden secrets of the planet's dominant lifeform: the virus.
Why you should listen
Using genetic sequencing, needle-haystack research, and dogged persistence (crucial to getting spoilage-susceptible samples through the jungle and to the lab), Nathan Wolfe has proven what was science-fiction conjecture only a few decades ago -- not only do viruses jump from animals to humans, but they do so all the time. Along the way Wolfe has discovered several new viruses, and is poised to discover many more.
Wolfe's research has turned the field of epidemiology on its head, and attracted interest from philanthropists at Google.org and the Skoll foundation. Better still, the research opens the door to preventing epidemics before they happen, sidelining them via early-warning systems and alleviating the poverty from which easy transmission emerges.
Nathan Wolfe | Speaker | TED.com