TED2013
Stewart Brand: The dawn of de-extinction. Are you ready?
Stjuart Brend (Stewart Brand): Rađanje oživljavanja. Da li ste spremni?
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Ljudi su kroz svoju istoriju doveli mnoge vrste do odumiranja: divljeg goluba selca, istočnog kuguara, dodo pticu... Ali sada, kaže Stujart Brend, posedujemo tehnologiju (i biologiju) da vratimo vrste koje je čovek uništio. Dakle - hoćemo li? Koje vrste? Stjuart postavlja veliko pitanje na koje je odgovor bliži nego što mislite.
Stewart Brand - Environmentalist, futurist
Since the counterculture '60s, Stewart Brand has been creating our internet-worked world. Now, with biotech accelerating four times faster than digital technology, Stewart Brand has a bold new plan ... Full bio
Since the counterculture '60s, Stewart Brand has been creating our internet-worked world. Now, with biotech accelerating four times faster than digital technology, Stewart Brand has a bold new plan ... Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:16
Now, extinction is a different kind of death.
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Izumiranje je drugačiji način smrti.
00:21
It's bigger.
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Veće je.
00:24
We didn't really realize that until 1914,
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Ovo nismo stvarno shvatili do 1914. god.
00:27
when the last passenger pigeon, a female named Martha,
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kada je poslednji golub selac,
ženka zvana Marta,
ženka zvana Marta,
00:30
died at the Cincinnati zoo.
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uginula u zoološkom vrtu u Sinsinatiju.
00:33
This had been the most abundant bird in the world
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Ovo je bila najbrojnija ptica na svetu
00:37
that'd been in North America for six million years.
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koja je šest miliona godina
nastanjivala Severnu Ameriku.
nastanjivala Severnu Ameriku.
00:40
Suddenly it wasn't here at all.
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Iznenada, nije je više bilo.
00:44
Flocks that were a mile wide and 400 miles long
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Jata, široka 1,5 km i duga 650 km,
00:48
used to darken the sun.
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su obično zaklanjala sunce.
00:51
Aldo Leopold said this was a biological storm,
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Aldo Leopold ih je zvao biološka oluja,
00:54
a feathered tempest.
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pernata nepogoda.
00:56
And indeed it was a keystone species
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To je zaista bila ključna vrsta
00:59
that enriched the entire eastern deciduous forest,
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koja je obogaćivala celokupnu
listopadnu šumu
listopadnu šumu
01:03
from the Mississippi to the Atlantic,
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od Misisipija do Atlantika,
01:05
from Canada down to the Gulf.
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od Kanade do Golfskog zaliva.
01:08
But it went from five billion birds to zero in just a couple decades.
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Ali je spala sa 5 milijardi ptica na nulu,
za svega nekoliko decenija.
za svega nekoliko decenija.
01:12
What happened?
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Šta se dogodilo?
01:13
Well, commercial hunting happened.
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Pa, desio se komercijalni lov.
01:15
These birds were hunted for meat that was sold by the ton,
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Lovili su ove ptice zbog mesa
koje se prodavalo u tonama,
koje se prodavalo u tonama,
01:19
and it was easy to do because when those big flocks
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bilo je jednostavno,
zato što kada su ova velika jata
zato što kada su ova velika jata
01:21
came down to the ground, they were so dense
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sletala na zemlju,
bila su toliko gusta
bila su toliko gusta
01:24
that hundreds of hunters and netters could show up
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da su stotine lovaca
i lovaca sa mrežama mogli da dođu
i lovaca sa mrežama mogli da dođu
01:26
and slaughter them by the tens of thousands.
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i poubijaju na desetine hiljada.
01:29
It was the cheapest source of protein in America.
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To je bio najjeftniji izvor proteina u Americi.
01:32
By the end of the century, there was nothing left
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Do kraja veka, nije ostalo ništa
01:34
but these beautiful skins in museum specimen drawers.
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osim ovih divnih koža
u muzejskim fiokama za uzorke.
u muzejskim fiokama za uzorke.
01:39
There's an upside to the story.
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Postoji i dobra strana ove priče.
01:41
This made people realize that the same thing
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Učinila je da ljudi shvate
da ista sudbina
da ista sudbina
01:43
was about to happen to the American bison,
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čeka i američkog bizona,
01:45
and so these birds saved the buffalos.
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te su ove ptice spasile bizone.
01:49
But a lot of other animals weren't saved.
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Ali mnoge druge životinje nisu spasene.
01:50
The Carolina parakeet was a parrot that lit up backyards everywhere.
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Papagaj Karolina je ptica
koja je uveseljavala svačije dvorište.
koja je uveseljavala svačije dvorište.
01:55
It was hunted to death for its feathers.
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Lovili su ga do izumiranja zbog perja.
01:57
There was a bird that people liked on the East Coast called the heath hen.
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Postojala je vrsta divlje kokoške - kokoš pustare,
koju su ljudi
koju su ljudi
02:00
It was loved. They tried to protect it. It died anyway.
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na istočnoj obali voleli. Pokušali su da je zaštite.
Svejedno je izumrla.
Svejedno je izumrla.
02:03
A local newspaper spelled out, "There is no survivor,
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Lokalne novine su pisale:
”Nema preživelih,
”Nema preživelih,
02:07
there is no future, there is no life to be recreated in this form ever again."
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nema budućnosti, nema živih
koji bi obnovili ovu vrstu.”
koji bi obnovili ovu vrstu.”
02:12
There's a sense of deep tragedy that goes with these things,
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Postoji osećaj duboke tragedije
koji prati ovakve događaje
koji prati ovakve događaje
02:14
and it happened to lots of birds that people loved.
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i desio se mnogim vrstama ptica
koje su ljudi voleli.
koje su ljudi voleli.
02:17
It happened to lots of mammals.
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To je zadesilo brojne sisare.
02:19
Another keystone species is a famous animal
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Druga ključna vrsta je čuvena životinja
02:22
called the European aurochs.
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zvana evropski urus.
02:24
There was sort of a movie made about it recently.
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Nedavno je snimljen neki film o njemu.
02:26
And the aurochs was like the bison.
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Urus je bio sličan bizonu.
02:29
This was an animal that basically kept the forest
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Ova životinja je u osnovi održavala šumu
02:32
mixed with grasslands across the entire Europe and Asian continent,
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kombinovanu sa travnjacima
u celoj Evro-Aziji
u celoj Evro-Aziji
02:37
from Spain to Korea.
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od Španije do Koreje.
02:39
The documentation of this animal goes back
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Dokazi o ovoj životinji su stari
02:41
to the Lascaux cave paintings.
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koliko i pećinske slike u Laskou.
02:45
The extinctions still go on.
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Izumiranja se još uvek nastavljaju.
02:47
There's an ibex in Spain called the bucardo.
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Postoji vrsta divokoze u Španiji
zvana bukardo.
zvana bukardo.
02:50
It went extinct in 2000.
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Izumrla je 2000.
02:52
There was a marvelous animal, a marsupial wolf
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Postojala je divna životinja,
torbarski vuk
torbarski vuk
02:55
called the thylacine in Tasmania, south of Australia,
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nazvan tilacin na Tasmaniji
u južnoj Australiji,
u južnoj Australiji,
02:59
called the Tasmanian tiger.
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zvani tasmanijski tigar.
03:01
It was hunted until there were just a few left to die in zoos.
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Lovili su ga sve dok ih nije ostalo nekoliko
koji su uginuli u zoo-vrtovima.
koji su uginuli u zoo-vrtovima.
03:05
A little bit of film was shot.
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Snimljen je mali film.
03:19
Sorrow, anger, mourning.
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Žalost, bes, tuga.
03:24
Don't mourn. Organize.
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Nemojte da žalite.
Organizujte se.
Organizujte se.
03:27
What if you could find out that, using the DNA in museum specimens,
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Šta ako biste otkrili da
DNK muzejskih uzoraka,
DNK muzejskih uzoraka,
03:31
fossils maybe up to 200,000 years old
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fosila možda starih i do 200 000 godina,
03:34
could be used to bring species back,
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mogu da se koriste za obnovu vrsta,
03:36
what would you do? Where would you start?
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šta biste uradili? Gde biste počeli?
03:38
Well, you'd start by finding out if the biotech is really there.
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Pa, počeli biste otkrivajući
da li biotehnologija zaista postoji.
da li biotehnologija zaista postoji.
03:41
I started with my wife, Ryan Phelan,
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Započeo sam sa svojom suprugom,
Rajen Felan,
Rajen Felan,
03:43
who ran a biotech business called DNA Direct,
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koja vodi biotehnološku kompaniju "DNA Direct"
03:46
and through her, one of her colleagues, George Church,
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i preko nje i jednog njenog saradnika,
Džordža Čerča,
Džordža Čerča,
03:50
one of the leading genetic engineers
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jednog od vodećih inženjera genetike,
03:53
who turned out to be also obsessed with passenger pigeons
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koji je, ispostavilo se, takođe opsednut
golubovima selcima
golubovima selcima
03:56
and a lot of confidence
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i sa mnogo samopouzdanja
03:58
that methodologies he was working on
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da bi metode na kojima je radio
04:00
might actually do the deed.
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zaista mogle biti uspešne.
04:02
So he and Ryan organized and hosted a meeting
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On i Rajen su,
na Wyss institutu na Harvardu,
na Wyss institutu na Harvardu,
04:05
at the Wyss Institute in Harvard bringing together
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bili organizatori okupljanja
04:08
specialists on passenger pigeons, conservation ornithologists, bioethicists,
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specijalista o golubovima selcima,
konzervacionih ornitologa, bioetičara,
konzervacionih ornitologa, bioetičara,
04:12
and fortunately passenger pigeon DNA had already been sequenced
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a srećom,
DNK goluba selca je već sekvencionirala
DNK goluba selca je već sekvencionirala
04:16
by a molecular biologist named Beth Shapiro.
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molekularni biolog Bet Šapiro.
04:20
All she needed from those specimens at the Smithsonian
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Jedino što joj je bilo potrebno
od ovih uzoraka u Smitsonijanu
od ovih uzoraka u Smitsonijanu
04:22
was a little bit of toe pad tissue,
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je delić tkiva jastučeta nožnog prsta
04:25
because down in there is what is called ancient DNA.
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jer se tu nalazi takozvana drevna DNK.
04:28
It's DNA which is pretty badly fragmented,
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Ta DNK je prilično oštećena,
04:31
but with good techniques now, you can basically reassemble the whole genome.
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ali sadašnjim dobrim tehnikama,
u osnovi možete obnoviti ceo genom.
u osnovi možete obnoviti ceo genom.
04:36
Then the question is, can you reassemble,
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Pitanje je možete li
04:39
with that genome, the whole bird?
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tim genomom obnoviti celu pticu?
04:41
George Church thinks you can.
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Džordž Čerč misli da možete.
04:44
So in his book, "Regenesis," which I recommend,
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U njegovoj knjizi, “Obnavljanje”
koju preporučujem,
koju preporučujem,
04:47
he has a chapter on the science of bringing back extinct species,
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postoji poglavlje o nauci
obnavljanja izumrlih vrsta
obnavljanja izumrlih vrsta
04:50
and he has a machine called
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i on ima aparat koji se zove
04:52
the Multiplex Automated Genome Engineering machine.
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multipla automatizovana mašina
genomskog inženjeringa.
genomskog inženjeringa.
04:55
It's kind of like an evolution machine.
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To je kao vrsta evolucionog aparta.
04:57
You try combinations of genes that you write
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Pokušate kombinaciju gena koju napišete
05:00
at the cell level and then in organs on a chip,
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na čipu, prvo na ćelijskom,
pa na tkivnom nivou
pa na tkivnom nivou
05:03
and the ones that win, that you can then put
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i pobeđuje ona koju možete staviti
05:05
into a living organism. It'll work.
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u živi organizam.
Ona će funkcionisati.
Ona će funkcionisati.
05:07
The precision of this, one of George's famous unreadable slides,
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Jedan od čuvenih Džordžovih
nečitkih slajdova,
nečitkih slajdova,
05:11
nevertheless points out that there's a level of precision here
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ipak pokazuje da ovde postoji preciznost
05:15
right down to the individual base pair.
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do individualnog para baza.
05:18
The passenger pigeon has 1.3 billion base pairs in its genome.
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Golub selac ima 1,3 milijarde
baznih parova u genomu.
baznih parova u genomu.
05:22
So what you're getting is the capability now
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Dakle, ono što sad dobijate
je sposobnost da
je sposobnost da
05:25
of replacing one gene with another variation of that gene.
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zamenite jedan gen
drugom varijacijom istog gena.
drugom varijacijom istog gena.
05:28
It's called an allele.
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Zove se alel.
05:30
Well that's what happens in normal hybridization anyway.
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Uostalom, to se ionako dešava
u prirodnoj hibridizaciji.
u prirodnoj hibridizaciji.
05:33
So this is a form of synthetic hybridization of the genome
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Ovo je oblik veštačke hibridizacije genoma
05:36
of an extinct species
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izumrle vrste
05:38
with the genome of its closest living relative.
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sa genomom njegovog
najbližeg živog srodnika.
najbližeg živog srodnika.
05:42
Now along the way, George points out that
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Na ovom putu,
Džordž ukazuje da se
Džordž ukazuje da se
05:45
his technology, the technology of synthetic biology,
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njegova tehnologija,
tehnologija veštačke biologije,
tehnologija veštačke biologije,
05:48
is currently accelerating at four times the rate of Moore's Law.
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trenutno ubrzava četvorostrukom brzinom
Murovog zakona.
Murovog zakona.
05:52
It's been doing that since 2005, and it's likely to continue.
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On ovo radi od 2005.
i verovatno će nastaviti.
i verovatno će nastaviti.
05:56
Okay, the closest living relative of the passenger pigeon
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U redu, najbliži živi srodnik goluba selca
05:59
is the band-tailed pigeon. They're abundant. There's some around here.
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je golub pećinar.
Ima ih mnogo. Neki su i ovde.
Ima ih mnogo. Neki su i ovde.
06:02
Genetically, the band-tailed pigeon already is
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Genetski, golub pećinar
već jeste
već jeste
06:07
mostly living passenger pigeon.
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uglavnom živi golub selac.
06:09
There's just some bits that are band-tailed pigeon.
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Postoje samo neki delići
koji su golub pećinar.
koji su golub pećinar.
06:11
If you replace those bits with passenger pigeon bits,
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Ukoliko te deliće zamenite
delićima goluba selca,
delićima goluba selca,
06:14
you've got the extinct bird back, cooing at you.
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ponovo ćete dobiti izmrlu vrstu ptice,
koja vam guče.
koja vam guče.
06:18
Now, there's work to do.
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Treba raditi.
06:20
You have to figure out exactly what genes matter.
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Treba da odredite gene
koji su zaista značajni.
koji su zaista značajni.
06:23
So there's genes for the short tail in the band-tailed pigeon,
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Tako da postoje geni za kratak rep
goluba pećinara,
goluba pećinara,
06:26
genes for the long tail in the passenger pigeon,
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geni za dugačak rep goluba selca,
06:28
and so on with the red eye, peach-colored breast, flocking, and so on.
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i tako dalje, za crvene oči, grudi boje breskve,
skupljanje u jata itd.
skupljanje u jata itd.
06:32
Add them all up and the result won't be perfect.
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Kad ih sve saberete,
rezultat neće biti savršen.
rezultat neće biti savršen.
06:35
But it should be be perfect enough,
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Ali bi trebalo da bude dovoljno dobar
06:37
because nature doesn't do perfect either.
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jer ni priroda nije savršena.
06:39
So this meeting in Boston led to three things.
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Dakle, ovaj skup u Bostonu je doveo
do tri stvari.
do tri stvari.
06:43
First off, Ryan and I decided to create a nonprofit
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Prvo, Rajen i ja smo odlučili
da stvorimo neprofitnu organizaciju
da stvorimo neprofitnu organizaciju
06:47
called Revive and Restore that would push de-extinction generally
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zvanu "Oživi i obnovi" koja bi
promovisala oživljavanje uopšte
promovisala oživljavanje uopšte
06:51
and try to have it go in a responsible way,
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i pokušali da je pokrenemo
na odgovoran način
na odgovoran način
06:54
and we would push ahead with the passenger pigeon.
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i promovisaćemo goluba selca.
06:57
Another direct result was a young grad student named Ben Novak,
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Drugi direktan rezultat je rad
mladog studenta diplomca Bena Novaka
mladog studenta diplomca Bena Novaka
07:01
who had been obsessed with passenger pigeons since he was 14
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koji je bio opsednut
golubom selcem od 14. godine,
golubom selcem od 14. godine,
07:04
and had also learned how to work with ancient DNA,
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takođe je naučio da radi sa drevnom DNK
07:07
himself sequenced the passenger pigeon,
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i sam je sekvencionirao goluba selca,
07:11
using money from his family and friends.
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uz pomoć sredstava porodice i prijatelja.
07:13
We hired him full-time.
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Zaposlili smo ga za puno radno vreme.
07:16
Now, this photograph I took of him last year at the Smithsonian,
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Ovo je njegova fotografija koju sam napravio
prošle godine u Smitsonijanu,
prošle godine u Smitsonijanu,
07:19
he's looking down at Martha,
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gleda u Martu,
07:21
the last passenger pigeon alive.
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poslednjeg živog goluba selca.
07:24
So if he's successful, she won't be the last.
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Ako bude uspešan, neće biti i poslednji.
07:27
The third result of the Boston meeting was the realization
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Treći ishod bostonskog sastanka je shvatanje
07:30
that there are scientists all over the world
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da postoje naučnici širom sveta
07:32
working on various forms of de-extinction,
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koji rade na različitim oblicima oživljavanja,
07:34
but they'd never met each other.
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ali se nikad nisu sreli.
07:35
And National Geographic got interested
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Zainteresovala se i Nacionalna geografija
07:37
because National Geographic has the theory that
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jer Nacionalna geografija ima teoriju
da je u prethodnom veku
da je u prethodnom veku
07:40
the last century, discovery was basically finding things,
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otkriće bilo uglavnom pronaći nešto,
07:43
and in this century, discovery is basically making things.
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a u ovom veku,
otkriće je uglavnom napraviti nešto.
otkriće je uglavnom napraviti nešto.
07:47
De-extinction falls in that category.
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Oživljavanje pripada toj kategoriji.
07:49
So they hosted and funded this meeting. And 35 scientists,
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Oni su bili domaćini i sponzori sastanka.
35 naučnika,
35 naučnika,
07:53
they were conservation biologists and molecular biologists,
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konzervacionih biologa i molekularnih biologa,
07:56
basically meeting to see if they had work to do together.
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se sastalo da bi videli mogu li
da urade nešto zajedno.
da urade nešto zajedno.
08:00
Some of these conservation biologists are pretty radical.
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Neki od ovih konzervacionih biologa
su prilično radikalni.
su prilično radikalni.
08:02
There's three of them who are not just re-creating ancient species,
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Trojica njih ne samo
da obnavljaju ranije vrste,
da obnavljaju ranije vrste,
08:06
they're recreating extinct ecosystems
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oni obnavljaju izumrle eko-sisteme
08:09
in northern Siberia, in the Netherlands, and in Hawaii.
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u severnom Sibiru,
Holandiji i na Havajima.
Holandiji i na Havajima.
08:13
Henri, from the Netherlands,
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Henri iz Holandije,
08:15
with a Dutch last name I won't try to pronounce,
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sa holandskim prezimenom koje
neću ni pokušati da izgovorim,
neću ni pokušati da izgovorim,
08:18
is working on the aurochs.
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radi na urusu.
08:20
The aurochs is the ancestor of all domestic cattle,
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Urus je predak svih domaćih goveda
08:24
and so basically its genome is alive, it's just unevenly distributed.
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tako da je njegov genom živ,
samo je nejednako rasprostranjen.
samo je nejednako rasprostranjen.
08:30
So what they're doing is working with seven breeds
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Oni rade sa sedam različitih vrsta
08:32
of primitive, hardy-looking cattle like that Maremmana primitivo on the top there
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primitivnih, izdržljivih goveda
kao što je ova "Maremmana primitivo" gore
kao što je ova "Maremmana primitivo" gore
08:37
to rebuild, over time, with selective back-breeding,
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da bi vremenom, selektivnim uzgojem unazad,
08:40
the aurochs.
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obnovili urusa.
08:43
Now, re-wilding is moving faster in Korea
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Obnavljanje divljih vrsta je brže u Koreji
08:46
than it is in America,
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nego u Americi,
08:47
and so the plan is, with these re-wilded areas all over Europe,
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a plan je, da će sa ovim obnovljenim
divljim oblastima u Evropi,
divljim oblastima u Evropi,
08:51
they will introduce the aurochs to do its old job,
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ponovo uvesti uruse u njihov stari posao,
08:54
its old ecological role,
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njihovu staru ekološku ulogu,
08:56
of clearing the somewhat barren, closed-canopy forest
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a to je čišćenje donekle ogoljenih,
ograničenih šuma
ograničenih šuma
08:59
so that it has these biodiverse meadows in it.
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da bi se postigao
visok stepen biodiverziteta travnjaka.
visok stepen biodiverziteta travnjaka.
09:03
Another amazing story
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Druga neobična priča
09:05
came from Alberto Fernández-Arias.
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dolazi od Alberta Fernandez-Arajasa.
09:08
Alberto worked with the bucardo in Spain.
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Alberto je radio sa bukardom u Španiji.
09:12
The last bucardo was a female named Celia
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Poslednji bukardo je bila ženka Silija
09:15
who was still alive, but then they captured her,
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koja je još uvek bila živa,
a onda su je uhvatili
a onda su je uhvatili
09:19
they got a little bit of tissue from her ear,
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uzeli su malo tkiva iz njenog uva,
09:22
they cryopreserved it in liquid nitrogen,
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sačuvali su ga zamrzavanjem
u tečnom azotu
u tečnom azotu
09:25
released her back into the wild,
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i ponovo je pustili na slobodu,
09:27
but a few months later, she was found dead under a fallen tree.
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ali nekoliko meseci kasnije
pronašli su je mrtvu ispod oborenog drveta.
pronašli su je mrtvu ispod oborenog drveta.
09:30
They took the DNA from that ear,
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Uzeli su DNK iz njenog uva,
09:33
they planted it as a cloned egg in a goat,
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stavili su ga kao kloniranu jajnu ćeliju
u kozu,
u kozu,
09:36
the pregnancy came to term,
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trudnoća je iznesena do termina
09:38
and a live baby bucardo was born.
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i živa beba bukardo je rođena.
09:41
It was the first de-extinction in history.
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To je bilo prvo oživljavanje u istoriji.
09:44
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
09:47
It was short-lived.
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Kratko je živela.
09:48
Sometimes interspecies clones have respiration problems.
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Ponekad klonovi između vrsta
imaju disajne probleme.
imaju disajne probleme.
09:52
This one had a malformed lung and died after 10 minutes,
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Ovaj je imao malformisana pluća
i umro je nakon 10 minuta,
i umro je nakon 10 minuta,
09:55
but Alberto was confident that
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ali Alberto je bio uveren
09:58
cloning has moved along well since then,
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da je kloniranje od tada
bitno napredovalo,
bitno napredovalo,
10:00
and this will move ahead, and eventually
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ovo će se usavršavati i konačno
10:02
there will be a population of bucardos
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će postojati populacija bukarda
10:04
back in the mountains in northern Spain.
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koja će se vratiti na planine
severne Španije.
severne Španije.
10:07
Cryopreservation pioneer of great depth is Oliver Ryder.
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Pionir krioprezervacije u velikim dubinama
je Oliver Rajder.
je Oliver Rajder.
10:11
At the San Diego zoo, his frozen zoo
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U njegovom zamrznutom
zoološkom vrtu u San Dijegu,
zoološkom vrtu u San Dijegu,
10:13
has collected the tissues from over 1,000 species
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sakupio je tkiva preko 1000 vrsta
10:17
over the last 35 years.
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tokom poslednjih 35 godina.
10:20
Now, when it's frozen that deep,
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Kada je to duboko zamrznuo,
10:22
minus 196 degrees Celsius,
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na minus 196 stepeni Celzijusa,
10:25
the cells are intact and the DNA is intact.
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ćelije su sačuvane i sačuvana je DNK.
10:28
They're basically viable cells,
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To su vijabilne ćelije,
10:30
so someone like Bob Lanza at Advanced Cell Technology
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tako da je neko kao Bob Lanza
iz "Napredne ćelijske tehnologije"
iz "Napredne ćelijske tehnologije"
10:33
took some of that tissue from an endangered animal
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uzeo nešto od tog tkiva ugrožene vrste
10:37
called the Javan banteng, put it in a cow,
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zvane javanski banteng,
stavio ga u kravu,
stavio ga u kravu,
10:39
the cow went to term, and what was born
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krava je iznela trudnoću
i rođena je živa,
i rođena je živa,
10:42
was a live, healthy baby Javan banteng,
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zdrava beba javanskog bantenga
10:47
who thrived and is still alive.
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koja je nastavila da napreduje
i još uvek živi.
i još uvek živi.
10:50
The most exciting thing for Bob Lanza
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Najuzbudljivije za Boba Lanzu
10:53
is the ability now to take any kind of cell
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je sposobnost da sada može
da uzme bilo koju vrstu ćelija
da uzme bilo koju vrstu ćelija
10:56
with induced pluripotent stem cells
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sa indukovanim pluripotnentnim
matičnim ćelijama
matičnim ćelijama
10:58
and turn it into germ cells, like sperm and eggs.
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i pretvori ih u germinativne ćelije,
kao što su spermatozoidi i jajne ćelije.
kao što su spermatozoidi i jajne ćelije.
11:02
So now we go to Mike McGrew
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Sada idemo do Majka Mekgrua
11:05
who is a scientist at Roslin Institute in Scotland,
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koji je naučnik u Roslin insitutu u Škotskoj.
11:08
and Mike's doing miracles with birds.
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Majk čini čuda sa pticama.
11:10
So he'll take, say, falcon skin cells, fibroblast,
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3520
On će uzeti, na primer kožne ćelije sokola,
fibroblaste
fibroblaste
11:14
turn it into induced pluripotent stem cells.
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2788
i pretvoriti ih u indukovane
pluripotentne matične ćelije.
pluripotentne matične ćelije.
11:17
Since it's so pluripotent, it can become germ plasm.
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S obzirom da su toliko pluripotentne,
mogu postati germinativna plazma.
mogu postati germinativna plazma.
11:20
He then has a way to put the germ plasm
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On zatim ima način da stavi
germinativnu plazmu
germinativnu plazmu
11:22
into the embryo of a chicken egg
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3544
u embrion kokošijeg jajeta,
11:26
so that that chicken will have, basically,
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3271
tako da će kokoška u osnovi imati
11:29
the gonads of a falcon.
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1841
polne žlezde sokola.
11:31
You get a male and a female each of those,
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675642
1914
Dobijete po jednog mužjaka i ženku
11:33
and out of them comes falcons.
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2941
i od njih postaju sokolovi.
11:36
(Laughter)
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680497
1959
(Smeh)
11:38
Real falcons out of slightly doctored chickens.
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5125
Pravi sokolovi iz blago krivotvorenih pilića.
11:43
Ben Novak was the youngest scientist at the meeting.
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2477
Ben Novak je bio najmlađi naučnik na skupu.
11:45
He showed how all of this can be put together.
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2429
Pokazao je kako sve ovo može
da se organizuje.
da se organizuje.
11:48
The sequence of events: he'll put together the genomes
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2546
Redosled događaja:
on će sastaviti genome
on će sastaviti genome
11:50
of the band-tailed pigeon and the passenger pigeon,
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2378
golubova pećinara
i golubova selaca,
i golubova selaca,
11:53
he'll take the techniques of George Church
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2950
odneće ovu tehniku Džordžu Čerču
11:56
and get passenger pigeon DNA,
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2281
i dobiti DNK goluba selca,
11:58
the techniques of Robert Lanza and Michael McGrew,
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tehnike Roberta Lanze i Majkla MekGreja
12:01
get that DNA into chicken gonads,
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2259
će odneti taj DNK u pileće polne žlezde
12:03
and out of the chicken gonads get passenger pigeon eggs, squabs,
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4219
i iz pilećih gonada će nastati
jaja goluba selca, ptići
jaja goluba selca, ptići
12:07
and now you're getting a population of passenger pigeons.
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3486
i sada dobijate populaciju golubova selaca.
12:11
It does raise the question of,
237
715291
1944
To postavlja pitanje
12:13
they're not going to have passenger pigeon parents
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717235
1973
da oni neće imati
roditelje golubova selaca
roditelje golubova selaca
12:15
to teach them how to be a passenger pigeon.
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719208
2626
koji bi ih naučili
kako da budu golobovi selci.
kako da budu golobovi selci.
12:17
So what do you do about that?
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2256
Šta uraditi povodom toga?
12:19
Well birds are pretty hard-wired, as it happens,
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724090
2673
Pa, ptice su prilično instiktivne,
12:22
so most of that is already in their DNA,
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726763
2367
tako da je većina toga već
u njihovoj DNK,
u njihovoj DNK,
12:25
but to supplement it, part of Ben's idea
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729130
2784
ali da bi to dopunio,
deo Benove ideje je
deo Benove ideje je
12:27
is to use homing pigeons
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1656
da koristi domaće golubove
12:29
to help train the young passenger pigeons how to flock
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3170
da pomognu da nauče mlade golubove selce
kako da prave jata
kako da prave jata
12:32
and how to find their way to their old nesting grounds
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2734
i kako da nađu put do svojih
starih mesta gnežđenja
starih mesta gnežđenja
12:35
and feeding grounds.
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3149
i hranjenja.
12:38
There were some conservationists,
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1638
Postoje neki konzervatori,
12:40
really famous conservationists like Stanley Temple,
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744261
3076
zaista poznati konzervatori,
kao što je Stenli Templ
kao što je Stenli Templ
12:43
who is one of the founders of conservation biology,
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747337
2616
koji je jedan od osnivača
konzervacione biologije
konzervacione biologije
12:45
and Kate Jones from the IUCN, which does the Red List.
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4656
i Kejt Džons sa IUCN
koja pravi Crvenu listu.
koja pravi Crvenu listu.
12:50
They're excited about all this,
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754609
1961
Oni su zaintrigirani svim ovim,
12:52
but they're also concerned that it might be competitive
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2503
ali se takođe boje da to može biti
u suprotnosti
u suprotnosti
12:54
with the extremely important efforts to protect
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3038
sa veoma značajnim naporima
da se zaštite
da se zaštite
12:58
endangered species that are still alive,
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762111
2210
ugrožene vrste koje su još uvek žive,
13:00
that haven't gone extinct yet.
256
764321
1846
koje još nisu izumrle.
13:02
You see, you want to work on protecting the animals out there.
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766167
2373
Vidite, želite da radite na zaštiti životinja,
13:04
You want to work on getting the market for ivory in Asia down
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4229
želite da radite na smanjenju
tržišta slonovače u Aziji
tržišta slonovače u Aziji
13:08
so you're not using 25,000 elephants a year.
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3878
tako da ne gubite
25 000 slonova godišnje.
25 000 slonova godišnje.
13:12
But at the same time, conservation biologists are realizing
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776647
3050
Ali istovremeno,
konzervacioni biolozi su svesni
konzervacioni biolozi su svesni
13:15
that bad news bums people out.
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2584
da nove loše vesti rastužuju ljude.
13:18
And so the Red List is really important, keep track of
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2725
Tako da je Crvena lista zaista značajna
13:20
what's endangered and critically endangered, and so on.
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785006
3324
jer prati šta je ugroženo
i kritično i slično.
i kritično i slično.
13:24
But they're about to create what they call a Green List,
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3025
Ali na putu su da naprave
takozvanu Zelenu listu
takozvanu Zelenu listu
13:27
and the Green List will have species that are doing fine, thank you,
265
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4382
koja će sadržati vrste koje su dobro,
hvala na pitanju,
hvala na pitanju,
13:31
species that were endangered, like the bald eagle,
266
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2304
vrste koje su bile ugrožene,
kao što je ćelavi orao,
kao što je ćelavi orao,
13:33
but they're much better off now, thanks to everybody's good work,
267
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3615
ali su sada mnogo bolje,
zahvaljujući dobrom radu svih,
zahvaljujući dobrom radu svih,
13:37
and protected areas around the world
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2166
i zaštićene zone
svuda u svetu
svuda u svetu
13:39
that are very, very well managed.
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1761
koje su veoma dobro organizovane.
13:41
So basically, they're learning how to build on good news.
270
805583
4103
Tako oni uče
kako da grade na dobrim vestima.
kako da grade na dobrim vestima.
13:45
And they see reviving extinct species
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3111
Oni vide obnavljanje izumrlih vrsta
13:48
as the kind of good news you might be able to build on.
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812797
2880
kao vrstu dobrih vesti na kojima
možete da gradite.
možete da gradite.
13:51
Here's a couple related examples.
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3325
Ovde je nekoliko sličnih primera.
13:54
Captive breeding will be a major part of bringing back these species.
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819002
3211
Razmnožavanje u zatvorenom će biti glavni deo
obnavljanja ovih vrsta.
obnavljanja ovih vrsta.
13:58
The California condor was down to 22 birds in 1987.
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822213
3416
Kalifornijski kondor je sveden
na 22 ptice 1987.
na 22 ptice 1987.
14:01
Everybody thought is was finished.
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825629
1709
Svi su mislili da je gotov.
14:03
Thanks to captive breeding at the San Diego Zoo,
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2820
Zahvaljujući razmnožavanju
u zoološkom vrtu San Dijega
u zoološkom vrtu San Dijega
14:06
there's 405 of them now, 226 are out in the wild.
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4020
sada ih ima 405, a 226 živi u divljini.
14:10
That technology will be used on de-extincted animals.
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4209
Ta tehnologija će biti korišćena
za oživljavanje životinja.
za oživljavanje životinja.
14:14
Another success story is the mountain gorilla in Central Africa.
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Druga priča o uspehu je planinska gorila
u Centralnoj Africi.
u Centralnoj Africi.
14:17
In 1981, Dian Fossey was sure they were going extinct.
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841854
3383
1981. Dajen Fosi je bila sigurna
da će izumreti.
da će izumreti.
14:21
There were just 254 left.
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845237
2033
Bilo ih je svega 254.
14:23
Now there are 880. They're increasing in population
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847270
3539
Sada ih ima 880.
Broj im raste
Broj im raste
14:26
by three percent a year.
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850809
2093
za oko 3 procenta godišnje.
14:28
The secret is, they have an eco-tourism program,
285
852902
3391
Tajna je da oni imaju
program eko-turizma
program eko-turizma
14:32
which is absolutely brilliant.
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856293
1669
koji je asplutno sjajan.
14:33
So this photograph was taken last month by Ryan
287
857962
2635
Ovo je fotografija koju je Rajen
snimila prošlog meseca
snimila prošlog meseca
14:36
with an iPhone.
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860597
2776
ajfonom.
14:39
That's how comfortable these wild gorillas are with visitors.
289
863373
4315
Toliko su ove divlje gorile
mirne u okolini posetilaca.
mirne u okolini posetilaca.
14:43
Another interesting project, though it's going to need some help,
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3735
Drugi zanimljiv projekat,
mada će mu trebati nešto pomoći,
mada će mu trebati nešto pomoći,
14:47
is the northern white rhinoceros.
291
871423
1911
je severni beli nosorog.
14:49
There's no breeding pairs left.
292
873334
1961
Nema više parova koji mogu
da se razmnožavaju.
da se razmnožavaju.
14:51
But this is the kind of thing that
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875295
2170
Ali postoji veliki broj različitih
varijacija DNK
varijacija DNK
14:53
a wide variety of DNA for this animal is available in the frozen zoo.
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877465
4140
za ovu životinju koje su dostupne
u zamrznutom zoološkom vrtu.
u zamrznutom zoološkom vrtu.
14:57
A bit of cloning, you can get them back.
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Sa malo kloniranja, možete ih dobiti nazad.
15:00
So where do we go from here?
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Dakle, u kom pravcu sada idemo?
15:02
These have been private meetings so far.
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Do sada su postojala privatna okupljanja.
15:04
I think it's time for the subject to go public.
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Mislim da je vreme da ova tema
postane javna.
postane javna.
15:06
What do people think about it?
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Šta ljudi misle o tome?
15:08
You know, do you want extinct species back?
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Da li želite izumrle vrste nazad?
15:10
Do you want extinct species back?
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Da li vi želite izumrle vrste nazad?
15:13
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
15:18
Tinker Bell is going to come fluttering down.
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Zvončica će sići mašući krilima.
15:20
It is a Tinker Bell moment,
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Ovo je Zvončicin trenutak,
15:22
because what are people excited about with this?
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jer čime su ljudi ovde zaintrigirani?
15:24
What are they concerned about?
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Šta ih brine?
15:26
We're also going to push ahead with the passenger pigeon.
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I dalje ćemo napredovati
sa golubom selcem.
sa golubom selcem.
15:29
So Ben Novak, even as we speak, is joining the group
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Dok ovo govorim,
Ben Novak se pridružuje grupi
Ben Novak se pridružuje grupi
15:32
that Beth Shapiro has at UC Santa Cruz.
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Bet Šapiro sa Univerziteta u Kaliforniji
u Santa Kruzu.
u Santa Kruzu.
15:36
They're going to work on the genomes
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Oni će raditi na genomu
15:37
of the passenger pigeon and the band-tailed pigeon.
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goluba selca i goluba pećinara.
15:39
As that data matures, they'll send it to George Church,
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Kako njihovi rezultati sazrevaju,
poslaće ih Džordžu Čerču
poslaće ih Džordžu Čerču
15:43
who will work his magic, get passenger pigeon DNA out of that.
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koji će iz toga svojom magijom
dobiti DNK goluba selca.
dobiti DNK goluba selca.
15:47
We'll get help from Bob Lanza and Mike McGrew
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Imaće pomoć Boba Lanze
i Majka Mekgroa
i Majka Mekgroa
15:50
to get that into germ plasm that can go into chickens
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da to dovede u germinativnu plazmu
koja može da ide u piliće,
koja može da ide u piliće,
15:53
that can produce passenger pigeon squabs
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koji mogu da proizvedu
ptiće goluba selca,
ptiće goluba selca,
15:56
that can be raised by band-tailed pigeon parents,
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koje mogu da podižu roditelji
goluba pećinara,
goluba pećinara,
15:58
and then from then on, it's passenger pigeons all the way,
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a od toga nadalje,
sopstvene golubove selce
sopstvene golubove selce
16:00
maybe for the next six million years.
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možda narednih šest miliona godina.
16:03
You can do the same thing, as the costs come down,
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Možete da uradite isto,
kako se budu smanjivali troškovi,
kako se budu smanjivali troškovi,
16:06
for the Carolina parakeet, for the great auk,
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i za papagaja Karolinu, veliku njorku,
16:09
for the heath hen, for the ivory-billed woodpecker,
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kokošku iz pustara,
za detlića sa kljunom kao slonovača,
za detlića sa kljunom kao slonovača,
16:12
for the Eskimo curlew, for the Caribbean monk seal,
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za eskimsku škurak pticu,
karipsku monah-foku
karipsku monah-foku
16:14
for the woolly mammoth.
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runastog mamuta.
16:17
Because the fact is, humans have made a huge hole
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Činjenica je da je čovek napravio
veliku šupljinu
veliku šupljinu
16:19
in nature in the last 10,000 years.
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u prirodi u poslednih 10 000 godina.
16:22
We have the ability now,
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Sada imamo sposobnost
16:24
and maybe the moral obligation, to repair some of the damage.
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i možda moralnu obavezu
da popravimo nešto od štete.
da popravimo nešto od štete.
16:29
Most of that we'll do by expanding and protecting wildlands,
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Veći deo zaštite divljine,
ćemo uraditi
ćemo uraditi
16:34
by expanding and protecting
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širenjem i zaštitom
16:35
the populations of endangered species.
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populacije ugroženih vrsta.
16:40
But some species
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Ali neke vrste
16:42
that we killed off totally
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koje smo potpuno uništili
16:47
we could consider bringing back
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možda možemo da vratimo
16:51
to a world that misses them.
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svetu kome nedostaju.
16:54
Thank you.
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Hvala vam.
16:56
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
17:07
Chris Anderson: Thank you.
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Kris Anderson: Hvala vam.
17:09
I've got a question.
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Imam pitanje.
17:11
So, this is an emotional topic. Some people stand.
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Ovo je emotivna tema.
Neki ljudi su ustali.
Neki ljudi su ustali.
17:16
I suspect there are some people out there sitting,
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Pretpostavljam da ima ljudi koji sede
17:19
kind of asking tormented questions, almost, about,
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i postavljaju sebi mučno pitanje,
skoro kao
skoro kao
17:22
well, wait, wait, wait, wait, wait, wait a minute,
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čekajte, čekajte, čekajte trenutak
17:23
there's something wrong with mankind
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nešto je pogrešno sa ljudskom vrstom
17:27
interfering in nature in this way.
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koja se meša u prirodu na ovaj način.
17:30
There's going to be unintended consequences.
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Postojaće i nenamerne posledice.
17:33
You're going to uncork some sort of Pandora's box
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Otvorićete neku vrstu Pandorine kutije
17:36
of who-knows-what. Do they have a point?
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ko zna čega.
Da li su u pravu?
Da li su u pravu?
17:40
Stewart Brand: Well, the earlier point is
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Stjuart Brend: Ranija činjenica je
17:42
we interfered in a big way by making these animals go extinct,
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da smo se mnogo umešali
i istrebili ove vrste,
i istrebili ove vrste,
17:45
and many of them were keystone species,
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a mnoge od njih su bile ključne vrste
17:48
and we changed the whole ecosystem they were in
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i promenili smo ceo ekosistem
u kom su bile,
u kom su bile,
17:50
by letting them go.
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uništavajući ih.
17:52
Now, there's the shifting baseline problem, which is,
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Postoji problem pomeranja osnove,
17:55
so when these things come back,
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a to je da kada se ove vrste vrate,
17:56
they might replace some birds that are there
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one mogu da zamene
neke ptice koje postoje
neke ptice koje postoje
17:59
that people really know and love.
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koje ljudi zaista poznaju i vole.
18:01
I think that's, you know, part of how it'll work.
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Mislim da će ovo delimično biti uspešno.
18:04
This is a long, slow process --
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Ovo je dug, spor proces -
18:07
One of the things I like about it, it's multi-generation.
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Jedna od stvari koja mi se sviđa
je multi-generacijska osobina.
je multi-generacijska osobina.
18:09
We will get woolly mammoths back.
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Dobićemo nazad runastog mamuta.
18:11
CA: Well it feels like both the conversation
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KA: Izgleda da su i razgovor
18:13
and the potential here are pretty thrilling.
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i potencijal prilično uzbudljivi.
18:15
Thank you so much for presenting. SB: Thank you.
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Hvala Vam mnogo za ovu prezentaciju.
SB: Hvala vam.
SB: Hvala vam.
18:17
CA: Thank you. (Applause)
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KA: Hvala vam.
(Aplauz)
(Aplauz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Stewart Brand - Environmentalist, futuristSince the counterculture '60s, Stewart Brand has been creating our internet-worked world. Now, with biotech accelerating four times faster than digital technology, Stewart Brand has a bold new plan ...
Why you should listen
With biotech accelerating four times faster than digital technology, the revival of extinct species is becoming possible. Stewart Brand plans to not only bring species back but restore them to the wild.
Brand is already a legend in the tech industry for things he’s created: the Whole Earth Catalog, The WELL, the Global Business Network, the Long Now Foundation, and the notion that “information wants to be free.” Now Brand, a lifelong environmentalist, wants to re-create -- or “de-extinct” -- a few animals that’ve disappeared from the planet.
Granted, resurrecting the woolly mammoth using ancient DNA may sound like mad science. But Brand’s Revive and Restore project has an entirely rational goal: to learn what causes extinctions so we can protect currently endangered species, preserve genetic and biological diversity, repair depleted ecosystems, and essentially “undo harm that humans have caused in the past.”
Stewart Brand | Speaker | TED.com