TEDGlobal 2013
Andras Forgacs: Leather and meat without killing animals
Andras Forgec (Andras Forgacs): Koža i meso bez ubijanja životinja
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Do 2050., biće potrebno 100 milijardi kopnenih životinja da se svetska populacija snabde mesom, mlečnim proizvodima, jajima i proizvodima od kože. Održavanje ovog krda će potencijalno napraviti veliki, neodrživ problem za planetu. Šta kada bi postojao drugačiji način? U ovom razotkrivajućem govoru, Andras Forgec, zagovornik proizvodnje tkiva, tvrdi da je bioproizvodnja mesa i kože civilizovan način da prevaziđemo ubijanje životinja zbog pljeskavica i torbi.
Andras Forgacs - Bioprinting entrepreneur
Andras Forgacs produces animal products -- meat and leather -- without the animal. Full bio
Andras Forgacs produces animal products -- meat and leather -- without the animal. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
When my father and I started a company
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Kada smo moj otac i ja
osnovali kompaniju
osnovali kompaniju
00:15
to 3D print human tissues and organs,
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kako bi štampali trodimenzionalna
tkiva i organe,
tkiva i organe,
00:18
some people initially thought we were a little crazy.
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u početku su neki ljudi
mislili da smo pomalo ludi.
mislili da smo pomalo ludi.
00:21
But since then, much progress has been made,
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Ali od tada se dosta napredovalo,
00:24
both in our lab and other labs around the world.
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kako u našoj, tako i u laboratorijama
širom sveta.
širom sveta.
00:27
And given this, we started getting questions like,
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S obzirom na ovo, počeli smo
da dobijamo pitanja poput:
da dobijamo pitanja poput:
00:30
"If you can grow human body parts,
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"Ako možete uzgajati
delove ljudskog tela,
delove ljudskog tela,
00:33
can you also grow animal products like meat and leather?"
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možete li da uzgajate životinjske
proizvode poput mesa i kože?"
proizvode poput mesa i kože?"
00:39
When someone first suggested this to me,
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Kada mi je neko to prvi put
predložio,
predložio,
00:41
quite frankly I thought they were a little crazy,
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mislio sam da je ta osoba pomalo luda,
00:44
but what I soon came to realize
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ali sam uskoro shvatio
00:46
was that this is not so crazy after all.
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da to zapravo i nije tako ludo.
00:49
What's crazy is what we do today.
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Ovo što danas radimo je ludo.
00:52
I'm convinced that in 30 years,
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Uveren sam da ćemo za 30 godina,
00:54
when we look back on today
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kada se osvrnemo na ovo danas,
00:56
and on how we raise and slaughter billions of animals
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kako uzgajamo
i ubijamo milijarde životinja
i ubijamo milijarde životinja
01:00
to make our hamburgers and our handbags,
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da bi pravili pljeskavice i tašne,
01:03
we'll see this as being wasteful
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gledati na to kao da smo bili razmetljivi
01:05
and indeed crazy.
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i zbilja ludi.
01:07
Did you know that today we maintain
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Da li ste znali da danas održavamo
01:10
a global herd of 60 billion animals
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globalno krdo od
60 milijardi životinja
60 milijardi životinja
01:14
to provide our meat, dairy, eggs and leather goods?
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za naše meso, mlečne proizvode,
jaja i proizvode od kože?
jaja i proizvode od kože?
01:19
And over the next few decades,
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A u sledećih nekoliko decenija,
01:21
as the world's population expands to 10 billion,
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kad svetska populacija
naraste do 10 milijardi,
naraste do 10 milijardi,
01:24
this will need to nearly double
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ovaj broj će se morati
skoro duplirati,
skoro duplirati,
01:26
to 100 billion animals.
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na 100 milijardi životinja.
01:28
But maintaining this herd
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Ali održavanje ovog krda
01:30
takes a major toll on our planet.
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veliki je napor za našu planetu.
01:32
Animals are not just raw materials.
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Životinje nisu samo sirov materijal.
01:36
They're living beings,
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One su živa bića
01:37
and already our livestock
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i naša stoka već čini
01:39
is one of the largest users of land,
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jednog od najvećih korisnika zemlje,
01:42
fresh water,
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sveže vode
01:43
and one of the biggest producers of greenhouse gases
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i jednog od najvećih proizvođača
gasova staklene bašte
gasova staklene bašte
01:46
which drive climate change.
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koji dovode do promene klime.
01:48
On top of this,
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Povrh svega ovoga,
01:49
when you get so many animals so close together,
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kada spojite toliko životinja
jednu blizu druge,
jednu blizu druge,
01:52
it creates a breeding ground for disease
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to je plodno tle za zaraze
01:55
and opportunities for harm and abuse.
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i stvara priliku
za povrede i zlostavljanje.
za povrede i zlostavljanje.
01:58
Clearly, we cannot continue on this path
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Jasno je da ne možemo nastaviti
ovim putem
ovim putem
02:01
which puts the environment, public health,
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kojim dovodimo u opasnost
životnu sredinu,
životnu sredinu,
02:05
and food security at risk.
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zdravlje javnosti
i bezbednost hrane.
i bezbednost hrane.
02:07
There is another way, because essentially,
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Postoji drugi način,
jer zapravo
jer zapravo
02:11
animal products are just collections of tissues,
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životinjski proizvodi su
samo skup tkiva
samo skup tkiva
02:15
and right now we breed and raise
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i mi trenutno uzgajamo
02:17
highly complex animals
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veoma kompleksne životinje
02:19
only to create products
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da bismo stvorili proizvode
02:21
that are made of relatively simple tissues.
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sačinjene od relativno
jednostavnih tkiva.
jednostavnih tkiva.
02:24
What if, instead of starting with a complex
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Šta ako bismo, umesto započinjanja
sa kompleksnom
sa kompleksnom
02:27
and sentient animal,
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i živom životinjom,
02:29
we started with what the tissues are made of,
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započeli sa onim
od čega su stvorena tkiva,
od čega su stvorena tkiva,
02:33
the basic unit of life,
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osnovnom jedinicom života,
02:35
the cell?
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ćelijom?
02:38
This is biofabrication, where cells themselves
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Ovo je bioproizvodnja,
gde se same ćelije
gde se same ćelije
02:41
can be used to grow biological products
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mogu koristiti za stvaranje
bioloških proizvoda
bioloških proizvoda
02:44
like tissues and organs.
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poput tkiva i organa.
02:46
Already in medicine,
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Tehnike bioproizvodnje
02:47
biofabrication techniques have been used
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su se već koristile u medicini
02:50
to grow sophisticated body parts,
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kako bi se proizveli
sofisticirani delovi tela
sofisticirani delovi tela
02:52
like ears, windpipes, skin, blood vessels and bone,
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poput ušiju, dušnika, kože,
krvnih sudova i kostiju,
krvnih sudova i kostiju,
02:57
that have been successfully implanted into patients.
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koji su uspešno presađeni u pacijente.
03:00
And beyond medicine, biofabrication can be
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I izvan medicine,
bioproizvodnja može biti
bioproizvodnja može biti
03:04
a humane, sustainable and scalable new industry.
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humana, održiva i skalabilna
nova grana privrede.
nova grana privrede.
03:09
And we should begin by reimagining leather.
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Treba da počnemo sa
novom vizijom kože.
novom vizijom kože.
03:15
I emphasize leather because it is so widely used.
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Ističem kožu
jer je toliko rasprostranjena.
jer je toliko rasprostranjena.
03:19
It is beautiful, and it has long been a part of our history.
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Prelepa je i dugo je deo naše istorije.
03:24
Growing leather is also technically simpler
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Proizvodnja kože je takođe
tehnički jednostavnija
tehnički jednostavnija
03:26
than growing other animal products like meat.
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od proizvodnje drugih
životinjskih proizvoda poput mesa.
životinjskih proizvoda poput mesa.
03:29
It mainly uses one cell type,
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Uglavnom se koristi jedan tip ćelija
03:31
and it is largely two-dimensional.
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i većinom je dvodimenzionalan.
03:34
It is also less polarizing for consumers and regulators.
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Takođe manje polarizuje
potrošače i regulatore.
potrošače i regulatore.
03:38
Until biofabrication is better understood,
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Dok ne bude postojalo
bolje razumevanje bioproizvodnje,
bolje razumevanje bioproizvodnje,
03:41
it is clear that, initially at least,
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jasno je da će,
makar na početku
makar na početku
03:43
more people would be willing to wear novel materials
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više ljudi biti voljno
da nosi nove materijale
da nosi nove materijale
03:48
than would be willing to eat novel foods,
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nego što će biti onih
koji bi jeli novu hranu,
koji bi jeli novu hranu,
03:50
no matter how delicious.
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koliko god bila ukusna.
03:52
In this sense, leather is a gateway material,
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U ovom smislu,
koža je polazni materijal,
koža je polazni materijal,
03:55
a beginning for the mainstream biofabrication industry.
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početak za komercijalnu
industriju bioproizvodnje.
industriju bioproizvodnje.
04:00
If we can succeed here,
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Ako tu uspemo,
04:02
it brings our other consumer bioproducts like meat
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to će približiti druge bioproizvode
04:05
closer on the horizon.
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poput mesa.
04:08
Now how do we do it?
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Kako to uraditi?
04:11
To grow leather, we begin by taking cells
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Da bismo proizveli kožu,
prvo uzimamo ćelije
prvo uzimamo ćelije
04:14
from an animal, through a simple biopsy.
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od životinja, kroz jednostavnu biopsiju.
04:17
The animal could be a cow,
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Životinja može biti krava,
04:19
lamb, or even something more exotic.
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jagnje ili čak nešto egzotičnije.
04:21
This process does no harm,
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Procesom se ne oštećuje
04:24
and Daisy the cow can live a happy life.
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i krava Šarulja može
da nastavi da živi srećno.
da nastavi da živi srećno.
04:26
We then isolate the skin cells
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Onda izdvojimo ćelije kože
04:28
and multiply them in a cell culture medium.
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i umnožavamo ih u sredini za
kulturu ćelije.
kulturu ćelije.
04:31
This takes millions of cells
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Ovo zahteva milione ćelija
04:32
and expands them into billions.
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i umnožava ih na milijarde.
04:35
And we then coax these cells to produce collagen,
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Onda privolimo ove ćelije
da proizvode kolagen,
da proizvode kolagen,
04:38
as they would naturally.
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što bi radile prirodno.
04:39
This collagen is the stuff between cells.
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Kolagen je materija između ćelija,
04:42
It's natural connective tissue.
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prirodno vezivno tkivo.
04:44
It's the extracellular matrix,
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To je vanćelijska matrica,
04:46
but in leather, it's the main building block.
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ali kod kože je on
glavni gradivni materijal.
glavni gradivni materijal.
04:49
And what we next do is we take the cells and their collagen
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Onda uzimamo ćelije i njihov kolagen
04:53
and we spread them out to form sheets,
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i širimo ih da bismo oformili listove
04:55
and then we layer these thin sheets on top of one another,
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i onda slažemo ove tanke listove
jedan na drugi
jedan na drugi
04:58
like phyllo pastry, to form thicker sheets,
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kao lisnato testo,
kako bi stvorili deblje listove
kako bi stvorili deblje listove
05:02
which we then let mature.
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koje ostavljamo da sazru.
05:03
And finally, we take this multilayered skin
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Konačno uzimamo ovu
višeslojnu kožu
višeslojnu kožu
05:07
and through a shorter and much less chemical tanning process,
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i kroz kraći proces štavljenja
sa mnogo manje hemikalija,
sa mnogo manje hemikalija,
05:11
we create leather.
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stvaramo kožu.
05:13
And so I'm very excited to show you,
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Veoma sam uzbuđen
da vam ovo pokažem,
da vam ovo pokažem,
05:15
for the first time,
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po prvi put,
05:17
the first batch of our cultured leather,
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prvu turu naše veštačke kože,
05:21
fresh from the lab.
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sveže iz laboratorije.
05:23
This is real, genuine leather,
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Ovo je prava pravcata koža,
05:26
without the animal sacrifice.
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bez žrtvovanja životinja.
05:30
It can have all the characteristics of leather
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Može da ima sve karakteristike kože
05:33
because it is made of the same cells,
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jer je napravljena od istih ćelija
05:36
and better yet,
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i još bolje,
05:38
there is no hair to remove,
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nema krzna za uklanjanje,
05:42
no scars or insect's bites,
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nema ožiljaka ili ujeda insekata
05:45
and no waste.
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i nema otpada.
05:46
This leather can be grown in the shape of a wallet,
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Ova koža se može napraviti
u obliku novčanika,
u obliku novčanika,
05:50
a handbag or a car seat.
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torbe ili sedišta automobila.
05:53
It is not limited to the irregular shape of a cow
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Nije ograničena na
nepravilni oblik krave
nepravilni oblik krave
05:56
or an alligator.
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ili aligatora.
05:59
And because we make this material,
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I zato što kožu stvaramo,
06:01
we grow this leather from the ground up,
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gajimo je od samog početka,
06:04
we can control its properties in very interesting ways.
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možemo da kontrolišemo njene osobine
na veoma zanimljive načine.
na veoma zanimljive načine.
06:07
This piece of leather
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Ovaj komad kože
06:09
is a mere seven tissue layers thick,
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je tanak samo sedam slojeva,
06:13
and as you can see, it is nearly transparent.
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i kao što možete da vidite,
skoro je providan.
skoro je providan.
06:17
And this leather is 21 layers thick and quite opaque.
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A ovaj komad ima 21 sloj
i prilično je neproziran.
i prilično je neproziran.
06:26
You don't have that kind of fine control
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Takvu vrstu fine kontrole
06:29
with conventional leather.
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nemate sa tradicionalnom kožom.
06:31
And we can tune this leather for other desirable qualities,
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I možemo da podešavamo ovu kožu
sa drugim poželjnim osobinama
sa drugim poželjnim osobinama
06:34
like softness, breathability,
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poput mekoće, disanja,
06:38
durability, elasticity and even things like pattern.
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izdržljivosti, elastičnosti
i čak i stvarima poput šare.
i čak i stvarima poput šare.
06:43
We can mimic nature,
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Možemo da imitiramo prirodu
06:45
but in some ways also improve upon it.
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ali na neki način
čak i da je poboljšamo.
čak i da je poboljšamo.
06:49
This type of leather can do what today's leather does,
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Ova vrsta kože može da uradi
isto što i današnja
isto što i današnja
06:53
but with imagination, probably much more.
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ali uz maštu, verovatno i mnogo više.
06:56
What could the future of animal products look like?
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Kako bi mogla da izgleda
budućnost životinjskih proizvoda?
budućnost životinjskih proizvoda?
07:00
It need not look like this,
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Ne mora da izgleda ovako,
07:03
which is actually the state of the art today.
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što je zapravo današnja
najmodernija tehnologija.
najmodernija tehnologija.
07:05
Rather, it could be much more like this.
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Mogla bi da izgleda više ovako.
07:08
Already, we have been manufacturing with cell cultures
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Već hiljadama godina proizvodimo
07:11
for thousands of years, beginning with products
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sa kulturama ćelija,
počev od proizvoda
počev od proizvoda
07:13
like wine, beer and yogurt.
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poput vina, piva i jogurta.
07:16
And speaking of food, our cultured food has evolved,
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Govoreći o hrani, naša hrana
koju uzgajamo se razvila
koju uzgajamo se razvila
07:19
and today we prepare cultured food
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i danas pripremamo hranu
07:22
in beautiful, sterile facilities like this.
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u predivnim sterilnim
postrojenjima poput ovog.
postrojenjima poput ovog.
07:24
A brewery is essentially a bioreactor.
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Pivara je u suštini bioreaktor.
07:27
It is where cell culture takes place.
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Tu se odvija kultura ćelija.
07:30
Imagine that in this facility,
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Zamislite da u ovom postrojenju
07:32
instead of brewing beer,
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umesto proizvodnje piva
07:34
we were brewing leather
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pravimo kožu
07:37
or meat.
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ili meso.
07:40
Imagine touring this facility,
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Zamislite da prolazite
kroz ovo postrojenje
kroz ovo postrojenje
07:42
learning about how the leather or meat is cultured,
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i učite kako se stvara
koža ili meso
koža ili meso
07:46
seeing the process from beginning to end,
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gledajući proces
od početka do kraja,
od početka do kraja,
07:49
and even trying some.
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i čak probate nešto od toga.
07:50
It's clean, open and educational,
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Čisto je, otvoreno i obrazovno,
07:53
and this is in contrast to the hidden,
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nasuprot sakrivenim
07:56
guarded and remote factories
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udaljenim fabrikama sa čuvarima
07:58
where leather and meat is produced today.
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gde se danas proizvode
koža i meso.
koža i meso.
08:01
Perhaps biofabrication
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Možda je bioproizvodnja
08:04
is a natural evolution of manufacturing for mankind.
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prirodna evolucija proizvodnje
za ljudsku rasu.
za ljudsku rasu.
08:08
It's environmentally responsible,
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Ekološki je odgovorna,
08:11
efficient and humane.
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efikasna i humana.
08:14
It allows us to be creative.
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Dozvoljava nam da budemo kreativni.
08:16
We can design new materials, new products,
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Možemo da dizajniramo
nove materijale, nove proizvode
nove materijale, nove proizvode
08:19
and new facilities.
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i nova postrojenja.
08:22
We need to move past just killing animals
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Moramo da pređemo
sa ubijanja životinja
sa ubijanja životinja
08:26
as a resource
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kao resursa
08:28
to something more civilized and evolved.
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na nešto civilizovanije i naprednije.
08:34
Perhaps we are ready for something
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Možda smo spremni za nešto
08:37
literally and figuratively more cultured.
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što je bukvalno i metaforički kulturnije.
08:42
Thank you.
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Hvala vam.
08:44
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Andras Forgacs - Bioprinting entrepreneurAndras Forgacs produces animal products -- meat and leather -- without the animal.
Why you should listen
An entrepreneur in tissue engineering, Andras Forgacs is the co-founder and CEO of Modern Meadow, a company developing novel biomaterials. These include cultured meat and leather which, as they put it, "will require no animal slaughter and much lower inputs of land, water, energy and chemicals". This approach involves sourcing cells from living animals, multiplying these cells into billions, and then assembling them into the tissue precursors of meat or leather. The products, for now, are at a prototype stage.
Previously, Andras co-founded Organovo, which uses 3D bioprinting to create human tissues for pharmaceutical research and medical applications, such as drug development and replacement tissues. Organovo’s bioprinting technology was recognized by MIT Technology Review on its TR50 list of most innovative companies for 2012.
Andras Forgacs | Speaker | TED.com