TED2015
Patience Mthunzi: Could we cure HIV with lasers?
Pejšens Mtunzi (Patience Mthunzi): Da li bismo mogli da izlečimo HIV laserima?
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Gutanje lekova kako bismo dobili terapiju je brz, bezbolan i često ne sasvim efikasan način lečenja bolesti. Postoji li potencijalno bolji način? Laseri. U ovom strastvenom govoru, učesnica TED Fellows programa, Pejšens Mtunzi, objašnjava svoju ideju da se koriste laseri kako bi se lekovi dostavili direktno do ćelija zaraženih HIV-om. Ova tehnologija je još u povoju, ali je lek možda na dohvat ruke.
Patience Mthunzi - Laser scientist
Patience Mthunzi wants to use lasers to deliver medicines more effectively. Full bio
Patience Mthunzi wants to use lasers to deliver medicines more effectively. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
What do you do when you have a headache?
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Šta radite kada imate glavobolju?
00:15
You swallow an aspirin.
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Popijete aspirin.
00:18
But for this pill to get
to your head, where the pain is,
to your head, where the pain is,
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Ali da bi ova pilula došla do vaše glave,
gde se nalazi bol,
gde se nalazi bol,
00:22
it goes through your stomach, intestines
and various other organs first.
and various other organs first.
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ona prvo prolazi kroz vaš stomak,
creva i razne druge organe.
creva i razne druge organe.
00:28
Swallowing pills is the most effective
and painless way of delivering
and painless way of delivering
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Gutanje pilula je najefikasniji
i najbezbolniji način da se bilo koji lek
i najbezbolniji način da se bilo koji lek
00:34
any medication in the body.
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dostavi u telo.
00:37
The downside, though, is that swallowing
any medication leads to its dilution.
any medication leads to its dilution.
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Negativna strana je to što gutanje
bilo kog leka dovodi do razblaživanja.
bilo kog leka dovodi do razblaživanja.
00:43
And this is a big problem,
particularly in HIV patients.
particularly in HIV patients.
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Ovo je veliki problem,
naročito kod pacijenata s HIV-om.
naročito kod pacijenata s HIV-om.
00:48
When they take their anti-HIV drugs,
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Kada uzmu svoje lekove protiv HIV-a,
00:51
these drugs are good for lowering
the virus in the blood,
the virus in the blood,
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ovi lekovi su dobri
za smanjivanje virusa u krvi
za smanjivanje virusa u krvi
00:56
and increasing the CD4 cell counts.
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i povećavanje broja CD4 ćelija.
00:58
But they are also notorious
for their adverse side effects,
for their adverse side effects,
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Ali takođe su ozloglašeni
zbog svojih nuspojava,
zbog svojih nuspojava,
01:03
but mostly bad, because they get diluted
by the time they get to the blood,
by the time they get to the blood,
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uglavnom zato što se razblaže
dok ne dođu do krvi,
dok ne dođu do krvi,
01:08
and worse, by the time
they get to the sites
they get to the sites
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i što je još gore, dok dođu
01:11
where it matters most:
within the HIV viral reservoirs.
within the HIV viral reservoirs.
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do najbitnijih mesta:
unutar viralnih HIV rezervoara.
unutar viralnih HIV rezervoara.
01:17
These areas in the body --
such as the lymph nodes,
such as the lymph nodes,
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Ova područja u telu,
poput limfnih čvorova,
poput limfnih čvorova,
01:22
the nervous system,
as well as the lungs --
as well as the lungs --
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nervnog sistema i pluća -
01:25
where the virus is sleeping,
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gde virus spava
01:27
and will not readily
get delivered in the blood
get delivered in the blood
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i tu se lekovi neće dostaviti u krvi
01:30
of patients that are under
consistent anti-HIV drugs therapy.
consistent anti-HIV drugs therapy.
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pacijenata koji su pod stalnom terapijom
uz lekove protiv HIV-a.
uz lekove protiv HIV-a.
01:36
However, upon discontinuation of therapy,
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Ipak, nakon prekida terapije,
01:40
the virus can awake
and infect new cells in the blood.
and infect new cells in the blood.
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virus može da probudi
nove ćelije u krvi i zarazi ih.
nove ćelije u krvi i zarazi ih.
01:44
Now, all this is a big problem in treating
HIV with the current drug treatment,
HIV with the current drug treatment,
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Ovo sve je veliki problem za lečenje
HIV-a sa trenutnim lekovima,
HIV-a sa trenutnim lekovima,
01:51
which is a life-long treatment
that must be swallowed by patients.
that must be swallowed by patients.
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za doživotni tretman lekovima
koje pacijenti moraju da gutaju.
koje pacijenti moraju da gutaju.
01:55
One day, I sat and thought,
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Jednog dana, sela sam i pomislila:
01:57
"Can we deliver anti-HIV directly
within its reservoir sites,
within its reservoir sites,
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"Možemo li da lekove protiv HIV-a
dostavimo direktno u rezervoare,
dostavimo direktno u rezervoare,
02:03
without the risk of drug dilution?"
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bez rizika od razređivanja lekova?"
02:06
As a laser scientist,
the answer was just before my eyes:
the answer was just before my eyes:
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Kao naučniku za lasere,
odgovor je bio preda mnom:
odgovor je bio preda mnom:
02:11
Lasers, of course.
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laseri, naravno.
02:12
If they can be used for dentistry,
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Ako mogu da se koriste u zubarstvu,
02:15
for diabetic wound-healing and surgery,
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za operacije i lečenje rana dijabetičara,
02:18
they can be used for anything imaginable,
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mogu se koristiti za bilo šta drugo,
02:21
including transporting drugs into cells.
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uključujući i prenošenje leka do ćelija.
02:25
As a matter of fact,
we are currently using laser pulses
we are currently using laser pulses
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Zapravo, trenutno koristimo laserski puls
02:30
to poke or drill extremely tiny holes,
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za probijanje i bušenje veoma malih rupa
02:34
which open and close almost
immediately in HIV-infected cells,
immediately in HIV-infected cells,
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koje se otvaraju i zatvaraju skoro odmah
u ćelijama zaraženim HIV-om,
u ćelijama zaraženim HIV-om,
02:39
in order to deliver drugs within them.
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kako bi se dotle doveo lek.
02:42
"How is that possible?" you may ask.
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Možda ćete pitati, kako je to moguće?
02:45
Well, we shine a very powerful
but super-tiny laser beam
but super-tiny laser beam
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Uperimo veoma moćan,
ali sićušan laserski zrak
ali sićušan laserski zrak
02:51
onto the membrane of HIV-infected cells
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na membranu ćelija zaraženih HIV-om
02:55
while these cells are immersed
in liquid containing the drug.
in liquid containing the drug.
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dok su ove ćelije spuštene
u tečnost koja sadrži lek.
u tečnost koja sadrži lek.
03:00
The laser pierces the cell,
while the cell swallows the drug
while the cell swallows the drug
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Laser buši ćeliju, dok ćelija guta lek
03:05
in a matter of microseconds.
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za nekoliko mikrosekundi,
03:07
Before you even know it,
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Pre nego što trepnete,
03:09
the induced hole
becomes immediately repaired.
becomes immediately repaired.
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nastala rupa se momentalno popravi.
03:13
Now, we are currently testing
this technology in test tubes
this technology in test tubes
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Ovu tehnologiju trenutno
testiramo u epruvetama
testiramo u epruvetama
03:17
or in Petri dishes,
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ili Petrijevim šoljama,
03:19
but the goal is to get
this technology in the human body,
this technology in the human body,
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ali cilj je da se ova tehnologija
dovede do ljudskog tela
dovede do ljudskog tela
03:23
apply it in the human body.
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i da se tu primeni.
03:25
"How is that possible?" you may ask.
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Pitaćete, kako je to moguće?
03:28
Well, the answer is:
through a three-headed device.
through a three-headed device.
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Odgovor je:
uz pomoć naprave sa tri glave.
uz pomoć naprave sa tri glave.
03:33
Using the first head, which is our laser,
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Koristeći prvu glavu,
koja predstavlja laser,
koja predstavlja laser,
03:36
we will make an incision
in the site of infection.
in the site of infection.
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napravićemo rez na mestu infekcije.
03:40
Using the second head, which is a camera,
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Koristeći drugu glavu,
koja predstavlja kameru,
koja predstavlja kameru,
03:43
we meander to the site of infection.
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dolazimo do mesta infekcije.
03:45
Finally, using a third head,
which is a drug-spreading sprinkler,
which is a drug-spreading sprinkler,
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Konačno, koristeći treću glavu,
koja predstavlja prskalicu s lekom,
koja predstavlja prskalicu s lekom,
03:50
we deliver the drugs directly
at the site of infection,
at the site of infection,
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lek dostavljamo direktno
na mesto infekcije,
na mesto infekcije,
03:53
while the laser is again used
to poke those cells open.
to poke those cells open.
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a laser se ponovo koristi
kako bi se otvorile te ćelije.
kako bi se otvorile te ćelije.
03:58
Well, this might not seem
like much right now.
like much right now.
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Ovo možda trenutno ne izgleda
kao nešto naročito.
kao nešto naročito.
04:02
But one day, if successful,
this technology can lead
this technology can lead
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Ali ukoliko budemo imali uspeha,
ova tehnologija jednog dana može dovesti
ova tehnologija jednog dana može dovesti
04:07
to complete eradication
of HIV in the body.
of HIV in the body.
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do potpunog istrebljenja HIV-a iz tela.
04:11
Yes. A cure for HIV.
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Da, lek za HIV.
04:14
This is every HIV researcher's dream --
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Ovo je san svakog istraživača HIV-a -
04:17
in our case, a cure lead by lasers.
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u našem slučaju,
to je lek kojeg pokreću laseri.
to je lek kojeg pokreću laseri.
04:20
Thank you.
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Hvala vam.
04:21
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Patience Mthunzi - Laser scientistPatience Mthunzi wants to use lasers to deliver medicines more effectively.
Why you should listen
Patience Mthunzi is a research group leader at the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research in Pretoria, South Africa. There, she uses laser "tweezers" to try and separate diseased cells from healthy ones. She's also developed a way to use laser pulses to target drug delivery into cells.
Born in Soweto, Patience got her PhD in physics from the University of St. Andrews in Scotland. In 2012, she was named one of 20 Youngest Power Women in Africa by Forbes magazine; that same year she was given the Order of Mapungubwe for her contribution in the field of biophotonics. She's also a TED Fellow.
Patience Mthunzi | Speaker | TED.com