TED2015
Aomawa Shields: How we'll find life on other planets
Aomava Šilds (Aomawa Shields): Kako ćemo pronaći život na drugim planetama
Filmed:
Readability: 4.9
1,734,106 views
Astronom Aomava Šilds traži dokaze za to da život možda postoji negde u univerzumu tako što ispituje atmosfere udaljenih egzoplaneta. Kada ne istražuje nebesa, ova glumica klasičnog obrazovanja (i učesnica TED Fellows programa) traži načine da uključi mlade devojke u nauku, koristeći pozorište, pisanu reč i vizuelnu umetnost. Kako kaže, "možda se jednog dana
pridruže astronomima koji su puni kontradikcija i koriste svoje poreklo da otkriju, jednom za svagda, da nismo sami u univerzumu."
Aomawa Shields - Astronomer, astrobiologist, actor, writer
Aomawa Shields studies the climate and habitability of planets outside of the Solar System. Full bio
Aomawa Shields studies the climate and habitability of planets outside of the Solar System. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
I am in search of another planet
in the universe where life exists.
in the universe where life exists.
0
856
4739
U potrazi sam za drugom planetom
u univerzumu gde postoji život.
u univerzumu gde postoji život.
00:18
I can't see this planet
with my naked eyes
with my naked eyes
1
6426
2962
Ovu planetu ne mogu videti golim okom
00:21
or even with the most powerful telescopes
2
9412
2286
ili čak najjačim teleskopima
00:23
we currently possess.
3
11722
1350
koje imamo trenutno.
00:25
But I know that it's there.
4
13787
2064
Ali znam da postoji.
00:27
And understanding contradictions
that occur in nature
that occur in nature
5
15875
3143
Razumevanje protivrečnosti
koje se dešavaju u prirodi
koje se dešavaju u prirodi
00:31
will help us find it.
6
19042
1356
pomoći će nam da je pronađemo.
00:33
On our planet,
7
21379
1151
Na našoj planeti,
00:34
where there's water, there's life.
8
22554
1973
gde ima vode, ima i života.
00:36
So we look for planets that orbit
at just the right distance
at just the right distance
9
24892
2934
Tako tražimo planete koje kruže
na tačno određenoj udaljenosti
na tačno određenoj udaljenosti
00:39
from their stars.
10
27850
1299
od svojih zvezda.
00:42
At this distance,
11
30418
1151
Na ovoj udaljenosti,
00:43
shown in blue on this diagram
for stars of different temperatures,
for stars of different temperatures,
12
31593
3480
prikazanoj u plavom na ovom crzežu
za zvezde na različtim temperaturama,
za zvezde na različtim temperaturama,
00:47
planets could be warm enough
for water to flow on their surfaces
for water to flow on their surfaces
13
35097
3854
planete mogu biti dovoljno tople
da na njihovim površinama teče voda
da na njihovim površinama teče voda
00:50
as lakes and oceans
14
38975
1398
u vidu jezera i okeana
00:52
where life might reside.
15
40397
1541
gde može biti života.
00:54
Some astronomers focus their time
and energy on finding planets
and energy on finding planets
16
42787
3714
Neki astronomi troše svoje vreme
i energiju tražeći planete
i energiju tražeći planete
00:58
at these distances from their stars.
17
46525
2441
na ovoj udaljenosti od svojih zvezda.
01:00
What I do picks up where their job ends.
18
48990
2403
Ono što ja radim počinje
tamo gde se njihov posao završava.
tamo gde se njihov posao završava.
01:03
I model the possible
climates of exoplanets.
climates of exoplanets.
19
51869
2984
Pravim moguće
klimatske uslove egzoplaneta.
klimatske uslove egzoplaneta.
01:07
And here's why that's important:
20
55353
1826
Evo zašto je to bitno:
01:09
there are many factors
besides distance from its star
besides distance from its star
21
57203
3490
postoji mnogo faktora,
pored udaljenosti od zvezde,
pored udaljenosti od zvezde,
01:12
that control whether
a planet can support life.
a planet can support life.
22
60717
2604
koji kontrolišu to
da li planeta može da podrži život.
da li planeta može da podrži život.
01:16
Take the planet Venus.
23
64297
1516
Uzmimo planetu Veneru.
01:18
It's named after the Roman goddess
of love and beauty,
of love and beauty,
24
66646
3691
Ime je dobila po rimskoj boginji
ljubavi i lepote,
ljubavi i lepote,
01:22
because of its benign,
ethereal appearance in the sky.
ethereal appearance in the sky.
25
70361
3610
zbog svoje benigne, eterične pojave.
01:26
But spacecraft measurements
revealed a different story.
revealed a different story.
26
74487
3164
Ali merenja svemirskih letelica
otkrila su drugačiju priču.
otkrila su drugačiju priču.
01:30
The surface temperature is close
to 900 degrees Fahrenheit,
to 900 degrees Fahrenheit,
27
78080
3969
Površinska temperatura iznosi
blizu 900 stepeni farenhajta,
blizu 900 stepeni farenhajta,
01:34
500 Celsius.
28
82073
1499
odnosno 500 celzijusa.
01:36
That's hot enough to melt lead.
29
84151
2388
To je dovoljno vrelo da istopi olovo.
01:39
Its thick atmosphere, not its distance
from the sun, is the reason.
from the sun, is the reason.
30
87115
3838
Razlog se nalazi u gustoj atmosferi,
a ne u njenoj udaljenosti od Sunca.
a ne u njenoj udaljenosti od Sunca.
01:42
It causes a greenhouse effect on steroids,
31
90977
3103
Dobija se pojačan efekat staklene bašte,
01:46
trapping heat from the sun
and scorching the planet's surface.
and scorching the planet's surface.
32
94104
3640
toplota od Sunca se zarobljava
i žari po površini planete.
i žari po površini planete.
01:50
The reality totally contradicted
initial perceptions of this planet.
initial perceptions of this planet.
33
98181
4547
Stvarnost je bila potpuno drugačija
od prvog utiska o ovoj planeti.
od prvog utiska o ovoj planeti.
01:55
From these lessons
from our own solar system,
from our own solar system,
34
103728
2621
Iz ovih lekcija iz našeg Sunčevog sistema,
01:58
we've learned that a planet's atmosphere
35
106373
2016
naučili smo da je atmosfera planete
02:00
is crucial to its climate
and potential to host life.
and potential to host life.
36
108413
3602
ključna za njene klimatske uslove
i mogućnost održavanja života.
i mogućnost održavanja života.
02:04
We don't know what the atmospheres
of these planets are like
of these planets are like
37
112967
2915
Ne znamo kakve su atmosfere ovih planeta
02:07
because the planets are so small
and dim compared to their stars
and dim compared to their stars
38
115906
4368
jer su planete tako male i slabe svetlosti
u odnosu na svoje zvezde
u odnosu na svoje zvezde
02:12
and so far away from us.
39
120298
1665
i toliko su daleko od nas.
02:14
For example, one of the closest planets
that could support surface water --
that could support surface water --
40
122500
4291
Na primer, jedna od najbližih planeta
koje bi mogle da imaju vodu na površini -
koje bi mogle da imaju vodu na površini -
02:18
it's called Gliese 667 Cc --
41
126815
3357
zove se Glise 667 Cc -
02:22
such a glamorous name, right,
nice phone number for a name --
nice phone number for a name --
42
130196
3936
baš spektakularno ime, zar ne,
broj telefona umesto imena -
broj telefona umesto imena -
02:26
it's 23 light years away.
43
134156
2435
udaljena je 23 svetlosne godine.
02:29
So that's more than 100 trillion miles.
44
137091
2770
To je više od 160 triliona kilometara.
Kada biste pokušali da izmerite
atmosferski sastav egzoplanete
atmosferski sastav egzoplanete
02:32
Trying to measure
the atmospheric composition
the atmospheric composition
45
140686
2313
02:35
of an exoplanet passing
in front of its host star is hard.
in front of its host star is hard.
46
143023
4016
koja prolazi ispred svoje zvezde domaćina,
to bi bilo veoma teško,
to bi bilo veoma teško,
kao kada biste pokušavali
da vidite voćnu mušicu
da vidite voćnu mušicu
02:39
It's like trying to see a fruit fly
47
147444
1880
02:41
passing in front of a car's headlight.
48
149348
2286
kako prolazi ispred svetala automobila.
02:44
OK, now imagine that car
is 100 trillion miles away,
is 100 trillion miles away,
49
152126
3699
OK, sada zamislite da je taj automobil
udaljen 160 triliona kilometara
udaljen 160 triliona kilometara
02:47
and you want to know
the precise color of that fly.
the precise color of that fly.
50
155849
3372
i želite da znate tačnu boju
te voćne mušice.
te voćne mušice.
02:52
So I use computer models
51
160618
1757
Stoga koristim kompjuterske modele
02:54
to calculate the kind of atmosphere
a planet would need
a planet would need
52
162399
3103
da izračunam kakva bi atmosfera
bila potrebna planeti
bila potrebna planeti
02:57
to have a suitable climate
for water and life.
for water and life.
53
165526
2699
da ima povoljne klimatske uslove
za vodu i život.
za vodu i život.
03:01
Here's an artist's concept
of the planet Kepler-62f,
of the planet Kepler-62f,
54
169439
4112
Evo umetničkog koncepta
planete Kepler-62f,
planete Kepler-62f,
03:05
with the Earth for reference.
55
173575
1483
gde je Zemlja referentna tačka.
03:07
It's 1,200 light years away,
56
175507
2040
Udaljena je 1200 svetlostnih godina
03:09
and just 40 percent larger than Earth.
57
177571
2227
i samo 40% je veća od Zemlje.
U našem radu koji je finansirala
Nacionalna fondacija za nauku otkrili smo
Nacionalna fondacija za nauku otkrili smo
03:12
Our NSF-funded work found that it
could be warm enough for open water
could be warm enough for open water
58
180313
4048
da bi mogla da bude
dovoljno topla za otvorenu vodu
dovoljno topla za otvorenu vodu
03:16
from many types of atmospheres
and orientations of its orbit.
and orientations of its orbit.
59
184385
4109
iz mnogih tipova atmosfera
i orijentacije njene orbite.
i orijentacije njene orbite.
03:20
So I'd like future telescopes
to follow up on this planet
to follow up on this planet
60
188518
3133
Volela bih da teleskopi u budućnosti
prate ovu planetu
prate ovu planetu
03:23
to look for signs of life.
61
191675
1571
i traže znakove života.
03:26
Ice on a planet's surface
is also important for climate.
is also important for climate.
62
194476
3389
Led na površini planete
takođe je bitan za klimu.
takođe je bitan za klimu.
03:29
Ice absorbs longer,
redder wavelengths of light,
redder wavelengths of light,
63
197889
3195
Led upija duže, crvenije
talasne dužine svetlosti
talasne dužine svetlosti
03:33
and reflects shorter, bluer light.
64
201108
2130
i odbija kraću, plavlju svetlost.
03:35
That's why the iceberg
in this photo looks so blue.
in this photo looks so blue.
65
203870
2889
Zato ledeni breg na ovoj slici
izgleda tako plavo.
izgleda tako plavo.
03:39
The redder light from the sun
is absorbed on its way through the ice.
is absorbed on its way through the ice.
66
207092
3497
Crvenije svetlo od sunca
upije se na putu do leda.
upije se na putu do leda.
03:42
Only the blue light
makes it all the way to the bottom.
makes it all the way to the bottom.
67
210613
2857
Samo plava svetlost dopire do dna.
03:45
Then it gets reflected
back to up to our eyes
back to up to our eyes
68
213947
2392
Onda se odbija sve do naših očiju
03:48
and we see blue ice.
69
216363
1576
i vidimo plavi led.
Moj model pokazuje da planete
koje kruže oko hladnijih zvezda
koje kruže oko hladnijih zvezda
03:50
My models show that planets
orbiting cooler stars
orbiting cooler stars
70
218590
2974
zapravo mogu biti toplije od planeta
koje kruže oko toplijih zvezda.
koje kruže oko toplijih zvezda.
03:53
could actually be warmer
than planets orbiting hotter stars.
than planets orbiting hotter stars.
71
221588
3168
03:56
There's another contradiction --
72
224780
1539
Postoji još jedna kontradikcija -
03:58
that ice absorbs the longer
wavelength light from cooler stars,
wavelength light from cooler stars,
73
226343
3774
taj led upija svetlost dužih
talasnih dužina od hladnijih zvezda,
talasnih dužina od hladnijih zvezda,
04:02
and that light, that energy,
heats the ice.
heats the ice.
74
230141
3108
i ta svetlost, ta energija zagreva led.
04:06
Using climate models to explore
75
234622
2360
Korišćenje klimatskih modela
za istraživanje toga
za istraživanje toga
04:09
how these contradictions
can affect planetary climate
can affect planetary climate
76
237006
3105
kako ove kontradikcije utiču
na klimatske uslove planete
na klimatske uslove planete
04:12
is vital to the search for life elsewhere.
77
240135
3174
ključno je za potragu života tamo negde.
04:16
And it's no surprise
that this is my specialty.
that this is my specialty.
78
244128
3177
Nije čudno da sam stručna u ovome.
04:19
I'm an African-American female astronomer
79
247715
2785
Ja sam Afro-amerikanka astronom
04:22
and a classically trained actor
80
250524
2112
i glumica sa klasičnim obrazovanjem
04:24
who loves to wear makeup
and read fashion magazines,
and read fashion magazines,
81
252660
3835
koja voli da se šminka
i čita modne časopise
i čita modne časopise
04:28
so I am uniquely positioned to appreciate
contradictions in nature --
contradictions in nature --
82
256519
4833
tako da imam jedinstvenu poziciju
gde cenim kontradikcije u prirodi -
gde cenim kontradikcije u prirodi -
04:33
(Laughter)
83
261376
1112
(Smeh)
04:34
(Applause)
84
262512
3464
(Aplauz)
04:38
... and how they can inform our search
for the next planet where life exists.
for the next planet where life exists.
85
266000
4093
i kako mogu da pomognu našoj potrazi
za sledećom planetom gde postoji život.
za sledećom planetom gde postoji život.
04:42
My organization, Rising Stargirls,
86
270645
2508
Moja organizacija, Rising Stargirls,
04:45
teaches astronomy
to middle-school girls of color,
to middle-school girls of color,
87
273177
3428
predajemo astronomiju obojenim devojčicama
viših razreda osnovne škole
viših razreda osnovne škole
04:48
using theater, writing and visual art.
88
276629
3456
koristeći pozorište, pisanu reč
i vizuelnu umetnost.
i vizuelnu umetnost.
04:52
That's another contradiction --
science and art don't often go together,
science and art don't often go together,
89
280697
3977
To je druga kontradikcija -
nauka i umetnost često ne idu zajedno,
nauka i umetnost često ne idu zajedno,
04:56
but interweaving them can help
these girls bring their whole selves
these girls bring their whole selves
90
284698
3802
ali njihovo kombinovanje može pomoći
ovim devojčicama da se potpuno posvete
ovim devojčicama da se potpuno posvete
05:00
to what they learn,
91
288524
1199
tome što uče
05:01
and maybe one day join
the ranks of astronomers
the ranks of astronomers
92
289747
3440
i možda se jednog dana
pridruže astronomima
pridruže astronomima
05:05
who are full of contradictions,
93
293211
1754
koji su puni kontradikcija
05:06
and use their backgrounds
to discover, once and for all,
to discover, once and for all,
94
294989
3150
i koriste svoje poreklo da otkriju,
jednom za svagda,
jednom za svagda,
05:10
that we are truly not alone
in the universe.
in the universe.
95
298163
3016
da zaista nismo sami u univerzumu.
05:14
Thank you.
96
302433
1151
Hvala vam.
05:15
(Applause)
97
303608
8816
(Aplauz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Aomawa Shields - Astronomer, astrobiologist, actor, writerAomawa Shields studies the climate and habitability of planets outside of the Solar System.
Why you should listen
Dr. Aomawa Shields received her PhD in Astronomy and Astrobiology from the University of Washington in 2014. She also received an MFA in Acting from UCLA in 2001, and a Bachelor's degree in Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences from MIT in 1997. She is currently an NSF Astronomy and Astrophysics Postdoctoral Fellow, a UC President's Postdoctoral Program Fellow, and a 2015 TED Fellow at the University of California, Los Angeles, and the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics.
Dr. Shields is the founder of Rising Stargirls, an organization dedicated to encouraging girls of all colors and backgrounds to explore and discover the universe using theater, writing, and visual art. She uses her theater and writing background to communicate science to the public in engaging, innovative ways.
Aomawa Shields | Speaker | TED.com