TEDSummit
Abigail Marsh: Why some people are more altruistic than others
Ebigejl Marš (Abigail Marsh): Zašto su neki ljudi altruističniji od drugih
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Zašto neki ljudi rade nesebične stvari, pomažu drugima čak i rizikujući sopstvenu dobrobit? Psihološkinja istraživač Ebigejl Marš, izučava motivaciju ljudi koji obavljaju izuzetno altruistična dela, poput doniranja bubrega potpunom strancu. Da li su njihovi mozgovi prosto drugačiji?
Abigail Marsh - Psychologist
Abigail Marsh asks essential questions: If humans are evil, why do we sometimes go to extraordinary lengths to help others even at a cost to ourselves? Full bio
Abigail Marsh asks essential questions: If humans are evil, why do we sometimes go to extraordinary lengths to help others even at a cost to ourselves? Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
There's a man out there, somewhere,
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Postoji čovek tamo negde
00:14
who looks a little bit
like the actor Idris Elba,
like the actor Idris Elba,
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koji pomalo liči na glumca Idrisa Elbu,
00:17
or at least he did 20 years ago.
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ili je bar ličio pre 20 godina.
00:20
I don't know anything else about him,
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Ne znam bilo šta više o njemu,
00:22
except that he once saved my life
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osim toga da mi je jednom spasio život,
00:24
by putting his own life in danger.
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rizikujući sopstveni život.
00:26
This man ran across four lanes of freeway
traffic in the middle of the night
traffic in the middle of the night
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Ovaj čovek je pretrčao četiri trake
na auto-putu u sred noći,
na auto-putu u sred noći,
00:32
to bring me back to safety
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kako bi me smestio na sigurno mesto
00:33
after a car accident
that could have killed me.
that could have killed me.
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nakon saobraćajne nesreće
u kojoj sam mogla da poginem.
u kojoj sam mogla da poginem.
00:36
And the whole thing
left me really shaken up, obviously,
left me really shaken up, obviously,
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Zbog svega toga sam, očito,
bila poprilično uzdrmana,
bila poprilično uzdrmana,
00:39
but it also left me with this
kind of burning, gnawing need
kind of burning, gnawing need
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ali mi je takođe ostala
žarka, izjedajuća želja
žarka, izjedajuća želja
00:43
to understand why he did it,
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da razumem zašto je to uradio,
00:45
what forces within him
caused him to make the choice
caused him to make the choice
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koje su ga sile u njemu
navele da napravi ovaj izbor
navele da napravi ovaj izbor
00:48
that I owe my life to,
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kojima dugujem život,
00:50
to risk his own life
to save the life of a stranger?
to save the life of a stranger?
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da rizikuje sopstveni život
kako bi spasio život strancu?
kako bi spasio život strancu?
00:54
In other words, what are the causes of his
or anybody else's capacity for altruism?
or anybody else's capacity for altruism?
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Drugim rečima, koji su razlozi za njegovu
ili bilo čiju drugu sposobnost altruizma?
ili bilo čiju drugu sposobnost altruizma?
00:59
But first let me tell you what happened.
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Ali prvo ću da vam ispričam šta se desilo.
01:01
That night, I was 19 years old
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Te noći, bilo mi je 19 godina
01:03
and driving back to my home
in Tacoma, Washington,
in Tacoma, Washington,
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i vozila sam nazad svojoj kući
u Takomi, Vašington,
u Takomi, Vašington,
01:05
down the Interstate 5 freeway,
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duž auto-puta Interstejt 5,
01:07
when a little dog
darted out in front of my car.
darted out in front of my car.
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kada se maleni pas
džilitnuo direktno pred moj auto.
džilitnuo direktno pred moj auto.
01:10
And I did exactly
what you're not supposed to do,
what you're not supposed to do,
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I uradila sam baš ono što ne bi trebalo,
01:12
which is swerve to avoid it.
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skrenula sam da ga izbegnem.
01:14
And I discovered why
you're not supposed to do that.
you're not supposed to do that.
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I otkrila sam zašto
ne bi trebalo to da radite.
ne bi trebalo to da radite.
01:17
I hit the dog anyways,
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Svejedno sam udarila psa,
01:19
and that sent the car into a fishtail,
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a zbog toga su zadnji točkovi proklizali
01:21
and then a spin across the freeway,
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i auto se zavrteo preko auto-puta,
01:24
until finally it wound up
in the fast lane of the freeway
in the fast lane of the freeway
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dok naposletku nisam završila
na brzoj traci auto-puta
na brzoj traci auto-puta
01:27
faced backwards into oncoming traffic
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okrenuta leđima nadolazećem saobraćaju,
01:30
and then the engine died.
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a potom se motor ugasio.
01:33
And I was sure in that moment
that I was about to die too,
that I was about to die too,
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I bila sam sigurna u tom trenu
da ću da umrem,
da ću da umrem,
01:37
but I didn't
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ali nisam
01:39
because of the actions
of that one brave man
of that one brave man
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zbog postupka tog hrabrog čoveka,
01:41
who must have made the decision
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koji mora da je doneo odluku
01:43
within a fraction of a second
of seeing my stranded car
of seeing my stranded car
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u deliću sekunde
nakon što je video moj nasukan auto,
nakon što je video moj nasukan auto,
01:46
to pull over and run
across four lanes of freeway traffic
across four lanes of freeway traffic
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da se zaustavi i pretrči
četiri trake auto-puta
četiri trake auto-puta
01:50
in the dark
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po mraku,
01:52
to save my life.
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kako bi mi spasio život.
01:54
And then after he got my car working again
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I potom, nakon što je pokrenuo moj auto
01:57
and got me back to safety
and made sure I was going to be all right,
and made sure I was going to be all right,
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i izveo me na sigurnost
i uverio se da ću da budem dobro,
i uverio se da ću da budem dobro,
02:01
he drove off again.
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ponovo se odvezao.
02:02
He never even told me his name,
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Nikad mi ni svoje ime nije rekao
02:05
and I'm pretty sure
I forgot to say thank you.
I forgot to say thank you.
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i gotovo sam sigurna
da sam zaboravila da mu se zahvalim.
da sam zaboravila da mu se zahvalim.
02:08
So before I go any further,
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Pa pre nego što nastavim,
02:10
I really want to take a moment
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zaista želim da odvojim tren
02:11
to stop and say thank you
to that stranger.
to that stranger.
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da se zaustavim i kažem hvala tom strancu.
02:15
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
02:22
I tell you all of this
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Sve ovo vam govorim
02:24
because the events of that night changed
the course of my life to some degree.
the course of my life to some degree.
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jer su događaji od te noći
unekoliko promenili pravac mog života.
unekoliko promenili pravac mog života.
02:28
I became a psychology researcher,
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Postala sam psiholog istraživač
02:30
and I've devoted my work to understanding
the human capacity to care for others.
the human capacity to care for others.
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i posvetila sam svoj rad razumevanju
ljudske sposobnosti da mare za druge.
ljudske sposobnosti da mare za druge.
02:34
Where does it come from,
and how does it develop,
and how does it develop,
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Odakle ona potiče i kako se razvija,
02:37
and what are the extreme forms
that it can take?
that it can take?
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i koji su ekstremni oblici
koje može da poprimi?
koje može da poprimi?
02:40
These questions are really important
to understanding basic aspects
to understanding basic aspects
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Ova pitanja su uistinu važna
za razumevanja osnovnih aspekata
za razumevanja osnovnih aspekata
02:43
of human social nature.
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ljudske društvene prirode.
02:45
A lot of people,
and this includes everybody
and this includes everybody
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Mnogi ljudi, a ovo uključuje sve
02:47
from philosophers
and economists to ordinary people
and economists to ordinary people
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od filozofa i ekonomista do običnih ljudi,
02:50
believe that human nature
is fundamentally selfish,
is fundamentally selfish,
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veruju da je ljudska priroda
u osnovi sebična,
u osnovi sebična,
02:53
that we're only ever really motivated
by our own welfare.
by our own welfare.
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da smo zaista uvek motivisani
sopstvenom dobrobiti.
sopstvenom dobrobiti.
02:57
But if that's true, why do some people,
like the stranger who rescued me,
like the stranger who rescued me,
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No, ako je to tačno, zašto neki ljudi,
poput stranca koji me je spasio,
poput stranca koji me je spasio,
03:02
do selfless things,
like helping other people
like helping other people
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rade nesebične stvari,
poput pomaganja drugima
poput pomaganja drugima
03:04
at enormous risk and cost to themselves?
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uprkos ogromnom riziku
i ceni po njih same?
i ceni po njih same?
03:07
Answering this question
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Odgovor na ovo pitanje
03:09
requires exploring the roots
of extraordinary acts of altruism,
of extraordinary acts of altruism,
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zahteva istraživanje korena
neverovatnih činova altruizma
neverovatnih činova altruizma
03:13
and what might make people
who engage in such acts
who engage in such acts
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i šta bi moglo te ljude
koji ispoljavaju altruizam
koji ispoljavaju altruizam
03:15
different than other people.
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da razlikuje od drugih ljudi.
03:17
But until recently, very little work
on this topic had been done.
on this topic had been done.
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No sve do nedavno, veoma malo
se radilo na ovom problemu.
se radilo na ovom problemu.
03:21
The actions of the man who rescued me
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Čin čoveka koji me je spasio
03:23
meet the most stringent
definition of altruism,
definition of altruism,
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se uklapa u najskučeniju
definiciju altruizma,
definiciju altruizma,
03:26
which is a voluntary, costly behavior
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da je to voljno, rizično ponašanje
03:29
motivated by the desire
to help another individual.
to help another individual.
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motivisano željom
da se pomogne drugom pojedincu.
da se pomogne drugom pojedincu.
03:32
So it's a selfless act
intended to benefit only the other.
intended to benefit only the other.
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Te je to nesebičan čin
namenjen da bude od koristi jedino drugom.
namenjen da bude od koristi jedino drugom.
03:36
What could possibly
explain an action like that?
explain an action like that?
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Šta bi uopšte moglo da objasni sličan čin?
03:40
One answer is compassion, obviously,
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Jedan od očitih odgovora je samilost,
03:42
which is a key driver of altruism.
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koja je ključni pokretač altruizma.
03:44
But then the question becomes,
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No to povlači za sobom pitanje:
03:46
why do some people
seem to have more of it than others?
seem to have more of it than others?
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zašto je kod nekih ljudi
prisutnija nego kod drugih?
prisutnija nego kod drugih?
03:50
And the answer may be that the brains
of highly altruistic people
of highly altruistic people
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A odgovor bi mogao da bude
da su mozgovi veoma altruističnih ljudi
da su mozgovi veoma altruističnih ljudi
03:54
are different in fundamental ways.
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u osnovi različiti.
03:57
But to figure out how,
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No da bismo razumeli kako,
03:59
I actually started from the opposite end,
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zapravo sam krenula sa suprotnog kraja,
04:02
with psychopaths.
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od psihopata.
04:04
A common approach to understanding
basic aspects of human nature,
basic aspects of human nature,
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Uobičajen pristup razumevanju
osnovnih aspekata ljudske prirode,
osnovnih aspekata ljudske prirode,
04:07
like the desire to help other people,
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poput žudnje da se pomogne drugima,
04:09
is to study people
in whom that desire is missing,
in whom that desire is missing,
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je izučavanje ljudi
kod kojih ta žudnja ne postoji,
kod kojih ta žudnja ne postoji,
04:13
and psychopaths are exactly such a group.
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a psihopate su upravo takva grupa.
04:16
Psychopathy is a developmental disorder
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Psihopatija je razvojni poremećaj
04:18
with strongly genetic origins,
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sa čvrstim genetskim uporištem,
04:20
and it results in a personality
that's cold and uncaring
that's cold and uncaring
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i rezultira ličnošću
koja je hladna i nemarna
koja je hladna i nemarna
04:23
and a tendency to engage in antisocial
and sometimes very violent behavior.
and sometimes very violent behavior.
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i teži ispoljavanju antisocijalnog
i ponekad veoma nasilnog ponašanja.
i ponekad veoma nasilnog ponašanja.
Jednom smo moje kolege i ja sa Nacionalnog
instituta za mentalno zdravlje
instituta za mentalno zdravlje
04:28
Once my colleagues and I
at the National Institute of Mental Health
at the National Institute of Mental Health
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04:31
conducted some of the first ever
brain imaging research
brain imaging research
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sproveli jedno od prvih
istraživanja snimaka mozga
istraživanja snimaka mozga
04:33
of psychopathic adolescents,
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adolescenata psihopata,
04:36
and our findings, and the findings
of other researchers now,
of other researchers now,
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i naša otkrića, kao i trenutna
otkrića drugih istraživača
otkrića drugih istraživača
04:39
have shown that people
who are psychopathic
who are psychopathic
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su pokazala da ljudi koji su psihopate
04:41
pretty reliably exhibit
three characteristics.
three characteristics.
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prilično pouzdano ispoljavaju
tri karakteristike.
tri karakteristike.
04:45
First, although they're not generally
insensitive to other people's emotions,
insensitive to other people's emotions,
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Prvo, iako generalno nisu bezosećajni
za emocije drugih ljudi,
za emocije drugih ljudi,
04:49
they are insensitive to signs
that other people are in distress.
that other people are in distress.
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bezosećajni su prema znacima
da su drugi ljudi u nevolji.
da su drugi ljudi u nevolji.
04:53
And in particular,
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A naročito
04:54
they have difficulty recognizing
fearful facial expressions like this one.
fearful facial expressions like this one.
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imaju problema u prepoznavanju
uplašenih izraza lica, poput ovoga.
uplašenih izraza lica, poput ovoga.
04:58
And fearful expressions convey
urgent need and emotional distress,
urgent need and emotional distress,
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A uplašeni izrazi prenose
hitnu potrebu i emotivni nespokoj
hitnu potrebu i emotivni nespokoj
05:02
and they usually elicit
compassion and a desire to help
compassion and a desire to help
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i obično mame samilost
i potrebu za pomaganjem
i potrebu za pomaganjem
05:05
in people who see them,
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kod ljudi koji ih vide,
05:06
so it makes sense that people
who tend to lack compassion
who tend to lack compassion
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te ima smisla da ljudi
kojima nedostaje samilosti
kojima nedostaje samilosti
05:09
also tend to be insensitive to these cues.
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takođe znaju da budu
bezosećajni prema ovome.
bezosećajni prema ovome.
05:12
The part of the brain
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Deo mozga
05:13
that's the most important
for recognizing fearful expressions
for recognizing fearful expressions
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koji je najvažniji
za prepoznavanje preplašenih izraza
za prepoznavanje preplašenih izraza
05:16
is called the amygdala.
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se zove amigdala.
05:17
There are very rare cases of people
who lack amygdalas completely,
who lack amygdalas completely,
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Retki su slučajevi ljudi
kojima u potpunosti nedostaje amigdala
kojima u potpunosti nedostaje amigdala
05:21
and they're profoundly impaired
in recognizing fearful expressions.
in recognizing fearful expressions.
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i oni su istinski nesposobni
da prepoznaju ispoljavanje straha.
da prepoznaju ispoljavanje straha.
05:25
And whereas healthy adults and children
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Dok su kod zdravih odraslih osoba i dece
05:27
usually show big spikes
in amygdala activity
in amygdala activity
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obično vidljivi veliki skokovi
u aktivnosti amigdale
u aktivnosti amigdale
05:30
when they look at fearful expressions,
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kada posmatraju uplašena lica,
05:32
psychopaths' amygdalas
are underreactive to these expressions.
are underreactive to these expressions.
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amigdale psihopata su nedovoljno
reaktivne na ove izraze lica.
reaktivne na ove izraze lica.
05:35
Sometimes they don't react at all,
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Ponekad uopšte ne reaguju,
05:37
which may be why they have
trouble detecting these cues.
trouble detecting these cues.
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zbog čega možda imaju
problema da prepoznaju ove znake.
problema da prepoznaju ove znake.
05:41
Finally, psychopaths' amygdalas
are smaller than average
are smaller than average
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Na kraju, amigdale kod psihopata
su u proseku manje
su u proseku manje
05:44
by about 18 or 20 percent.
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za oko 18 do 20 procenata.
05:46
So all of these findings
are reliable and robust,
are reliable and robust,
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Dakle, sva ova otkrića
su pouzdana i snažna
su pouzdana i snažna
05:50
and they're very interesting.
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i veoma su zanimljiva.
05:52
But remember that my main interest
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Znate da moje glavno interesovanje
05:53
is not understanding
why people don't care about others.
why people don't care about others.
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nije razumevanje
zašto ljudi ne mare za druge,
zašto ljudi ne mare za druge,
05:57
It's understanding why they do.
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već razumevanje zašto mare.
05:59
So the real question is,
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Stoga je istinsko pitanje:
06:02
could extraordinary altruism,
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da li bi izuzetan altruizam,
06:04
which is the opposite of psychopathy
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koji je suprotan psihopatiji
06:06
in terms of compassion
and the desire to help other people,
and the desire to help other people,
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u smislu saosećanja
i žudnje da se pomogne drugima,
i žudnje da se pomogne drugima,
06:10
emerge from a brain that is also
the opposite of psychopathy?
the opposite of psychopathy?
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mogao da proistekne iz mozga
koji je takođe suprotan mozgu psihopate?
koji je takođe suprotan mozgu psihopate?
06:14
A sort of antipsychopathic brain,
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Neki vid antipsihopatskog mozga,
06:17
better able to recognize
other people's fear,
other people's fear,
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koji je više u stanju
da prepozna strah drugih ljudi,
da prepozna strah drugih ljudi,
06:21
an amygdala that's more reactive
to this expression
to this expression
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amigdale koja je reaktivnija
na ovaj izraz lica
na ovaj izraz lica
06:23
and maybe larger than average as well?
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i takođe je možda veća od prosečne?
06:25
As my research has now shown,
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Moje istraživanje je pokazalo
06:27
all three things are true.
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da su sve tri stvari tačne.
06:29
And we discovered this
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A ovo smo otkrili,
06:30
by testing a population
of truly extraordinary altruists.
of truly extraordinary altruists.
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testirajući populaciju
istinski izvanrednih altruista.
istinski izvanrednih altruista.
06:33
These are people who have given
one of their own kidneys
one of their own kidneys
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To su ljudi koji su donirali
jedan svoj bubreg
jedan svoj bubreg
06:36
to a complete stranger.
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potpunom strancu.
06:38
So these are people who have volunteered
to undergo major surgery
to undergo major surgery
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Te su to ljudi koji su volontirali
da prođu kroz tešku operaciju
da prođu kroz tešku operaciju
06:41
so that one of their own
healthy kidneys can be removed
healthy kidneys can be removed
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kako bi jedan od njihovih
zdravih bubrega bio uklonjen
zdravih bubrega bio uklonjen
06:44
and transplanted into a very ill stranger
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i transplantiran veoma bolesnom strancu
06:46
that they've never met and may never meet.
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koga nikad nisu
i verovatno i neće upoznati.
i verovatno i neće upoznati.
06:49
"Why would anybody do this?"
is a very common question.
is a very common question.
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"Zašto bi bilo ko ovo uradio?"
je uobičajeno pitanje.
je uobičajeno pitanje.
06:52
And the answer may be
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A odgovor bi mogao da bude
da mozgovi ovih izuzetnih altruista
06:53
that the brains of these
extraordinary altruists
extraordinary altruists
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06:56
have certain special characteristics.
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imaju neke naročite karakteristike.
06:59
They are better at recognizing
other people's fear.
other people's fear.
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Bolji su u prepoznavanju
straha kod drugih ljudi.
straha kod drugih ljudi.
07:02
They're literally better at detecting
when somebody else is in distress.
when somebody else is in distress.
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Bukvalno su bolji u otkrivanju
kad je neko drugi u nevolji.
kad je neko drugi u nevolji.
07:05
This may be in part because their amygdala
is more reactive to these expressions.
is more reactive to these expressions.
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Ovo bi delimično moglo da bude jer
im je amigdala reaktivnija na ova lica.
im je amigdala reaktivnija na ova lica.
07:10
And remember, this is the same part
of the brain that we found
of the brain that we found
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I setite se da je to isti deo mozga
za koji smo otkrili
za koji smo otkrili
07:13
was underreactive
in people who are psychopathic.
in people who are psychopathic.
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da je nedovoljno reaktivan kod psihopata.
07:15
And finally, their amygdalas
are larger than average as well,
are larger than average as well,
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I, na kraju, njihove amigdale
su takođe veće od prosečnih
su takođe veće od prosečnih
07:18
by about eight percent.
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za otprilike osam posto.
07:19
So together, what these data suggest
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Pa, svi ovi podaci nagoveštavaju
07:21
is the existence of something
like a caring continuum in the world
like a caring continuum in the world
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postojanje nečega,
poput kontinuuma brige u svetu
poput kontinuuma brige u svetu
07:25
that's anchored at the one end
by people who are highly psychopathic,
by people who are highly psychopathic,
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koji je s jedne strane označen
ljudima koji su izrazite psihopate,
ljudima koji su izrazite psihopate,
07:28
and at the other by people
who are very compassionate
who are very compassionate
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a s druge strane ljudima
koji su veoma saosećajni
koji su veoma saosećajni
07:31
and driven to acts of extreme altruism.
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i pokreću ih dela ekstremnog altruizma.
07:34
But I should add that what makes
extraordinary altruists so different
extraordinary altruists so different
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Ali ću da dodam da ono po čemu
su izuzetni altruist toliko različiti
su izuzetni altruist toliko različiti
07:38
is not just that they're
more compassionate than average.
more compassionate than average.
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nije samo to što
su u proseku saosećajniji.
su u proseku saosećajniji.
07:41
They are,
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Jesu,
07:42
but what's even more unusual about them
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ali još neobičnije kod njih
07:44
is that they're compassionate
and altruistic
and altruistic
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je da su saosećajni i altruistični
07:46
not just towards people
who are in their own innermost circle
who are in their own innermost circle
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ne samo prema ljudima
koji su u njihovom najužem krugu
koji su u njihovom najužem krugu
07:49
of friends and family. Right?
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prijatelja i porodice. U redu?
07:51
Because to have compassion for people
that you love and identify with
that you love and identify with
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Jer saosećati sa ljudima
koje volite i s kojima se identifikujete
koje volite i s kojima se identifikujete
07:54
is not extraordinary.
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nije izuzetno.
07:58
Truly extraordinary altruists' compassion
extends way beyond that circle,
extends way beyond that circle,
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Istinski izvanredna saosećajnost altruiste
se proteže daleko mimo tog kruga,
se proteže daleko mimo tog kruga,
08:02
even beyond their wider
circle of acquaintances
circle of acquaintances
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čak i mimo njihovog šireg kruga poznanika,
08:04
to people who are outside
their social circle altogether,
their social circle altogether,
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na ljude koji su potpuno
van njihovog društvenog kruga,
van njihovog društvenog kruga,
08:07
total strangers,
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na potpune strance,
08:09
just like the man who rescued me.
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baš poput čoveka koji me je spasio.
08:11
And I've had the opportunity now
to ask a lot of altruistic kidney donors
to ask a lot of altruistic kidney donors
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I imala sam priliku da pitam
mnoge altruistične donatore bubrega
mnoge altruistične donatore bubrega
08:15
how it is that they manage to generate
such a wide circle of compassion
such a wide circle of compassion
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kako to uspevaju da stvore
tako širok krug saosećajnosti,
tako širok krug saosećajnosti,
08:19
that they were willing to give
a complete stranger their kidney.
a complete stranger their kidney.
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da su spremni da daju
svoj bubreg potpunom strancu.
svoj bubreg potpunom strancu.
08:23
And I found it's a really difficult
question for them to answer.
question for them to answer.
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I otkrila sam da je za njih
uistinu teško da odgovore na to pitanje.
uistinu teško da odgovore na to pitanje.
08:26
I say, "How is it that
you're willing to do this thing
you're willing to do this thing
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Pitam: "Kako to da ste
spremni da uradite ovo,
spremni da uradite ovo,
08:30
when so many other people don't?
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kad mnogi drugi ljudi ne bi?
08:32
You're one of fewer than 2,000 Americans
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Vi ste jedan od manje od 2000 Amerikanaca
08:35
who has ever given a kidney to a stranger.
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koji je dao bubreg strancu.
08:37
What is it that makes you so special?"
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Šta vas čini tako posebnim?"
08:40
And what do they say?
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A šta oni kažu?
08:43
They say, "Nothing.
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Kažu: "Ništa.
08:46
There's nothing special about me.
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Nema ništa naročito kod mene.
08:48
I'm just the same as everybody else."
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Ista sam kao i svi drugi."
08:51
And I think that's actually
a really telling answer,
a really telling answer,
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I mislim da je to zapravo
odgovor koji mnogo otkriva
odgovor koji mnogo otkriva
08:54
because it suggests that the circles
of these altruists don't look like this,
of these altruists don't look like this,
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jer nagoveštava da krugovi
ovih altruista ne izgledaju ovako,
ovih altruista ne izgledaju ovako,
08:59
they look more like this.
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pre su sličniji ovome.
09:01
They have no center.
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Nemaju centar.
09:03
These altruists literally
don't think of themselves
don't think of themselves
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Ovi altruisti bukvalno ne vide sebe
09:05
as being at the center of anything,
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kao centar bilo čega,
09:08
as being better or more inherently
important than anybody else.
important than anybody else.
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da su bolji ili suštinski važniji
od bilo koga drugog.
od bilo koga drugog.
Kad sam altruistkinju pitala
kakvog je smisla imalo doniranje bubrega,
kakvog je smisla imalo doniranje bubrega,
09:12
When I asked one altruist
why donating her kidney made sense to her,
why donating her kidney made sense to her,
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09:15
she said, "Because it's not about me."
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rekla je: "Jer se ne radi o meni."
09:19
Another said,
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Druga je rekla:
09:20
"I'm not different. I'm not unique.
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"Nisam različita. Nisam jedinstvena.
09:23
Your study here is going to find out
that I'm just the same as you."
that I'm just the same as you."
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Vaše istraživanje će da otkrije
da sam ista kao i vi."
da sam ista kao i vi."
09:26
I think the best description
for this amazing lack of self-centeredness
for this amazing lack of self-centeredness
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Smatram da je najbolji opis
ovog divnog odsustva samoobuzetosti -
ovog divnog odsustva samoobuzetosti -
09:30
is humility,
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skromnost,
09:32
which is that quality
that in the words of St. Augustine
that in the words of St. Augustine
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a to je vrlina,
koja prema rečima Sv. Avgustina
koja prema rečima Sv. Avgustina
09:35
makes men as angels.
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od ljudi pravi anđele.
09:38
And why is that?
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Zašto je tako?
09:39
It's because if there's
no center of your circle,
no center of your circle,
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Tako je jer ako nemate središte kruga,
09:42
there can be no inner rings
or outer rings,
or outer rings,
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onda nema unutrašnjih
ili spoljašnjih krugova,
ili spoljašnjih krugova,
09:45
nobody who is more or less worthy
of your care and compassion
of your care and compassion
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niko nije više ili manje vredan
vaše brige i saosećanja
vaše brige i saosećanja
09:48
than anybody else.
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od bilo koga drugog.
09:49
And I think that this is what really
distinguishes extraordinary altruists
distinguishes extraordinary altruists
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I mislim da ovo zaista
razlikuje izuzetne altruiste
razlikuje izuzetne altruiste
09:53
from the average person.
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od prosečnih osoba.
09:55
But I also think that this is a view
of the world that's attainable by many
of the world that's attainable by many
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Ali takođe smatram da je ovaj
pogled na svet dostižan mnogima
pogled na svet dostižan mnogima
09:59
and maybe even most people.
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a možda čak i većini ljudi.
10:01
And I think this
because at the societal level,
because at the societal level,
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A ovo smatram jer na društvenom nivou,
10:03
expansions of altruism and compassion
are already happening everywhere.
are already happening everywhere.
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širenje altruizma i saosećajnosti
se već svuda dešava.
se već svuda dešava.
10:07
The psychologist Steven Pinker
and others have shown
and others have shown
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Psiholog Stiven Pinker i drugi su pokazali
10:10
that all around the world people
are becoming less and less accepting
are becoming less and less accepting
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da širom sveta za ljude
postaje sve manje prihvatljiva
postaje sve manje prihvatljiva
10:13
of suffering in ever-widening
circles of others,
circles of others,
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patnja u krugovima
koji su sve širi za druge,
koji su sve širi za druge,
10:16
which has led to declines
of all kinds of cruelty and violence,
of all kinds of cruelty and violence,
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a to je dovelo do pada
u svim vidovima okrutnosti i nasilja,
u svim vidovima okrutnosti i nasilja,
10:19
from animal abuse to domestic violence
to capital punishment.
to capital punishment.
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od zlostavljanja životinja
i porodičnog nasilja do smrtne kazne.
i porodičnog nasilja do smrtne kazne.
10:23
And it's led to increases
in all kinds of altruism.
in all kinds of altruism.
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I dovelo je do porasta
u svim vidovima altruizma.
u svim vidovima altruizma.
10:26
A hundred years ago, people
would have thought it was ludicrous
would have thought it was ludicrous
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Pre sto godina ljudi bi smatrali
da je smešno
da je smešno
koliko je normalno i uobičajeno
10:29
how normal and ordinary it is
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10:30
for people to donate
their blood and bone marrow
their blood and bone marrow
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da ljudi doniraju svoju krv i koštanu srž
10:34
to complete strangers today.
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trenutno potpunim strancima.
10:36
Is it possible that
a hundred years from now
a hundred years from now
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Da li je moguće da će
za sto godina od sad
za sto godina od sad
10:38
people will think
that donating a kidney to a stranger
that donating a kidney to a stranger
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ljudi da smatraju
da je doniranje bubrega strancu
da je doniranje bubrega strancu
10:41
is just as normal and ordinary
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jednako normalno i uobičajeno
10:42
as we think donating blood
and bone marrow is today?
and bone marrow is today?
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kao što danas smatramo
da je doniranje krvi i koštane srži?
da je doniranje krvi i koštane srži?
10:45
Maybe.
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Možda.
10:47
So what's at the root
of all these amazing changes?
of all these amazing changes?
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Pa, šta je u korenu
svih ovih sjajnih promena?
svih ovih sjajnih promena?
10:50
In part it seems to be
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Delimično se čini
10:52
increases in wealth
and standards of living.
and standards of living.
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da je to porast bogatstva
i životnog standarda.
i životnog standarda.
10:56
As societies become
wealthier and better off,
wealthier and better off,
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Kako društva postaju bogatija i imućnija,
10:59
people seem to turn
their focus of attention outward,
their focus of attention outward,
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čini se da ljudi usmeravaju
svoju pažnju ka spolja,
svoju pažnju ka spolja,
11:02
and as a result, all kinds of altruism
towards strangers increases,
towards strangers increases,
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i posledica toga je porast u raznim
vidovima altruizma prema strancima,
vidovima altruizma prema strancima,
11:05
from volunteering to charitable donations
and even altruistic kidney donations.
and even altruistic kidney donations.
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od volontiranja i dobrotvornih donacija,
čak i do altruističnih donacija bubrega.
čak i do altruističnih donacija bubrega.
11:11
But all of these changes also yield
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Ali sve ove promene takođe povlače
11:14
a strange and paradoxical result,
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čudne i paradoksalne rezultate,
11:17
which is that even as the world is
becoming a better and more humane place,
becoming a better and more humane place,
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a to je da čak iako svet
postaje bolje i humanije mesto,
postaje bolje i humanije mesto,
11:21
which it is,
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a jeste tako,
11:22
there's a very common perception
that it's becoming worse
that it's becoming worse
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uobičajeno je viđenje da postaje sve gori
11:25
and more cruel, which it's not.
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i okrutniji, a nije tako.
11:28
And I don't know exactly why this is,
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I ne znam tačno zašto je tako,
11:29
but I think it may be
that we now just know so much more
that we now just know so much more
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ali mislim da je možda
zato što znamo mnogo više
zato što znamo mnogo više
11:33
about the suffering
of strangers in distant places,
of strangers in distant places,
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o patnji stranaca na udaljenim mestima
11:36
and so we now care a lot more
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i stoga sad marimo daleko više
11:39
about the suffering
of those distant strangers.
of those distant strangers.
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o patnji tih dalekih stranaca.
11:42
But what's clear is the kinds
of changes we're seeing show
of changes we're seeing show
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Ali su evidentni vidovi promene
koju trenutno pokazujemo;
koju trenutno pokazujemo;
11:45
that the roots of altruism and compassion
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da su koreni altruizma i saosećajnosti
11:48
are just as much a part of human nature
as cruelty and violence,
as cruelty and violence,
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podjednako deo ljudske prirode
kao okrutnost i nasilje,
kao okrutnost i nasilje,
11:51
maybe even more so,
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možda čak i više,
11:53
and while some people do seem
to be inherently more sensitive
to be inherently more sensitive
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i dok se neki ljudi čine
po prirodi osetljivijim
po prirodi osetljivijim
11:57
to the suffering of distant others,
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prema patnji udaljenih drugih,
11:59
I really believe that the ability
to remove oneself
to remove oneself
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zaista verujem da je sposobnost
izmeštanja sebe
izmeštanja sebe
12:02
from the center of the circle
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iz središta kruga
12:04
and expand the circle of compassion
outward to include even strangers
outward to include even strangers
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i širenje kruga saosećanja ka spolja,
da bismo uključili čak i strance,
da bismo uključili čak i strance,
12:08
is within reach for almost everyone.
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dostižno skoro svim ljudima.
12:12
Thank you.
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Hvala vam.
12:13
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Abigail Marsh - PsychologistAbigail Marsh asks essential questions: If humans are evil, why do we sometimes go to extraordinary lengths to help others even at a cost to ourselves?
Why you should listen
How do we understand what others think and feel? An associate professor in the department of psychology and the interdisciplinary neuroscience program at Georgetown University, Abigail Marsh focuses on social and affective neuroscience. She addresses questions using multiple approaches that include functional and structural brain imaging in adolescents and adults from both typical and non-typical populations, as well as behavioral, cognitive, genetic and pharmacological techniques. Among her ongoing research projects are brain imaging and behavioral studies of altruistic kidney donors and brain imaging studies of children/adolescents with severe conduct problems and limited empathy.
Marsh's 2017 book The Fear Factor: How One Emotion Connects Altruists, Psychopaths, and Everyone In-Between explores the extremes of human generosity and cruelty.
Abigail Marsh | Speaker | TED.com