TED Studio
Steven Johnson: The playful wonderland behind great inventions
Stiven Džonson (Steven Johnson): Kako igra vodi velikim izumima
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Nužda je majka izuma, je li tako? Pa, nije uvek. Stiven Džonson nam pokazuje kako neke od najpreobražajnijih ideja i tehnologija, poput kompjutera, nisu uopšte nastale iz nužde, već naprotiv iz čudnovatog užitka u igri. Podelite ovo zanosno, ilustrovano istraživanje istorije izuma. Ispostavlja se da ćete zateći budućnost gde god se ljudi najviše zabavljaju.
Steven Johnson - Writer
Steven Berlin Johnson examines the intersection of science, technology and personal experience. Full bio
Steven Berlin Johnson examines the intersection of science, technology and personal experience. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
(Music)
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(Muzika)
00:16
Roughly 43,000 years ago,
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Pre oko 43 000 godina,
00:19
a young cave bear
died in the rolling hills
died in the rolling hills
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mladi pećinski medved
je uginuo u strmim brdima
je uginuo u strmim brdima
00:22
on the northwest border
of modern day Slovenia.
of modern day Slovenia.
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na severozapadnoj granici
današnje Slovenije.
današnje Slovenije.
00:25
A thousand years later,
a mammoth died in southern Germany.
a mammoth died in southern Germany.
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Hiljadu godina kasnije,
mamut je uginuo u južnoj Nemačkoj.
mamut je uginuo u južnoj Nemačkoj.
00:29
A few centuries after that,
a griffon vulture also died
a griffon vulture also died
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Nekoliko vekova potom,
beloglavi sup je takođe uginuo
beloglavi sup je takođe uginuo
00:33
in the same vicinity.
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u istoj oblasti.
00:35
And we know almost nothing
about how these animals met their deaths,
about how these animals met their deaths,
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A mi ne znamo gotovo bilo šta
o tome kako su umrle ove životinje,
o tome kako su umrle ove životinje,
00:39
but these different creatures
dispersed across both time and space
dispersed across both time and space
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ali ova različita stvorenja
raštrkana i u vremenu i prostoru
raštrkana i u vremenu i prostoru
00:43
did share one remarkable fate.
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dele neverovatnu sudbinu.
00:46
After their deaths,
a bone from each of their skeletons
a bone from each of their skeletons
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Nakon njihove smrti,
kosti od njihovih skeleta
kosti od njihovih skeleta
00:50
was crafted by human hands
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su ljudske ruke izdeljale
00:52
into a flute.
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u frulu.
00:54
Think about that for a second.
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Razmislite o tome na tren.
00:56
Imagine you're a caveman,
40,000 years ago.
40,000 years ago.
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Zamislite da ste pećinski čovek
od pre 40 000 godina.
od pre 40 000 godina.
00:59
You've mastered fire.
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Ovladali ste vatrom.
01:00
You've built simple tools for hunting.
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Napravili ste jednostavna oruđa za lov.
01:02
You've learned how to craft
garments from animal skins
garments from animal skins
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Naučili ste kako da napravite
odeću od životinjske kože
odeću od životinjske kože
01:05
to keep yourself warm in the winter.
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kako biste se grejali tokom zime.
01:07
What would you choose to invent next?
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Šta biste odlučili da izumite sledeće?
01:10
It seems preposterous
that you would invent the flute,
that you would invent the flute,
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Čini se apsurdnim da biste izumeli frulu,
01:13
a tool that created
useless vibrations in air molecules.
useless vibrations in air molecules.
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oruđe koje je stvaralo
beskorisne vibracije u molekulima vazduha.
beskorisne vibracije u molekulima vazduha.
01:17
But that is exactly
what our ancestors did.
what our ancestors did.
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Ali baš to su naši preci uradili.
01:21
Now this turns out
to be surprisingly common
to be surprisingly common
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Sad, ispostavlja se da je ovo
iznenađujuće uobičajeno
iznenađujuće uobičajeno
01:24
in the history of innovation.
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u istoriji izuma.
01:26
Sometimes people invent things
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Ponekad ljudi izume nešto
01:28
because they want to stay alive
or feed their children
or feed their children
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jer žele da prežive
ili da hrane svoju decu
ili da hrane svoju decu
01:31
or conquer the village next door.
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ili da osvoje susedno selo.
01:33
But just as often,
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No jednako često,
01:34
new ideas come into the world
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nove ideje nastaju
01:36
simply because they're fun.
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prosto jer su zabavne.
01:39
And here's the really strange thing:
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A evo šta je zaista čudno:
01:41
many of those playful
but seemingly frivolous inventions
but seemingly frivolous inventions
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mnogi od ovih razigranih,
ali naoko frivolnih izuma
ali naoko frivolnih izuma
01:45
ended up sparking
momentous transformations
momentous transformations
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su na kraju podstakli
značajne transformacije
značajne transformacije
01:47
in science, in politics and society.
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u nauci, politici i društvu.
01:51
Take what may be the most
important invention of modern times:
important invention of modern times:
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Uzmite nešto što je možda
najvažniji izum savremnog doba:
najvažniji izum savremnog doba:
01:54
programmable computers.
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kompjuteri za programiranje.
01:56
Now, the standard story is that computers
descend from military technology,
descend from military technology,
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Sad, uobičajena je priča da kompjuteri
potiču od vojne tehnologije,
potiču od vojne tehnologije,
02:01
since many of the early computers
were designed specifically
were designed specifically
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pošto su mnogi od ranih kompjutera
bili naročito dizajnirani
bili naročito dizajnirani
02:04
to crack wartime codes
or calculate rocket trajectories.
or calculate rocket trajectories.
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da dešifruju vojne šifre
ili da računaju putanje raketa.
ili da računaju putanje raketa.
02:07
But in fact, the origins
of the modern computer
of the modern computer
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Međutim, nastanak savremenog kompjutera
02:11
are much more playful,
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je daleko razigraniji,
02:12
even musical,
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čak muzikalniji,
02:14
than you might imagine.
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nego što mislite.
02:15
The idea behind the flute,
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Ideja za frulu,
02:16
of just pushing air through tubes
to make a sound,
to make a sound,
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da prosto istiskujete vazduh kroz cevi
kako biste stvorili zvuk,
kako biste stvorili zvuk,
02:19
was eventually modified
to create the first organ
to create the first organ
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je kasnije modifikovana
da bi nastale prve orgulje
da bi nastale prve orgulje
02:22
more than 2,000 years ago.
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pre vše od 2 000 godina.
02:24
Someone came up with the brilliant idea
of triggering sounds
of triggering sounds
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Nekome je pala na pamet
briljantna ideja da stvara zvuk
briljantna ideja da stvara zvuk
02:27
by pressing small levers with our fingers,
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pritiskajući male poluge našim prstima,
02:30
inventing the first musical keyboard.
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stvarajući tako prvu muzičku klavijaturu.
02:33
Now, keyboards evolved
from organs to clavichords to harpsichords
from organs to clavichords to harpsichords
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Sad, klavijature su se razvijale
od orgulja preko klavikorda i cimbala
od orgulja preko klavikorda i cimbala
02:37
to the piano,
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do klavira,
02:38
until the middle of the 19th century,
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sve do sredine 19. veka,
02:41
when a bunch of inventors
finally hit on the idea
finally hit on the idea
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kada je hrpi izumitelja
konačno pala na pamet ideja
konačno pala na pamet ideja
02:44
of using a keyboard
to trigger not sounds but letters.
to trigger not sounds but letters.
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da koriste klavijaturu
da bi stvarali, ne zvuk, već slova.
da bi stvarali, ne zvuk, već slova.
02:48
In fact, the very first typewriter
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Zapravo, prva pisaća mašina
02:50
was originally called
"the writing harpsichord."
"the writing harpsichord."
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je prvobitno nazivana
"cimbalom za pisanje".
"cimbalom za pisanje".
02:55
Flutes and music led
to even more powerful breakthroughs.
to even more powerful breakthroughs.
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Frule i muzika su doveli
čak i do moćnijih revolucionarnih izuma.
čak i do moćnijih revolucionarnih izuma.
02:59
About a thousand years ago,
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Pre oko hiljadu godina,
03:01
at the height of the Islamic Renaissance,
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na vrhuncu islamske renesanse,
03:03
three brothers in Baghdad
designed a device
designed a device
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tri brata iz Bagdada su dizajnirala spravu
03:05
that was an automated organ.
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automatske orgulje.
03:08
They called it "the instrument
that plays itself."
that plays itself."
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Nazvali su je "instrument
koji svira samog sebe".
koji svira samog sebe".
03:11
Now, the instrument
was basically a giant music box.
was basically a giant music box.
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Sad, instrument je u suštini
bio džinovska muzička kutija.
bio džinovska muzička kutija.
03:15
The organ could be trained to play
various songs by using instructions
various songs by using instructions
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Orgulje su mogle da budu obučene
da sviraju niz pesama koristeći uputstva
da sviraju niz pesama koristeći uputstva
03:19
encoded by placing pins
on a rotating cylinder.
on a rotating cylinder.
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šifrovana tako što su stavljali
igle na rotirajući cilindar.
igle na rotirajući cilindar.
03:23
And if you wanted the machine
to play a different song,
to play a different song,
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A ako biste poželeli
da mašina svira drugu pesmu,
da mašina svira drugu pesmu,
03:26
you just swapped a new cylinder in
with a different code on it.
with a different code on it.
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prosto biste stavili novi cilindar
sa drugačijom šifrom.
sa drugačijom šifrom.
03:29
This instrument was the first of its kind.
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Ovo je bio prvi instrument te vrste.
03:33
It was programmable.
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Bilo ga je moguće programirati.
03:35
Now, conceptually,
this was a massive leap forward.
this was a massive leap forward.
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Konceptualno je ovo
bio veliki skok napred.
bio veliki skok napred.
03:38
The whole idea of hardware and software
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Čitava ideja o hardveru i softveru
03:41
becomes thinkable for the first time
with this invention.
with this invention.
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postaje zamisliva, prvi put,
zahvaljujući ovom izumu.
zahvaljujući ovom izumu.
03:44
And that incredibly powerful concept
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A taj neverovatno moćan koncept
03:47
didn't come to us as an instrument
of war or of conquest,
of war or of conquest,
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nije za nas bio oruđe rata ili osvajanja,
03:50
or necessity at all.
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pa čak ni nužde.
03:52
It came from the strange delight
of watching a machine play music.
of watching a machine play music.
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Potekao je od čudesnog užitka
posmatranja mašine kako svira.
posmatranja mašine kako svira.
03:57
In fact, the idea of programmable machines
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Zapravo, ideju o mašinama za programiranje
04:00
was exclusively kept alive by music
for about 700 years.
for about 700 years.
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je oko 700 godina
isključivo muzika održavala u životu.
isključivo muzika održavala u životu.
04:05
In the 1700s, music-making machines
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Mašine koje prave muziku su 1700-ih
04:07
became the playthings
of the Parisian elite.
of the Parisian elite.
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postale igračke pariske elite.
04:11
Showmen used the same coded cylinders
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Zabavljači su koristili
identične šifrovane cilindre
identične šifrovane cilindre
04:14
to control the physical movements
of what were called automata,
of what were called automata,
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da bi kontrolisali fizičke pokrete
takozvanih automata,
takozvanih automata,
04:18
an early kind of robot.
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ranijih verzija robota.
04:20
One of the most famous of those robots
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Jedan od najpoznatijih ovih robota
04:22
was, you guessed it,
an automated flute player
an automated flute player
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je bio, pogađate,
automatizovani svirač frule
automatizovani svirač frule
kog je dizajnirao
sjajni francuski izumitelj
sjajni francuski izumitelj
04:25
designed by a brilliant French inventor
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04:27
named Jacques de Vaucanson.
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po imenu Žak de Vokanso.
04:30
And as de Vaucanson
was designing his robot musician,
was designing his robot musician,
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I dok je De Vokanso
dizajnirao svog robota muzičara,
dizajnirao svog robota muzičara,
04:33
he had another idea.
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javila mu se druga ideja.
04:35
If you could program a machine
to make pleasing sounds,
to make pleasing sounds,
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Ako možemo da programiramo mašinu
da pravi ugodne zvuke,
da pravi ugodne zvuke,
04:39
why not program it to weave
delightful patterns of color out of cloth?
delightful patterns of color out of cloth?
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zašto je ne programirati da tka
divne šare boja i tkanina?
divne šare boja i tkanina?
04:44
Instead of using the pins of the cylinder
to represent musical notes,
to represent musical notes,
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Umesto upotrebe igala na cilindru
u predstavljanju muzičkih nota,
u predstavljanju muzičkih nota,
04:49
they would represent
threads with different colors.
threads with different colors.
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koristili bi ih za stvaranje
niti različitih boja.
niti različitih boja.
04:52
If you wanted a new pattern
for your fabric,
for your fabric,
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Ako želite novu šaru za vašu tkaninu,
04:54
you just programmed a new cylinder.
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prosto programirate novi cilindar.
04:57
This was the first programmable loom.
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Ovo je bio prvi razboj na programiranje.
05:00
Now, the cylinders were too expensive
and time-consuming to make,
and time-consuming to make,
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Cilindri su bili suviše skupi
i njihova izrada je dugo trajala,
i njihova izrada je dugo trajala,
05:04
but a half century later,
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ali nekoliko vekova kasnije,
05:06
another French inventor named Jacquard
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drugi francuski izumitelj,
po imenu Žakard,
po imenu Žakard,
05:08
hit upon the brilliant idea
of using paper-punched cards
of using paper-punched cards
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došao je na briljantnu ideju
da koristi kartice od izbušenog papira
da koristi kartice od izbušenog papira
05:13
instead of metal cylinders.
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umesto metalnih cilindara.
05:15
Paper turned out to be
much cheaper and more flexible
much cheaper and more flexible
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Papir se ispostavio
kao jeftiniji i fleksibilniji
kao jeftiniji i fleksibilniji
05:18
as a way of programming the device.
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kao sprava za programiranje.
05:20
That punch card system inspired
Victorian inventor Charles Babbage
Victorian inventor Charles Babbage
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Ovaj sistem izbušenih karti je inspirisao
viktorijanskog izumitelja Čarlsa Babidža
viktorijanskog izumitelja Čarlsa Babidža
05:25
to create his analytical engine,
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da napravi svoj analitički motor,
05:27
the first true programmable computer
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prvi istinski kompjuter za programiranje
05:30
ever designed.
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koji je ikad dizajniran.
05:31
And punch cards were used
by computer programmers
by computer programmers
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A probušene kartice su koristili
kompjuterski programeri
kompjuterski programeri
05:34
as late as the 1970s.
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sve do 1970-ih.
05:37
So ask yourself this question:
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Stoga se zapitajte sledeće:
05:39
what really made
the modern computer possible?
the modern computer possible?
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šta je zaista omogućilo
nastanak savremenih kompjutera?
nastanak savremenih kompjutera?
05:43
Yes, the military involvement
is an important part of the story,
is an important part of the story,
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Da, angažman vojske je važan deo priče,
05:47
but inventing a computer
also required other building blocks:
also required other building blocks:
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ali je nastanak kompjutera
takođe zahtevao drugu građu:
takođe zahtevao drugu građu:
05:51
music boxes,
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muzičke kutije,
05:52
toy robot flute players,
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igračke robote svirače frule,
05:54
harpsichord keyboards,
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cimbalove klavijature,
05:55
colorful patterns woven into fabric,
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raznobojne šare istkane na platnu,
05:58
and that's just a small part of the story.
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a to je samo mali deo priče.
06:01
There's a long list of world-changing
ideas and technologies
ideas and technologies
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Imamo dugu listu ideja i tehnologija
koje su promenile svet
koje su promenile svet
06:04
that came out of play:
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a nastale su iz igre:
06:06
public museums, rubber,
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javni muzeji, guma,
06:08
probability theory, the insurance business
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teorija verovatnoće, posao sa osiguranjem
06:10
and many more.
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i mnogi drugi.
06:11
Necessity isn't always
the mother of invention.
the mother of invention.
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Nužda nije uvek majka izuma.
06:15
The playful state of mind
is fundamentally exploratory,
is fundamentally exploratory,
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Razigrano stanje uma
je suštinski istraživački naklonjeno,
je suštinski istraživački naklonjeno,
06:19
seeking out new possibilities
in the world around us.
in the world around us.
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traga za novim mogućnostima
u svetu oko nas.
u svetu oko nas.
06:22
And that seeking
is why so many experiences
is why so many experiences
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A to traganje
je razlog zašto su mnoga iskustva,
je razlog zašto su mnoga iskustva,
06:26
that started with simple
delight and amusement
delight and amusement
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koja su počela prostim
oduševljenjem i razonodom,
oduševljenjem i razonodom,
06:29
eventually led us
to profound breakthroughs.
to profound breakthroughs.
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na kraju nas dovela
do istinski revolucionarnih otkrića.
do istinski revolucionarnih otkrića.
06:33
Now, I think this has implications
for how we teach kids in school
for how we teach kids in school
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Smatram da ovo ima implikacije
za to kako obrazujemo decu u školama
za to kako obrazujemo decu u školama
06:37
and how we encourage innovation
in our workspaces,
in our workspaces,
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i kako podstičemo inovacije
na našem radnom mestu,
na našem radnom mestu,
06:40
but thinking about play
and delight this way
and delight this way
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ali razmišljanje o igri
i užitku na ovaj način
i užitku na ovaj način
06:43
also helps us detect what's coming next.
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takođe pomaže da otkrijemo šta sledi.
06:47
Think about it: if you were
sitting there in 1750
sitting there in 1750
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Razmislite o tome: kad biste
sedeli tamo 1750,
sedeli tamo 1750,
06:49
trying to figure out
the big changes coming to society
the big changes coming to society
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pokušavajući da otkrijete
nadolazeće velike promene u društvu
nadolazeće velike promene u društvu
06:53
in the 19th, the 20th centuries,
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u XIX i XX veku:
06:55
automated machines, computers,
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automatizovane mašine, kompjutere,
06:57
artificial intelligence,
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veštačku inteligenciju,
06:59
a programmable flute
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frula na programiranje
07:00
entertaining the Parisian elite
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koja zabavlja parisku elitu
07:03
would have been as powerful a clue
as anything else at the time.
as anything else at the time.
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bi bila jednako moćan trag
kao bilo šta drugo iz tog vremena.
kao bilo šta drugo iz tog vremena.
07:07
It seemed like an amusement at best,
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Činilo se kao zabava, u najboljem slučaju,
07:10
not useful in any serious way,
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beskorisno na bilo koji ozbiljan način,
07:13
but it turned out to be
the beginning of a tech revolution
the beginning of a tech revolution
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ali se ispostavilo da je to
bio početak tehnološke revolucije
bio početak tehnološke revolucije
07:17
that would change the world.
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koja je promenila svet.
07:18
You'll find the future
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Zateći ćete budućnost
07:20
wherever people are having the most fun.
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gde god se ljudi najviše zabavljaju.
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Steven Johnson - WriterSteven Berlin Johnson examines the intersection of science, technology and personal experience.
Why you should listen
Steven Johnson is a leading light of today's interdisciplinary and collaborative approach to innovation. His writings have influenced everything from cutting-edge ideas in urban planning to the battle against 21st-century terrorism. Johnson was chosen by Prospect magazine as one of the top ten brains of the digital future, and The Wall Street Journal calls him "one of the most persuasive advocates for the role of collaboration in innovation."
Johnson's work on the history of innovation inspired the Emmy-nominated six-part series on PBS, "How We Got To Now with Steven Johnson," which aired in the fall of 2014. The book version of How We Got To Now was a finalist for the PEN/E.O. Wilson Literary Science Writing Award. His new book, Wonderland: How Play Made the Modern World, revolves around the creative power of play and delight: ideas and innovations that set into motion many momentous changes in science, technology, politics and society.
Johnson is also the author of the bestselling Where Good Ideas Come From: The Natural History of Innovation, one of his many books celebrating progress and innovation. Others include The Invention of Air and The Ghost Map. Everything Bad Is Good For You, one of the most discussed books of 2005, argued that the increasing complexity of modern media is training us to think in more complex ways. Emergence and Future Perfect explore the power of bottom-up intelligence in both nature and contemporary society.
An innovator himself, Johnson has co-created three influential sites: the pioneering online magazine FEED, the Webby-Award-winning community site, Plastic.com, and the hyperlocal media site outside.in, which was acquired by AOL in 2011.
Johnson is a regular contributor to WIRED magazine, as well as the New York Times, The Wall Street Journal and many other periodicals. He has appeared on many high-profile television programs, including "The Charlie Rose Show," "The Daily Show with Jon Stewart" and "The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer."
Steven Johnson | Speaker | TED.com