Serious Play 2008
George Smoot: The design of the universe
Džordž Smut (George Smoot): Dizajn svemira
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Na Ozbiljnoj igri 2008. godine, astrofizičar Džordž Smut pokazuje neverovatne nove slike istraživanja iz dubokog svemira i tera nas da razmišljamo o tome kako je svemir, sa svojim gigantskim mrežama tamne materije i misterioznim razjapljenim prazninama, izgrađen na ovaj način.
George Smoot - Astrophysicist
Astrophysicist, cosmologist and Nobel Prize winner George Smoot studies the cosmic microwave background radiation -- the afterglow of the Big Bang. His pioneering research into deep space and time is uncovering the structure of the universe itself. Full bio
Astrophysicist, cosmologist and Nobel Prize winner George Smoot studies the cosmic microwave background radiation -- the afterglow of the Big Bang. His pioneering research into deep space and time is uncovering the structure of the universe itself. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:16
I thought I would think about changing your perspective on the world a bit,
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Mislio sam da bih mogao malo uticati
na vaš pogled na svet
na vaš pogled na svet
00:20
and showing you some of the designs that we have in nature.
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i pokazati vam neke od dizajna
koje imamo u prirodi.
koje imamo u prirodi.
00:23
And so, I have my first slide to talk about
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Tako, moj prvi slajd je
00:27
the dawning of the universe and what I call
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o začetku univerzuma
i onoga što zovem
i onoga što zovem
00:30
the cosmic scene investigation, that is, looking at
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istragom o kosmičkoj sceni,
tj. posmatranje ostataka nastanka
tj. posmatranje ostataka nastanka
00:32
the relics of creation and inferring what happened at the beginning,
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i zaključivanje šta se desilo na početku,
00:36
and then following it up and trying to understand it.
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a zatim i praćenje toga
i pokušaj razumevanja istog.
i pokušaj razumevanja istog.
Jedno od pitanja koje sam vam
postavio je -
postavio je -
00:39
And so one of the questions that I asked you is,
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00:41
when you look around, what do you see?
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kada pogledate oko sebe, šta vidite?
00:43
Well, you see this space that's created by designers
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Vidite prostor koji su kreirali
stvoritelji i rad ljudi,
stvoritelji i rad ljudi,
00:47
and by the work of people, but what you actually see
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ali ono što zaista vidite je
00:51
is a lot of material that was already here,
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puno materijala koji je već bio ovde,
00:53
being reshaped in a certain form.
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koji je preoblikovan u određen oblik.
00:55
And so the question is: how did that material get here?
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Tako je pitanje - kako je taj materijal
dospeo ovde,
dospeo ovde,
kako je dobio oblik koji je imao
pre nego što je preoblikovan, itd.?
pre nego što je preoblikovan, itd.?
00:58
How did it get into the form that it had before it got reshaped, and so forth?
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01:01
It's a question of what's the continuity?
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To je pitanje šta je kontinuitet.
01:04
So one of the things I look at is,
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Tako, jedna od stvari koje posmatram je -
01:06
how did the universe begin and shape?
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kako je svemir nastao i kako je oblikovan,
01:08
What was the whole process in the creation and the evolution of the universe
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kakav je celokupni proces stvaranja
i evolucije svemira
i evolucije svemira
da bi se stiglo do tačke gde imamo
sve ove vrste materijala?
sve ove vrste materijala?
01:12
to getting to the point that we have these kinds of materials?
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01:14
So that's sort of the part, and let me move on then and show you
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To je deo pitanja. Dozvolite mi
da nastavim i pokažem vam
da nastavim i pokažem vam
01:18
the Hubble Ultra Deep Field.
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Hablovo ultra duboko polje.
01:20
If you look at this picture,
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Ako pogledate u ovu sliku,
01:22
what you will see is a lot of dark with some light objects in it.
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videćete puno tame
sa nekim svetlim objektima u njoj.
sa nekim svetlim objektima u njoj.
01:26
And everything but -- four of these light objects are stars,
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Četiri ovih svetlećih objekata su zvezde
01:28
and you can see them there -- little pluses.
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i možete ih videti - mali plusevi.
01:30
This is a star, this is a star, everything else is a galaxy, OK?
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Ovo je zvezda, ovo je zvezda,
a sve ostalo su galaksije. U redu?
a sve ostalo su galaksije. U redu?
01:35
So there's a couple of thousand galaxies
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Dakle, ima par hiljada galaksija
01:37
you can see easily with your eye in here.
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koje možete videti golim okom ovde.
Kada pogledam posebno u ovu galaksiju,
01:40
And when I look out at particularly this galaxy,
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koja izgleda kao i naša,
zapitam se da li se upravo održava
zapitam se da li se upravo održava
01:42
which looks a lot like ours, I wonder if there's
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01:44
an art design college conference going on,
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konferencija fakulteta umetničkog dizajna
01:47
and intelligent beings there are thinking about, you know,
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i inteligentnih bića koja razmišljaju
na kakvim bi dizajnima mogli raditi,
a ima i par kosmologa
a ima i par kosmologa
01:50
what designs they might do, and there might be a few cosmologists
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koji pokušavaju da razumeju
odakle je svemir potekao,
odakle je svemir potekao,
01:53
trying to understand where the universe itself came from,
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a može biti da neki gledaju
u našu galaksiju
u našu galaksiju
01:55
and there might even be some in that galaxy looking at ours
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01:57
trying to figure out what's going on over here.
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i pokušavaju da shvate šta se ovde dešava.
01:59
But there's a lot of other galaxies, and some are nearby,
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Postoji i mnogo drugih galaksija,
a neke su u blizini
a neke su u blizini
i njihova boja je slična boji Sunca,
02:02
and they're kind of the color of the Sun,
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02:03
and some are further away and they're a little bluer, and so forth.
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dok su druge udaljenije i nešto plavije,
i tako dalje.
i tako dalje.
02:06
But one of the questions is -- this should be, to you --
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Međutim, jedno od pitanja je -
trebalo bi da vam bude -
trebalo bi da vam bude -
02:10
how come there are so many galaxies?
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kako to da ima toliko mnogo galaksija,
02:12
Because this represents a very clean fraction of the sky.
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jer ovo predstavlja samo delić neba.
02:14
This is only 1,000 galaxies.
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Ovo je samo 1000 galaksija.
02:16
We think there's on the order -- visible to the Hubble Space Telescope,
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Mislimo da ih ima poređanih -
vidljivih svemirskom teleskopu Habl,
vidljivih svemirskom teleskopu Habl,
02:19
if you had the time to scan it around --
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ako biste imali vremena da ih skenirate -
02:21
about 100 billion galaxies. Right?
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oko 100 milijardi galaksija. Zar ne?
02:23
It's a very large number of galaxies.
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To je ogroman broj galaksija,
02:25
And that's roughly how many stars there are in our own galaxy.
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a to je otprilike koliko ima
zvezda u našoj galaksiji.
zvezda u našoj galaksiji.
02:28
But when you look at some of these regions like this, you'll see
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Kada, međutim, pogledate
u ove regione na ovaj način,
u ove regione na ovaj način,
02:30
more galaxies than stars, which is kind of a conundrum.
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videćete više galaksija nego zvezda,
što je prava misterija.
što je prava misterija.
02:33
So the question should come to your mind is, what kind of design, you know,
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Tako je pitanje koje treba
da vam se javi - kakav dizajn,
da vam se javi - kakav dizajn,
kakva vrsta kreativnog procesa
i kakva vrsta dizajna je
i kakva vrsta dizajna je
02:39
what kind of creative process and what kind of design
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02:41
produced the world like that?
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proizvela takav svet?
Pokazaću vam da je zapravo
mnogo komplikovanije od toga.
mnogo komplikovanije od toga.
02:43
And then I'm going to show you it's actually a lot more complicated.
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02:45
We're going to try and follow it up.
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Pokušaćemo da propratimo ovo.
02:47
We have a tool that actually helps us out in this study,
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Imamo alat koji nam pomaže
u ovoj studiji,
u ovoj studiji,
02:50
and that's the fact that the universe is so incredibly big
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a to je činjenica da je svemir
toliko neverovatno veliki
toliko neverovatno veliki
02:53
that it's a time machine, in a certain sense.
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da je vremenska mašina, u neku ruku.
02:56
We draw this set of nested spheres cut away so you see it.
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Nacrtali smo skup ugnežđenih sfera
odvojeno da biste mogli to videti.
odvojeno da biste mogli to videti.
02:59
Put the Earth at the center of the nested spheres,
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Stavite Zemlju u centar ugnežđenih sfera,
03:01
just because that's where we're making observations.
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samo zato što je to mesto
odakle posmatramo stvari.
odakle posmatramo stvari.
03:03
And the moon is only two seconds away, so if you take a picture of the moon
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Mesec je na razdaljini od samo 2 sekunde,
pa ako ga uslikate koristeći
obično svetlo, to je pre 2 sekunde;
obično svetlo, to je pre 2 sekunde;
03:06
using ordinary light, it's the moon two seconds ago, and who cares.
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03:09
Two seconds is like the present.
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koga briga.
Dve sekunde je isto što i sadašnjost.
03:11
The Sun is eight minutes ago. That's not such a big deal, right,
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Sunce je na udaljenosti od 8 minuta.
To i nije velika stvar,
To i nije velika stvar,
osim ako prema vama
ne idu solarne baklje;
ne idu solarne baklje;
03:14
unless there's solar flares coming then you want to get out the way.
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03:16
You'd like to have a little advance warning.
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voleli biste da ste u tom slučaju
unapred upozoreni.
unapred upozoreni.
03:18
But you get out to Jupiter and it's 40 minutes away. It's a problem.
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Pođete do Jupitera i on je
udaljen 40 minuta. To je problem.
udaljen 40 minuta. To je problem.
03:21
You hear about Mars, it's a problem communicating to Mars
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O Marsu slušate da je problem
u komunikaciji
u komunikaciji
03:23
because it takes light long enough to go there.
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jer svetlu treba dosta vremena
da stigne do njega,
da stigne do njega,
03:26
But if you look out to the nearest set of stars,
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ali ako pogledate u najbliži skup zvezda,
03:29
to the nearest 40 or 50 stars, it's about 10 years.
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u najbližih 40 ili 50 zvezda,
radi se o desetak godina.
radi se o desetak godina.
03:32
So if you take a picture of what's going on, it's 10 years ago.
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Tako, ako uslikate šta se dešava,
to je bilo pre 10 godina.
to je bilo pre 10 godina.
03:35
But you go and look to the center of the galaxy,
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Idete i pogledate u centar galaksije -
03:37
it's thousands of years ago.
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to je bilo pre 1000 godina.
03:38
If you look at Andromeda, which is the nearest big galaxy,
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Ako pogledate u Andromedu,
koja je najbliža galaksija,
koja je najbliža galaksija,
03:41
and it's two million years ago.
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udaljena je dva miliona godina.
03:42
If you took a picture of the Earth two million years ago,
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Da ste uslikali Zemlju
pre 2 miliona godina,
pre 2 miliona godina,
03:44
there'd be no evidence of humans at all,
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ne bi uopšte bilo traga ljudima
03:46
because we don't think there were humans yet.
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jer ne mislimo da ih je tada bilo.
03:48
I mean, it just gives you the scale.
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Mislim, to vam samo daje orijentir.
03:50
With the Hubble Space Telescope, we're looking at
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Uz pomoć svemirskog teleskopa Habl
03:52
hundreds of millions of years to a billion years.
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gledamo u stotine miliona
do milijardu godina.
do milijardu godina.
03:54
But if we were capable to come up with an idea of how to look even further --
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Međutim, ako bismo mogli da smislimo
kako da gledamo još dalje -
kako da gledamo još dalje -
postoje neke stvari na još većoj daljini,
03:59
there's some things even further,
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04:00
and that was what I did in a lot of my work,
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a to je ono što sam radio
na prethodnom poslu -
na prethodnom poslu -
04:02
was to develop the techniques -- we could look out back to even earlier
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razvijanje tehnika - mogli bismo
da pogledamo unazad i u ranije epohe
da pogledamo unazad i u ranije epohe
pre nego što su postojale
zvezde i galaksije,
zvezde i galaksije,
04:06
epochs before there were stars and before there were galaxies,
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04:08
back to when the universe was hot and dense and very different.
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unazad do toga kada je svemir bio
vreo, gust i mnogo drugačiji.
vreo, gust i mnogo drugačiji.
04:12
And so that's the sort of sequence,
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To je, dakle, nekakav redosled,
04:14
and so I have a more artistic impression of this.
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a ja imam umetničkiji utisak o ovome.
04:16
There's the galaxy in the middle, which is the Milky Way,
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Evo galaksije u sredini, Mlečnog puta,
04:19
and around that are the Hubble -- you know, nearby kind of galaxies,
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a oko nje su Habl - najbliže galaksije,
a postoji i sfera koja označava
različite periode,
različite periode,
04:22
and there's a sphere that marks the different times.
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04:24
And behind that are some more modern galaxies.
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a iza toga su neke modernije galaksije.
04:26
You see the whole big picture?
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Vidite celu veliku sliku?
04:28
The beginning of time is funny -- it's on the outside, right?
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Početak vremena je čudna stvar -
izvan je, zar ne?
izvan je, zar ne?
Zatim, postoji deo svemira
koji ne možemo da vidimo
koji ne možemo da vidimo
04:31
And then there's a part of the universe we can't see
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04:33
because it's so dense and so hot, light can't escape.
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zato što je toliko gust i svetao
da svetlo ne može pobeći.
da svetlo ne može pobeći.
04:36
It's like you can't see to the center of the Sun;
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To je isto kao što ne možete
videti centar Sunca -
videti centar Sunca -
04:38
you have to use other techniques to know what's going on inside the Sun.
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morate da koristite druge tehnike
da saznate šta se dešava unutar Sunca.
da saznate šta se dešava unutar Sunca.
Ipak, možete videti ivice Sunca,
04:41
But you can see the edge of the Sun,
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04:42
and the universe gets that way, and you can see that.
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a slično je i sa svemirom
i to možete videti.
i to možete videti.
04:44
And then you see this sort of model area around the outside,
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Zatim, vidite ovo područje
oko spoljašnosti
oko spoljašnosti
04:48
and that is the radiation coming from the Big Bang,
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i radijaciju koja dolazi
od Velikog praska,
od Velikog praska,
04:51
which is actually incredibly uniform.
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koja je, u stvari, neverovatno ujednačena.
04:53
The universe is almost a perfect sphere,
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Ovaj svemir je skoro savršena sfera,
04:55
but there are these very tiny variations
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ali postoje ove majušne varijacije
04:57
which we show here in great exaggeration.
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koje ovde prikazujemo kroz preterivanje.
05:00
And from them in the time sequence we're going to have to go
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Počevši od njih, majušnih varijacija
u vremenskom redosledu,
u vremenskom redosledu,
05:04
from these tiny variations to these irregular galaxies and first stars
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ići ćemo prema neregularnim
galaksijama i prvim zvezdama,
galaksijama i prvim zvezdama,
05:08
to these more advanced galaxies, and eventually the solar system, and so forth.
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prema razvijenijim galaksijama
i konačno do solarnog sistema, itd.
i konačno do solarnog sistema, itd.
05:12
So it's a big design job,
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Dakle, to je posao vezan za veliki dizajn,
05:15
but we'll see about how things are going on.
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ali videćemo kako će se stvari razvijati.
05:17
So the way these measurements were done,
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Način na koji su ova merenja urađena -
05:19
there's been a set of satellites, and this is where you get to see.
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postoji grupa satelita i tako se ovo vidi.
05:22
So there was the COBE satellite, which was launched in 1989,
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Postoji satelit COBE,
lansiran 1989. godine,
lansiran 1989. godine,
05:26
and we discovered these variations.
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a otkrili smo ove varijacije,
05:28
And then in 2000, the MAP satellite was launched -- the WMAP --
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a zatim, 2000. godine,
lansiran je satelit MAP - WMAP -
lansiran je satelit MAP - WMAP -
05:31
and it made somewhat better pictures.
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i on je napravio nešto bolje slike.
05:33
And later this year -- this is the cool stealth version,
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Kasnije ove godine -
ovo je kul nevidljiva verzija,
ovo je kul nevidljiva verzija,
05:37
the one that actually has some beautiful design features to it,
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koja zapravo ima neke
veoma lepe osobine dizajna
veoma lepe osobine dizajna
i treba da pogledate -
Plank satelit će biti lansiran
Plank satelit će biti lansiran
05:41
and you should look -- the Planck satellite will be launched,
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05:43
and it will make very high-resolution maps.
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i praviće mape visokih rezolucija.
05:45
And that will be the sequence of understanding
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To će biti sled događaja
vezan za razumevanje
vezan za razumevanje
samog nastanka svemira.
05:48
the very beginning of the universe.
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05:49
And what we saw was, we saw these variations, and then they told us
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Videli smo ove varijacije
i one su nam zatim rekle tajne
i one su nam zatim rekle tajne
05:53
the secrets, both about the structure of space-time,
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i o strukturi odnosa svemir-vreme,
05:56
and about the contents of the universe,
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i o sadržajima svemira,
05:58
and about how the universe started in its original motions.
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kao i o tome kako je svemir nastao
kroz izvorna kretanja.
kroz izvorna kretanja.
06:01
So we have this picture, which is quite a spectacular picture,
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Imamo ovu sliku koja je
prilično spektakularna,
prilično spektakularna,
06:04
and I'll come back to the beginning, where we're going to have
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a vratiću se na početak kada imamo
06:06
some mysterious process that kicks the universe off at the beginning.
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misteriozni proces koji pokreće
svemir na početku,
svemir na početku,
06:10
And we go through a period of accelerating expansion, and the universe
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a zatim prolazimo kroz period
ubrzavajućeg proširenja,
ubrzavajućeg proširenja,
06:14
expands and cools until it gets to the point where it becomes transparent,
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a svemir se širi i hladi dok ne dođe
do trenutka kada postaje vidljiv,
do trenutka kada postaje vidljiv,
06:18
then to the Dark Ages, and then the first stars turn on,
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zatim do Tamnog doba
i onda se pojavljuje prva zvezda,
i onda se pojavljuje prva zvezda,
06:20
and they evolve into galaxies, and then later they get to the more expansive galaxies.
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a one se razvijaju u galaksije,
a zatim postaju još proširenije galaksije.
a zatim postaju još proširenije galaksije.
06:25
And somewhere around this period is when our solar system started forming.
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Negde oko ovog perioda
formira se naš Sunčev sistem,
formira se naš Sunčev sistem,
06:28
And it's maturing up to the present time.
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a sazreva sve do današnjeg dana.
06:31
And there's some spectacular things.
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Postoje neke spektakularne stvari.
06:33
And this wastebasket part, that's to represent
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Ovaj deo nalik
kanti za otpatke predstavlja
kanti za otpatke predstavlja
šta sama struktura odnosa
prostora i vremena
prostora i vremena
06:36
what the structure of space-time itself is doing during this period.
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06:38
And so this is a pretty weird model, right?
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radi tokom tog perioda.
Ovo je prilično uvrnut model, zar ne?
06:42
What kind of evidence do we have for that?
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Kakve dokaze imamo za ovo?
06:44
So let me show you some of nature's patterns
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Dozvolite mi da vam pokažem
neke obrasce u prirodi
neke obrasce u prirodi
koji su posledice ovoga.
06:47
that are the result of this.
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06:48
I always think of space-time as being the real substance of space,
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Uvek razmišljam o odnosu prostor-vreme
kao o pravom sadržaju svemira,
kao o pravom sadržaju svemira,
06:52
and the galaxies and the stars just like the foam on the ocean.
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a galaksije i zvezde nalik su
peni na okeanu.
peni na okeanu.
06:57
It's a marker of where the interesting waves are and whatever went on.
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One su oznake gde su interesantni talasi
ili bilo kakvi prošli događaji.
ili bilo kakvi prošli događaji.
07:01
So here is the Sloan Digital Sky Survey showing the location of a million galaxies.
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Evo Slounovog digitalnog istraživanja neba
koji prikazuje lokaciju milion galaksija.
koji prikazuje lokaciju milion galaksija.
07:07
So there's a dot on here for every galaxy.
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Postoji tačka za svaku galaksiju.
07:09
They go out and point a telescope at the sky, take a picture,
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Oni izađu i upere
teleskop u nebo, slikaju,
teleskop u nebo, slikaju,
07:12
identify what are stars and throw them away, look at the galaxies,
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identifikuju koje su zvezde i odbace ih,
gledaju u galaksije,
gledaju u galaksije,
07:15
estimate how far away they are, and plot them up.
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procene koliko su udaljene i nacrtaju ih
07:18
And just put radially they're going out that way.
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i samo radijalno obeleže
da idu u tom pravcu.
da idu u tom pravcu.
07:20
And you see these structures, this thing we call the Great Wall,
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Vidite ovu strukturu,
stvar koju zovemo Veliki zid,
stvar koju zovemo Veliki zid,
07:23
but there are voids and those kinds of stuff, and they kind of fade out
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ali postoje praznine i takve stvari,
ali one se nekako gube
ali one se nekako gube
07:26
because the telescope isn't sensitive enough to do it.
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jer teleskop nije dovoljno osetljiv
da to uradi.
da to uradi.
07:28
Now I'm going to show you this in 3D.
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Sada ću vam ovo pokazati u 3D verziji.
Ono što se dešava je -
07:31
What happens is, you take pictures
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07:32
as the Earth rotates, you get a fan across the sky.
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slikate kako se Zemlja okreće
i dobijete lepezu preko celog neba.
i dobijete lepezu preko celog neba.
07:35
There are some places you can't look because of our own galaxy,
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Postoje mesta koja ne možete
posmatrati zbog naše galaksije
posmatrati zbog naše galaksije
07:37
or because there are no telescopes available to do it.
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ili zato što ne postoje
dostupni teleskopi.
dostupni teleskopi.
07:41
So the next picture shows you the three-dimensional version of this rotating around.
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Sledeća slika vam pokazuje
3D verziju ovog okretanja.
3D verziju ovog okretanja.
07:45
Do you see the fan-like scans made across the sky?
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Da li vidite lepezaste
skenirane delove na nebu?
skenirane delove na nebu?
07:48
Remember, every spot on here is a galaxy, and you see the galaxies,
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Setite se, svaka tačka ovde je galaksija,
07:54
you know, sort of in our neighborhood, and you sort of see the structure.
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a vidite galaksije u našem susedstvu
i vidite strukturu.
i vidite strukturu.
07:58
And you see this thing we call the Great Wall,
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Vidite i stvar koju zovemo Veliki zid,
08:00
and you see the complicated structure, and you see these voids.
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neku komplikovanu strukturu i praznine.
08:03
There are places where there are no galaxies and there are places
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Postoje mesta na kojima nema galaksija
i postoje mesta gde postoji
i postoje mesta gde postoji
08:05
where there are thousands of galaxies clumped together, right.
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na hiljade galaksija grupisanih zajedno.
08:08
So there's an interesting pattern,
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Postoji, dakle, interesantan obrazac,
08:10
but we don't have enough data here to actually see the pattern.
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ali nemamo dovoljno podataka
da ga i vidimo.
da ga i vidimo.
08:12
We only have a million galaxies, right?
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Imamo samo milion galaksija, zar ne?
08:14
So we're keeping, like, a million balls in the air
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Održavamo nešto kao milion lopti
u vazduhu,
u vazduhu,
08:16
but, what's going on?
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ali šta se događa?
08:18
There's another survey which is very similar to this,
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Postoji još jedno istraživanje
slično ovome -
slično ovome -
08:20
called the Two-degree Field of View Galaxy Redshift Survey.
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Pregled polja pod uglom od 2 stepena
crvenog pomaka galaksije.
crvenog pomaka galaksije.
08:26
Now we're going to fly through it at warp a million.
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Sada ćemo proleteti kroz njih
najvećom brzinom,
najvećom brzinom,
08:29
And every time there's a galaxy -- at its location there's a galaxy --
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a svakoga puta postojaće galaksija -
na toj lokaciji postoji galaksija -
na toj lokaciji postoji galaksija -
08:33
and if we know anything about the galaxy, which we do,
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i ako znamo išta o toj galaksiji,
što znamo,
što znamo,
08:35
because there's a redshift measurement and everything,
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zato što postoje merenja
crvenog pomaka i svega,
crvenog pomaka i svega,
08:37
you put in the type of galaxy and the color,
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unesete tip galaksije i boju,
08:39
so this is the real representation.
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pa je ovo stvarni prikaz.
08:41
And when you're in the middle of the galaxies
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Kada ste u među galaksijama,
08:42
it's hard to see the pattern; it's like being in the middle of life.
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teško je videti obrazac;
kao da ste usred života.
kao da ste usred života.
08:45
It's hard to see the pattern in the middle of the audience,
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Teško je videti obrazac
kada ste usred publike,
kada ste usred publike,
08:46
it's hard to see the pattern of this.
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teško ga je uočiti.
08:48
So we're going to go out and swing around and look back at this.
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Tako, izaći ćemo iz ovoga, okrenuti se
i baciti pogled natrag na ovo.
i baciti pogled natrag na ovo.
08:53
And you'll see, first, the structure of the survey,
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Videćete, kao prvo,
strukturu istraživanja,
strukturu istraživanja,
08:57
and then you'll start seeing the structure of the galaxies
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a zatim ćete početi da uviđate
i strukture galaksija
i strukture galaksija
09:00
that we see out there.
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koje vidimo.
Ponovo, možete videti širenje
09:06
So again, you can see the extension of this Great Wall of galaxies showing up here.
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Velikog zida galaksija
kako se pojavljuje.
kako se pojavljuje.
09:09
But you can see the voids,
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Međutim, vidite praznine,
09:11
you can see the complicated structure, and you say,
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vidite komplikovanu strukturu i kažete:
09:15
well, how did this happen?
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„Kako se ovo desilo?”
09:17
Suppose you're the cosmic designer.
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Zamislite da ste svemirski dizajner.
Kako ćete postaviti galaksije
u ovakav obrazac?
u ovakav obrazac?
09:19
How are you going to put galaxies out there in a pattern like that?
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09:21
It's not just throwing them out at random.
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To nije samo nasumično razbacivanje.
09:23
There's a more complicated process going on here.
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Ovde se dešava komplikovaniji proces.
09:25
How are you going to end up doing that?
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Kako ćete završiti radeći to?
09:27
And so now we're in for some serious play.
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Tako, u ozbiljnoj smo igri,
09:30
That is, we have to seriously play God,
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tj. moramo ozbiljno da izigravamo boga,
ne samo da promenimo ljudske živote,
09:32
not just change people's lives, but make the universe, right.
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nego da stvorimo svemir, jel tako?
09:35
So if that's your responsibility, how are you going to do that?
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To je vaša odgovornost.
Kako ćete to uraditi?
Kako ćete to uraditi?
Koja je to vrsta tehnike?
09:38
What's the kind of technique?
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09:39
What's the kind of thing you're going to do?
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Kakvu stvar ćete uraditi?
09:41
So I'm going to show you the results of a very large-scale simulation
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Pokazaću vam rezultate simulacije
ogromnih razmera
ogromnih razmera
09:45
of what we think the universe might be like, using, essentially,
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o tome šta mislimo kakav bi
svemir mogao biti,
svemir mogao biti,
09:49
some of the play principles and some of the design principles that,
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koristeći neke od principa
igara i principa dizajna
igara i principa dizajna
koje su se ljudi toliko trudili
da saznaju,
da saznaju,
09:52
you know, humans have labored so hard to pick up,
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09:55
but apparently nature knew how to do at the beginning.
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a koje je priroda znala da upotrebi
od samog početka.
od samog početka.
09:58
And that is, you start out with very simple ingredients
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Počinjete od veoma jednostavnih sastojaka
10:02
and some simple rules,
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i nekih jednostavnih pravila,
ali morate imati dovoljno sastojaka
da ga načinite komplikovanim.
da ga načinite komplikovanim.
10:04
but you have to have enough ingredients to make it complicated.
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10:07
And then you put in some randomness,
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Zatim uključujete nasumičnost,
10:11
some fluctuations and some randomness,
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nešto nestalnosti i nasumičnosti
10:13
and realize a whole bunch of different representations.
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i stvarate gomilu različitih predstava.
10:16
So what I'm going to do is show you
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Dakle, pokazaću vam
10:18
the distribution of matter as a function of scales.
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raspodelu stvari kao funkciju veličina.
10:20
We're going to zoom in, but this is a plot of what it is.
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Uvećaćemo, ali je ovo samo nacrt
onoga što jeste,
onoga što jeste,
10:23
And we had to add one more thing to make the universe come out right.
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a morali smo da dodamo još jednu stvar
da bi svemir ispao kako treba.
da bi svemir ispao kako treba.
10:27
It's called dark matter.
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Zove se tamna materija.
To je materija koja ne saobraća
sa svetlošću
sa svetlošću
10:29
That is matter that doesn't interact with light
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10:30
the typical way that ordinary matter does,
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na tipičan način na koji to
obična materija čini,
obična materija čini,
10:32
the way the light's shining on me or on the stage.
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na koji svetlost sija na meni ili bini.
10:35
It's transparent to light, but in order for you to see it,
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Providna je za svetlost,
ali da biste je videli,
ali da biste je videli,
10:37
we're going to make it white. OK?
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pobelećemo je. U redu?
10:39
So the stuff that's in this picture that's white, that is the dark matter.
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Ono što je belo na slici je
tamna materija.
tamna materija.
Trebalo bi da se zove
nevidljiva materija,
nevidljiva materija,
10:42
It should be called invisible matter,
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ali smo tamnu materiju učinili vidljivom.
10:44
but the dark matter we've made visible.
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10:46
And the stuff that is in the yellow color,
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Ono što je obeleženo žutom bojom -
10:49
that is the ordinary kind of matter that's turned into stars and galaxies.
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to je regularna materija
koja je pretvorena u zvezde i galaksije.
koja je pretvorena u zvezde i galaksije.
10:53
So I'll show you the next movie.
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Pokazaću vam sledeći film.
10:55
So this -- we're going to zoom in.
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Dakle, ovo - uvećaćemo.
10:58
Notice this pattern and pay attention to this pattern.
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Primetite ovaj obrazac
i obratite pažnju na njega.
i obratite pažnju na njega.
11:00
We're going to zoom in and zoom in.
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Uvećavaćemo i uvećavaćemo
11:04
And you'll see there are all these filaments and structures and voids.
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i videćete da su tu sva ova
fina vlakna, strukture i praznine,
fina vlakna, strukture i praznine,
11:08
And when a number of filaments come together in a knot,
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a kada se određeni broj vlakana
skupi u čvor,
skupi u čvor,
11:11
that makes a supercluster of galaxies.
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to čini super-skup galaksija.
11:13
This one we're zooming in on
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Ovaj koji smo sada uvećali
ima negde između 100 000
i milion galaksija
i milion galaksija
11:15
is somewhere between 100,000 and a million galaxies in that small region.
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na tom malom području.
11:18
So we live in the boonies.
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Živimo, dakle, bogu iza nogu.
11:19
We don't live in the center of the solar system,
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Ne živimo u centru Sunčevog sistema,
11:22
we don't live in the center of the galaxy
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u centru galaksije,
11:23
and our galaxy's not in the center of the cluster.
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a naša galaksija nije centar skupa.
11:26
So we're zooming in.
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Uvećavamo.
11:28
This is a region which probably has more than 100,000,
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Ovo je područje koje verovatno
ima preko 100 000
ima preko 100 000
11:30
on the order of a million galaxies in that region.
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u skupu od milion galaksija
u tom području.
u tom području.
11:33
We're going to keep zooming in. OK.
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Nastavićemo sa uvećavanjem. Okej.
11:36
And so I forgot to tell you the scale.
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Zaboravio sam da vam kažem razmeru.
11:38
A parsec is 3.26 light years.
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Jedan parsek je 3,26 svetlosnih godina.
11:41
So a gigaparsec is three billion light years -- that's the scale.
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Tako je gigaparsek 3 milijardi
svetlosnih godina; to je razmera.
svetlosnih godina; to je razmera.
11:44
So it takes light three billion years to travel over that distance.
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Svetlu je potrebno 3 milijardi godina
da prođe tu razdaljinu.
da prođe tu razdaljinu.
11:47
Now we're into a distance sort of between here and here.
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Sada smo na razdaljini negde
između ovog ovde i ovde.
između ovog ovde i ovde.
11:50
That's the distance between us and Andromeda, right?
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To je udaljenost između
nas i Andromede, zar ne?
nas i Andromede, zar ne?
11:53
These little specks that you're seeing in here, they're galaxies.
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Ove tačkice koje vidite ovde -
to su galaksije.
to su galaksije.
11:58
Now we're going to zoom back out,
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Sada ćemo se vratiti
unazad sa uvećanjem
unazad sa uvećanjem
12:02
and you can see this structure that,
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i možete videti ovu strukturu
koja, dok se udaljavamo,
izgleda veoma obično,
izgleda veoma obično,
12:05
when we get very far out, looks very regular,
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12:07
but it's made up of a lot of irregular variations.
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ali je sačinjena
od puno neobičnih varijacija.
od puno neobičnih varijacija.
One su samo jednostavne
gradivne jedinice.
gradivne jedinice.
12:10
So they're simple building blocks.
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Postoji veoma jednostavna tečnost
kojom započinjemo.
kojom započinjemo.
12:12
There's a very simple fluid to begin with.
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12:14
It's got dark matter, it's got ordinary matter,
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Ima tamnu materiju, običnu materiju,
12:18
it's got photons and it's got neutrinos,
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ima fotone i neutrine,
12:21
which don't play much role in the later part of the universe.
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koji ne igraju veliku ulogu
u kasnijoj fazi svemira.
u kasnijoj fazi svemira.
12:24
And it's just a simple fluid and it, over time,
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To je samo jednostavna tečnost,
a vremenom se razvija
a vremenom se razvija
12:28
develops into this complicated structure.
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u ovu komplikovanu strukturu.
12:31
And so you know when you first saw this picture,
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Kada ste prvi put videli ovu sliku,
12:35
it didn't mean quite so much to you.
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to vam nije značilo nešto mnogo.
12:37
Here you're looking across one percent of the volume of the visible universe
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Ovde gledate u jedan procenat
veličine vidljivog svemira
veličine vidljivog svemira
12:42
and you're seeing billions of galaxies, right, and nodes,
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i vidite milijarde galaksija,
zar ne, i skupova,
zar ne, i skupova,
ali shvatate da to čak nije
ni glavna struktura.
ni glavna struktura.
12:45
but you realize they're not even the main structure.
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12:47
There's a framework, which is the dark matter, the invisible matter,
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Postoji okvir, što je tamna materija,
nevidljiva materija,
nevidljiva materija,
12:50
that's out there that's actually holding it all together.
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koji tamo postoji,
a koji sve drži na okupu.
a koji sve drži na okupu.
12:53
So let's fly through it, and you can see how much harder it is
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Preletimo kroz to i videćete
koliko je teže shvatiti sve
koliko je teže shvatiti sve
12:57
when you're in the middle of something to figure this out.
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kada se nađete u sredini ovoga.
12:59
So here's that same end result.
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Dakle, evo istog krajnjeg rezultata.
13:01
You see a filament,
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Vidite vlakna,
13:03
you see the light is the invisible matter,
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vidite svetlo nevidljive materije,
13:06
and the yellow is the stars or the galaxies showing up.
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a žuta boja su zvezde i galaksije
koje se pojavljuju.
koje se pojavljuju.
13:10
And we're going to fly around, and we'll fly around,
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Proletećemo kroz to, pa još malo,
13:12
and you'll see occasionally a couple of filaments intersect,
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i videćete da se par vlakana prepliće,
13:15
and you get a large cluster of galaxies.
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a postoje i skupovi galaksija.
13:17
And then we'll fly in to where the very large cluster is,
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Zatim ćemo uleteti u veliki skup
13:20
and you can see what it looks like.
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i možete videti kako to izgleda.
13:23
And so from inside, it doesn't look very complicated, right?
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Iznutra i ne izgleda
previše komplikovano, zar ne?
previše komplikovano, zar ne?
13:26
It's only when you look at it at a very large scale,
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Tako je samo kada gledate izbliza,
13:29
and explore it and so forth, you realize it's a very intricate,
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istražujete, i tako dalje -
shvatite da je veoma zamršen,
shvatite da je veoma zamršen,
13:32
complicated kind of a design, right?
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složeni dizajn, zar ne?
13:35
And it's grown up in some kind of way.
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A izrasta na neki način.
13:39
So the question is,
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Tako se postavlja pitanje -
13:41
how hard would it be to assemble this, right?
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koliko bi teško bilo
sve ovo sastaviti, zar ne?
sve ovo sastaviti, zar ne?
Koliko veliki građevinski tim
bi vam trebao
bi vam trebao
13:46
How big a contractor team would you need
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13:48
to put this universe together, right?
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da sastavite svemir, zar ne?
13:50
That's the issue, right?
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To je problem, zar ne?
13:53
And so here we are.
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I evo nas ovde.
13:55
You see how the filament --
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Vidite kako se vlakna,
13:57
you see how several filaments are coming together,
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nekoliko vlakana spaja,
13:59
therefore making this supercluster of galaxies.
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stvarajući super-skup galaksija.
14:03
And you have to understand, this is not how it would actually look
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Morate da razumete -
ovako ne bi zaista izgledalo
ovako ne bi zaista izgledalo
ako biste - kao prvo,
putovali ovom brzinom,
putovali ovom brzinom,
14:06
if you -- first, you can't travel this fast,
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sve bi bilo iskrivljeno,
14:08
everything would be distorted,
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14:09
but this is using simple rendering and graphic arts kind of stuff.
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ali ovo je samo korišćenje
prostog prikaza i grafičke umetnosti.
prostog prikaza i grafičke umetnosti.
14:15
This is how, if you took billions of years to go around,
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Ovako bi vam, da imate
milijarde godina da idete okolo,
milijarde godina da idete okolo,
moglo izgledati, zar ne?
14:18
it might look to you, right?
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14:19
And if you could see invisible matter, too.
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I ako biste mogli da vidite
nevidljivu materiju, takođe.
nevidljivu materiju, takođe.
14:22
And so the idea is, you know, how would you put together the universe
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Pitanje je, dakle,
kako biste sastavili svemir
kako biste sastavili svemir
na veoma jednostavan način?
14:28
in a very simple way?
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14:29
We're going to start and realize that the entire visible universe,
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Počećemo i shvatiti da je
celokupni vidljivi svemir,
celokupni vidljivi svemir,
sve što možemo videti u svim pravcima
pomoću svemirskog teleskopa Habl
pomoću svemirskog teleskopa Habl
14:34
everything we can see in every direction with the Hubble Space Telescope
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uz druge naše instrumente
14:37
plus our other instruments,
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14:38
was once in a region that was smaller than an atom.
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nekada bio područje manje od atoma.
Započeo je sa malom količinom
kvantne fluktuacije,
kvantne fluktuacije,
14:43
It started with tiny quantum mechanical fluctuations,
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14:45
but expanding at a tremendous rate.
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ali se neverovatno proširio.
14:47
And those fluctuations
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Ove fluktuacije
14:49
were stretched to astronomical sizes, and those fluctuations
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raširile su se do astronomskih veličina
14:52
eventually are the things we see in the cosmic microwave background.
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i one su, na kraju, stvari koje vidimo
u svemirskom pozadinskom zračenju.
u svemirskom pozadinskom zračenju.
14:56
And then we needed some way to turn those fluctuations into galaxies
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Zatim bi nam bio potreban način
da ih pretvorimo u galaksije
da ih pretvorimo u galaksije
14:59
and clusters of galaxies and make these kinds of structures go on.
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i skupove galaksija i da učinimo
da one nastave dalje.
da one nastave dalje.
15:02
So I'm going to show you a smaller simulation.
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Pokazaću vam malu simulaciju.
15:04
This simulation was run on 1,000 processors for a month
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Ova simulacija je rađena
na 1000 procesora u toku mesec dana
na 1000 procesora u toku mesec dana
da bi se postigla ova jednostavna,
vidljiva simulacija.
vidljiva simulacija.
15:08
in order to make just this simple visible one.
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15:10
So I'm going to show you one
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Pokazaću vam jednu simulaciju
15:11
that can be run on a desktop in two days in the next picture.
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koja se može prikazati na desktopu
i trajati dva dana na sledećoj slici.
i trajati dva dana na sledećoj slici.
15:15
So you start out with teeny fluctuations
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Započnete sa malenom fluktuacijom
15:17
when the universe was at this point,
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kada je svemir bio na ovoj tački,
15:18
now four times smaller, and so forth.
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sada četiri puta manji, itd.
15:21
And you start seeing these networks, this cosmic web of structure forming.
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Zatim vidite ove mreže,
svemirske mreže formiranja struktura.
svemirske mreže formiranja struktura.
15:25
And this is a simple one, because it doesn't have the ordinary matter
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Jednostavna je jer nema običnu materiju
15:28
and it just has the dark matter in it.
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i ima samo tamnu materiju u sebi.
15:30
And you see how the dark matter lumps up,
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Vidite kako se tamna materija
skuplja u grudvu,
skuplja u grudvu,
15:32
and the ordinary matter just trails along behind.
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a obična materija se vuče za njom.
15:35
So there it is.
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Evo je, dakle.
15:37
At the beginning it's very uniform.
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Na početku je prilično ujednačena.
15:39
The fluctuations are a part in 100,000.
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Fluktuacije su deo u 100 000.
15:41
There are a few peaks that are a part in 10,000,
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Ima nekoliko vrhova koji su deo u 10 000,
15:43
and then over billions of years, gravity just pulls in.
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a zatim, posle milijardu godina,
gravitacija jednostavno povuče.
gravitacija jednostavno povuče.
Ovo je svetlo ispred gustine,
uvlači materiju koja se nalazi okolo,
uvlači materiju koja se nalazi okolo,
15:48
This is light over density, pulls the material around in.
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15:51
That pulls in more material and pulls in more material.
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koje uvlači sve više i više materijala.
15:54
But the distances on the universe are so large
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Međutim, udaljenosti u svemiru
15:56
and the time scales are so large that it takes a long time for this to form.
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i vremenske vrednosti su toliko velike
da treba mnogo vremena
da treba mnogo vremena
da bi se ovo formiralo.
16:00
And it keeps forming until the universe is roughly about half the size it is now,
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Nastavlja da se formira
sve dok svemir ne dosegne
sve dok svemir ne dosegne
oko polovine svoje današnje veličine,
16:06
in terms of its expansion.
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u smislu proširenja.
16:08
And at that point, the universe mysteriously starts accelerating
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Kod ove tačke, svemir misteriozno
počinje da ubrzava
počinje da ubrzava
svoje proširenje i prekida stvaranje
struktura velikih veličina.
struktura velikih veličina.
16:12
its expansion and cuts off the formation of larger-scale structure.
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16:15
So we're just seeing as large a scale structure as we can see,
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Vidimo toliko veliku strukturu
koliku možemo videti,
koliku možemo videti,
a zatim će se jedino stvari
koje su se počele formirati - formirati,
koje su se počele formirati - formirati,
16:18
and then only things that have started forming already
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16:21
are going to form, and then from then on it's going to go on.
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a otada će se to i nastaviti.
16:24
So we're able to do the simulation, but this is two days on a desktop.
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Možemo da napravimo simulaciju,
ali traje dva dana na desktopu.
ali traje dva dana na desktopu.
16:30
We need, you know, 30 days on 1,000 processors
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Treba nam 30 dana na 1000 procesora
16:33
to do the kind of simulation that I showed you before.
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da napravimo simulaciju
koju sam vam pokazao ranije.
koju sam vam pokazao ranije.
16:36
So we have an idea of how to play seriously, creating the universe
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Imamo predstavu kako da se
ozbiljno igramo, stvarajući svemir
ozbiljno igramo, stvarajući svemir
16:42
by starting with essentially less than an eyedrop full of material,
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kroz započinjanje sa manje od suze
pune materijala,
pune materijala,
16:47
and we create everything we can see in any direction, right,
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a zatim stvaramo sve što možemo
videti u bilo kom pravcu
videti u bilo kom pravcu
16:52
from almost nothing -- that is, something extremely tiny,
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skoro ni iz čega,
tj. iz nečega izuzetno malog,
tj. iz nečega izuzetno malog,
16:57
extremely small -- and it is almost perfect,
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izuzetno sićušnog,
a ono je skoro savršeno,
a ono je skoro savršeno,
17:02
except it has these tiny fluctuations at a part in 100,000 level,
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osim što ima malene fluktuacije
na nivou jedan prema 100 000,
na nivou jedan prema 100 000,
17:06
which turn out to produce the interesting patterns and designs we see,
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za koje se ispostavlja da stvaraju
zanimljive obrasce i dizajne koje vidimo,
zanimljive obrasce i dizajne koje vidimo,
17:09
that is, galaxies and stars and so forth.
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to jest galaksije, zvezde, itd.
17:12
So we have a model, and we can calculate it, and we can use it
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Dakle, imamo model, možemo
da uradimo njegove proračune,
da uradimo njegove proračune,
da ga koristimo da napravimo dizajn
za koji mislimo da je izgled svemira.
za koji mislimo da je izgled svemira.
17:17
to make designs of what we think the universe really looks like.
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17:20
And that design is sort of way beyond
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Taj dizajn je mnogo iznad onoga
17:23
what our original imagination ever was.
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kakva je naša mašta ikada bila.
17:25
So this is what we started with 15 years ago,
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Ovo je mesto odakle smo krenuli
pre 15 godina,
pre 15 godina,
17:29
with the Cosmic Background Explorer -- made the map on the upper right,
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sa Istraživačem svemirske pozadine -
napravili mapu, gore desno,
napravili mapu, gore desno,
17:33
which basically showed us that there were large-scale fluctuations,
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koja nam je pokazala da postoje
fluktuacije ogromnih razmera
fluktuacije ogromnih razmera
17:37
and actually fluctuations on several scales. You can kind of see that.
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i, u stvari, na više nivoa.
Možete to i videti.
Možete to i videti.
17:40
Since then we've had WMAP,
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Otada smo koristili WMAP,
koji nam samo daje bolju
ugaonu rezoluciju.
ugaonu rezoluciju.
17:42
which just gives us higher angular resolution.
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Vidimo istu strukturu ogromnih dimenzija,
17:44
We see the same large-scale structure,
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17:45
but we see additional small-scale structure.
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ali i dodatne, malih dimenzija.
17:48
And on the bottom right is if the satellite had flipped upside down
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Na dnu desno je prikazano
ako bi se satelit prevrnuo naopako
ako bi se satelit prevrnuo naopako
17:52
and mapped the Earth, what kind of a map we would have got of the Earth.
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i mapirao Zemlju,
kakvu bismo mapu Zemlje dobili.
kakvu bismo mapu Zemlje dobili.
17:55
You can see, well, you can, kind of pick out
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Možete videti, možete prepoznati
17:57
all the major continents, but that's about it.
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sve glavne kontinente i to je to.
18:00
But what we're hoping when we get to Planck, we'll have resolution
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Nadamo se da ćemo,
kada dobijemo Plank,
kada dobijemo Plank,
18:02
about equivalent to the resolution you see of the Earth there,
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imati rezoluciju skoro jednaku onoj
u kojoj tamo vidite Zemlju,
u kojoj tamo vidite Zemlju,
18:06
where you can really see the complicated pattern that exists on the Earth.
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gde možete videti komplikovane obrasce
koji postoje na Zemlji.
koji postoje na Zemlji.
18:11
And you can also tell, because of the sharp edges
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Možete videti, zbog nekih oštrih ivica
18:13
and the way things fit together, there are some non-linear processes.
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i načina na koji se stvari uklapaju,
da postoje neki nelinearni procesi.
da postoje neki nelinearni procesi.
18:17
Geology has these effects,
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Geologija ima takve posledice,
18:19
which is moving the plates around and so forth.
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kao što je pomeranje ploča, itd.
18:22
You can see that just from the map alone.
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To možete videti samo iz mape.
18:24
We want to get to the point in our maps of the early universe
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Želimo da dostignemo tačku
kod mapa ranog svemira
kod mapa ranog svemira
18:26
we can see whether there are any non-linear effects
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da možemo videti da li postoje
nelinearne posledice
nelinearne posledice
18:29
that are starting to move, to modify, and are giving us a hint about how
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koje su se počele pomerati, menjati
i koje nam daju nagoveštaj o tome
i koje nam daju nagoveštaj o tome
kako se sam odnos prostor-vreme
začeo u početnim trenucima.
začeo u početnim trenucima.
18:34
space-time itself was actually created at the beginning moments.
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18:36
So that's where we are today,
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To je mesto na kom smo danas
18:38
and that's what I wanted to give you
a flavor of.
a flavor of.
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i to sam želeo da iskusite.
18:41
Give you a different view about what the design
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Želeo sam da vam dati sliku o tome
18:43
and what everything else looks like.
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kako dizajn i sve ostalo izgleda.
18:47
Thank you.
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Hvala vam.
18:48
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
George Smoot - AstrophysicistAstrophysicist, cosmologist and Nobel Prize winner George Smoot studies the cosmic microwave background radiation -- the afterglow of the Big Bang. His pioneering research into deep space and time is uncovering the structure of the universe itself.
Why you should listen
George Smoot looks into the farthest reaches of space to the oldest objects in the known universe: fluctuations in the remnants of creation. Using data collected from satellites such as COBE and WMAP, scanning the cosmic microwave background radiation (a relic of the heat unleashed after the Big Bang), he probes the shape of the universe. In 1992 he and his Berkeley team discovered that the universe, once thought to be smooth and uniform at the largest scale, is actually anisotropic -- or varied and lumpy.
Smoot continues to investigate of the structure of the universe at the University of California at Berkeley, mapping billions of galaxies and filaments of dark matter in hope of uncovering the secrets of the universe's origins.
George Smoot | Speaker | TED.com