ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Andras Forgacs - Bioprinting entrepreneur
Andras Forgacs produces animal products -- meat and leather -- without the animal.

Why you should listen

An entrepreneur in tissue engineering, Andras Forgacs is the co-founder and CEO of Modern Meadow, a company developing novel biomaterials. These include cultured meat and leather which, as they put it, "will require no animal slaughter and much lower inputs of land, water, energy and chemicals".  This approach involves sourcing cells from living animals, multiplying these cells into billions, and then assembling them into the tissue precursors of meat or leather. The products, for now, are at a prototype stage.

Previously, Andras co-founded Organovo, which uses 3D bioprinting to create human tissues for pharmaceutical research and medical applications, such as drug development and replacement tissues. Organovo’s bioprinting technology was recognized by MIT Technology Review on its TR50 list of most innovative companies for 2012.

More profile about the speaker
Andras Forgacs | Speaker | TED.com
TEDGlobal 2013

Andras Forgacs: Leather and meat without killing animals

Andras Forgaš (Andras Forgacs): Koža i meso bez ubijanja životinja

Filmed:
1,315,256 views

Do 2050. biće potrebno sto milijardi kopnenih životinja da bi se svjetska populacija snabdjela mesom, mliječnim proizvodima i kožom. Održavanje ovog krda će da uzme, moguće neodrživ danak na planeti. Šta ako postoji drugi način? U ovom prosvjetljujućem govoru, zagovornik tkivnog inženjeringa Andras Forgas, iznosi argumente o tome kako je bioproizvodnja mesa i kože civilizovan način da se prevaziđe ubijanje životinja zbog hamburgera i tašni.
- Bioprinting entrepreneur
Andras Forgacs produces animal products -- meat and leather -- without the animal. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:12
When my father and I started a company
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Kada smo moj otac i ja otvorili preduzeće
00:15
to 3D print human tissues and organs,
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za 3D štampu ljudskih tkiva i organa
00:18
some people initially thought we were a little crazy.
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ljudi su mislili da smo malčice ludi
00:21
But since then, much progress has been made,
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Ali je od tada napravljen ogroman napredak
00:24
both in our lab and other labs around the world.
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kako u našim laboratorijama
tako i generalno u svijetu
00:27
And given this, we started getting questions like,
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Stoga smo počeli da dobijamo pitanja poput
00:30
"If you can grow human body parts,
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''Ako možete da razvijate
dijelove ljudskog tijela,
00:33
can you also grow animal products like meat and leather?"
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da li to možete raditi
i sa životinjskim mesom i kožom?
00:39
When someone first suggested this to me,
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Kada mi je prvi put to predloženo,
00:41
quite frankly I thought they were a little crazy,
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iskreno pomislio sam
da su oni malčice ludi
00:44
but what I soon came to realize
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ali sam ubrzo shvatio
00:46
was that this is not so crazy after all.
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da to nije baš tolika ludost
00:49
What's crazy is what we do today.
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Ono što je ludo je to što mi danas radimo
00:52
I'm convinced that in 30 years,
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Siguran sam da ćemo za 30 godina
00:54
when we look back on today
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kada se osvrnemo unazad
00:56
and on how we raise and slaughter billions of animals
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i pogledamo kako smo gajili
i klali milijarde životinja
01:00
to make our hamburgers and our handbags,
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da bi smo pravili hamburgere i tašne
01:03
we'll see this as being wasteful
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shvatiti kakvi smo bili rasipnici
01:05
and indeed crazy.
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i ludaci.
01:07
Did you know that today we maintain
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Da li ste znali da danas uzgajamo
01:10
a global herd of 60 billion animals
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globalno krdo od 60 milijardi životinja
01:14
to provide our meat, dairy, eggs and leather goods?
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kako bi snadbjeli potrebe
za mesom, jajima i kožom?
01:19
And over the next few decades,
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I kako ćemo za budućih nekoliko decenija,
01:21
as the world's population expands to 10 billion,
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s rastom populacije na preko 10 milijardi,
01:24
this will need to nearly double
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skoro udvostručiti ovu cifru na
01:26
to 100 billion animals.
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100 milijardi životinja.
01:28
But maintaining this herd
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No održavanje ovako velikog krda
01:30
takes a major toll on our planet.
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uzima veliki danak našoj planeti.
01:32
Animals are not just raw materials.
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Životinje nisu samo sirovine
01:36
They're living beings,
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One su živa bića,
01:37
and already our livestock
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a uzgajačnice su već
01:39
is one of the largest users of land,
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jedan od najvećih uzurpatora
korisne površine
01:42
fresh water,
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svježe vode,
01:43
and one of the biggest producers of greenhouse gases
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i jedan od najvećih uzročnika
efekta staklene bašte
01:46
which drive climate change.
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koji dovode do klimatskih promjena
01:48
On top of this,
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Kao da nije dovoljno,
01:49
when you get so many animals so close together,
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kada stavite toliko životinja
jedne pored drugih,
01:52
it creates a breeding ground for disease
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stvarate pogodno tle za razvoj bolesti,
01:55
and opportunities for harm and abuse.
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i mogućnost za povrede i nasilje.
01:58
Clearly, we cannot continue on this path
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Jasno je da ne možemo
nastaviti ovim putem,
02:01
which puts the environment, public health,
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koji dovodi okolinu, javno zdravlje,
02:05
and food security at risk.
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i bezbjednost hrane u rizik.
02:07
There is another way, because essentially,
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Postoji drugačiji put jer su u suštini
02:11
animal products are just collections of tissues,
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životinjski produkti prosto zbir tkiva,
02:15
and right now we breed and raise
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a mi trenutno uzgajamo i podižemo
02:17
highly complex animals
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životinje koje su kompleksna bića
02:19
only to create products
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samo da bi dobili proizvode
02:21
that are made of relatively simple tissues.
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napravljene
od relativno jednostavnog tkiva.
02:24
What if, instead of starting with a complex
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Šta ako bismo
umjesto da krenemo od kompleksnog
02:27
and sentient animal,
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sa osjećajnim životinjama,
02:29
we started with what the tissues are made of,
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krenuli od onog
od čega su tkiva napravljena,
02:33
the basic unit of life,
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osnovne jedinice života
02:35
the cell?
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ćelije?
02:38
This is biofabrication, where cells themselves
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Ovo je biofabrikacija, gdje se ćelije
02:41
can be used to grow biological products
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koriste za proizvodnju bioloških dobara
02:44
like tissues and organs.
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kao što su tkiva i organi.
02:46
Already in medicine,
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U medicini se biofabrikacija
02:47
biofabrication techniques have been used
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već koristi za izrastanje
02:50
to grow sophisticated body parts,
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sofisticiranih dijelova tijela,
02:52
like ears, windpipes, skin, blood vessels and bone,
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kao što su uši, dušnik,
koža, krvni sudovi i kosti,
02:57
that have been successfully implanted into patients.
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koji su s uspjehom
presađeni kod pacijenata.
03:00
And beyond medicine, biofabrication can be
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A povrh medicine, biofabrikacija može biti
03:04
a humane, sustainable and scalable new industry.
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humana, održiva
i prilagodljiva nova industrija.
03:09
And we should begin by reimagining leather.
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I trebalo bi krenuti od kože
03:15
I emphasize leather because it is so widely used.
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Stavljam akcenat na kožu
jer se puno koristi,
03:19
It is beautiful, and it has long been a part of our history.
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prelijepa je,
i toliko dugo je dio naše istorije.
03:24
Growing leather is also technically simpler
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Razvoj kože je i tehnički jednostavniji
03:26
than growing other animal products like meat.
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od razvoja drugih životinjskih proizvoda,
kao što je meso.
03:29
It mainly uses one cell type,
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Koristi se samo jedan tip ćelije,
03:31
and it is largely two-dimensional.
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i uglavnom je dvodimenzionalan.
03:34
It is also less polarizing for consumers and regulators.
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Takođe je manje polarizujući
za potrošače i zakonodavce.
03:38
Until biofabrication is better understood,
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Sve dok biofabrikacija
ne bude bolje shvaćena,
03:41
it is clear that, initially at least,
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jasno je da će, makar u početku,
03:43
more people would be willing to wear novel materials
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više ljudi biti spremno
da nosi nove materijale
03:48
than would be willing to eat novel foods,
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nego što bi jelo novu hranu,
03:50
no matter how delicious.
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bez obzira koliko ukusna bila.
03:52
In this sense, leather is a gateway material,
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U tom smislu,
kožom će se ući na velika vrata
03:55
a beginning for the mainstream biofabrication industry.
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početka biofabrikacije
kao glavne industrije.
04:00
If we can succeed here,
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Ako uspijemo ovdje,
04:02
it brings our other consumer bioproducts like meat
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to će približiti druge bioprodukte, kao
04:05
closer on the horizon.
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što je meso, bliže realnosti.
04:08
Now how do we do it?
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Kako mi to radimo?
04:11
To grow leather, we begin by taking cells
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Razvoj kože, počinjemo uzimajući ćelije
04:14
from an animal, through a simple biopsy.
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od životinje, jednostavnom biopsijom.
04:17
The animal could be a cow,
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To može biti krava,
04:19
lamb, or even something more exotic.
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jagnje, ili nešto malo egzotičnije.
04:21
This process does no harm,
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Ovaj proces nije štetan po životinju,
04:24
and Daisy the cow can live a happy life.
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a Daisy krava
može nastaviti sa srećnim životom.
04:26
We then isolate the skin cells
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Onda izdvajamo ćelije kože,
04:28
and multiply them in a cell culture medium.
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i umnožavamo ih
u sredstvu za ćelijske kulture.
04:31
This takes millions of cells
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Ono uzima milione ćelija,
04:32
and expands them into billions.
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i razmnožava ih u milijarde.
04:35
And we then coax these cells to produce collagen,
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Onda privoljevamo ćelije
da proizvode kolagen,
04:38
as they would naturally.
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kao što to prirodno rade.
04:39
This collagen is the stuff between cells.
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Kolagen je materija
koja se nalazi između ćelija.
04:42
It's natural connective tissue.
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To je prirodno vezivno tkivo.
04:44
It's the extracellular matrix,
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To je vanćelijska matrica,
04:46
but in leather, it's the main building block.
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ali u koži,
on je glavni građevinski materijal.
04:49
And what we next do is we take the cells and their collagen
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Ono što dalje radimo
jeste da uzimamo kolagen i ćelije
04:53
and we spread them out to form sheets,
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i razvlačimo ih u listove,
04:55
and then we layer these thin sheets on top of one another,
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koje kasnije stavljamo jedne preko drugih,
04:58
like phyllo pastry, to form thicker sheets,
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kao lisnato tijesto,
da bi stvorili deblje listove
05:02
which we then let mature.
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koje ostavljamo da se onda razviju.
05:03
And finally, we take this multilayered skin
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Konačno, uzimamo ovaj višeslojni pokrivač
05:07
and through a shorter and much less chemical tanning process,
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i nakon kratkog hemijskog procesa bojenja,
05:11
we create leather.
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stvaramo kožu.
05:13
And so I'm very excited to show you,
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I zato sam veoma uzbuđen da vam pokažem,
05:15
for the first time,
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po prvi put,
05:17
the first batch of our cultured leather,
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prvu seriju naše odgajane kože,
05:21
fresh from the lab.
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svježe iz laboratorije.
05:23
This is real, genuine leather,
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Ovo je stvarna, prava koža,
05:26
without the animal sacrifice.
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bez žrtvovanja životinja.
05:30
It can have all the characteristics of leather
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Može imati sve karakteristike kože
05:33
because it is made of the same cells,
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jer je napravljena od istih ćelija,
05:36
and better yet,
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i još bolje,
05:38
there is no hair to remove,
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nema dlaka koje se moraju uklanjati
05:42
no scars or insect's bites,
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bez ožiljaka ili ujeda insekata,
05:45
and no waste.
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i naravno bez otpada.
05:46
This leather can be grown in the shape of a wallet,
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Može biti uzgajana u obliku novčanika,
05:50
a handbag or a car seat.
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ručne torbe ili kolskih sjedišta.
05:53
It is not limited to the irregular shape of a cow
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Nije ograničena nepravilnim oblikom krave
05:56
or an alligator.
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ili aligatora.
05:59
And because we make this material,
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I zato što mi pravimo ovaj materijal,
06:01
we grow this leather from the ground up,
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mi ga razvijamo od samog početka,
06:04
we can control its properties in very interesting ways.
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možemo kontrolisati njegova svojstva
na zanimljiv način.
06:07
This piece of leather
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Ovo parče kože
06:09
is a mere seven tissue layers thick,
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je tričavih sedam slojeva debelo,
06:13
and as you can see, it is nearly transparent.
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i kao što vidite, skoro je providno.
06:17
And this leather is 21 layers thick and quite opaque.
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A ova koža ima 21 sloj
i prilično je neprozirna.
06:26
You don't have that kind of fine control
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Nemate takvu vrstu kontrole
06:29
with conventional leather.
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sa standardnom kožom.
06:31
And we can tune this leather for other desirable qualities,
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I možemo naštelovati ovu kožu
s drugim kvalitetima,
06:34
like softness, breathability,
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poput mekoće, propustljivosti,
06:38
durability, elasticity and even things like pattern.
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izdržljivosti, elastičnosti
i čak različitih šara.
06:43
We can mimic nature,
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Možemo imitirarti prirodu,
06:45
but in some ways also improve upon it.
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ali je i nadograditi.
06:49
This type of leather can do what today's leather does,
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Ovaj tip kože
može sve što i sadašnja koža,
06:53
but with imagination, probably much more.
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ali s malo mašte, vjerovatno i više.
06:56
What could the future of animal products look like?
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Kako bi mogli izgledati
budući životinjski proizvodi.
07:00
It need not look like this,
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Ne mora biti ovako,
07:03
which is actually the state of the art today.
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kako zapravo zaista izgledaju danas.
07:05
Rather, it could be much more like this.
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Već, više nešto slično ovome.
07:08
Already, we have been manufacturing with cell cultures
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Mi se već bavimo
kultivisanjem ćelijskih kultura
07:11
for thousands of years, beginning with products
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hiljadama godina, počevši od proizvoda
07:13
like wine, beer and yogurt.
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poput vina, piva i jogurta.
07:16
And speaking of food, our cultured food has evolved,
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A kad smo već kod hrane,
naša kultivisana hrana je evoluirala
07:19
and today we prepare cultured food
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i danas je mi pripremamo na
07:22
in beautiful, sterile facilities like this.
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prelijepim sterilisanim mjestima,
poput ovog.
07:24
A brewery is essentially a bioreactor.
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Pivnica je u suštini bioreaktor.
07:27
It is where cell culture takes place.
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To je mjesto đe se događa uzgoj ćelija.
07:30
Imagine that in this facility,
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Zamislite da na ovom mjestu,
07:32
instead of brewing beer,
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umjesto kvašenja piva,
07:34
we were brewing leather
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možemo uzgajati kožu
07:37
or meat.
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ili meso.
07:40
Imagine touring this facility,
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Zamislite posjetu ovoj fabrici,
07:42
learning about how the leather or meat is cultured,
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učenje o procesu stvaranja kože ili mesa,
07:46
seeing the process from beginning to end,
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posmatranju procesa od početka do kraja
07:49
and even trying some.
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pa čak i testiranju.
07:50
It's clean, open and educational,
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Čista je, otvorena i edukativna,
07:53
and this is in contrast to the hidden,
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a suprotna je sakrivenoj,
07:56
guarded and remote factories
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čuvanoj i zabačenoj fabrici
07:58
where leather and meat is produced today.
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đe se danas proizvode meso i koža.
08:01
Perhaps biofabrication
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Možda je biofabrikacija
08:04
is a natural evolution of manufacturing for mankind.
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prirodna evoluvcija proizvodnje
za čovečanstvo.
08:08
It's environmentally responsible,
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Ne zagađuje okruženje,
08:11
efficient and humane.
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efikasna je i humana.
08:14
It allows us to be creative.
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Dozvoljava nam da budemo kreativni.
08:16
We can design new materials, new products,
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Možemo dizajnirati
nove materijale, produkte
08:19
and new facilities.
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i fabrike.
08:22
We need to move past just killing animals
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Moramo zamijeniti ubijanje životinja
08:26
as a resource
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kao resursa
08:28
to something more civilized and evolved.
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za nešto više civilizovano i naprednije.
08:34
Perhaps we are ready for something
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Možda smo spremni za
08:37
literally and figuratively more cultured.
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bukvalno i figurativno bolje kultivisanje
(kulturnije - igra riječi)
08:42
Thank you.
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Hvala
08:44
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
Translated by Goran Jankovic
Reviewed by Ivana Korom

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Andras Forgacs - Bioprinting entrepreneur
Andras Forgacs produces animal products -- meat and leather -- without the animal.

Why you should listen

An entrepreneur in tissue engineering, Andras Forgacs is the co-founder and CEO of Modern Meadow, a company developing novel biomaterials. These include cultured meat and leather which, as they put it, "will require no animal slaughter and much lower inputs of land, water, energy and chemicals".  This approach involves sourcing cells from living animals, multiplying these cells into billions, and then assembling them into the tissue precursors of meat or leather. The products, for now, are at a prototype stage.

Previously, Andras co-founded Organovo, which uses 3D bioprinting to create human tissues for pharmaceutical research and medical applications, such as drug development and replacement tissues. Organovo’s bioprinting technology was recognized by MIT Technology Review on its TR50 list of most innovative companies for 2012.

More profile about the speaker
Andras Forgacs | Speaker | TED.com
THE ORIGINAL VIDEO ON TED.COM