ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Sonia Shah - Science writer
Science historian Sonia Shah explores the surprisingly fascinating story behind an ancient scourge: malaria.

Why you should listen

Aided by economics, culture, its own resilience and that of the insect that carries it (the mosquito), the malaria parasite has determined for thousands of years the health and course not only of human lives, but also of whole civilizations. In her book The Fever, author Sonia Shah outlines the epic and devastating history of malaria and shows how it still infects 500 million people every year, and kills half a million, in a context where economic inequality collides with science and biology.

Shah’s previous book The Body Hunters established her as a heavy hitter in the field of investigative human rights reporting. She is a frequent contributor to publications such as Scientific American, The Nation and Foreign Affairs.

More profile about the speaker
Sonia Shah | Speaker | TED.com
TEDGlobal 2013

Sonia Shah: 3 reasons we still haven’t gotten rid of malaria

Sonia Shah: Sababu tatu kwa nini hatujaitokomeza malaria

Filmed:
1,233,836 views

Tumejua jinsi ya kutibu malaria tangu 1600,kwanini ugonjwa huu bado unaua maelfu ya mamia kila mwaka?ni zaidi ya tatizo la kitabibu,anasema mwandishi wa habari Sonia Shah.Mtazamo wa historia ya malaria unaweka wazi sababu tatu kwanini ni ngumu kutokomeza malaria
- Science writer
Science historian Sonia Shah explores the surprisingly fascinating story behind an ancient scourge: malaria. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:12
So over the long coursebila shaka of humanbinadamu historyhistoria,
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Kwa muda mrefu katika historia ya mwanadamu,
00:16
the infectiouskuambukiza diseaseugonjwa that's killedaliuawa more humansbinadamu
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ugonjwa wa kuambukiza ambao umeua wanadamu wengi
00:18
than any other is malariamalaria.
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kuliko mwingine ni malaria.
00:21
It's carriedkufanyika in the biteskunguni of infectedkuambukizwa mosquitosmosquitos,
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Unabebwa katika ving'atio vya mbu,
00:24
and it's probablylabda our oldestkongwe scourgemjeledi.
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na inawezekana ni janga letu la muda mrefu.
00:26
We mayinaweza have had malariamalaria sincetangu we evolvedilibadilishwa from the apesapes.
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Inawezekana tulikuwa na malaria tangu tulipotokea kwenye enzi za sokwe.
00:30
And to this day, malariamalaria takes a hugekubwa tolltoll on our speciesaina.
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Na mpaka leo,malaria inachukua inasababisha madhara makubwa katika jamii yetu.
00:33
We'veTumekuwa got 300 millionmilioni caseskesi a yearmwaka
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Malaria inagundulika mara milioni 300 kwa mwaka
00:36
and over halfnusu a millionmilioni deathsvifo.
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na vifo vipatavyo nusu milioni
00:39
Now this really makeshufanya no sensehisia.
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Sasa,hii haiingii akilini kabisa.
00:42
We'veTumekuwa knowninayojulikana how to curetiba malariamalaria
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Tumejua jinsi ya kutibu malaria
00:44
sincetangu the 1600s.
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tangu mwaka 1600.
00:46
That's when JesuitJesuit missionariesWamisionari in PeruPeru
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Wakati huo wamissionari wa Peru
00:48
discoveredaligundua the barkgome of the cinchonacinchona treemti,
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waligundua gamba la mti wa cinchona,
00:51
and insidendani that barkgome was quininequinine,
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na ndani ya gamba hilo kulikuwa na quinine,
00:53
still an effectiveufanisi curetiba for malariamalaria to this day.
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ambayo ndiyo tiba ya malaria mpaka leo.
00:56
So we'vetumekuwa knowninayojulikana how to curetiba malariamalaria for centurieskarne.
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Kwa hiyo tumejua jinsi ya kutibu malaria kwa karne sasa.
00:59
We'veTumekuwa knowninayojulikana how to preventkuzuia malariamalaria sincetangu 1897.
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Tumejua jinsi ya kuzuia malaria tangu mwaka 1897.
01:02
That's when the BritishUingereza armyjeshi surgeonupasuaji RonaldRonald RossRoss
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Ambapo ndiyo kipindi ambacho daktari mwanajeshi wa Kiingereza Ronald Ross
01:05
discoveredaligundua that it was mosquitosmosquitos that carriedkufanyika malariamalaria,
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aligundua kwamba alikuwa ni mbu ambaye anaambukiza malaria,
01:08
not badmbaya airhewa or miasmasmiasmas, as was previouslyawali thought.
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sio hewa chafu au anga chafu ,kama ilivyokuwa ikifikiriwa mwanzoni.
01:12
So malariamalaria should be a relativelykiasi simplerahisi diseaseugonjwa to solvekutatua,
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Kwa hiyo malaria inatakiwa iwe ni gonjwa rahisi kutibu,
01:18
and yetbado to this day, hundredsmamia of thousandsmaelfu of people
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lakini mpaka leo,mamia ya maelfu ya watu
01:22
are going to diekufa from the bitebite of a mosquitombu.
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wanakufa kutokana na kung'atwa na mbu.
01:25
Why is that?
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Kwanini iwe hivyo?
01:26
This is a questionswali that's
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Hili ni swali ambalo
01:28
personallybinafsi intriguedIntrigued me for a long time.
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binafsi limenifanya niwe mdadisi kwa muda mrefu.
01:30
I grewilikua up as the daughterbinti of IndianHindi immigrantswahamiaji
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Nimelelewa na wazazi wahamiaji wa kutoka India
01:33
visitingkutembelea my cousinsbinamu in IndiaIndia everykila summermajira ya joto,
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nikiwatembelea mabinamu zangu nchini india kila kiangazi,
01:35
and because I had no immunitykinga to the localmitaa malariasmalarias,
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na kwa sasa sikuwa na kinga ya malaria,
01:38
I was madealifanya to sleepusingizi underchini this hotmoto, sweatysweaty mosquitombu netwavu everykila night
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Nilikuwa nalala kwenye chandarua chenye joto sana kila siku
01:42
while my cousinsbinamu, they were allowedruhusiwa to sleepusingizi
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wakati binamu zangu,waliruhusiwa kulala
01:44
out on the terracemtaro and have
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nje kwenye mitaro na
01:45
this nicenzuri, coolbaridi night breezebreeze waftingwafting over them.
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kupata hewa nzuri ya usiku.
01:48
And I really hatedkuchukiwa the mosquitosmosquitos for that.
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Na nilichukia sana mbu kwa hilo.
01:52
But at the samesawa time, I come from a JainJain familyfamilia,
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Lakini wakati huohuo,nilitokea katika familia ya Jain,
01:55
and JainismUjain is a religiondini that espouseswanaunga mkono
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na dini ya jaini inaunga mkono
01:57
a very extremeuliokithiri formfomu of nonviolencemabavu.
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sana aina ya kutofanya fujo.
02:00
So JainsJains are not supposedwalidhani to eatkula meatnyama.
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Watu wa dini ya jain hawaruhusiwi kula nyama.
02:04
We're not supposedwalidhani to walktembea on grassnyasi,
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Hatutakiwi kutembea kwenye nyasi,
02:06
because you could, you know,
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kwa sababu unaweza
02:07
inadvertentlybila kujua killkuua some insectswadudu when you walktembea on grassnyasi.
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kuua wadudu unapotembea kwenye nyasi.
02:09
We're certainlyhakika not supposedwalidhani to swatswat mosquitosmosquitos.
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Haturuhusiwi kuwaua mbu.
02:12
So the fearsometukio powernguvu of this little insectwadudu
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Uoga wa kumuogopa mdudu huyu mdogo
02:15
was apparentdhahiri to me from a very youngvijana ageumri,
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ulianza tangu nilipokuwa na umri mdogo,
02:17
and it's one reasonsababu why I spentalitumia fivetano yearsmiaka as a journalistmwandishi wa habari
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na ndiyo sababu kwanini nimetumia miaka mitano kama mwandishi wa habari
02:20
tryingkujaribu to understandkuelewa, why has malariamalaria
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nikijaribu kuelewa,kwanini malaria
02:23
been suchvile a horriblekutisha scourgemjeledi for all of us for so very long?
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imekua adui mbaya sana kwetu sote kwa muda mrefu?
02:28
And I think there's threetatu mainKuu reasonssababu why.
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Na nafikiri kuna sababu kuu tatu ni kwanini.
02:30
Those threetatu reasonssababu addongeza up to the fourthnne reasonsababu,
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Hizo sababu tatu zinaingizwa kwenye sababu ya nne,
02:33
whichambayo is probablylabda the biggestkubwa reasonsababu of all.
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ambayo inawezekana ndiyo sababu kubwa kuliko zote.
02:36
The first reasonsababu is certainlyhakika scientifickisayansi.
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Sababu ya kwanza ni ya kisayansi.
02:39
This little parasitevimelea that causessababu malariamalaria,
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Mdudu huyu mdogo anayesababisha malaria,
02:41
it's probablylabda one of the mostwengi complextata
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ni mmoja wa vijidudu watata
02:43
and wilywily pathogensvimelea knowninayojulikana to humankindbinadamu.
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wanaojulikana kwa mwanadamu.
02:45
It livesanaishi halfnusu its life insidendani the cold-bloodedbaridi-blooded mosquitombu
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Anaishi nusu ya maisha yake katika mbu mwenye damu baridi
02:49
and halfnusu its life insidendani the warm-bloodedwarm-blooded humanbinadamu.
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na nusu nyingine ndani ya binadamu mwenye damu vuguvugu.
02:53
These two environmentsmazingira are totallykabisa differenttofauti,
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Haya mazingira mawili ni tofauti kabisa,
02:56
but not only that, they're bothwote wawili utterlykabisa hostilechuki.
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lakini si hivyo tu,yana uhamasa mkubwa sana.
02:59
So the insectwadudu is continuallydaima tryingkujaribu to fightkupigana off the parasitevimelea,
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Kwa hiyo mdudu anaendelea kujaribu kupambana na vimelea,
03:03
and so is the humanbinadamu bodymwili continuallydaima tryingkujaribu to fightkupigana it off.
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na binadamu nae anaendelea kupambana na vimelea.
03:06
This little creaturekiumbe survivesinakaa underchini siegekuzingirwa like that,
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Mdudu anaendelea kuishi pamoja na mashambulizi haya,,
03:10
but not only does it survivekuishi, it has thrivedwalisitawi.
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sio tu anaishi,anastawi pia.
03:13
It has spreadkuenea. It has more waysnjia to evadekukwepa attackkushambulia than we know.
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Amesambaa.Ana njia nyingi za kukimbia kushambuliwa zaidi ya tunavyojua.
03:17
It's a shape-shifterUmbo-shifter, for one thing.
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Huwa vinabadili umbo,kwa kitu kimoja
03:19
Just as a caterpillarCaterpillar turnsinageuka into a butterflykipepeo,
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Kama vile funza anavyobadilika kuwa kipepeo,
03:23
the malariamalaria parasitevimelea transformshubadili itselfyenyewe like that
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vimelea vya malaria vinajibadili kwa aina hiyo
03:25
sevensaba timesnyakati in its life cyclemzunguko.
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mara saba katika maisha yake.
03:28
And eachkila mmoja of those life stageshatua not only looksinaonekana totallykabisa differenttofauti from eachkila mmoja other,
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Na hatua hizo zote za maisha sio tu zipo tofauti,
03:33
they have totallykabisa differenttofauti physiologyphysiolojia.
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zina mfumo wa tofauti kabisa.
03:36
So say you camealikuja up with some great drugdawa
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Kwa hiyo tuseme unagundua dawa nzuri sana ya kutibu
03:38
that workedkazi againstdhidi one stagehatua of the parasite'sya vimelea life cyclemzunguko.
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inayopambana na hatua moja ya maisha ya vimelea hivi.
03:41
It mightnguvu do nothing at all to any of the other stageshatua.
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Haitafanya kazi katika hatua nyingine yoyote.
03:44
It can hidekujificha in our bodiesmiili, undetectedbila ya kugundulika,
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Vitajificha kwenye miili yetu,bila kugundulika,
03:47
unbeknownstisiyojulikana to us, for dayssiku, for weekswiki,
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bila kujulikana ,kwa siku,kwa wiki kadhaa,
03:49
for monthsmiezi, for yearsmiaka, in some caseskesi even decadesmiongo.
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kwa miezi,kwa miaka,na wakati mwingine hadi kwa miongo.
03:53
So the parasitevimelea is a very bigkubwa scientifickisayansi challengechangamoto to tacklekukabiliana,
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Kwa hiyo vimeleani changamoto kubwa sana kuishinda,
03:58
but so is the mosquitombu that carrieshubeba the parasitevimelea.
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mbu ambaye ndiye anaambukiza malaria.
04:01
Only about 12 speciesaina of mosquitosmosquitos
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aina 12 tu za mbu
04:03
carrykubeba mostwengi of the world'sulimwengu malariamalaria,
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zinabeba malaria yanayoambukizwa duniani
04:05
and we know quitekabisa a bitkidogo about the kindsaina of
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na tunajua kidogo tabia ya
04:07
waterymaji habitatsmakazi that they specializeutaalamisha in.
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umajimaji waliyozoea
04:10
So you mightnguvu think, then, well, why don't we just
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Kwa hiyo unaweza fikiria,kwanini
04:13
avoidkuepuka the placesmaeneo where the killermuuaji mosquitosmosquitos livekuishi? Right?
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tusiepukane na sehemu ambazo mbu wanaishi?Sawa?
04:16
We could avoidkuepuka the placesmaeneo where the killermuuaji grizzlygrizzly bearsbears livekuishi
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Tunaweza epuka wanapoishi dubu
04:18
and we avoidkuepuka the placesmaeneo where the killermuuaji crocodilesmamba livekuishi.
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na tunaweza epuka sehemu ambapo mamba anaishi.
04:21
But say you livekuishi in the tropicstropiki
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Lakini tuseme unaishi kwenye maeneo ya tropiki
04:24
and you walktembea outsidenje your hutkibanda one day
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na unatoka nje ya tembe yako siku moja
04:27
and you leaveshika some footprintsmiguu in the softlaini dirtuchafu
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na unaacha alama za miguu kwenye uchafu laini
04:29
around your home.
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karibu na nyumbani kwako.
04:31
Or say your cowng'ombe does, or say your pignguruwe does,
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Au tuseme ng'ombe wako kafanya hivyo,au nguruwe kafanya hivyo,
04:35
and then, say, it rainsmvua,
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na baadaye mvua ikanyesha,
04:37
and that footprintfootprint fillshujaza up with a little bitkidogo of watermaji.
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na hizo alama za miguu zikajaa maji.
04:39
That's it. You've createdimeundwa the perfectkamilifu
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Unakuwa umetengeneza
04:41
malarialmalaria mosquitombu habitatmakazi that's right outsidenje your doormlango.
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makazi mazuri sana nje ya nyumba yako.
04:45
So it's not easyrahisi for us to extricateextricate ourselvessisi wenyewe from these insectswadudu.
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Inakuwa sio rahisi kuondokana na mbu.
04:48
We kindaina of createkuunda placesmaeneo that they love to livekuishi
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Tunatengeneza sehemu wanazopendelea kuishi
04:50
just by livingwanaishi our ownmwenyewe livesanaishi.
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kwa kuishi maisha yetu.
04:52
So there's a hugekubwa scientifickisayansi challengechangamoto,
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Kwa hiyo kuna changamoto kubwa sana ya kisayansi
04:54
but there's a hugekubwa economickiuchumi challengechangamoto too.
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lakini kuna changamoto kubwa sana ya kiuchumi.
04:56
MalariaMalaria occurshutokea in some of the poorestmaskini zaidi
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Malaria inatokea katika sehemu masikini sana
04:58
and mostwengi remotekijijini placesmaeneo on EarthDunia,
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na sehemu za nje ya miji duniani,
05:00
and there's a reasonsababu for that.
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na kuna kwa hilo.
05:02
If you're poormaskini, you're more likelyuwezekano to get malariamalaria.
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Kama wewe ni masikini,una uwezekano mkubwa wa kupata malaria.
05:04
If you're poormaskini, you're more likelyuwezekano to livekuishi
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Kama wewe ni masikini,una uwezekano mkubwa wa kuishi
05:06
in rudimentaryziara housingnyumba on marginalchini landardhi that's poorlyvibaya drainedmchanga.
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katika makazi duni katika ardhi ambayo ni yenye madimbwi mengi.
05:10
These are placesmaeneo where mosquitosmosquitos breedkuzaliana.
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Hizi ndizi sehemu ambapo mbu wanazaliana.
05:13
You're lesschini likelyuwezekano to have doormlango screensskrini or windowdirisha screensskrini.
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Uwezekano wa kuwa na nyavu za mbu milangoni na madirishani unakuwa mdogo.
05:17
You're lesschini likelyuwezekano to have electricityumeme
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Uwezekano wa kuwa na umeme, unakuwa mdogo.
05:19
and all the indoorndani activitiesshughuli that electricityumeme makeshufanya possibleinawezekana,
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na shughuli zote ambazo zinawezeshwa na umeme ndani ya nyumba,
05:22
so you're outsidenje more.
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unakuwa upo nje zaidi.
05:23
You're gettingkupata bittenkuumwa by mosquitosmosquitos more.
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Unang'atwa na mbu.
05:25
So povertyumasikini causessababu malariamalaria,
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Kwa hiyo tunaona umasikini unasababisha malaria,
05:27
but what we alsopia know now is that malariamalaria itselfyenyewe
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lakini tunajua sasa kwamba malaria yenyewe
05:30
causessababu povertyumasikini.
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inasababisha umasikini.
05:31
For one thing, it strikesmigomo hardestngumu zaidi duringwakati harvestmavuno seasonmsimu,
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Kwa kitu kimoja,huwa inakumba muda wa mavuno,
05:34
so exactlyhasa when farmerswakulima need to be out in the fieldsmashamba
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muda uleule ambapo wakulima wanakuwa mashambani
05:37
collectingKusanya theirwao cropsmazao, they're home sickmgonjwa with a feverhoma.
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kuvuna mazao yao,wanakuwa nyumbani wakiumwa homa.
05:41
But it alsopia predisposeshutangulia people to deathkifo
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Lakini pia inawaweka watu katika hatari ya kifo
05:44
from all other causessababu.
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kutokana sababu nyingine zote.
05:45
So this has happenedkilichotokea historicallykihistoria.
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Hili limetokea kihistoria.
05:47
We'veTumekuwa been ableinaweza to take malariamalaria out of a societyjamii.
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Tumeweza kuondoa malaria kwa jamii.
05:50
Everything elsemwingine staysanakaa the samesawa,
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Kila kitu kinabaki vilevile,
05:52
so we still have badmbaya foodchakula, badmbaya watermaji, badmbaya sanitationusafi wa mazingira,
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tuna chakula kibaya,maji yasiyo salama,mazingira bora,
05:54
all the things that make people sickmgonjwa.
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na haya yote yanasababisha watu kuumwa.
05:56
But just if you take malariamalaria out,
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Lakini kama utaondoa malaria,
05:58
deathsvifo from everything elsemwingine go down.
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vifo kutokana na sababu nyingine vitapungua.
06:02
And the economistmwanauchumi JeffJeff SachsSachs has actuallykwa kweli quantifiedquantified
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Na mwanauchumi Jeff Sachs ameonesha
06:05
what this meansina maana for a societyjamii.
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hii ina maana gani kwa jamii.
06:07
What it meansina maana is, if you have malariamalaria in your societyjamii,
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Inachomaanisha ni kwamba,kama una malaria katika jamii yako,
06:10
your economickiuchumi growthukuaji is depressedwamesimama
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ukuaji wako wa uchumi unadidimia
06:12
by 1.3 percentasilimia everykila yearmwaka,
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kwa asilimia 1.3 kila mwaka,
06:16
yearmwaka after yearmwaka after yearmwaka, just this one diseaseugonjwa alonepeke yake.
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mwaka baada ya mwaka,kwa hili gonjwa moja tu.
06:20
So this posesinaleta a hugekubwa economickiuchumi challengechangamoto,
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Hii inaleta changamoto kubwa sana ya kiuchumi,
06:22
because say you do come up with your great drugdawa
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kwa sababu unasema umeleta dawa bora
06:25
or your great vaccinechanjo -- how do you deliverkutoa it
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au chanjo bora-- unaitoa vipi
06:27
in a placemahali where there's no roadsbarabara,
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kwenye sehemu ambazo hazina barabara,
06:29
there's no infrastructuremiundombinu,
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hazina miundombinu,
06:31
there's no electricityumeme for refrigerationmajokofu to keep things coldbaridi,
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hazina umeme kwa kugandisha vitu kwenye jokofu,
06:34
there's no clinicskliniki, there's no cliniciansmatabibu
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hazina zahanati,hazina wataalamu wa afya.
06:37
to deliverkutoa these things where they're neededinahitajika?
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kutoa huduma hizi zinapohitajika
06:39
So there's a hugekubwa economickiuchumi challengechangamoto in tamingufugaji malariamalaria.
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Kwa hiyo kuna changamoto kubwa katila kupambana na malaria.
06:43
But alongkando with the scientifickisayansi challengechangamoto and the economickiuchumi challengechangamoto,
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Lakini pamoja na changamoto ya kisayansi na changamoto ya kiuchumi,
06:46
there's alsopia a culturalutamaduni challengechangamoto,
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kuna changamoto ya kitamaduni pia,
06:48
and this is probablylabda the partsehemu about malariamalaria
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na hii moja ya upande wa malaria
06:51
that people don't like to talk about.
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ambayo watu hawapendelei kuiongelea.
06:54
And it's the paradoxkitendawili that the people
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na ni mkanganyiko kwamba watu
06:56
who have the mostwengi malariamalaria in the worldulimwengu
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wenye malaria sana duniani
06:58
tendtamaa to carehuduma about it the leastangalau.
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wanalichukulia hawajali kwa uzito.
07:01
This has been the findingkutafuta of medicalmatibabu anthropologistswanaanthropolojia again and again.
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Haya yamekuwa matokeo ya tafiti za wataalamu wa afya tena na tena.
07:04
They askkuuliza people in malariousmalarious partssehemu of the worldulimwengu,
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Wanawauliza watu katika sehemu zenye malaria duniani,
07:07
"What do you think about malariamalaria?"
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"Unafikiri nini kuhusu malaria?"
07:09
And they don't say, "It's a killermuuaji diseaseugonjwa. We're scaredhofu of it."
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Na hawasemi"Ni ugonjwa unaoua.Tunauogopa"
07:13
They say, "MalariaMalaria is a normalkawaida problemtatizo of life."
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Wanasema"Malaria ni tatizo la kawaida katika maisha"
07:18
And that was certainlyhakika my personalbinafsi experienceuzoefu.
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Haya ndiyo majibu niliyopata binafsi.
07:20
When I told my relativesjamaa in IndiaIndia
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Nilipowaambia ndugu zangu nchini India
07:22
that I was writingkuandika a bookkitabu about malariamalaria,
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kwamba nilikuwa nikiandika kitabu kuhusu malaria
07:24
they kindaina of lookedilionekana at me like
157
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1967
waliniangalia kama
07:26
I told them I was writingkuandika a bookkitabu about wartsMafumba ya ngozi or something.
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Niliwaambia nilikuwa naandika kitabu kuhusu majipu au kitu fulani.
07:28
Like, why would you writeandika about something so boringboring,
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kama,kwanini uandike kuhusu kitu kinachochosha.
07:31
so ordinarykawaida? You know?
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cha kawaida sana?unajua?
07:33
And it's simplerahisi riskhatari perceptionmtazamo, really.
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Na ni muonekano rahisi lakini ni hatari.
07:36
A childmtoto in MalawiMalawi, for examplemfano,
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Mtoto nchini Malawi,kwa mfano,
07:38
she mightnguvu have 12 episodesvipindi of malariamalaria before the ageumri of two,
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Anaweza akaugua malaria mara 12 kabla hajafika umri wa miaka miwili,
07:43
but if she survivesinakaa,
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lakini anaishi,
07:45
she'llyeye atakuja continueendelea to get malariamalaria throughoutkote her life,
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ataendelea kupata malaria maisha yake yote,
07:48
but she's much lesschini likelyuwezekano to diekufa of it.
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lakini uwezekano wa kufa kwa ugonjwa huo ni mdogo sana kwake.
07:50
And so in her livedaliishi experienceuzoefu,
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Kwa katika kuishi kwake,
07:52
malariamalaria is something that comesinakuja and goeshuenda.
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malaria ni kitu kinachokuja na kuondoka.
07:56
And that's actuallykwa kweli truekweli for mostwengi of the world'sulimwengu malariamalaria.
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Na hiyo ni kweli kwa malaria duniani.
07:58
MostWengi of the world'sulimwengu malariamalaria comesinakuja and goeshuenda on its ownmwenyewe.
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Malaria sehemu nyingi huja na kuondoka.
08:01
It's just, there's so much malariamalaria
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Ni kwamba,kuna malaria sana
08:04
that this tinyvidogo fractionsehemu of caseskesi that endmwisho in deathkifo
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kwamba sehemu hi ndogo ya matukio yanayopelekea kifo
08:08
addongeza up to this bigkubwa, hugekubwa numbernambari.
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yanaongezeka kuwa katika namba kubwa.
08:11
So I think people in malariousmalarious partssehemu of the worldulimwengu
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Kwa hiyi nadhani watu katika sehemu zenye malaria
08:13
mustlazima think of malariamalaria the way
175
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1522
wanatakiwa kufikiri malaria katika njia
08:15
those of us who livekuishi in the temperatekiasi worldulimwengu
176
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ambayo sisi tunaoishi kwenye baridi
08:16
think of coldbaridi and flumafua. Right?
177
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tunafikiri kifua na mafua.Sawa?
08:18
ColdBaridi and flumafua have a hugekubwa burdenmzigo on our societiesjamii
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Mafua na kifua vina mzigo mkubwa sana katika jamii yetu
08:22
and on our ownmwenyewe livesanaishi,
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na katika maisha yetu,
08:24
but we don't really even take
180
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lakini hatuchukui
08:25
the mostwengi rudimentaryziara precautionstahadhari againstdhidi it because
181
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tahadhari zozote kwa sababu
08:27
we considerfikiria it normalkawaida to get coldbaridi and flumafua
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tunaona ni kawaida kupata mafua na kifua
08:30
duringwakati coldbaridi and flumafua seasonmsimu.
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wakati wa nyakati za baridi.
08:32
And so this posesinaleta a hugekubwa culturalutamaduni challengechangamoto in tamingufugaji malariamalaria,
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Hii inaleta changamoto kubwa ya kitamaduni katika kupambana na malaria
08:37
because if people think it's normalkawaida to have malariamalaria,
185
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kwa sababu kama watu wanadhani ni kawaida kuwa na malaria,
08:41
then how do you get them to runkukimbia to the doctordaktari
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sasa kwa nini wanaenda kwa daktari
08:44
to get diagnosedkukutwa, to pickpick up theirwao prescriptiondawa,
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kwenda kupimwa,kuandikiwa dawa wanazotakiwa tumia,
08:47
to get it filledkujazwa, to take the drugsmadawa,
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kuchukua dawa zao,
08:49
to put on the repellentsviwinga, to tuckTuck in the bedkitanda netsnyavu?
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kuweka vifukuza mbu,kutumia chandarua?
08:52
This is a hugekubwa culturalutamaduni challengechangamoto in tamingufugaji this diseaseugonjwa.
190
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Hii inafanya kuendelea kuifuga malaria
08:57
So take all that togetherpamoja.
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Kwa hiyo chukua yote hayo.
08:58
We'veTumekuwa got a diseaseugonjwa. It's scientificallykisayansi complicatedngumu,
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Tuna ugonjwa.Kisayansi umefumbika,
09:03
it's economicallykiuchumi challengingchangamoto to dealtoa with,
193
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una changamoto ya kiuchumi,
09:05
and it's one for whichambayo the people who standsimama
194
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na ndiyo watu ambao wanaosimama
09:07
to benefitfaida the mostwengi carehuduma about it the leastangalau.
195
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kufaidika wanaujali kwa hali ya chini sana.
09:09
And that addsanaongeza up to the biggestkubwa problemtatizo of all,
196
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2088
Na hiyo inaongeza tatizo kubwa sana katika yote,
09:11
whichambayo, of coursebila shaka, is the politicalkisiasa problemtatizo.
197
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ambapo,kiukweli,ni tatizo la kisiasa.
09:14
How do you get a politicalkisiasa leaderkiongozi to do anything
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Unampata wapi kiongozi wa siasa kufanya chochote
09:17
about a problemtatizo like this?
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kwa tatizo kama hili?
09:19
And the answerjibu is, historicallykihistoria, you don't.
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Na jibu ni kwamba,kihistoria,huwezi.
09:24
MostWengi malariousmalarious societiesjamii throughoutkote historyhistoria
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Jamii nyingi zenye malaria kwa kipindi chote
09:26
have simplytu livedaliishi with the diseaseugonjwa.
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wameishi na ugonjwa.
09:28
So the mainKuu attacksmashambulizi on malariamalaria have come
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556455
2003
Kwa hiyo mashambulizi halisi kwenye malaria yametokea
09:30
from outsidenje of malariousmalarious societiesjamii,
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2624
nje ya jamii zenye malaria,
09:33
from people who aren'tsio constrainedimesimamishwa
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1794
kutoka kwa watu ambao hawalazimishwi
09:34
by these ratherbadala paralyzingparalyzing politicssiasa.
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na hizi siasa zilizokufa.
09:37
But this, I think, introducesUtangulizi a wholeyote hostmwenyeji of other kindsaina of difficultiesmatatizo.
207
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3295
Lakini,nadhani,inaongeza aina nyingine za ugumu.
09:41
The first concertedpamoja attackkushambulia againstdhidi malariamalaria
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2420
Shambulio la kwanza la kuangamiza malaria
09:43
startedilianza in the 1950s.
209
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1746
lilianza mwakani 1950.
09:45
It was the brainchildbrainchild of the U.S. StateHali DepartmentIdara.
210
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3090
Ilikuwa ni mpangi uliosimamiwa na serikali.
09:48
And this effortjuhudi well understoodkueleweka the economickiuchumi challengechangamoto.
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3037
Na hizi juhudi zingekuwa na gharama sana kiuchumi.
09:51
They knewalijua they had to focustazama on cheapnafuu, easy-to-userahisi kutumia toolszana,
212
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3481
Walijua wanatakiwa kutumia zana na njia nafuu,
09:54
and they focusedililenga on DDTDDT.
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1775
wakawaza kutumia DDT.
09:56
They understoodkueleweka the culturalutamaduni challengechangamoto.
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1439
Walielewa changamoto ya kitamaduni.
09:58
In factukweli, theirwao ratherbadala patronizingshupavu viewmtazamo was that
215
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3005
Kiukweli,mtazamao wao badala shupavu ulikuwa
10:01
people at riskhatari of malariamalaria shouldn'thaipaswi be askedaliuliza to do anything at all.
216
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2903
watu waliopo katika hatari ya malaria hawakutakiwa kufanya chochote kabisa.
10:04
Everything should be donekufanyika to them and for them.
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3722
Kila kilitakiwa wafanyiwe.
10:07
But they greatlysana underestimatedkukadiria the scientifickisayansi challengechangamoto.
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Lakini walididimiza sana changamoto ya kisayansi.
10:10
They had so much faithimani in theirwao toolszana
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Walikuwa na imani katika zana zao
10:13
that they stoppedkusimamishwa doing malariamalaria researchutafiti.
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2991
ambapo wakaacha kufanya tafiti za malaria.
10:16
And so when those toolszana startedilianza to failkushindwa,
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na wakati zana hizo zilipoanza kufeli,
10:18
and publicumma opinionmaoni startedilianza to turnkugeuka againstdhidi those toolszana,
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2700
na maoni ya watu yakaanza kuziponda zana hizo,
10:21
they had no scientifickisayansi expertiseutaalamu to figuretakwimu out what to do.
223
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4194
hawakauwa na wataalamu wa kisayansi kugundua ni lipi la kufanya.
10:25
The wholeyote campaignkampeni crashedilipigwa, malariamalaria resurgedresurged back,
224
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3451
Kampeni hiyo ikaharibika,malaria ikarudi tena,
10:29
but now it was even worsembaya zaidi than before
225
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1814
lakini sasa ni mbaya sana kuliko mwanzoni
10:30
because it was corralledcorralled into the hardest-to-reachgumu kufikia placesmaeneo
226
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2761
kwa sababu ilifanyika katika sehemu ngumu kufikia
10:33
in the mostwengi difficult-to-controlvigumu udhibiti formsfomu.
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3186
katika njia ngumu za kudhibiti.
10:36
One WHO officialrasmi at the time actuallykwa kweli calledaitwaye that wholeyote campaignkampeni
228
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3299
Mmoja wa wafanyakazi wa WHO aliita kampeni yote hii
10:40
"one of the greatestkubwa zaidi mistakesmakosa ever madealifanya in publicumma healthafya."
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5057
"moja ya kosa kubwa lililowahi fanyika katika sekta ya afya"
10:45
The latestkaribuni effortjuhudi to tametame malariamalaria startedilianza in the latekuchelewa 1990s.
230
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2507
Juhudi ya hivi karibuni ya kudhibiti malaria ilianza mwaka 1990.
10:47
It's similarlysawa directediliyoongozwa and financedfedha primarilykimsingi
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3712
Iliongozwa na kupewa msaada wa kifedha
10:51
from outsidenje of malariousmalarious societiesjamii.
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kutoka katika jamii zisizo na malaria.
10:53
Now this effortjuhudi well understandsanaelewa the scientifickisayansi challengechangamoto.
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Juhudi hizi sasa zinatambua kabisa changamoto ya kisayansi.
10:56
They are doing tonstani of malariamalaria researchutafiti.
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2221
Wanafanya tafiti nyingi sana za malaria.
10:58
And they understandkuelewa the economickiuchumi challengechangamoto too.
235
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Na wanaelewa changamoto ya kiuchumi pia.
11:00
They're focusingkuzingatia on very cheapnafuu, very easy-to-userahisi kutumia toolszana.
236
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3560
Wanatumia vifaa nafuu sana na rahisi kutumia.
11:04
But now, I think, the dilemmashida is the culturalutamaduni challengechangamoto.
237
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Lakini sasa,nafikiri,njia panda ni changamoto ya ktamaduni.
11:08
The centerpiecekiini of the currentsasa effortjuhudi is the bedkitanda netwavu.
238
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3634
Juhudi za sasa ni chandarua.
11:11
It's treatedkutibiwa with insecticideskuua wadudu.
239
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Kinawekewa dawa ya kuua mbu.
11:13
This thing has been distributedkusambazwa acrosskote the malariousmalarious worldulimwengu
240
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Hiki kitu kimesambazwa kote katika sehemu zenye malaria
11:15
by the millionsmamilioni.
241
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1433
kwa mamilioni.
11:17
And when you think about the bedkitanda netwavu,
242
665346
2232
Na unapofikira kuhusu chandarua,
11:19
it's sortfanya of a surgicalupasuaji interventionkuingilia kati.
243
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2559
ni aina ya kuingilia upasuaji.
11:22
You know, it doesn't really have any valuethamani
244
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2146
Unajua,haiongezi kitu chochote
11:24
to a familyfamilia with malariamalaria exceptisipokuwa that it helpshusaidia preventkuzuia malariamalaria.
245
672283
3663
kwenye familia yenye malaria bali inasaidia kujikinga tu na malaria.
11:27
And yetbado we're askingkuuliza people to use these netsnyavu everykila night.
246
675946
4009
Na tunawaambia watu watumie vyandarua kila usiku.
11:31
They have to sleepusingizi underchini them everykila night.
247
679955
1277
Wanatakiwa walale kwenye vyandarua kila usiku.
11:33
That's the only way they are effectiveufanisi.
248
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2037
Na hivyo ndiyo njia pekee bora.
11:35
And they have to do that
249
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1353
Na wanatakiwa kufanya hivyo
11:36
even if the netwavu blocksvitalu the breezebreeze,
250
684622
3086
na hata kama chandarua kinazuia upepo mwanana,
11:39
even if they mightnguvu have to get up in the middlekatikati of the night
251
687708
3145
hata kama watatakiwa kuamka katikati ya usiku
11:42
and relievekupunguza themselveswenyewe,
252
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1534
na kujipooza,
11:44
even if they mightnguvu have to movehoja all theirwao furnishingsmifuko
253
692387
2249
hata kama watatakiwa kutoa vyombo vyao vyote
11:46
to put this thing up,
254
694636
1467
ili kuweka chandarua,
11:48
even if, you know, they mightnguvu livekuishi in a roundpande zote hutkibanda
255
696103
2853
hata kama,unajua,wanaweza kuwa wanaishi kwenye nyumba za tembe za mviringo
11:50
in whichambayo it's difficultvigumu to stringkamba up a squaremraba netwavu.
256
698956
3737
ambapo ni ngumu kuweka chandarua ya pembe nne.
11:54
Now that's no bigkubwa dealtoa if you're fightingmapigano a killermuuaji diseaseugonjwa.
257
702693
4938
Sasa,hiyo haina maana kama unapambana na ugonjwa unaoua.
11:59
I mean, these are minormdogo inconvenienceskikwazo kikubwa.
258
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2331
Namaanisha,huu ni usumbufu mdogo.
12:01
But that's not how people with malariamalaria think of malariamalaria.
259
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3839
Lakini sivyo watu wenye malaria wanafikiri kuhusu malaria.
12:05
So for them, the calculuscalculus mustlazima be quitekabisa differenttofauti.
260
713801
4880
Kwao,itakuwa tofauti kidogo.
12:10
ImagineKufikiria, for examplemfano, if a bunchkikundi of well-meaningvizuri maana KenyansWakenya
261
718681
3918
Fikiri,kwa mfano,kundi la Wakenya wenye nia njema
12:14
camealikuja up to those of us in the temperatekiasi worldulimwengu and said,
262
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2081
wakaja kwa sisi tuliopo katika nchi za baridi na wakasema,
12:16
"You know, you people have a lot of coldbaridi and flumafua.
263
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2822
"Unajua,nyie watu mna mafua na kifua sana.
12:19
We'veTumekuwa designediliyoundwa this great, easy-to-userahisi kutumia, cheapnafuu toolchombo,
264
727502
3128
Tumetangeneza hiki kifaa bora kabisa ambacho ni nafuu na rahisi kutumia,
12:22
we're going to give it to you for freebure.
265
730630
1070
tutawapa bure.
12:23
It's calledaitwaye a faceuso maskmask,
266
731700
1433
Inaitwa kinyago cha sura,
12:25
and all you need to do is
267
733133
3873
na mnachohitaji ni
12:29
wearkuvaa it everykila day duringwakati coldbaridi and flumafua seasonmsimu
268
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2410
kuvaa kila siku wakati wa kifua na mafua
12:31
when you go to schoolshule and when you go to work."
269
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2754
mnapoenda shule na mnapoenda kazini"
12:34
Would we do that?
270
742185
1930
Tutafanya hivyo?
12:36
And I wonderajabu if that's how people
271
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Na nashangaa kama ni hivyo kwa watu
12:38
in the malariousmalarious worldulimwengu thought of those netsnyavu
272
746251
2066
katika sehemu zenye malaria wanafikiria hivi kwa hivyo vyandarua
12:40
when they first receivedalipokea them?
273
748317
1703
wanapovipokea?
12:42
IndeedKweli, we know from studiestafiti
274
750020
3398
Tunajua kutoka katika tafiti
12:45
that only 20 percentasilimia of the bedkitanda netsnyavu
275
753418
2678
kwamba asilimia 20 ya vyandarua
12:48
that were first distributedkusambazwa were actuallykwa kweli used.
276
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3168
ambazo zimesambazwa ndiyo zinazotumika.
12:51
And even that's probablylabda an overestimatemakisio ya juu kuhusu,
277
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1711
Na hiyo imepigia hesabu za juu sana,
12:52
because the samesawa people who distributedkusambazwa the netsnyavu
278
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2422
kwa sababu watu haohao wanaosambaza vyandarua
12:55
wentakaenda back and askedaliuliza the recipientswapokeaji,
279
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1491
walirudi na kuwauliza watumiaji,
12:56
"Oh, did you use that netwavu I gavealitoa you?"
280
764888
2473
"mmetumia vyandarua nilivyowapa?"
12:59
WhichAmbayo is like your AuntShangazi JaneJane askingkuuliza you,
281
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Ni sawa na shangazi yako Jane anakuuliza,
13:01
"Oh, did you use that vasevase I gavealitoa you for ChristmasKrismasi?"
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"Umetumia chombo nilichokupa kwa ajili ya Krismas?"
13:04
So it's probablylabda an overestimatemakisio ya juu kuhusu.
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Kwa hiyo ni makadirio ya juu.
13:06
But that's not an insurmountableisiyotingisika problemtatizo.
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Lakini si kwamba tatizo suala la kupuuzia.
13:10
We can do more educationelimu,
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Tunaweza kutoa elimu zaidi,
13:11
we can try to convincekuwashawishi these people to use the netsnyavu.
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tunaweza kuwashawishi hawa watu kutumia vyandarua.
13:14
And that's what happeningkinachotokea now.
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Na hicho ndicho kinachotokea sasa.
13:15
We're throwingkutupa a lot more time and moneyfedha
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Tunatumia muda na hela nyingi sana
13:17
into workshopswarsha and trainingsmafunzo and musicalsmusicals and playsinacheza
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katika warsha na mafunzo na matamasha na michezo
13:22
and schoolshule meetingsmikutano,
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na vikao mashuleni,
13:24
all these things to convincekuwashawishi people
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haya yote kushawishi watu
13:26
to use the netsnyavu we gavealitoa you.
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kutumia vyandarua tulivyowapa.
13:29
And that mightnguvu work.
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Na hiyo inaweza kufanya kazi.
13:31
But it takes time. It takes moneyfedha.
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Lakini inatumia muda.Inagharimu pia.
13:34
It takes resourcesrasilimali. It takes infrastructuremiundombinu.
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Inatumia rasilimali.Inatumia miundombinu.
13:36
It takes all the things that that cheapnafuu,
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Inachukua vitu vyote nafuu,
13:39
easy-to-userahisi kutumia bedkitanda netwavu was not supposedwalidhani to be.
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ambazo vyandarua havikutakiwa.
13:42
So it's difficultvigumu to attackkushambulia malariamalaria from insidendani malariousmalarious societiesjamii,
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Kwa hiyo ni ngumu kushambulia malaria kutoka ndani ya jamii yenye malaria,
13:45
but it's equallysawa trickytricky when we try to attackkushambulia it
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Lakini inakuwa kidogo changamoto unapojaribu kushambulia malaria
13:48
from outsidenje of those societiesjamii.
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kutoka nje ya jamii hizo.
13:51
We endmwisho up imposingkuweka our ownmwenyewe prioritiesvipaumbele
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Tunaweka vipaumbele vyetu
13:52
on the people of the malariousmalarious worldulimwengu.
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katika jamii ya watu wenye malaria.
13:54
That's exactlyhasa what we did in the 1950s,
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Na hiki ndicho tulichofanya mwaka 1950.
13:57
and that effortjuhudi backfiredbackfired.
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na hizo juhudi zilishindikana.
13:59
I would arguewanasema todayleo,
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Nitasema leo,
14:00
when we are distributingkusambaza toolszana that we'vetumekuwa designediliyoundwa
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tunaposambaza vifaa ambavyo tumetengeneza
14:04
and that don't necessarilylazima make sensehisia in people'swatu livesanaishi,
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na ambavyo havina maana katika maiasha ya watu,
14:08
we runkukimbia the riskhatari of makingkufanya the samesawa mistakekosa again.
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tunajiweka katika hali ya kufanya kosa lingine.
14:12
That's not to say that malariamalaria is unconquerableisiyoshindika,
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Hiyo si kusema malaria kwamba hatuwezi kuishinda Malaria,
14:14
because I think it is,
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kwa sababu nadhani tunaweza,
14:15
but what if we attackedalishambuliwa this diseaseugonjwa
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lakini inakuwaje kama tukishambulia gonjwa hili
14:17
accordingkulingana to the prioritiesvipaumbele of the people who livedaliishi with it?
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kutokana na vipaumbele kwa watu walioishi nao?
14:21
Take the examplemfano of EnglandUingereza and the UnitedMuungano StatesMarekani.
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Chukua mfano wa Uingereza na Marekani.
14:23
We had malariamalaria in those countriesnchi for hundredsmamia of yearsmiaka,
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Tulikuwa na ugonjwa huo katika hizo nchi kwa mamia ya miaka,
14:26
and we got ridOndoa of it completelykabisa,
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na tukaondokana nalo kabisa,
14:29
not because we attackedalishambuliwa malariamalaria. We didn't.
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sio kwamba tulishambulia malaria.Hapana.
14:32
We attackedalishambuliwa badmbaya roadsbarabara and badmbaya housesnyumba
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Tulishambulia barabara mbovu na nyumba mbovu
14:36
and badmbaya drainagemifereji ya maji and lackukosefu of electricityumeme and ruralvijijini povertyumasikini.
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na utoaji majitaka mbaya na ukosefu wa umeme na umasikini sehemu za vijijini.
14:41
We attackedalishambuliwa the malariousmalarious way of life,
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Tulishambulia maisha ya kuwa na malaria,
14:44
and by doing that, we slowlypolepole builtkujengwa malariamalaria out.
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na kwa kufanya hivyo,taratibu tukaondoa malaria.
14:50
Now attackingkushambulia the malariousmalarious way of life,
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Sasa kushambulia maisha ya ki-malaria,
14:51
this is something -- these are things people carehuduma about todayleo.
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hiki ni kitu-hivi ni vitu watu wanavyojala leo.
14:55
And attackingkushambulia the malariousmalarious way of life,
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Na kushambulia maisha ya kuishi na malaria,
14:57
it's not fastharaka, it's not cheapnafuu, it's not easyrahisi,
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sio haraka,sio nafuu,sio rahisi,
15:02
but I think it's the only lastingya kudumu way forwardmbele.
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lakini nafikiri ni njia pekee ya kusonga mbele.
15:05
Thank you so much.
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Asante sana
15:06
(ApplauseMakofi)
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(Makofi)
Translated by Nelson Simfukwe
Reviewed by Joachim Mangilima

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Sonia Shah - Science writer
Science historian Sonia Shah explores the surprisingly fascinating story behind an ancient scourge: malaria.

Why you should listen

Aided by economics, culture, its own resilience and that of the insect that carries it (the mosquito), the malaria parasite has determined for thousands of years the health and course not only of human lives, but also of whole civilizations. In her book The Fever, author Sonia Shah outlines the epic and devastating history of malaria and shows how it still infects 500 million people every year, and kills half a million, in a context where economic inequality collides with science and biology.

Shah’s previous book The Body Hunters established her as a heavy hitter in the field of investigative human rights reporting. She is a frequent contributor to publications such as Scientific American, The Nation and Foreign Affairs.

More profile about the speaker
Sonia Shah | Speaker | TED.com