ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Iain Hutchison - Facial surgeon
Iain Hutchison is a pioneering oral and facial surgeon; his foundation, Saving Faces, explores the nature of our expressions.

Why you should listen

Iain Hutchison thinks deeply about our faces. In his practice at St. Bartholomew’s, Royal London and University College London Hospitals, he has seen faces that lack the basic ability to function, to communicate emotion, to serve as a window to the world. His work involves repairing individual faces that have been impaired through cancer, birth defect or accidents—and asking all of us to look beyond first impressions.

One way he’s seeding the conversation is through the Facial Surgery Research Foundation/Saving Faces, which supports facial surgery research and education as well as a groundbreaking artistic residency by painter Mark Gilbert. Right in Hutchison’s office, patients sat for Gilbert before and after facial surgery, resulting in searching, honest portraits that show the humanity even of someone whose face we might be unwilling to look at. The “Saving Faces” exhibit has been seen by more than two million gallery visitors. Hutchison is also an active advocate of running clinical trials for facial surgery, and he funds and co-supervises two psychology PhD students to study ways to improve emotional and functional outcomes.

As he says: "Facial surgery is challenging not only because of its intricacy but because it has a profound effect on the patient’s psyche."

More profile about the speaker
Iain Hutchison | Speaker | TED.com
TEDGlobal 2010

Iain Hutchison: Saving faces: A facial surgeon's craft

伊恩·哈奇森Iain Hutchison:整容面部

Filmed:
660,758 views

面部手术医生伊恩·哈奇森为那些严重毁容的人们动手术。他通过努力提高手术方法来改善他们的生活;依托他们的肖像,他复原了他们的人性。注意:这个演讲会有毁容和面部被严重毁坏的图片可能会引起不适--哈奇森告诉我们为什么被毁容的面部会让我们不安,这些答案发人深省。 如果您容易对此产生不适,请在12:10 - 13:19之间不要看屏幕,但请您继续听期间的演讲。
- Facial surgeon
Iain Hutchison is a pioneering oral and facial surgeon; his foundation, Saving Faces, explores the nature of our expressions. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:15
Our face面对 is hugely巨大 important重要
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我们的面部十分重要
00:18
because it's the external外部, visual视觉 part部分
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因为它是身体外部可视的部分
00:20
that everybody每个人 else其他 sees看到.
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所有人都可以看见。
00:22
Let's not forget忘记 it's a functional实用 entity实体.
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我们别忘了它也是一个功能实体。
00:24
We have strong强大 skull头骨 bones骨头
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我们有坚固的头盖骨
00:26
that protect保护 the most important重要 organ器官 in our body身体: the brain.
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用来保护我们身体中最重要的器官:大脑。
00:29
It's where our senses感官 are located位于, our special特别 senses感官 --
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我们感官也位于面部,我们的一些特殊感官 --
00:32
our vision视力, our speech言语,
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我们的视觉,我们的言语,
00:34
our hearing听力, our smell, our taste味道.
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我们的听力,我们的嗅觉,我们的味觉。
00:36
And this bone
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这块骨头
00:38
is peppered接二连三, as you can see, with the light shining闪亮的 through通过 the skull头骨
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布满了 正如你看到的 穿透过头盖骨的光线
00:41
with cavities, the sinuses鼻窦,
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还有空腔, 鼻窦,
00:43
which哪一个 warm and moisten the air空气 we breathe呼吸.
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使我们吸入的空气变的温暖和湿润。
00:46
But also imagine想像 if they were filled填充 with solid固体 bone --
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但想象一下,如果这全是实心的骨头,
00:49
our head would be dead weight重量,
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我们的头会变得非常重,
00:51
we wouldn't不会 be able能够 to hold保持 it erect直立,
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我们将不能抬起头,
00:53
we wouldn't不会 be able能够 to look at the world世界 around us.
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我们也不能看到我们四周的世界。
01:02
This woman女人 is slowly慢慢地 dying垂死
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这个女人正在慢慢的死去
01:04
because the benign良性 tumors肿瘤 in her facial面部 bones骨头
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因为她面颅骨里的良性肿瘤
01:07
have completely全然 obliterated湮没 her mouth and her nose鼻子
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已经彻底毁坏了她的嘴巴和鼻子,
01:10
so she can't breathe呼吸 and eat.
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所以她不能呼吸也不能吃东西。
01:12
Attached to the facial面部 bones骨头
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依附于面颅骨
01:14
that define确定 our face's脸的 structure结构体
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用来勾画我们面部结构的
01:18
are the muscles肌肉 that deliver交付 our facial面部 expression表达,
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是传递我们面部表情的肌肉,
01:21
our universal普遍 language语言 of expression表达,
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我们通用的表情语言
01:24
our social-signaling社会信号 system系统.
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我们的社会信号体系。
01:26
And overlying this is the skin皮肤 drape悬垂,
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覆盖其上的是皮肤褶皱,
01:29
which哪一个 is a hugely巨大 complex复杂
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它是个极其复杂的
01:31
three-dimensional三维 structure结构体 --
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三维结构 --
01:33
taking服用 right-angled直角 bends弯曲 here and there,
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在这里那里会有各种角度的弯折
01:35
having thin areas like the eyelids眼皮,
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有薄如眼睑的区域,
01:38
thick areas like the cheek脸颊, different不同 colors颜色.
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有厚如脸颊的区域和不同的颜色组成。
01:41
And then we have the sensual声色 factor因子 of the face面对.
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我们的脸上也有官能要素。
01:44
Where do we like to kiss people?
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我们喜欢亲吻别人什么地方?
01:46
On the lips嘴唇. Nibble蚕食 the ears耳朵 maybe.
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嘴唇上。也许在耳边轻咬。
01:49
It's the face面对 where we're attracted吸引 to with that.
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这正是因为我们被面部所吸引。
01:52
But let's not forget忘记 the hair头发.
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不过我们也不要忘记头发。
01:54
You're looking at the image图片 on your left-hand左手 side --
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你现在看一下你左手边的图片 --
01:56
that's my son儿子 with his eyebrows眉毛 present当下.
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这是我儿子有眉毛的照片,
01:58
Look how odd he looks容貌 with the eyebrows眉毛 missing失踪.
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而他没有眉毛的照片看起来是不是很奇怪。
02:01
There's a definite difference区别.
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这有着决定性的差异。
02:03
And imagine想像 if he had hair头发 sprouting发芽 from the middle中间 of his nose鼻子,
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想象一下他如果从鼻子中间有毛发
02:05
he'd他会 look even odder更古怪的 still.
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他会看起来更加奇怪。
02:07
DysmorphophobiaDysmorphophobia
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曲影症
02:09
is an extreme极端 version
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是一个事实的极端特例
02:11
of the fact事实 that we don't see ourselves我们自己
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我们看我们自己
02:13
as others其他 see us.
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和别人看我们是不同的。
02:15
It's a shocking触目惊心 truth真相
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这是个让人震惊的事实
02:17
that we only see mirror镜子 images图片 of ourselves我们自己,
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我们只能看到我们的镜像,
02:20
and we only see ourselves我们自己
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我们只能看到我们自己
02:22
in freeze-frame冻结帧 photographic摄影 images图片
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在定格的照片中
02:24
that capture捕获 a mere fraction分数 of the time that we live生活.
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这些照片只能捕获我们生活中的短暂瞬间。
02:27
DysmorphophobiaDysmorphophobia
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曲影症
02:29
is a perversion变态 of this
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是这一事实的反常行为
02:31
where people who may可能 be very good looking
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有些相貌很好看的人
02:33
regard看待 themselves他们自己 as hideously令人发指 ugly丑陋
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认为自己面目狰狞
02:35
and are constantly经常 seeking surgery手术
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并且不断寻求通过手术
02:37
to correct正确 their facial面部 appearance出现.
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来矫正他们的容貌。
02:40
They don't need this. They need psychiatric精神病 help.
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他们并不需要手术, 他们需要心理辅导。
02:43
Max马克斯 has kindly和蔼 donated捐赠 his photograph照片 to me.
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马克斯好心的把他的照片捐赠给我。
02:45
He doesn't have dysmorphophobiadysmorphophobia, but I'm using运用 his photograph照片
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他没有曲影症,但我用他的照片
02:48
to illustrate说明 the fact事实 that he looks容貌 exactly究竟 like a dysmorphophobicdysmorphophobic.
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来说明他看起来跟一个曲影症患者一样。
02:50
In other words, he looks容貌 entirely完全 normal正常.
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换句话说,他看起来完全正常。
02:53
Age年龄 is another另一个 thing
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年龄是另外一个因素
02:56
when our attitude态度 toward our appearance出现 changes变化.
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在我们对待自己容貌态度的改变之中。
02:58
So children孩子 judge法官 themselves他们自己, learn学习 to judge法官 themselves他们自己,
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所以孩子们自我衡量,学习自我衡量
03:01
by the behavior行为 of adults成年人 around them.
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是通过他们身边成年人的行为。
03:04
Here's这里的 a classic经典 example: Rebecca丽贝卡 has a benign良性 blood血液 vessel船只 tumor
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这是个经典案例:丽贝卡的良性血管瘤
03:07
that's growing生长 out through通过 her skull头骨, has obliterated湮没 her nose鼻子,
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从她的头骨中长出来,并且毁坏了她的鼻子,
03:10
and she's having difficulty困难 seeing眼看.
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她看东西已经成问题。
03:12
As you can see, it's blocking闭塞 her vision视力.
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你可以看到,肿瘤阻挡了她的视线。
03:14
She's also in danger危险, when she damages赔偿 this,
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如果她弄破了肿瘤她的生命也会
03:16
of bleeding流血的 profusely丰富地.
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因为大出血而有危险。
03:18
Our research研究 has shown显示
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我们的研究表明
03:20
that the parents父母 and close loved喜爱 ones那些 of these children孩子
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这些孩子们的父母和亲近的人们
03:23
adore崇拜 them.
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极其喜欢他们。
03:25
They've他们已经 grown长大的 used to their face面对; they think they're special特别.
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他们已经习惯了这些孩子们的脸;他们觉得这些孩子很特殊。
03:28
Actually其实, sometimes有时 the parents父母 argue争论
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其实,有的时候父母们会讨论
03:30
about whether是否 these children孩子 should have the lesion病变 removed去除.
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是不是要把这些孩子的病变除去。
03:33
And occasionally偶尔 they suffer遭受 intense激烈 grief哀思 reactions反应
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偶尔的,他们会难过
03:35
because the child儿童 they've他们已经 grown长大的 to love
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因为他们心爱的孩子
03:37
has changed so dramatically显着 and they don't recognize认识 them.
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会有如此大的变化以至于都不能认出他们来了。
03:40
But other adults成年人
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但另外的成年人
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say incredibly令人难以置信 painful痛苦 things.
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会说一些让人难以置信的心痛的话。
03:44
They say, "How dare you take this child儿童 out of the house
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他们会说,“你们怎么敢把这个孩子带出家门
03:46
and terrify惊吓 other people.
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这会吓到其他人的。
03:48
Shouldn't不能 you be doing something about this? Why haven't没有 you had it removed去除?"
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你们难道不应该做些什么么? 为什么不把这些病变除去?”
03:51
And other children孩子 in curiosity好奇心 come up and poke the lesion病变,
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其他的孩子们会好奇的上来戳一戳,
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because -- a natural自然 curiosity好奇心.
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因为一种自然的好奇心。
03:56
And that obviously明显 alerts警报 the child儿童
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这当然会让这个孩子意识到
03:58
to their unusual异常 nature性质.
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他不寻常的特质。
04:00
After surgery手术, everything normalizes规格化.
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手术之后,一切归于正常。
04:03
The adults成年人 behave表现 more naturally自然,
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大人们的举动更自然,
04:05
and the children孩子 play more readily容易 with other children孩子.
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这些孩子和其他孩子也更玩的来。
04:08
As teenagers青少年 --
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作为青少年--
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just think back to your teenage青少年 years年份 --
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回想一下你们的青少年时期--
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we're going through通过 a dramatic戏剧性
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我们经历着戏剧性的
04:15
and often经常 disproportionate不成比例 change更改
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时常是不成比例的
04:17
in our facial面部 appearance出现.
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面部变化。
04:19
We're trying to struggle斗争 to find our identity身分.
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我们努力的寻找自己的身份
04:21
We crave渴望 the approval赞同 of our peers同行.
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我们渴望得到同龄人的认可。
04:23
So our facial面部 appearance出现 is vital重要 to us
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所以我们的面容对我们来说极其重要
04:26
as we're trying to project项目 ourselves我们自己 to the world世界.
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当我们努力的向世界展现自己。
04:28
Just remember记得 that single acne粉刺 spot
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还记得吗?一个青春痘
04:30
that crippled you for several一些 days.
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就可以让你好几天都精神萎靡。
04:34
How long did you spend looking in the mirror镜子 every一切 day,
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你每天花多长时间盯着镜子,
04:37
practicing your sardonic讽刺 look, practicing your serious严重 look,
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练习讽刺的表情,严肃的表情,
04:40
trying to look like Sean肖恩 Connery康纳利, as I did,
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尝试看起来更像肖恩·康纳利,像我小时候一样。
04:42
trying to raise提高 one eyebrow?
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尝试着扬起一只眉毛。
04:44
It's a crippling瘫痪 time.
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那是个让人束手无策的时期。
04:46
I've chosen选择 to show显示 this profile轮廓 view视图 of Sue起诉
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我选择给你们看苏的侧面像,
04:50
because what it shows节目 is her lower降低 jaw jutting凸出的 forward前锋
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因为这样可以看出来她的下颚向前凸出
04:53
and her lower降低 lip jutting凸出的 forward前锋.
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她的下唇也向前凸出。
04:55
I'd like you all in the audience听众 now to push your lower降低 jaw forward前锋.
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我想让你们在座的每一位现在把你们的下颚推向前,
04:58
Turn to the person next下一个 to you,
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然后转向旁边的人,
05:00
push your lower降低 jaws forward前锋. Turn to the person next下一个 to you
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把你们的下颚推向前,然后转向你旁边的人
05:02
and look at them -- they look miserable.
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看着他们 -- 他们看起来很忧愁。
05:04
That's exactly究竟 what people used to say to Sue起诉.
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正如所有人告诉苏的一样。
05:07
She wasn't miserable at all.
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她一点也不忧愁。
05:09
But people used to say to her, "Why are you so miserable?"
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但是大家以前都会问她:“为什么你那么难过?”
05:13
People were making制造 misjudgments误判 all the time
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人们总是错误的判断
05:16
on her mood心情.
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她的情绪。
05:18
Teachers教师 and peers同行 were underestimating低估 her; she was teased戏弄 at school学校.
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她被老师和同学低估,在学校被取笑。
05:21
So she chose选择 to have facial面部 surgery手术.
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所以她选择了面部手术。
05:23
After the facial面部 surgery手术,
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手术之后,
05:25
she said, "My face面对 now reflects反映 my personality个性.
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她说:“现在我的脸是我的个性的写照。
05:28
People know now that I'm enthusiastic热情,
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人们现在知道我很积极,
05:31
that I'm a happy快乐 person."
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我是个很幸福的人。”
05:33
And that's the change更改 that can be achieved实现 for teenagers青少年.
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青少年们可以实现这样的改变。
05:37
Is this change更改, though虽然, a real真实 change更改,
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这样的改变到底是真实的改变,
05:39
or is it a figment虚构 of the imagination想像力
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还是只是虚构的
05:42
of the patient患者 themselves他们自己?
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病人自己的想象?
05:44
Well we studied研究 teenagers'青少年' attitudes态度
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我们考察青少年们
05:46
to photographs照片 of patients耐心 having this corrective纠正的 facial面部 surgery手术.
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对矫正面部手术患者照片的态度。
05:48
And what we found发现 was --
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我们发现 --
05:51
we jumbled错杂 up the photographs照片
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我们把这些照片混杂在一起
05:53
so they couldn't不能 recognize认识 the before and after --
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所以他们不能识别哪些是手术前那些是手术之后 --
05:55
what we found发现 was that the patients耐心 were regarded认为
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我们发现这些病人们
05:57
as being存在 more attractive有吸引力 after the surgery手术.
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在手术之后被认为更加有吸引力。
05:59
Well that's not surprising奇怪, but we also asked them to judge法官 them
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这并不让人惊讶, 但我们继续让这些青少年们对
06:02
on honesty诚实, intelligence情报,
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诚信度,聪明程度,
06:04
friendliness友好, violence暴力.
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友善度,暴力程度进行评判。
06:07
They were all perceived感知 as being存在
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在手术之前的病人们都被认为
06:09
less than normal正常 in all those characteristics特点 --
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在这些品质上不够正常
06:11
more violent暴力, etc等等. -- before the surgery手术.
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比如更暴力,等等。
06:14
After the surgery手术,
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手术之后,
06:16
they were perceived感知 as being存在 more intelligent智能,
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病人们被认为更聪明,
06:18
more friendly友善, more honest诚实, less violent暴力 --
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更友好,更诚实,更平和 --
06:21
and yet然而 we hadn't有没有 operated操作 on their intellect智力
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可是我们并没有对他们的智力
06:23
or their character字符.
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或者性格动手术。
06:25
When people get older旧的,
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当人们的年龄增长,
06:27
they don't necessarily一定 choose选择 to follow跟随 this kind of surgery手术.
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他们不一定选择这类手术。
06:30
Their presence存在 in the consultation会诊 suite套房
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他们对咨询室的光顾
06:32
is a result结果 of the slings吊索 and arrows箭头 of outrageous蛮横的 fortune幸运.
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是被厄运打击的结果。
06:35
What happens发生 to them
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他们正在经历的
06:37
is that they may可能 have suffered遭遇 cancer癌症 or trauma外伤.
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可能是癌症或者创伤的折磨。
06:39
So this is a photograph照片 of Henry亨利,
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这是亨利的一张照片
06:41
two weeks after he had a malignant恶性 cancer癌症 removed去除
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在他把恶性肿瘤
06:44
from the left side of his face面对 -- his cheekbone,
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从他左侧的脸上 - 他的颧骨,
06:47
his upper jaw, his eye-socket眼窝.
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他的上颚和眼窝上切除几周之后照得。
06:49
He looks容貌 pretty漂亮 good at this stage阶段.
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他这个时期看起来还不错。
06:51
But over the course课程 of the next下一个 15 years年份 he had 14 more operations操作,
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但是接下来的15年,他接受了14次手术,
06:54
as the disease疾病 ravaged蹂躏 his face面对
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因为疾病毁了他的脸
06:56
and destroyed销毁 my reconstruction重建 regularly经常.
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也毁了我定期对他面部的整容。
06:58
I learned学到了 a huge巨大 amount from Henry亨利.
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我从亨利那里学到了很多东西。
07:00
Henry亨利 taught me
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亨利告诉了我
07:02
that you can carry携带 on working加工.
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我还可以继续工作。
07:04
He worked工作 as an advocate主张. He continued继续 to play cricket蟋蟀.
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他是个辩护律师。他还在继续打板球。
07:07
He enjoyed享受 life to the full充分,
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他全心全意地享受生命。
07:09
and this was probably大概 because he had a successful成功, fulfilling履行 job工作
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这可能因为他有一份成功的令他满意的工作
07:11
and a caring爱心 family家庭
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一个充满关爱的家庭
07:13
and was able能够 to participate参加 socially社交上.
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他也可以参与社会活动。
07:15
He maintained保持 a calm冷静 insouciance漫不经心.
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他依旧镇定自若。
07:18
I don't say he overcame克服了 this; he didn't overcome克服 it.
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我并不是说他战胜了肿瘤;他没有。
07:21
This was something more than that. He ignored忽视 it.
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但重要的是:他忽略了它。
07:24
He ignored忽视 the disfigurement毁容 that was happening事件 in his life
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他忽略发生在他脸上的毁容
07:27
and carried携带的 on oblivious浑然不觉 to it.
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他忘却疾病, 继续生活。
07:30
And that's what these people can do.
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这是这些人可以做到的。
07:32
HenriapiHenriapi illustrates说明 this phenomenon现象 as well.
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亨利阿皮也阐述了这个现象。
07:34
This is a man in his 20s
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这是个二十多岁的年轻尼日利亚男子
07:36
whose谁的 first visit访问 out of Nigeria尼日利亚 was with this malignant恶性 cancer癌症
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他第一次出国是因为他的恶性肿瘤
07:39
that he came来了 to the United联合的 Kingdom王国 to have operated操作 on.
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他需要到英国做手术。
07:41
It was my longest最长 operation手术.
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这是我最长的一次手术。
07:43
It took 23 hours小时. I did it with my neurosurgeon神经外科医生.
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历时23个小时。我跟我的神经外科医生一起。
07:46
We removed去除 all the bones骨头 at the right side of his face面对 --
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我们把他右脸的所有骨头都除去 --
07:48
his eye, his nose鼻子,
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他的眼睛,鼻子,
07:50
the skull头骨 bones骨头, the facial面部 skin皮肤 --
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头骨,面部皮肤 --
07:52
and reconstructed重建 him with tissue组织 from the back.
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用他背部的组织给他整容。
07:55
He continued继续 to work as a psychiatric精神病 nurse护士.
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亨利阿皮继续着他精神科护士的工作。
07:57
He got married已婚. He had a son儿子 called Jeremiah耶利米.
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他结了婚,他的儿子叫耶利米。
08:00
And again, he said,
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他说,
08:02
"This painting绘画 of me with my son儿子 Jeremiah耶利米
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“这幅我跟我儿子耶利米的画像
08:05
shows节目 me as the successful成功 man that I feel that I am."
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告诉我我觉得到我是个成功的人。”
08:08
His facial面部 disfigurement毁容
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他的面部畸形
08:10
did not affect影响 him
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没有影响到他
08:12
because he had the support支持 of a family家庭;
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因为他有他家人的支持,
08:14
he had a successful成功, fulfilling履行 job工作.
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他有一份成功的令他满足的工作。
08:16
So we've我们已经 seen看到 that we can change更改 people's人们 faces面孔.
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所以我们看到我们可以改变这些人的面部。
08:19
But when we change更改 people's人们 faces面孔,
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但当我们改变人们的面部时,
08:21
are we changing改变 their identity身分 --
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我们同时也改变了他们的身份,
08:23
for better or for worse更差?
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这到底是好还是不好?
08:26
For instance,
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比如说,
08:28
there are two different不同 types类型 of facial面部 surgery手术.
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有两种不同的面部手术。
08:30
We can categorize分类 it like that.
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我们可以这样归类。
08:32
We can say there are patients耐心 who choose选择 to have facial面部 surgery手术 --
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我们可以说一种是病人选择进行面部手术 --
08:34
like Sue起诉.
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正如苏.
08:36
When they have facial面部 surgery手术,
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他们进行面部手术之后,
08:38
they feel their lives生活 have changed
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感觉到他们的生活改变了,
08:40
because other people perceive感知 them
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因为其他人认为他们
08:43
as better people.
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是更好的人。
08:45
They don't feel different不同.
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他们本身并没感觉有什么不一样。
08:47
They feel that they've他们已经 actually其实 gained获得
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但他们觉得他们获得了一些
08:49
what they never had,
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他们曾经没有的东西,
08:51
that their face面对 now reflects反映 their personality个性.
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他们的面部现在反映了他们的个性。
08:53
And actually其实 that's probably大概 the difference区别 between之间 cosmetic化妆品 surgery手术
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这可能是整容手术
08:56
and this kind of surgery手术.
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和这些手术的不同之处。
08:58
Because you might威力 say, "Well, this type类型 of surgery手术
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因为你可能会说,“这种手术
09:01
might威力 be regarded认为 as cosmetic化妆品."
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也可以被认为是整容性质的。”
09:03
If you do cosmetic化妆品 surgery手术, patients耐心 are often经常 less happy快乐.
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如果你进行整容手术,病人们通常不会那么满意。
09:06
They're trying to achieve实现 difference区别 in their lives生活.
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整容手术病人想要改变生活。
09:12
Sue起诉 wasn't trying to achieve实现 difference区别 in her life.
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苏并没有想改变生活,
09:14
She was just trying to achieve实现 the face面对
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她只是想让她的面部
09:16
that matched匹配 her personality个性.
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和她的个性相匹配。
09:18
But then we have other people
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也有其他一些人
09:20
who don't choose选择 to have facial面部 surgery手术.
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他们没有选择面部手术。
09:22
They're people who have their face面对 shot射击 off.
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这些人的面部被严重毁坏。
09:24
I'll move移动 it off, and we'll have a blank空白 slide滑动 for those who are squeamish过于拘谨的 amongst其中包括 you.
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我还是赶紧把图片移开,为了你们中感觉不舒服的人我们还是看着这张空白的幻灯片吧。
09:27
They have it forced被迫 upon them.
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但是他们被迫要做面部手术。
09:29
And again, as I told you,
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正如我告诉你的,
09:31
if they have a caring爱心 family家庭
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如果他们有个关心他们的家庭
09:33
and good work life,
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好的工作和生活,
09:36
then they can lead normal正常 and fulfilled完成 lives生活.
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他们可以过正常和满意的生活。
09:39
Their identity身分 doesn't change更改.
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他们的身份并没有变化。
09:41
Is this business商业
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这样的
09:43
about appearance出现 and preoccupation当务之急 with it
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关于外表和对其专注的行业
09:45
a Western西 phenomenon现象?
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是一种西方的现象么?
09:47
Muzetta'sMuzetta的 family家庭 give the lie谎言 to this.
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Muzetta一家的经历说明并不是这样的。
09:50
This is a little Bangladeshi孟加拉国 girl女孩 from the east end结束 of London伦敦
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这个住在伦敦东部的孟加拉国小女孩
09:53
who's谁是 got a huge巨大 malignant恶性 tumor on the right side of her face面对,
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她右脸上巨大的恶性肿瘤,
09:56
which哪一个 has already已经 made制作 her blind
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已经使她看不见东西,
09:58
and which哪一个 is rapidly急速 growing生长 and is going to kill her shortly不久.
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并且还在急速生长,在不久的将来会杀死她。
10:00
After she had surgery手术 to remove去掉 the tumor,
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在她手术移除肿瘤之后,
10:03
her parents父母 dressed连衣裙的 her in this beautiful美丽 green绿色 velvet丝绒 dress连衣裙,
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她的父母给她穿上漂亮的绿色天鹅绒连衣裙,
10:06
a pink ribbon色带 in her hair头发,
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用粉色丝带装饰她的头发,
10:08
and they wanted the painting绘画 to be shown显示 around the world世界,
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他们希望全世界都可以看到这个画像,
10:10
despite尽管 the fact事实 that they were orthodox正统 Muslims穆斯林
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虽然他们是正统的穆斯林教徒
10:13
and the mother母亲 wore穿着 a full充分 burqa布卡.
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她的母亲一直穿罩袍。
10:15
So it's not simply只是 a Western西 phenomenon现象.
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所以这并不只是一个西方现象。
10:20
We make judgments判断 on people's人们 faces面孔
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我们根据人的面部做判断
10:22
all the time.
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每时每刻。
10:24
It's been going on since以来 we can think of Lombroso龙勃罗梭
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从Lombrosso
10:27
and the way he would define确定 criminal刑事 faces面孔.
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和他定义罪犯脸部方法开始。
10:29
He said you could see criminal刑事 faces面孔,
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他说你可以
10:31
judging判断 them just on the photographs照片 that were showed显示.
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只从照片就看出来哪些是罪犯的面孔。
10:34
Good-looking好看 people
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好看的人们
10:36
are always judged判断 as being存在 more friendly友善.
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总是会被认为更加友好。
10:38
We look at O.J. --
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当我们看到O.J (O·J·辛普森) --
10:40
he's a good-looking好看 guy.
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他长的不错。
10:42
We'd星期三 like to spend time with him. He looks容貌 friendly友善.
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我们愿意花时间和他相处。他看起来挺友善。
10:45
Now we know that he's a convicted被定罪 wife-batterer妻子打人,
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我们现在知道他因为殴打他的妻子而判有罪,
10:48
and actually其实 he's not the good guy.
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他其实并不是个好人。
10:50
And beauty美女 doesn't equate等同 to goodness善良,
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美貌并不等同于善良,
10:54
and certainly当然 doesn't equate等同 to contentment满意.
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更不等同于满足。
10:57
So we've我们已经 talked about the static静态的 face面对
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我们谈了静态的面部
10:59
and judging判断 the static静态的 face面对,
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和对静态面部的判断,
11:01
but actually其实, we're more comfortable自在
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事实上,我们更习惯于
11:03
with judging判断 the moving移动 face面对.
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从动态的面部来判断。
11:05
We think we can judge法官 people on their expressions表达式.
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我们觉得我们可以从人们的表情进行判断。
11:08
U.K. jurors陪审员 in the U.K. justice正义 system系统
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英国法律体系下的陪审员
11:11
like to see a live生活 witness见证
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喜欢见到现场目击者
11:13
to see whether是否 they can pick up the telltale揭秘 signs迹象 of mendacity谎言 --
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这样他们可以看出来是否有泄露真相的迹象 --
11:16
the blink, the hesitation犹豫.
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眨眼,犹豫。
11:19
And so they want to see live生活 witnesses目击者.
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所以他们想见到现场目击人。
11:22
Todorov托多罗夫 tells告诉 us that, in a tenth第十 of a second第二,
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托多罗夫告诉我们,只用十分之一秒,
11:25
we can make a judgment判断 on somebody's某人的 face面对.
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我们就可以根据他人的面部来做判断。
11:28
Are we uncomfortable不舒服 with this image图片? Yes, we are.
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我们对这个画面感觉的不舒服么?确实是这样。
11:31
Would we be happy快乐 if our doctor's医生 face面对, our lawyer's律师 face面对,
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如果我们的医生,律师,
11:34
our financial金融 adviser's顾问的 face面对 was covered覆盖?
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金融顾问的脸被遮起来,我们会开心么?
11:36
We'd星期三 be pretty漂亮 uncomfortable不舒服.
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我们会挺不舒服的。
11:38
But are we good at making制造 the judgments判断
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但是我们能够很好的
11:40
on facial面部 appearance出现 and movement运动?
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根据面部外观和活动做判断么?
11:43
The truth真相 is that there's a five-minute五分钟 rule规则,
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真实情况是有一个五分钟准则 --
11:45
not the tenth-of-a-second第十对的一第二 rule规则 like Todorov托多罗夫, but a five-minute五分钟 rule规则.
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并不是托多罗夫所说的十分之一秒,但是是一个五分钟准则。
11:48
If you spend five minutes分钟 with somebody,
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如果你和某个人相处五分钟,
11:50
you start开始 looking beyond their facial面部 appearance出现,
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你会开始注意到他们面部外观之外的地方,
11:52
and the people who you're initially原来 attracted吸引 to
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这些一开始吸引你的人
11:54
may可能 seem似乎 boring无聊 and you lose失去 interest利益 in them,
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可能会让你觉得很无聊,你对他们不再有兴趣,
11:56
and the people who you didn't immediately立即 seek寻求 out,
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然后有些并没有立刻就引起你注意的人,
11:58
because you didn't find them particularly尤其 attractive有吸引力,
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因为你一开始并没觉得他们特别有吸引力,
12:00
become成为 attractive有吸引力 people
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变得更加引人瞩目
12:02
because of their personality个性.
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是因为他们的个性。
12:05
So we've我们已经 talked a lot about facial面部 appearance出现.
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我们谈了一些面部外观。
12:08
I now want to share分享
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现在我想和你们分享
12:10
a little bit of the surgery手术 that we do --
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一些我们做的手术 --
12:12
where we're at and where we're going.
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我们现在和未来在做的手术。
12:14
This is an image图片 of Ann
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这是一幅安的图片
12:16
who's谁是 had her right jaw removed去除 and the base基础 of her skull头骨 removed去除.
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她的右下颚和头骨底部被移除了。
12:18
And you can see in the images图片 afterward之后,
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你可以看到手术后的图片,
12:20
we've我们已经 managed管理 to reconstruct重建 her successfully顺利.
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我们对她整形的很成功。
12:22
But that's not good enough足够.
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但依旧不够好。
12:24
This is what Ann wants. She wants to be out kayaking皮划艇,
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安想要到外面去划皮划艇,
12:26
she wants to be out climbing攀登 mountains.
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她想去爬山。
12:28
And that's what she achieved实现, and that's what we have to get to.
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这些她曾经都做过,而这是我们现在需要努力的方向。
12:30
This is a horrific可怕的 image图片,
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这是一张恐怖的图片,
12:32
so I'm putting my hand up now.
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所以我把我的手盖在上面。
12:34
This is a photograph照片 of Adi阿迪,
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这是阿迪的一张照片,
12:36
a Nigerian尼日利亚 bank银行 manager经理 who had his face面对 shot射击 off
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一位尼日利亚的银行经理,他的面部
12:38
in an armed武装 robbery抢劫.
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在一起持枪抢劫中被严重毁容。
12:40
And he lost丢失 his lower降低 jaw, his lip, his chin下巴
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他失去了下颚,嘴唇,下巴
12:42
and his upper jaw and teeth.
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还有上颚和牙齿。
12:44
This is the bar酒吧 that he set for us.
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这是他对我们的期望。
12:46
"I want to look like this. This is how I looked看着 before."
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“我想看起来像这样。这是我以前的样子。”
12:49
So with modern现代 technology技术,
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使用现代技术,
12:51
we used computers电脑 to make models楷模.
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我们用电脑做出模型。
12:54
We made制作 a model模型 of the jaw without bone in it.
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我们做了个无骨的的颚部模型。
12:56
We then bent弯曲 a plate盘子 up to it.
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然后我们折弯一块薄板。
12:58
We put it in place地点
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放入适当的地方
13:00
so we knew知道 it was an accurate准确 position位置.
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这样我们可以知道一个精确的位置。
13:02
We then put bone and tissue组织 from the back.
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之后我们把骨头和组织放在其后。
13:05
Here you can see the plate盘子 holding保持 it,
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你可以看到薄板支撑着它,
13:07
and you can see the implants植入物 being存在 put in --
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植入体正在被放进去--
13:10
so that in one operation手术
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在一次手术之中
13:12
we achieve实现 this
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我们做到了这个
13:15
and this.
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还有这个。
13:17
So the patient's耐心 life is restored恢复.
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这位病人恢复了正常生活。
13:19
That's the good news新闻.
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这是好消息。
13:21
However然而, his chin下巴 skin皮肤
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虽然如此,他下颚的皮肤
13:23
doesn't look the same相同 as it did before.
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看起来跟以前不一样。
13:25
It's skin皮肤 from his back.
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这是他背部的皮肤。
13:27
It's thicker更厚的, it's darker, it's coarser粗糙, it doesn't have the contours轮廓.
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所以更厚,颜色更深,更粗糙一些,也没有应有的轮廓。
13:30
And that's where we're failing失败,
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这些是我们不足的地方。
13:32
and that's where we need the face面对 transplant移植.
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这时候我们需要面部移植。
13:34
The face面对 transplant移植 has a role角色
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面部移植手术
13:36
probably大概 in burns烧伤 patients耐心 to replace更换 the skin皮肤.
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可能在更换烧伤病人的皮肤中扮演了一个重要角色。
13:39
We can replace更换 the underlying底层 skeletal骨骼 structure结构体,
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我们可以替换底层的骨骼结构,
13:41
but we're still not good at replacing更换 the facial面部 skin皮肤.
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但是我们对面部皮肤的替换还很不足。
13:44
So it's very valuable有价值
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所以
13:46
to have that tool工具 in our armamentarium医疗设备.
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在我们医疗设备中有这样的工具是十分重要的。
13:48
But the patients耐心 are going to have to take drugs毒品
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可是病人们会终身需要服药
13:50
that suppress压制 their immune免疫的 system系统 for the rest休息 of their lives生活.
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用来抑制他们的免疫系统。
13:52
What does that mean?
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这说明什么呢?
13:54
They have an increased增加 risk风险 of infection感染, an increased增加 risk风险 of malignancy恶性肿瘤.
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他们会更可能被感染,有更大风险使病情恶化。
13:57
This is not a life-saving救生 transplant移植 --
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这并不是一个挽救生命的移植 --
13:59
like a heart, or liver, or lung transplant移植 --
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比如心脏,肝脏,肺部移植 --
14:02
it is a quality-of-life生活质量 transplant移植,
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这是一种生命质量的移植,
14:05
and as a result结果,
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移植的结果
14:07
are the patients耐心 going to say, if they get a malignant恶性 cancer癌症 10 or 15 years年份 on,
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是这些病人们是不是会说,如果他们十年或者十五年后会罹患恶性肿瘤,
14:10
"I wish希望 I'd had conventional常规 reconstructive重建 techniques技术 rather than this
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“我还不如当时用常规的整容方法而不是用这个,
14:13
because I'm now dying垂死 of a malignant恶性 cancer癌症"? We don't know yet然而.
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因为我现在正在死于恶性肿瘤?”我们还不清楚。
14:16
We also don't know what they feel
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我们也不知道他们
14:19
about recognition承认 and identity身分.
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对此的认可度和认同有什么感受。
14:21
Bernard伯纳德 DevauchelleDevauchelle and Sylvie西尔维 TestelinTestelin, who did the first operation手术,
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首先尝试此类手术的伯纳德·德沃谢勒和塞尔维·泰斯特兰
14:24
are studying研究 that.
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对他们进行了研究。
14:26
Donors捐助者 are going to be short on the ground地面,
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接受手术的人不会很多,
14:29
because how many许多 people want to have their loved喜爱 one's那些 face面对
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有多少人愿意自己关爱的人的脸部
14:32
removed去除 at the point of death死亡?
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在他/她过世的时候被移除。
14:35
So there are going to be problems问题
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所以会有很多的问题
14:37
with face面对 transplantation移植.
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对于面部移植。
14:39
So the better news新闻 is
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所以更好的消息是
14:41
the future's期货 almost几乎 here --
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未来即将到来--
14:43
and the future未来 is tissue组织 engineering工程.
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这个未来就是组织工程。
14:45
Just imagine想像,
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想象一下,
14:47
I can make a biologically-degradable生物降解 template模板.
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我可以做一个生物上可降解的模板。
14:50
I can put it in place地点 where it's meant意味着 to be.
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我可以将它放在它应该在的地方。
14:52
I can sprinkle a few少数 cells细胞,
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我可以随机分配一些细胞,
14:54
stem cells细胞 from the patient's耐心 own拥有 hip臀部,
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从病人髋关节抽取一些干细胞,
14:56
a little bit of genetically基因 engineered工程 protein蛋白,
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一些转基因的蛋白质,
14:58
and lo and behold不料, leave离开 it for four months个月 and the face面对 is grown长大的.
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然后瞧,四个月后面部就长好了。
15:02
This is a bit like a Julia朱莉娅 Child儿童 recipe食谱.
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这有些像一份朱莉娅的儿童菜谱。
15:06
But we've我们已经 still got problems问题.
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但我们还有很多问题。
15:08
We've我们已经 got mouth cancer癌症 to solve解决.
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我们需要解决口腔癌。
15:10
We're still not curing养护 enough足够 patients耐心 -- it's the most disfiguring毁容 cancer癌症.
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我们仍然没有治愈足够多的病人--这是最严重的癌症毁容。
15:13
We're still not reconstructing重建 them well enough足够.
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我们的整容术还是不够好。
15:16
In the U.K. we have an epidemic疫情
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在英国
15:18
of facial面部 injuries受伤 among其中 young年轻 people.
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面部创伤在年轻人中很普遍。
15:20
We still can't get rid摆脱 of scars伤疤.
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我们还是不能消除疤痕。
15:22
We need to do research研究.
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我们需要研究。
15:24
And the best最好 news新闻 of all
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最好的消息
15:26
is that surgeons外科医生 know
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是医生们知道
15:28
that we need to do research研究.
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我们需要做研究。
15:30
And we've我们已经 set up charities慈善机构
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我们已经建立慈善组织
15:32
that will help us fund基金
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给予我们
15:34
the clinical临床 research研究
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临床试验资金方面的帮助
15:36
to determine确定 the best最好 treatment治疗 practice实践 now
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用来测定目前最好的理疗实践
15:38
and better treatment治疗 into the future未来,
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和将来更好的治疗方法,
15:40
so we don't just sit on our laurels桂冠 and say, "Okay, we're doing okay.
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所以我们不能安于现状说,“我们做的还不错。
15:42
Let's leave离开 it as it is."
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我们就这样算了吧。”
15:44
Thank you very much indeed确实.
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十分感谢。
15:46
(Applause掌声)
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(掌声)
Translated by Anna Jin
Reviewed by Angelia King

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Iain Hutchison - Facial surgeon
Iain Hutchison is a pioneering oral and facial surgeon; his foundation, Saving Faces, explores the nature of our expressions.

Why you should listen

Iain Hutchison thinks deeply about our faces. In his practice at St. Bartholomew’s, Royal London and University College London Hospitals, he has seen faces that lack the basic ability to function, to communicate emotion, to serve as a window to the world. His work involves repairing individual faces that have been impaired through cancer, birth defect or accidents—and asking all of us to look beyond first impressions.

One way he’s seeding the conversation is through the Facial Surgery Research Foundation/Saving Faces, which supports facial surgery research and education as well as a groundbreaking artistic residency by painter Mark Gilbert. Right in Hutchison’s office, patients sat for Gilbert before and after facial surgery, resulting in searching, honest portraits that show the humanity even of someone whose face we might be unwilling to look at. The “Saving Faces” exhibit has been seen by more than two million gallery visitors. Hutchison is also an active advocate of running clinical trials for facial surgery, and he funds and co-supervises two psychology PhD students to study ways to improve emotional and functional outcomes.

As he says: "Facial surgery is challenging not only because of its intricacy but because it has a profound effect on the patient’s psyche."

More profile about the speaker
Iain Hutchison | Speaker | TED.com