ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Isabel Behncke - Primatologist
Isabel Behncke applies an evolutionary lens to human questions like: Why do we play?

Why you should listen

Isabel Behncke (MSc University College London, MPhil, Cambridge University; PhD, Oxford University) is a New York- and Oxford-based behavioural and evolutionary scientist working on the nature of social animals … including humans. She’s from the mountains of Chile and loves wild things.

After walking 3000+ km in the jungles of Congo observing the social behaviour of bonobo apes -- our closest living relatives -- in field research, Dr. Behncke now applies an evolutionary lens to questions that lie at the core of social life and creativity: Why do we go to festivals? Why does trust require risk taking? Why do adults need to play in order to not just feel alive, but also maintain health, creativity and social bonds? Why do cities need to be not just ‘smart’ but also enjoyable? And crucially why is it that the more digital we get, the more understanding of evolution we need?

She enjoys consulting and engagement in different forms, has spoken at WIRED, the G20, House of Lords, United Nations, twice at the main TED event, and around the fire in Patagonia. She also has been part of numerous radio programmes, including NPR and BBC Radio 4. She has been featured in a number of television documentaries (BBC and National Geographic) and independent cinema (e.g., ‘Bounce: How the Ball taught the World to Play’).

More profile about the speaker
Isabel Behncke | Speaker | TED.com
TED2011

Isabel Behncke: Evolution's gift of play, from bonobo apes to humans

伊莎贝尔·贝恩克:从倭黑猩猩类人猿到人类,天赋进化的礼物是玩乐

Filmed:
980,169 views

在这个以前从没看到过的视频里,灵长类动物学家伊莎贝尔·贝恩克·伊斯基耶多讲了倭黑猩猩类人猿社会是如何通过不断地独自玩耍,和朋友玩耍,甚至是通过一个性爱前奏的玩乐来学习。的确,玩乐是倭黑猩猩解决问题和避免冲突的关键。如果玩乐对于我们的近亲起作用,为什么不会应用到人类身上呢?
- Primatologist
Isabel Behncke applies an evolutionary lens to human questions like: Why do we play? Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:15
I just came来了 back from a community社区
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我刚从一个社群回来
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that holds持有 the secret秘密 to human人的 survival生存.
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它们掌握着人类生存的秘密。
00:21
It's a place地点 where women妇女 run the show显示,
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在这个社群,女性主导一切,
00:24
have sex性别 to say hello你好,
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要做爱就打声招呼,
00:26
and play rules规则 the day --
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玩乐是全天的法宝--
00:28
where fun开玩笑 is serious严重 business商业.
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快乐玩耍是个正经严肃的事。
00:31
And no, this isn't Burning燃烧 Man
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不是的,这不是指欲火焚烧的男人
00:33
or San Francisco弗朗西斯科.
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也不是指旧金山(意指多元文化)。
00:35
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
00:37
Ladies女士们 and gentlemen绅士, meet遇到 your cousins表兄弟.
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女士们,先生们,见见你的近亲。
00:40
This is the world世界 of wild野生 bonobos倭黑猩猩
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这就是野生倭黑猩猩的世界
00:43
in the jungles丛林 of Congo刚果.
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座落于刚果的丛林中。
00:45
Bonobos倭黑猩猩 are, together一起 with chimpanzees黑猩猩,
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倭黑猩猩和黑猩猩是
00:48
your living活的 closest最近的 relative相对的.
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我们大家生活里最密切相关的近亲。
00:51
That means手段 we all share分享 a common共同 ancestor祖先,
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这意味我们都享有一个共同的祖先,
00:54
an evolutionary发展的 grandmother祖母,
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一个进化了的祖母,
00:56
who lived生活 around six million百万 years年份 ago.
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她生活在大约6百万年前。
01:00
Now, chimpanzees黑猩猩 are well-known知名
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现在,黑猩猩因
01:02
for their aggression侵略.
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他们的好战而闻名于世。
01:04
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
01:07
But unfortunately不幸,
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但不幸的是,
01:09
we have made制作 too much of an emphasis重点
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我们已经过分强调
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of this aspect方面
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这方面
01:13
in our narratives叙事 of human人的 evolution演化.
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在人类进化的历史中所起的作用。
01:16
But bonobos倭黑猩猩 show显示 us
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但是倭黑猩猩显示给我们的是
01:18
the other side of the coin硬币.
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这硬币的另一面。
01:20
While chimpanzees黑猩猩
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当黑猩猩
01:22
are dominated占主导地位 by big, scary害怕 guys,
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被又大又吓人的雄黑猩猩统领时,
01:25
bonobo倭黑猩猩 society社会
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倭黑猩猩社群
01:27
is run by empowered授权 females女性.
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是由雌倭黑猩猩所领导。
01:31
These guys have really worked工作 something out,
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这些倭黑猩猩能相安无事地生活在一起,
01:34
since以来 this leads引线 to a highly高度 tolerant宽容 society社会
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由此形成了一个高度包容性的社会
01:37
where fatal致命 violence暴力
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在这社群,致命的暴力行为
01:39
has not been observed观察到的 yet然而.
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还没有被观察到。
01:42
But unfortunately不幸,
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但不幸的是,
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bonobos倭黑猩猩 are the least最小 understood了解
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倭黑猩猩是类人猿里最难被了解的
01:46
of the great apes类人猿.
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一种。
01:48
They live生活 in the depths深处 of the Congolese刚果 jungle丛林,
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它们生活在刚果丛林的深处,
01:51
and it has been very difficult to study研究 them.
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所以对它们的研究就是非常困难。
01:54
The Congo刚果 is a paradox悖论 --
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刚果是个似是而非的矛盾体--
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a land土地 of extraordinary非凡 biodiversity生物多样性 and beauty美女,
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她是一块孕育非凡的生物多样性和美丽的土地,
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but also the heart of darkness黑暗 itself本身 --
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但她自身也是黑暗之心--
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the scene现场 of a violent暴力 conflict冲突
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暴力冲突的场景
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that has raged肆虐 for decades几十年
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已经持续了几十年
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and claimed声称 nearly几乎 as many许多 lives生活
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这夺走了许多生命
02:12
as the First World世界 War战争.
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就如第一次世界大战一样。
02:16
Not surprisingly出奇,
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不足为奇的是,
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this destruction毁坏 also endangers危害者 bonobo倭黑猩猩 survival生存.
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这种破坏也危及倭黑猩猩的生存。
02:22
Bushmeat丛林肉 trades交易 and forest森林 loss失利
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猎寻兽肉的买卖和丛林消失
02:25
means手段 we couldn't不能 fill a small stadium体育场
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意味着我们不能
02:28
with all the bonobos倭黑猩猩 that are left in the world世界 --
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给在世界上仅存的倭黑猩猩们提供一个小小的栖息地--
02:30
and we're not even sure of that to be honest诚实.
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实话,我们甚至都不能确定是否会有一个小的栖息地。
02:34
Yet然而, in this land土地 of violence暴力 and chaos混沌,
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然而,在这个充斥暴力和混乱的土地上
02:38
you can hear hidden laughter笑声
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你能听到隐隐约约的笑声
02:41
swaying摇曳 the trees树木.
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摇曳在树木中。
02:43
Who are these cousins表兄弟?
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这些近亲是些什么动物啊?
02:46
We know them as the "make love, not war战争" apes类人猿
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我们知道它们是“做爱,不要战争”的类人猿,
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since以来 they have frequent频繁, promiscuous淫乱
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因此它们有频繁的,很随便的性生活
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and bisexual双性恋 sex性别
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和双性性交
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to manage管理 conflict冲突
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来处理冲突
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and solve解决 social社会 issues问题.
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和解决社会问题。
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Now, I'm not saying this is the solution
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我现在不是说这就是解决
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to all of humanity's人类的 problems问题 --
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人类所有问题的方法--
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since以来 there's more to bonobo倭黑猩猩 life
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因为玩乐对于倭黑猩猩来说
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than the Kama卡马 Sutra佛经.
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比起欲经意味更多。
03:08
Bonobos倭黑猩猩, like humans人类,
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倭黑猩猩就像人类,
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love to play throughout始终 their entire整个 lives生活.
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在它们的整个一生都爱玩乐。
03:12
Play is not just child's孩子的 games游戏.
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玩乐不仅仅是孩子的游戏。
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For us and them,
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对于我们人类和倭黑猩猩,
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play is foundational基础 for bonding结合 relationships关系
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玩乐是建立亲密关系
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and fostering培育 tolerance公差.
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和培养容忍性的基础。
03:21
It's where we learn学习 to trust相信
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它也让我们学会信任
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and where we learn学习 about the rules规则 of the game游戏.
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和游戏的规则
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Play increases增加 creativity创造力
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玩乐增进了创造力
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and resilience弹性,
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和适应力,
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and it's all about the generation of diversity多样 --
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它都是有关多样性的产生--
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diversity多样 of interactions互动,
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多样性的相互作用,
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diversity多样 of behaviors行为,
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多样性的行为,
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diversity多样 of connections连接.
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和多样性的联系。
03:41
And when you watch bonobo倭黑猩猩 play,
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当你看倭黑猩猩玩乐时,
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you're seeing眼看 the very evolutionary发展的 roots
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你会看到非常进化的根源
03:46
of human人的 laughter笑声, dance舞蹈
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有关人类的笑声,跳舞
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and ritual仪式.
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和仪式。
03:50
Play is the glue
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玩乐就是粘结剂
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that binds结合 us together一起.
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使得我们相互联系在一起。
03:54
Now, I don't know how you play,
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现在我虽不知你是怎么玩乐的,
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but I want to show显示 you a couple一对 of unique独特 clips剪辑
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但我想给你们看两段
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fresh新鲜 from the wild野生.
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刚从野外拍摄到的特别剪辑。
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First, it's a ball game游戏 bonobo-style倭黑猩猩式 --
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首先,这是一个倭黑猩猩式的球类游戏--
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and I do not mean football足球.
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我不是指足球。
04:07
So here,
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在这儿,
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we have a young年轻 female and a male
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两只年轻的一雌一雄倭黑猩猩
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engaged订婚 in a chase game游戏.
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在玩追逐游戏。
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Have a look what she's doing.
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看看她在做什么。
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It might威力 be the evolutionary发展的 origin起源 of the phrase短语,
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这可能就是短语
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"she's got him by the balls."
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“她在玩弄他的蛋蛋。”的进化起源。
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(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
04:23
Only I think that he's rather loving爱心 it here, right?
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我只想到他相当喜欢这样的方式,对吧。
04:27
Yeah.
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是的。
04:29
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
04:31
So sex性别 play is common共同
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所以性游戏
04:33
in both bonobos倭黑猩猩 and humans人类.
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在倭黑猩猩和人类两者身上都是司空见惯的。
04:35
And this video视频 is really interesting有趣
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这个视频真的很有趣
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because it shows节目 --
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因为它证明--
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this video's视频的 really interesting有趣
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这个视频真的很有趣
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because it shows节目 the inventiveness创造力
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因为它证明了
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of bringing使 unusual异常 elements分子 into play --
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把不寻常的因素带进游戏里所产生的创造性--
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such这样 as testicles睾丸 --
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例如睾丸--
04:49
and also how play both requires要求 trust相信
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游戏如何能寻求信任
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and fosters福斯特 trust相信 --
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和培养信任--
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while at the same相同 time being存在 tremendous巨大 fun开玩笑.
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与此同时又乐趣无穷。
04:57
But play's剧中的 a shapeshifter变形者.
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但玩乐是一个变形的过程。
04:59
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
05:02
Play's玩的 a shapeshifter变形者,
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玩乐是一个变形的过程,
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and it can take many许多 forms形式,
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它可以变成许多玩乐游戏,
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some of which哪一个 are more quiet安静,
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一些游戏是较安静的,
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imaginative想像的, curious好奇 --
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富有想象力的,探于求索的--
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maybe where wonder奇迹 is discovered发现 anew重新.
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或许这玩乐的奇妙是发现新鲜事。
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And I want you to see,
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我想让大家看看,
05:15
this is Fuku, a young年轻 female,
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这是福酷,一个年轻雌倭黑猩猩,
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and she is quietly悄悄 playing播放 with water.
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她正在悄然地玩耍水。
05:19
I think, like her,
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我认为,就像她,
05:21
we sometimes有时 play alone单独,
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我们有时独自玩耍,
05:23
and we explore探索 the boundaries边界
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我们探索着
05:25
of our inner and our outer worlds世界.
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我们内心和我们外部世界的界限。
05:28
And it's that playful调皮 curiosity好奇心
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正是玩乐的新奇感
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that drives驱动器 us to explore探索, drives驱动器 us to interact相互作用,
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驱使我们去探索,驱使我们去互动联系。
05:34
and then the unexpected意外 connections连接 we form形成
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然后我们所形成的这种意想不到的联系
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are the real真实 hotbed温床 for creativity创造力.
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是真正孕育创造力的温床。
05:41
So these are just small tasters品酒师
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因此这些仅是浅尝而已
05:44
into the insights见解 that bonobo倭黑猩猩 give us
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由倭黑猩猩带给我们这种深刻的洞察力
05:46
to our past过去 and present当下.
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来探索我们的过去和现在。
05:49
But they also hold保持 a secret秘密 for our future未来,
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但它们也对我们的未来保有一个秘密,
05:52
a future未来 where we need to adapt适应
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在未来我们需要适应
05:54
to an increasingly日益 challenging具有挑战性的 world世界
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一个日益充满挑战性的世界
05:57
through通过 greater更大 creativity创造力
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通过史无前例的创造性
05:59
and greater更大 cooperation合作.
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和更多的合作来做到。
06:01
The secret秘密 is that play is the key
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这秘密是玩乐是
06:04
to these capacities能力.
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具备这些能力的关键。
06:06
In other words,
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换言之,
06:08
play is our adaptive自适应 wildcard通配符.
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玩乐是我们适应未来的万能牌。
06:10
In order订购 to adapt适应 successfully顺利
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为了成功地适应
06:12
to a changing改变 world世界,
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一个变化中的世界,
06:14
we need to play.
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我们需要玩乐。
06:18
But will we make the most of our playfulness嬉闹?
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但我们要尽可能地嬉戏玩乐吗?
06:21
Play is not frivolous轻浮.
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玩乐不是无足轻重的;
06:23
Play's玩的 essential必要.
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玩乐是至关重要的。
06:25
For bonobos倭黑猩猩 and humans人类 alike一样,
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对于倭黑猩猩和人类一样,
06:28
life is not just red in tooth齿 and claw.
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生活不仅仅是血红的牙齿和利爪。
06:31
In times when it seems似乎 least最小 appropriate适当 to play,
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好似最不适宜去玩乐的时候,
06:34
it might威力 be the times when it is most urgent紧急.
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但它可能是最迫切需要玩乐的时候。
06:38
And so, my fellow同伴 primates灵长类动物,
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那么,我的灵长类的同胞们,
06:41
let us embrace拥抱 this gift礼品 from evolution演化
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让我们拥护这天赋进化的礼物
06:44
and play together一起,
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让我们一起嬉戏玩乐,
06:46
as we rediscover重新发现 creativity创造力,
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由此我们重新发现创造力,
06:49
fellowship奖学金 and wonder奇迹.
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情同手足的关系和奇迹。
06:51
Thank you.
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谢谢。
06:53
(Applause掌声)
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(掌声)
Translated by Angelia King
Reviewed by Jenny Yang

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Isabel Behncke - Primatologist
Isabel Behncke applies an evolutionary lens to human questions like: Why do we play?

Why you should listen

Isabel Behncke (MSc University College London, MPhil, Cambridge University; PhD, Oxford University) is a New York- and Oxford-based behavioural and evolutionary scientist working on the nature of social animals … including humans. She’s from the mountains of Chile and loves wild things.

After walking 3000+ km in the jungles of Congo observing the social behaviour of bonobo apes -- our closest living relatives -- in field research, Dr. Behncke now applies an evolutionary lens to questions that lie at the core of social life and creativity: Why do we go to festivals? Why does trust require risk taking? Why do adults need to play in order to not just feel alive, but also maintain health, creativity and social bonds? Why do cities need to be not just ‘smart’ but also enjoyable? And crucially why is it that the more digital we get, the more understanding of evolution we need?

She enjoys consulting and engagement in different forms, has spoken at WIRED, the G20, House of Lords, United Nations, twice at the main TED event, and around the fire in Patagonia. She also has been part of numerous radio programmes, including NPR and BBC Radio 4. She has been featured in a number of television documentaries (BBC and National Geographic) and independent cinema (e.g., ‘Bounce: How the Ball taught the World to Play’).

More profile about the speaker
Isabel Behncke | Speaker | TED.com