ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Ed Boyden - Neuroengineer
Ed Boyden is a professor of biological engineering and brain and cognitive sciences at the MIT Media Lab and the MIT McGovern Institute.

Why you should listen

Ed Boyden leads the Synthetic Neurobiology Group, which develops tools for analyzing and repairing complex biological systems such as the brain. His group applies these tools in a systematic way in order to reveal ground truth scientific understandings of biological systems, which in turn reveal radical new approaches for curing diseases and repairing disabilities. These technologies include expansion microscopy, which enables complex biological systems to be imaged with nanoscale precision, and optogenetic tools, which enable the activation and silencing of neural activity with light (TED Talk: A light switch for neurons). Boyden also co-directs the MIT Center for Neurobiological Engineering, which aims to develop new tools to accelerate neuroscience progress.

Amongst other recognitions, Boyden has received the Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences (2016), the BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award (2015), the Carnegie Prize in Mind and Brain Sciences (2015), the Jacob Heskel Gabbay Award (2013), the Grete Lundbeck Brain Prize (2013) and the NIH Director's Pioneer Award (2013). He was also named to the World Economic Forum Young Scientist list (2013) and the Technology Review World's "Top 35 Innovators under Age 35" list (2006). His group has hosted hundreds of visitors to learn how to use new biotechnologies and spun out several companies to bring inventions out of his lab and into the world. Boyden received his Ph.D. in neurosciences from Stanford University as a Hertz Fellow, where he discovered that the molecular mechanisms used to store a memory are determined by the content to be learned. Before that, he received three degrees in electrical engineering, computer science and physics from MIT. He has contributed to over 300 peer-reviewed papers, current or pending patents and articles, and he has given over 300 invited talks on his group's work.

More profile about the speaker
Ed Boyden | Speaker | TED.com
TED2011

Ed Boyden: A light switch for neurons

艾德·博伊登:神经的光控开关

Filmed:
1,098,379 views

艾德·博伊登展示了他如何用植入性光纤选择性地激活或冻结某一部分神经,那就是将感光性蛋白质基因植入脑细胞。通过这种史无前例的控制技术,他用来治疗患有创伤后应激障碍和某些程度失明的老鼠。相信在不久的将来,就会出现人造神经。会议主持人Juan Enriquez将开展简短的提问与回答。
- Neuroengineer
Ed Boyden is a professor of biological engineering and brain and cognitive sciences at the MIT Media Lab and the MIT McGovern Institute. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:15
Think about your day for a second第二.
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花点时间回想你的一天
00:17
You woke醒来 up, felt fresh新鲜 air空气 on your face面对 as you walked out the door,
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你清晨醒来,走出房门的时候感受到清风拂过你的脸颊
00:20
encountered遇到 new colleagues同事 and had great discussions讨论,
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巧遇新的同事,与其谈天说地
00:22
and felt in awe威严 when you found发现 something new.
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当你发现新事物时则心怀敬畏
00:24
But I bet赌注 there's something you didn't think about today今天 --
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但我确定今天会有些你没有想到的事情--
00:26
something so close to home
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一些如此贴近生活的
00:28
that you probably大概 don't think about it very often经常 at all.
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但你可能完全忽略的事情。
00:30
And that's that all the sensations感觉, feelings情怀,
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其中包含的所有的感知能力,感情
00:32
decisions决定 and actions行动
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决策和行动
00:34
are mediated by the computer电脑 in your head
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都直接受控于在你头部的电脑
00:36
called the brain.
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叫做大脑的部分。
00:38
Now the brain may可能 not look like much from the outside --
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大脑看可不像外表看起来那样--
00:40
a couple一对 pounds英镑 of pinkish-gray粉灰 flesh,
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只是几磅桃灰色的肉块,
00:42
amorphous非晶 --
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非结晶的固体--
00:44
but the last hundred years年份 of neuroscience神经科学
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但是经过上百年积淀的神经学
00:46
have allowed允许 us to zoom放大 in on the brain,
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让我们能进一步的研究大脑,
00:48
and to see the intricacy复杂 of what lies within.
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并了解大脑的错综复杂。
00:50
And they've他们已经 told us that this brain
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研究告诉我们大脑
00:52
is an incredibly令人难以置信 complicated复杂 circuit电路
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是由上千亿个神经元细胞
00:54
made制作 out of hundreds数以百计 of billions数十亿 of cells细胞 called neurons神经元.
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组成的难以想象的复杂电路
00:58
Now unlike不像 a human-designed人性化设计 computer电脑,
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不同于人类设计的电脑
01:01
where there's a fairly相当 small number of different不同 parts部分 --
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那种由较少的不同元件组成的--
01:03
we know how they work, because we humans人类 designed设计 them --
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我们了解它们如何工作,因为是我们人类设计出了它们--
01:06
the brain is made制作 out of thousands数千 of different不同 kinds of cells细胞,
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大脑由上千种不同的细胞组成
01:09
maybe tens of thousands数千.
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也许是上万种
01:11
They come in different不同 shapes形状; they're made制作 out of different不同 molecules分子.
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它们分化成不同的形状;它们分泌出不同分子;
01:13
And they project项目 and connect to different不同 brain regions地区,
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它们延伸并连接大脑的不同地区。
01:16
and they also change更改 different不同 ways方法 in different不同 disease疾病 states状态.
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它们对于不同的疾病也表现出不同的方式。
01:19
Let's make it concrete具体.
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说的具体一点
01:21
There's a class of cells细胞,
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有一种细胞,
01:23
a fairly相当 small cell细胞, an inhibitory抑制 cell细胞, that quiets平静下来 its neighbors邻居.
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一种较小的,抑制性细胞,能够抑制周围细胞。
01:26
It's one of the cells细胞 that seems似乎 to be atrophied萎缩 in disorders障碍 like schizophrenia精神分裂症.
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这是一种其萎缩能导致类似神经分裂症状的细胞
01:30
It's called the basket cell细胞.
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这叫做篮细胞
01:32
And this cell细胞 is one of the thousands数千 of kinds of cell细胞
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它是我们正在研究的成千上万种细胞
01:34
that we are learning学习 about.
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中的一种
01:36
New ones那些 are being存在 discovered发现 everyday每天.
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每天都会有发现新型的细胞。
01:38
As just a second第二 example:
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第二个例子:
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these pyramidal金字塔 cells细胞, large cells细胞,
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这些锥体细胞,大型的细胞
01:42
they can span跨度 a significant重大 fraction分数 of the brain.
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他们分布在大脑的很多部位
01:44
They're excitatory兴奋.
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它们易受刺激。
01:46
And these are some of the cells细胞
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其中的一部分细胞
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that might威力 be overactive过度活跃 in disorders障碍 such这样 as epilepsy癫痫.
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可能会因过度的活动而导致疾病类似癫症。
01:51
Every一切 one of these cells细胞
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这些细胞中每一个
01:53
is an incredible难以置信 electrical电动 device设备.
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都是一个神奇的电子元件
01:56
They receive接收 input输入 from thousands数千 of upstream上游 partners伙伴
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它们从上游细胞接收信息
01:58
and compute计算 their own拥有 electrical电动 outputs输出,
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然后编辑出它们自己的输出信息,
02:01
which哪一个 then, if they pass通过 a certain某些 threshold,
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然后,如果这些信息通过了特定的界限,
02:03
will go to thousands数千 of downstream下游 partners伙伴.
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就会传递到下游上千个细胞那里。
02:05
And this process处理, which哪一个 takes just a millisecond毫秒 or so,
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这个仅仅会花费一毫秒左右的时间的过程
02:08
happens发生 thousands数千 of times a minute分钟
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在你身上的每个1万亿个细胞中
02:10
in every一切 one of your 100 billion十亿 cells细胞,
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每分钟发生上千次,
02:12
as long as you live生活
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只要你活着
02:14
and think and feel.
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思考着感受着。
02:17
So how are we going to figure数字 out what this circuit电路 does?
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我们将如何解释这些回路的运作呢?
02:20
Ideally理想的情况下, we could go through通过 the circuit电路
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主观上,我们能刺激这些回路
02:22
and turn these different不同 kinds of cell细胞 on and off
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把不同种细胞反复刺激
02:25
and see whether是否 we could figure数字 out
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看我们是否能了解
02:27
which哪一个 ones那些 contribute有助于 to certain某些 functions功能
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哪种细胞作用于特定的功用
02:29
and which哪一个 ones那些 go wrong错误 in certain某些 pathologies病理.
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哪种细胞出错会引起特定的病理
02:31
If we could activate启用 cells细胞, we could see what powers权力 they can unleash发挥,
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如果我们能激活细胞,我们就能了解它们能释放哪种能量
02:34
what they can initiate发起 and sustain支持.
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他们是如何启动和维持的.
02:36
If we could turn them off,
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如果我们能把它们全部切断
02:38
then we could try and figure数字 out what they're necessary必要 for.
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我们就可能弄清楚它们的必要性。
02:40
And that's a story故事 I'm going to tell you about today今天.
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这就是今天我要告诉大家的故事。
02:43
And honestly老老实实, where we've我们已经 gone走了 through通过 over the last 11 years年份,
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老实说,
02:46
through通过 an attempt尝试 to find ways方法
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我们试图寻找方法
02:48
of turning车削 circuits电路 and cells细胞 and parts部分 and pathways途径 of the brain
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来控制大脑中的回路,细胞,部分的组织还有
02:50
on and off,
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它的传输途径
02:52
both to understand理解 the science科学
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这不仅是对科学的探索,
02:54
and also to confront面对 some of the issues问题
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也是直面人类所面临的
02:57
that face面对 us all as humans人类.
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一些问题。
03:00
Now before I tell you about the technology技术,
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在我告诉大家这项技术之前
03:03
the bad news新闻 is that a significant重大 fraction分数 of us in this room房间,
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坏消息是我们之间的绝大数人
03:06
if we live生活 long enough足够,
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如果你们活的够久远的话
03:08
will encounter遭遇, perhaps也许, a brain disorder紊乱.
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将会面临,也许,脑部疾病
03:10
Already已经, a billion十亿 people
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如今,10亿人
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have had some kind of brain disorder紊乱
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已经患有某些脑部疾病
03:14
that incapacitates瘫痪 them,
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阻碍它们生活
03:16
and the numbers数字 don't do it justice正义 though虽然.
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虽然这数字无法准确的表现出其严重性
03:18
These disorders障碍 -- schizophrenia精神分裂症, Alzheimer's老年痴呆症,
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这些疾病--精神分裂症,老年痴呆症
03:20
depression萧条, addiction --
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抑郁症,成瘾症--
03:22
they not only steal our time to live生活, they change更改 who we are.
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它们不仅榨取我们的生命,而且篡改我们生存的意义
03:25
They take our identity身分 and change更改 our emotions情绪
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它剥夺了我们的性格也改变了我们的情感--
03:27
and change更改 who we are as people.
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更改变了我们做人的本质
03:30
Now in the 20th century世纪,
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如今在20世纪,
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there was some hope希望 that was generated产生
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通过治疗脑部疾病的
03:36
through通过 the development发展 of pharmaceuticals药品 for treating治疗 brain disorders障碍,
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制药业的发展浮现出的一些希望
03:39
and while many许多 drugs毒品 have been developed发达
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同时很多药物被研发出
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that can alleviate缓和 symptoms症状 of brain disorders障碍,
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能减缓脑部疾病的症状
03:44
practically几乎 none没有 of them can be considered考虑 to be cured治愈.
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实际上没有那种病被认为是能被治愈的
03:47
And part部分 of that's because we're bathing洗澡 the brain in the chemical化学.
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其中一部分是因为,我们大脑浸泡在化学物质当中
03:50
This elaborate阐述 circuit电路
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这复杂的回路
03:52
made制作 out of thousands数千 of different不同 kinds of cell细胞
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由上千种不同类型的细胞组成
03:54
is being存在 bathed沐浴 in a substance物质.
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正浸泡在液体当中
03:56
That's also why, perhaps也许, most of the drugs毒品, and not all, on the market市场
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这也是为什么,市面上大部分的药物,不全都
03:58
can present当下 some kind of serious严重 side effect影响 too.
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会引起某些严重的副作用。
04:01
Now some people have gotten得到 some solace慰藉
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如今有些人通过在大脑植入电击器
04:04
from electrical电动 stimulators刺激 that are implanted植入 in the brain.
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来改善某些疾病。
04:07
And for Parkinson's帕金森氏 disease疾病,
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对于帕金森症
04:09
Cochlear人工耳蜗 implants植入物,
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耳蜗移植电击器
04:11
these have indeed确实 been able能够
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的确能够
04:13
to bring带来 some kind of remedy补救
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带给患有一些特殊疾病的患者
04:15
to people with certain某些 kinds of disorder紊乱.
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一些治疗效果
04:17
But electricity电力 also will go in all directions方向 --
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但是电流还是会往四散开去--
04:19
the path路径 of least最小 resistance抵抗性,
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找软柿子捏(从阻碍最小的地方通过)
04:21
which哪一个 is where that phrase短语, in part部分, comes from.
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这也是这句谚语的,部分的,出处
04:23
And it also will affect影响 normal正常 circuits电路 as well as the abnormal不正常 ones那些 that you want to fix固定.
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电流不仅作用在我们需要修复的细胞还会影响到那些正常的回路
04:26
So again, we're sent发送 back to the idea理念
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再一次,我们绕回到了
04:28
of ultra-precise超精密 control控制.
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超精确控制的问题上
04:30
Could we dial-in拨号 information信息 precisely恰恰 where we want it to go?
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我们是否能把信息精确的传输到我们想要地方?
04:34
So when I started开始 in neuroscience神经科学 11 years年份 ago,
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当11年前我开始研究神经科学
04:38
I had trained熟练 as an electrical电动 engineer工程师 and a physicist物理学家,
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我受训成为一个电学工程师和物理学家
04:41
and the first thing I thought about was,
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而且第一件我想到的事
04:43
if these neurons神经元 are electrical电动 devices设备,
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如果这些神经元是电子元件
04:45
all we need to do is to find some way
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所有我们要做的是找到某些方法
04:47
of driving主动 those electrical电动 changes变化 at a distance距离.
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在一定距离控制电流的变化
04:49
If we could turn on the electricity电力 in one cell细胞,
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如果我们能刺激单独一个细胞
04:51
but not its neighbors邻居,
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而不牵涉它周边
04:53
that would give us the tool工具 we need to activate启用 and shut关闭 down these different不同 cells细胞,
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那就我们就有了能激活和关闭各种不同细胞的工具
04:56
figure数字 out what they do and how they contribute有助于
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了解它们的作用和他们如何作用
04:58
to the networks网络 in which哪一个 they're embedded嵌入式.
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在它们位于的脑部网络
05:00
And also it would allow允许 us to have the ultra-precise超精密 control控制 we need
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同样这给了我们需要的超精确控制
05:02
in order订购 to fix固定 the circuit电路 computations计算
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来修复出错
05:05
that have gone走了 awry.
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的回路
05:07
Now how are we going to do that?
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如今我们将怎么做呢?
05:09
Well there are many许多 molecules分子 that exist存在 in nature性质,
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自然中有很多分子
05:11
which哪一个 are able能够 to convert兑换 light into electricity电力.
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能够把光转化为电流
05:14
You can think of them as little proteins蛋白质
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你可以把它们看做小蛋白质
05:16
that are like solar太阳能 cells细胞.
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像太阳能细胞
05:18
If we can install安装 these molecules分子 in neurons神经元 somehow不知何故,
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如果我们能用某种方法把这些分子注入到神经元中
05:21
then these neurons神经元 would become成为 electrically drivable驱动 with light.
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这些神经元就能转型成光控的电子元件
05:24
And their neighbors邻居, which哪一个 don't have the molecule分子, would not.
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那些周边的细胞,那些没有接受分子的,就不会转型
05:27
There's one other magic魔法 trick you need to make this all happen发生,
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另外还有一个你需要知道的小窍门,
05:29
and that's the ability能力 to get light into the brain.
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就是把光注入脑中。
05:32
And to do that -- the brain doesn't feel pain疼痛 -- you can put --
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这么做--大脑不会感知到痛苦--你能--
05:35
taking服用 advantage优点 of all the effort功夫
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充分利用脑中
05:37
that's gone走了 into the Internet互联网 and communications通讯 and so on --
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类似互联网和沟通的功能--
05:39
optical光纤 fibers纤维 connected连接的 to lasers激光器
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把光纤连接到激光束中
05:41
that you can use to activate启用, in animal动物 models楷模 for example,
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以此来激活,比如说动物的细胞
05:43
in pre-clinical临床前研究 studies学习,
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在潜伏期的研究中
05:45
these neurons神经元 and to see what they do.
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要了解这些神经元的功用
05:47
So how do we do this?
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那我们应该怎么做呢?
05:49
Around 2004,
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大概在2004年
05:51
in collaboration合作 with Gerhard格哈德 Nagel内格尔 and Karl卡尔 Deisseroth戴瑟罗特,
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在与格哈德·内格尔和卡尔·戴斯洛合作的时候
05:53
this vision视力 came来了 to fruition享用.
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假想得到了最终的成功
05:55
There's a certain某些 alga藻类 that swims游泳 in the wild野生,
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自然界中有一种特定的海藻
05:58
and it needs需求 to navigate导航 towards light
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它就有趋光性
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in order订购 to photosynthesize光合作用 optimally最佳.
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来达到最理想的光合效果
06:02
And it senses感官 light with a little eye-spot眼点,
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它用一个小眼点来感知光线
06:04
which哪一个 works作品 not unlike不像 how our eye works作品.
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但其工作原理和人眼大相径庭
06:07
In its membrane, or its boundary边界,
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在它的细胞膜,或者它的边界
06:09
it contains包含 little proteins蛋白质
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含有少量的蛋白质
06:12
that indeed确实 can convert兑换 light into electricity电力.
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能把光转化为电流
06:15
So these molecules分子 are called channelrhodopsinschannelrhodopsins.
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这些分子被叫做槽型视紫质(TRB)
06:18
And each of these proteins蛋白质 acts行为 just like that solar太阳能 cell细胞 that I told you about.
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这种蛋白质就像我告诉过你们的太阳能细胞那样运作
06:21
When blue蓝色 light hits点击 it, it opens打开 up a little hole
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当蓝光照射时,它会打开一个小口
06:24
and allows允许 charged带电 particles粒子 to enter输入 the eye-spot眼点,
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允许带点的微粒进入眼点中
06:26
and that allows允许 this eye-spot眼点 to have an electrical电动 signal信号
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这样眼点就有了电信号
06:28
just like a solar太阳能 cell细胞 charging充电 up a battery电池.
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就像是用太阳能细胞给电池充电一般
06:31
So what we need to do is to take these molecules分子
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我们需要做的就是提取这些分子
06:33
and somehow不知何故 install安装 them in neurons神经元.
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然后用某种方法注入到神经元中
06:35
And because it's a protein蛋白,
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同时因为这是蛋白质
06:37
it's encoded编码 for in the DNA脱氧核糖核酸 of this organism生物.
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由生物的DNA编码而成
06:40
So all we've我们已经 got to do is take that DNA脱氧核糖核酸,
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所以我们所要做的就是提取DNA
06:42
put it into a gene基因 therapy治疗 vector向量, like a virus病毒,
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注入到基因载体上,比如病毒
06:45
and put it into neurons神经元.
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然后把病毒注入到神经元中
06:48
So it turned转身 out that this was a very productive生产的 time in gene基因 therapy治疗,
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结果证明基因载体是一个很直接的方法
06:51
and lots of viruses病毒 were coming未来 along沿.
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病毒长驱直入
06:53
So this turned转身 out to be very simple简单 to do.
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证实了操作的简易性
06:55
And early in the morning早上 one day in the summer夏季 of 2004,
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在2004年夏天的一个早晨
06:58
we gave it a try, and it worked工作 on the first try.
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我们实物操作了一番,第一次尝试有了起效
07:00
You take this DNA脱氧核糖核酸 and you put it into a neuron神经元.
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你提取出DNA并注入到神经元中
07:03
The neuron神经元 uses使用 its natural自然 protein-making蛋白生产 machinery机械
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神经元用它自身的蛋白质合成器
07:06
to fabricate制造 these little light-sensitive光敏感 proteins蛋白质
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来组装出这些小型的光敏蛋白质
07:08
and install安装 them all over the cell细胞,
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并使其分不到细胞各处
07:10
like putting solar太阳能 panels面板 on a roof屋顶,
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就像在顶层架设太阳能板
07:12
and the next下一个 thing you know,
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接下去
07:14
you have a neuron神经元 which哪一个 can be activated活性 with light.
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你就有了个光敏的神经元
07:16
So this is very powerful强大.
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这是个很有效的工具
07:18
One of the tricks技巧 you have to do
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你要做的步骤
07:20
is to figure数字 out how to deliver交付 these genes基因 to the cells细胞 that you want
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就是设法把这些基因注入到你需要的细胞内
07:22
and not all the other neighbors邻居.
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而不是其他周边的细胞
07:24
And you can do that; you can tweak the viruses病毒
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你可以完成;你能转变这些病毒
07:26
so they hit击中 just some cells细胞 and not others其他.
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让它们只针对一些细胞而涉及到其他细胞
07:28
And there's other genetic遗传 tricks技巧 you can play
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还有其他基因方式能
07:30
in order订购 to get light-activated光活化 cells细胞.
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得到这种光敏细胞
07:33
This field领域 has now come to be known已知 as optogenetics光遗传学.
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如今这领域叫做光遗传学
07:37
And just as one example of the kind of thing you can do,
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举个例子来说明你要做的,
07:39
you can take a complex复杂 network网络,
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你可以在一个复杂的网络系统
07:41
use one of these viruses病毒 to deliver交付 the gene基因
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利用一种病毒来传递这种基因
07:43
just to one kind of cell细胞 in this dense稠密 network网络.
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在密集的细胞区域只针对一种细胞
07:46
And then when you shine闪耀 light on the entire整个 network网络,
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接着当你照射整个区域的时候
07:48
just that cell细胞 type类型 will be activated活性.
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只有那些特定的细胞被激活
07:50
So for example, lets让我们 sort分类 of consider考虑 that basket cell细胞 I told you about earlier --
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比如说,用篮细胞来做例子会更简单一点
07:53
the one that's atrophied萎缩 in schizophrenia精神分裂症
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就是那种萎缩导致精神分裂
07:55
and the one that is inhibitory抑制.
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有抑制作用的细胞
07:57
If we can deliver交付 that gene基因 to these cells细胞 --
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如果我们能把基因注入到这些细胞中--
07:59
and they're not going to be altered改变 by the expression表达 of the gene基因, of course课程 --
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而且他们不会引起基因的表现型有所改变--
08:02
and then flash blue蓝色 light over the entire整个 brain network网络,
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接着用蓝光照射整个脑组织
08:05
just these cells细胞 are going to be driven驱动.
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只有蓝细胞会被激活
08:07
And when the light turns off, these cells细胞 go back to normal正常,
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而当无光线的时候,这些细胞就变回普通的细胞
08:09
so they don't seem似乎 to be averse规避 against反对 that.
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没有产生不良的后果
08:12
Not only can you use this to study研究 what these cells细胞 do,
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不仅你能了解到这些细胞的功用
08:14
what their power功率 is in computing计算 in the brain,
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在大脑运作中它们的能效
08:16
but you can also use this to try to figure数字 out --
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而且你也能尝试解决--
08:18
well maybe we could jazz爵士乐 up the activity活动 of these cells细胞,
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也许我们可以激活这些细胞的活性,
08:20
if indeed确实 they're atrophied萎缩.
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如果它们真的萎缩的话。
08:22
Now I want to tell you a couple一对 of short stories故事
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现在我想告诉你一些小故事
08:24
about how we're using运用 this,
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关于我们怎么利用这技术的,
08:26
both at the scientific科学, clinical临床 and pre-clinical临床前研究 levels水平.
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在科学,临床阶段和临床前阶段的研究。
08:29
One of the questions问题 we've我们已经 confronted面对
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在我们遭遇到的问题中有一个
08:31
is, what are the signals信号 in the brain that mediate调解 the sensation感觉 of reward奖励?
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是,大脑用什么样的信号来代表奖励的感觉呢?
08:34
Because if you could find those,
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因为如果我们找到的话
08:36
those would be some of the signals信号 that could drive驾驶 learning学习.
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那能够驱使细胞学习的信号
08:38
The brain will do more of whatever随你 got that reward奖励.
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大脑就会为了奖励竭尽全力
08:40
And also these are signals信号 that go awry in disorders障碍 such这样 as addiction.
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同时也是这些出错的信号引起疾病类似成瘾症
08:43
So if we could figure数字 out what cells细胞 they are,
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如果我们能够知道是哪些细胞的话
08:45
we could maybe find new targets目标
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我们可能就有新的靶细胞
08:47
for which哪一个 drugs毒品 could be designed设计 or screened筛选 against反对,
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来专门设计或者挑选药物来对抗疾病
08:49
or maybe places地方 where electrodes电极 could be put in
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或者找到植入电击器的位置
08:51
for people who have very severe严重 disability失能.
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来帮助那些有着严重残疾的病人
08:54
So to do that, we came来了 up with a very simple简单 paradigm范例
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为了做到这些,我们想出了一个简单的例子
08:56
in collaboration合作 with the FiorellaFiorella的 group,
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在菲奥雷拉集团的协助下
08:58
where one side of this little box,
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在盒子的一边
09:00
if the animal动物 goes there, the animal动物 gets得到 a pulse脉冲 of light
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如果动物经过这里,就会被光波照射到
09:02
in order订购 to make different不同 cells细胞 in the brain sensitive敏感 to light.
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来区别不同细胞对光的感应能力.
09:04
So if these cells细胞 can mediate调解 reward奖励,
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那如果这些细胞是识别为被奖励的
09:06
the animal动物 should go there more and more.
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那动物就会多次的经过那里
09:08
And so that's what happens发生.
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这就是大致的经过
09:10
This animal's动物 going to go to the right-hand右手 side and poke his nose鼻子 there,
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动物会向右转并用鼻子顶那块地方
09:12
and he gets得到 a flash of blue蓝色 light every一切 time he does that.
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每次它做这个动作就会有一道蓝光照射
09:14
And he'll地狱 do that hundreds数以百计 and hundreds数以百计 of times.
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那它就会为此重复千上百次
09:16
These are the dopamine多巴胺 neurons神经元,
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这些是多巴胺神经元
09:18
which哪一个 some of you may可能 have heard听说 about, in some of the pleasure乐趣 centers中心 in the brain.
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你们中的一些可能可能听说过它在大脑的快感中枢某处
09:20
Now we've我们已经 shown显示 that a brief简要 activation激活 of these
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现在我们所展示的简短的步骤
09:22
is enough足够, indeed确实, to drive驾驶 learning学习.
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就足够,确定的,来诱导学习行为
09:24
Now we can generalize概括 the idea理念.
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如今我们概括出大致的观点
09:26
Instead代替 of one point in the brain,
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不是大脑中的某一点
09:28
we can devise设计 devices设备 that span跨度 the brain,
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我们可以发明一些能够桥接大脑的设备
09:30
that can deliver交付 light into three-dimensional三维 patterns模式 --
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来把光照射成三维的模式--
09:32
arrays阵列 of optical光纤 fibers纤维,
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利用光纤的巧妙排列
09:34
each coupled耦合 to its own拥有 independent独立 miniature微型 light source资源.
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每个光纤都有自身独立的微型光源.
09:36
And then we can try to do things in vivo体内
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接着我们在生物体上试验
09:38
that have only been doneDONE to-date至今 in a dish --
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测试那些已经在培养皿中完成的实验--
09:41
like high-throughput高通量 screening筛查 throughout始终 the entire整个 brain
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就像是给整个大脑做了高速的扫描一般
09:43
for the signals信号 that can cause原因 certain某些 things to happen发生.
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来确定特定的信号会触发哪些特定的事情
09:45
Or that could be good clinical临床 targets目标
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或者它们会成为临床上很好的
09:47
for treating治疗 brain disorders障碍.
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治疗脑部疾病的新目标
09:49
And one story故事 I want to tell you about
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另外一件我想说的事是
09:51
is how can we find targets目标 for treating治疗 post-traumatic创伤后 stress强调 disorder紊乱 --
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我们如何寻找靶细胞来治疗创伤后应激障碍--
09:54
a form形成 of uncontrolled不受控制 anxiety焦虑 and fear恐惧.
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这是一种不受控制的焦虑恐慌的症候群
09:57
And one of the things that we did
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我们要做的一件事
09:59
was to adopt采用 a very classical古典 model模型 of fear恐惧.
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接受一个经典的恐怖模式
10:02
This goes back to the Pavlovian巴甫洛夫 days.
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那就回到了巴甫洛夫的时代
10:05
It's called Pavlovian巴甫洛夫 fear恐惧 conditioning空调 --
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也被称作巴甫洛夫恐惧条件反射
10:07
where a tone ends结束 with a brief简要 shock休克.
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在响声后的短暂电击
10:09
The shock休克 isn't painful痛苦, but it's a little annoying恼人的.
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电极并不疼痛,但是有点烦人
10:11
And over time -- in this case案件, a mouse老鼠,
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久而久之--这里的例子,老鼠
10:13
which哪一个 is a good animal动物 model模型, commonly常用 used in such这样 experiments实验 --
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是一个很好的动物典型,在试验中广泛使用--
10:15
the animal动物 learns获悉 to fear恐惧 the tone.
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动物学会去害怕响声
10:17
The animal动物 will react应对 by freezing冷冻,
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会表现出呆滞的反应
10:19
sort分类 of like a deer鹿 in the headlights头灯.
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有点像鹿被车灯照射后的反应一样
10:21
Now the question is, what targets目标 in the brain can we find
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如今的问题是,大脑中哪些目标位置
10:24
that allow允许 us to overcome克服 this fear恐惧?
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能让我们克服这种恐惧?
10:26
So what we do is we play that tone again
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我们所做的就是再一次播放那
10:28
after it's been associated相关 with fear恐惧.
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当已经和恐惧联系起来的响声
10:30
But we activate启用 targets目标 in the brain, different不同 ones那些,
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但是我们激活大脑中的靶细胞,每次不同的位置
10:32
using运用 that optical光纤 fiber纤维 array排列 I told you about in the previous以前 slide滑动,
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利用光纤阵列来演示出之前那样的图片
10:35
in order订购 to try and figure数字 out which哪一个 targets目标
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来尝试找出能让大脑克服
10:37
can cause原因 the brain to overcome克服 that memory记忆 of fear恐惧.
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恐惧记忆的靶细胞
10:40
And so this brief简要 video视频
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这简短的录像
10:42
shows节目 you one of these targets目标 that we're working加工 on now.
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展示给大家一些我们正在研究的几个靶细胞
10:44
This is an area in the prefrontal前额叶 cortex皮质,
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这是前额皮层的一部分
10:46
a region地区 where we can use cognition认识 to try to overcome克服 aversive厌恶 emotional情绪化 states状态.
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一块能让我们用感知来尝试克服厌恶情绪的区域
10:49
And the animal's动物 going to hear a tone -- and a flash of light occurred发生 there.
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动物将听到同样的响声--以及一束光线
10:51
There's no audio音频 on this, but you can see the animal's动物 freezing冷冻.
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光线不伴随声音,但是你也能看到动物呆滞的反应
10:53
This tone used to mean bad news新闻.
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这声响意味着坏的消息
10:55
And there's a little clock时钟 in the lower降低 left-hand左手 corner,
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在左下角有个小型的闹钟
10:57
so you can see the animal动物 is about two minutes分钟 into this.
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你能看到老鼠用了大约两分钟僵立在那里
11:00
And now this next下一个 clip
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下一个片段
11:02
is just eight minutes分钟 later后来.
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是八分钟之后
11:04
And the same相同 tone is going to play, and the light is going to flash again.
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同样的响声,和相同的光线再一次的出现
11:07
Okay, there it goes. Right now.
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好,开始了,就现在
11:10
And now you can see, just 10 minutes分钟 into the experiment实验,
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正如你所见,只用了10分钟的实验
11:13
that we've我们已经 equipped装备 the brain by photoactivating光激活 this area
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我们就用光激活了大脑的这部分区域
11:16
to overcome克服 the expression表达
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来克服恐惧记忆
11:18
of this fear恐惧 memory记忆.
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的表现行为
11:20
Now over the last couple一对 of years年份, we've我们已经 gone走了 back to the tree of life
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近几年里,我们正回溯本源
11:23
because we wanted to find ways方法 to turn circuits电路 in the brain off.
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因为我们想找到控制大脑的方法
11:26
If we could do that, this could be extremely非常 powerful强大.
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如果我们能够控制的话,那就可能是极具影响的
11:29
If you can delete删除 cells细胞 just for a few少数 milliseconds毫秒 or seconds,
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如果让细胞失效就算几毫秒或者几秒的话
11:32
you can figure数字 out what necessary必要 role角色 they play
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就能了解到它们所在位置的脑电路
11:34
in the circuits电路 in which哪一个 they're embedded嵌入式.
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所扮演的本质的角色
11:36
And we've我们已经 now surveyed调查 organisms生物 from all over the tree of life --
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如今我们已经调查了生物界所有的生物--
11:38
every一切 kingdom王国 of life except for animals动物, we see slightly differently不同.
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所有生物除了动物,我们并没有发现太大的差异。
11:41
And we found发现 all sorts排序 of molecules分子, they're called halorhodopsinshalorhodopsins or archaerhodopsinsarchaerhodopsins,
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我们发现了各种各样的分子,被命名为感光紫红蛋白或者远古感光蛋白
11:44
that respond响应 to green绿色 and yellow黄色 light.
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会对绿色和黄色光线作出反应
11:46
And they do the opposite对面 thing of the molecule分子 I told you about before
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它们的反应是与之前我所提到的蓝光
11:48
with the blue蓝色 light activator活化剂 channelrhodopsin紫红质通道.
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活性槽型视紫质的反应恰恰相反
11:52
Let's give an example of where we think this is going to go.
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举个例子来说明具体的情况
11:55
Consider考虑, for example, a condition条件 like epilepsy癫痫,
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比如说癫痫这个症状
11:58
where the brain is overactive过度活跃.
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起因是大脑过度活跃
12:00
Now if drugs毒品 fail失败 in epileptic癫痫 treatment治疗,
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如果癫痫药物治疗失败
12:02
one of the strategies策略 is to remove去掉 part部分 of the brain.
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其他一种方法就是移除那部分大脑
12:04
But that's obviously明显 irreversible不可逆转, and there could be side effects效果.
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但是这显然是不可逆的过程,而且会引起副作用
12:06
What if we could just turn off that brain for a brief简要 amount of time,
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那如果我们让那部分大脑休眠一会儿
12:09
until直到 the seizure发作 dies away,
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知道症状全部消失
12:12
and cause原因 the brain to be restored恢复 to its initial初始 state --
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再让大脑恢复到原来的阶段--
12:15
sort分类 of like a dynamical动力 system系统 that's being存在 coaxed连哄带骗 down into a stable稳定 state.
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就好像把一个活跃的系统诱骗到一个稳定的系统一样
12:18
So this animation动画 just tries尝试 to explain说明 this concept概念
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这动画只是为了解释
12:21
where we made制作 these cells细胞 sensitive敏感 to being存在 turned转身 off with light,
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我们能利用光源来控制脑细胞这个概念
12:23
and we beam光束 light in,
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当我们用光照射时
12:25
and just for the time it takes to shut关闭 down a seizure发作,
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照射的时间也仅仅是能够刚好让症状消除
12:27
we're hoping希望 to be able能够 to turn it off.
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我们希望实验能够成功
12:29
And so we don't have data数据 to show显示 you on this front面前,
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暂时我们还没有这方面的实验数据展示给大家
12:31
but we're very excited兴奋 about this.
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但是我们对此充满期待
12:33
Now I want to close on one story故事,
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现在我想用一个故事来结束我的演讲
12:35
which哪一个 we think is another另一个 possibility可能性 --
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我们认为此技术能有其他用途---
12:37
which哪一个 is that maybe these molecules分子, if you can do ultra-precise超精密 control控制,
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如果能超精确控制这些感光蛋白
12:39
can be used in the brain itself本身
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能够在脑中
12:41
to make a new kind of prosthetic假肢, an optical光纤 prosthetic假肢.
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形成一个新型的假肢,光学的价值
12:44
I already已经 told you that electrical电动 stimulators刺激 are not uncommon罕见.
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我曾说过,电击器并不普遍
12:47
Seventy-five七十五 thousand people have Parkinson's帕金森氏 deep-brain深脑 stimulators刺激 implanted植入.
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如今只有75000位帕金森病人植入了脑部电击器
12:50
Maybe 100,000 people have Cochlear人工耳蜗 implants植入物,
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大约10万人在耳蜗中植入电击器
12:52
which哪一个 allow允许 them to hear.
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通过这样来恢复他们的听觉
12:54
There's another另一个 thing, which哪一个 is you've got to get these genes基因 into cells细胞.
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另一件事,就是你要让这些基因细胞移植入细胞中
12:57
And new hope希望 in gene基因 therapy治疗 has been developed发达
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基因治疗的新希望也就此诞生了
13:00
because viruses病毒 like the adeno-associated腺相关 virus病毒,
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因为像腺类病毒这类病毒
13:02
which哪一个 probably大概 most of us around this room房间 have,
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可能我们大多数都有携带
13:04
and it doesn't have any symptoms症状,
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但它不会引发任何症状
13:06
which哪一个 have been used in hundreds数以百计 of patients耐心
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它已经在上百名病人体内应用治疗
13:08
to deliver交付 genes基因 into the brain or the body身体.
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来转送基因进入大脑或者身体内
13:10
And so far, there have not been serious严重 adverse不利的 events事件
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目前为止,还有没有因为此病毒
13:12
associated相关 with the virus病毒.
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而引起任何严重不良反应的报告
13:14
There's one last elephant in the room房间, the proteins蛋白质 themselves他们自己,
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还有最后一点要重视的大隐患,就是蛋白质其本身
13:17
which哪一个 come from algae藻类 and bacteria and fungi菌类,
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那些来自于藻类,细菌以及真菌
13:19
and all over the tree of life.
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以及来自生物界的各种蛋白质
13:21
Most of us don't have fungi菌类 or algae藻类 in our brains大脑,
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我们大多数脑子没有真菌或者藻类的存在
13:23
so what is our brain going to do if we put that in?
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那如果我们把它们放入脑中会怎么样呢?
13:25
Are the cells细胞 going to tolerate容忍 it? Will the immune免疫的 system系统 react应对?
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我们大脑是否会排斥它?免疫系统是否会反应?
13:27
In its early days -- these have not been doneDONE on humans人类 yet然而 --
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早期的时候--我们并没有在人体里做实验--
13:29
but we're working加工 on a variety品种 of studies学习
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但是我们做了其他各种研究
13:31
to try and examine检查 this,
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来评估这方法
13:33
and so far we haven't没有 seen看到 overt公开 reactions反应 of any severity严重
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目前为止,我们还没有因这些分子或者
13:36
to these molecules分子
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因光照大脑
13:38
or to the illumination照明 of the brain with light.
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而产生的严重不良反应
13:41
So it's early days, to be upfront前期, but we're excited兴奋 about it.
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这还是初步的研究,就算如此,我们很激动
13:44
I wanted to close with one story故事,
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我想用一个故事来结束我的演讲
13:46
which哪一个 we think could potentially可能
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我们认为这有可能
13:48
be a clinical临床 application应用.
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成为一种临床的疗法
13:50
Now there are many许多 forms形式 of blindness失明
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失明有很多种类
13:52
where the photoreceptors感光,
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大多关于
13:54
our light sensors传感器 that are in the back of our eye, are gone走了.
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我们的眼球内部的光受体的损害。
13:57
And the retina视网膜, of course课程, is a complex复杂 structure结构体.
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我们的视网膜是个很复杂的结构
13:59
Now let's zoom放大 in on it here, so we can see it in more detail详情.
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我们来放大,仔细研究一下
14:01
The photoreceptor感光 cells细胞 are shown显示 here at the top最佳,
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照片中的感光受体在顶部
14:04
and then the signals信号 that are detected检测 by the photoreceptors感光
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被感光受体接收到的光信号
14:06
are transformed改造 by various各个 computations计算
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经过各种转化
14:08
until直到 finally最后 that layer of cells细胞 at the bottom底部, the ganglion神经节 cells细胞,
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最终从上而下,从神经节细胞
14:11
relay中继 the information信息 to the brain,
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传输信息到大脑出
14:13
where we see that as perception知觉.
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以此来获得视觉
14:15
In many许多 forms形式 of blindness失明, like retinitis视网膜炎 pigmentosa色素,
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很多种类的失明,比如色素性视网膜炎
14:18
or macular黄斑 degeneration退化,
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或者黄斑部变性
14:20
the photoreceptor感光 cells细胞 have atrophied萎缩 or been destroyed销毁.
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感光细胞是萎缩或者有损伤的
14:23
Now how could you repair修理 this?
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那我们如何才能修复呢?
14:25
It's not even clear明确 that a drug药物 could cause原因 this to be restored恢复,
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还没有证据证明药物可以对治疗这些疾病
14:28
because there's nothing for the drug药物 to bind捆绑 to.
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因为还没有针对的特效药
14:30
On the other hand, light can still get into the eye.
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但是,光还是能进入眼球的
14:32
The eye is still transparent透明 and you can get light in.
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眼球还是通透的,你也能看到光线能够进入
14:35
So what if we could just take these channelrhodopsinschannelrhodopsins and other molecules分子
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所以,如果我们能把这些单细胞感光紫红质蛋白和其他分子
14:38
and install安装 them on some of these other spare备用 cells细胞
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注入到那些正常的细胞中
14:40
and convert兑换 them into little cameras相机.
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把它们转化为一台台小的摄像机
14:42
And because there's so many许多 of these cells细胞 in the eye,
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因为眼球内部有很多细胞
14:44
potentially可能, they could be very high-resolution高分辨率 cameras相机.
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有可能,他们会成为高清的相机
14:47
So this is some work that we're doing.
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这就是我们所在做的
14:49
It's being存在 led by one of our collaborators合作者,
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我们合作人之一
14:51
Alan艾伦 HorsagerHorsager at USCUSC,
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艾伦·霍斯葛
14:53
and being存在 sought追捧 to be commercialized商业化 by a start-up启动 company公司 Eos依奥斯 Neuroscience神经科学,
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也正在美国卫生研究所的资助下将其技术
14:56
which哪一个 is funded资助 by the NIHNIH.
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商业化运作
14:58
And what you see here is a mouse老鼠 trying to solve解决 a maze迷宫.
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现在你所看到的是一个走迷宫的老鼠
15:00
It's a six-arm六臂 maze迷宫. And there's a bit of water in the maze迷宫
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这是六臂的迷宫,迷宫中有些许水
15:02
to motivate刺激 the mouse老鼠 to move移动, or he'll地狱 just sit there.
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来刺激老鼠移动,否则它只会呆在某处
15:04
And the goal目标, of course课程, of this maze迷宫
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当然,这迷宫的目的
15:06
is to get out of the water and go to a little platform平台
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是为了让水流入一个
15:08
that's under the lit发光的 top最佳 port港口.
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顶光源的平台
15:10
Now mice老鼠 are smart聪明, so this mouse老鼠 solves解决了 the maze迷宫 eventually终于,
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老鼠很聪明,最终走出了这迷宫
15:13
but he does a brute-force蛮力 search搜索.
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但是这是靠蛮力解决的
15:15
He's swimming游泳的 down every一切 avenue大街 until直到 he finally最后 gets得到 to the platform平台.
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它游过了每条分支最终才找到了平台
15:18
So he's not using运用 vision视力 to do it.
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所以它没有利用视觉来解决这问题
15:20
These different不同 mice老鼠 are different不同 mutations突变
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这些老鼠有着不一样的突变基因
15:22
that recapitulate概括 different不同 kinds of blindness失明 that affect影响 humans人类.
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各自代表着人类不用种类的失明症状
15:25
And so we're being存在 careful小心 in trying to look at these different不同 models楷模
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所以我们有很小心的探索不同种类的失明情况下
15:28
so we come up with a generalized一般性 approach途径.
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找出一个普遍的解决方法
15:30
So how are we going to solve解决 this?
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那我们如何解决呢?
15:32
We're going to do exactly究竟 what we outlined概述 in the previous以前 slide滑动.
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我们就完全按照之前片子里讲的那样
15:34
We're going to take these blue蓝色 light photosensors光电传感器
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把蓝光感光蛋白
15:36
and install安装 them on a layer of cells细胞
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注入到眼球最后方的视网膜的
15:38
in the middle中间 of the retina视网膜 in the back of the eye
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一层细胞上
15:41
and convert兑换 them into a camera相机 --
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把它们转化为一台台相机
15:43
just like installing安装 solar太阳能 cells细胞 all over those neurons神经元
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就好像这些神经元上布满了太阳能细胞一样
15:45
to make them light sensitive敏感.
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让它们接受光信号
15:47
Light is converted转换 to electricity电力 on them.
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并把光信号转化为电信号
15:49
So this mouse老鼠 was blind a couple一对 weeks before this experiment实验
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这老鼠实验前几周就瞎了
15:52
and received收到 one dose剂量 of this photosensitive感光性的 molecule分子 in a virus病毒.
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只接受过一次携带有感光受体分子的病毒注射
15:55
And now you can see, the animal动物 can indeed确实 avoid避免 walls墙壁
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你现在可以看到,老鼠能够避开墙壁
15:57
and go to this little platform平台
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找到有亮光的平台
15:59
and make cognitive认知 use of its eyes眼睛 again.
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视觉得到了恢复
16:02
And to point out the power功率 of this:
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为了指出其中的意义:
16:04
these animals动物 are able能够 to get to that platform平台
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这些动物走到平台的时间
16:06
just as fast快速 as animals动物 that have seen看到 their entire整个 lives生活.
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和那些没有瞎的东西用时是一样的
16:08
So this pre-clinical临床前研究 study研究, I think,
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虽然还处于临床前阶段
16:10
bodes好兆头 hope希望 for the kinds of things
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但是我认为这是个好兆头
16:12
we're hoping希望 to do in the future未来.
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未来我们希望我们能够成功
16:14
To close, I want to point out that we're also exploring探索
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最后,我想指出我们正研究的一种
16:17
new business商业 models楷模 for this new field领域 of neurotechnology神网.
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针对神经科学这新领域的商业模式
16:19
We're developing发展 these tools工具,
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我们发明了这些工具
16:21
but we share分享 them freely自如 with hundreds数以百计 of groups all over the world世界,
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但是我们愿意和全世界的人共同分享
16:23
so people can study研究 and try to treat对待 different不同 disorders障碍.
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这样人们才能进一步研究并尝试治疗其他各种疾病
16:25
And our hope希望 is that, by figuring盘算 out brain circuits电路
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我们希望,通过了解大脑的神经网络
16:28
at a level水平 of abstraction抽象化 that lets让我们 us repair修理 them and engineer工程师 them,
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通过某种程度的手术,能让我们修复并设计神经网络
16:31
we can take some of these intractable棘手 disorders障碍 that I told you about earlier,
420
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我们会继续研究我之前讲过的几种疾病
16:34
practically几乎 none没有 of which哪一个 are cured治愈,
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特别是那几种从未被治愈过的
16:36
and in the 21stST century世纪 make them history历史.
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他们在21世纪将会成为历史
16:38
Thank you.
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谢谢
16:40
(Applause掌声)
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(掌声)
16:53
Juan胡安 Enriquez恩里克斯: So some of the stuff东东 is a little dense稠密.
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Juan Enriquez(JE):您的演讲有些深奥啊。
16:56
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
16:58
But the implications启示
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但是利用光
17:00
of being存在 able能够 to control控制 seizures癫痫发作 or epilepsy癫痫
428
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来控制癫痫或者抽搐
17:03
with light instead代替 of drugs毒品,
429
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而不是用药物
17:05
and being存在 able能够 to target目标 those specifically特别
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还要能够精确地控制靶细胞
17:08
is a first step.
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是第一步。
17:10
The second第二 thing that I think I heard听说 you say
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据我所听到的,第二步
17:12
is you can now control控制 the brain in two colors颜色,
433
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是用两种色彩的光来控制大脑
17:15
like an on/off switch开关.
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就好像开关一样
17:17
Ed埃德 Boyden博伊登: That's right.
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艾德·博伊登(EB):没错.
17:19
JEJE: Which哪一个 makes品牌 every一切 impulse冲动 going through通过 the brain a binary二进制 code.
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JE:这让每个大脑中的神经冲动变成二进制的代码
17:22
EBEB: Right, yeah.
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EB:是的
17:24
So with blue蓝色 light, we can drive驾驶 information信息, and it's in the form形成 of a one.
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当蓝灯亮起时,我们能传输信息。就类似于代码1
17:27
And by turning车削 things off, it's more or less a zero.
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等光关闭了,就类似代码0
17:29
So our hope希望 is to eventually终于 build建立 brain coprocessors协处理器
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我们的希望是最终建造一个大脑协同处理器
17:31
that work with the brain
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来和大脑一起运作
17:33
so we can augment增加 functions功能 in people with disabilities残疾人.
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以此来帮助那些有残疾的人
17:36
JEJE: And in theory理论, that means手段 that,
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那就是理论上,这代表着
17:38
as a mouse老鼠 feels感觉, smells气味,
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老鼠的感觉,嗅觉
17:40
hears就听, touches触摸,
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听觉和触觉
17:42
you can model模型 it out as a string of ones那些 and zeros.
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你都能把它整合到一串0和1
17:45
EBEB: Sure, yeah. We're hoping希望 to use this as a way of testing测试
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EB:的确是这样的。我们希望通过这种测试
17:47
what neural神经 codes代码 can drive驾驶 certain某些 behaviors行为
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来确定哪种神经代码代表着哪种行为举止
17:49
and certain某些 thoughts思念 and certain某些 feelings情怀,
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或者是想法或者感受
17:51
and use that to understand理解 more about the brain.
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通过这样来更多的了解大脑
17:54
JEJE: Does that mean that some day you could download下载 memories回忆
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JE:这是不是意味着某天你能下载记忆
17:57
and maybe upload上载 them?
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或者上传记忆呢?
17:59
EBEB: Well that's something we're starting开始 to work on very hard.
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EB:我们着手的某些工作是很复杂的
18:01
We're now working加工 on some work
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我们还在继续的研究
18:03
where we're trying to tile the brain with recording记录 elements分子 too.
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我们也在尝试去标记下这个大脑记录数据
18:05
So we can record记录 information信息 and then drive驾驶 information信息 back in --
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我们就能记录信息,并把信息传输回大脑--
18:08
sort分类 of computing计算 what the brain needs需求
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类似于了解什么是大脑所需的
18:10
in order订购 to augment增加 its information信息 processing处理.
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来增强它的信息处理效率.
18:12
JEJE: Well, that might威力 change更改 a couple一对 things. Thank you. (EBEB: Thank you.)
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JE: 嗯,这会改变我的世界的。谢谢! (EB: 谢谢.)
18:15
(Applause掌声)
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(掌声)
Translated by Ralph Jin
Reviewed by Xu (Jessica) Jiang

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Ed Boyden - Neuroengineer
Ed Boyden is a professor of biological engineering and brain and cognitive sciences at the MIT Media Lab and the MIT McGovern Institute.

Why you should listen

Ed Boyden leads the Synthetic Neurobiology Group, which develops tools for analyzing and repairing complex biological systems such as the brain. His group applies these tools in a systematic way in order to reveal ground truth scientific understandings of biological systems, which in turn reveal radical new approaches for curing diseases and repairing disabilities. These technologies include expansion microscopy, which enables complex biological systems to be imaged with nanoscale precision, and optogenetic tools, which enable the activation and silencing of neural activity with light (TED Talk: A light switch for neurons). Boyden also co-directs the MIT Center for Neurobiological Engineering, which aims to develop new tools to accelerate neuroscience progress.

Amongst other recognitions, Boyden has received the Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences (2016), the BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award (2015), the Carnegie Prize in Mind and Brain Sciences (2015), the Jacob Heskel Gabbay Award (2013), the Grete Lundbeck Brain Prize (2013) and the NIH Director's Pioneer Award (2013). He was also named to the World Economic Forum Young Scientist list (2013) and the Technology Review World's "Top 35 Innovators under Age 35" list (2006). His group has hosted hundreds of visitors to learn how to use new biotechnologies and spun out several companies to bring inventions out of his lab and into the world. Boyden received his Ph.D. in neurosciences from Stanford University as a Hertz Fellow, where he discovered that the molecular mechanisms used to store a memory are determined by the content to be learned. Before that, he received three degrees in electrical engineering, computer science and physics from MIT. He has contributed to over 300 peer-reviewed papers, current or pending patents and articles, and he has given over 300 invited talks on his group's work.

More profile about the speaker
Ed Boyden | Speaker | TED.com