ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Jack Horner - Dinosaur digger
Jack Horner and his dig teams have discovered the first evidence of parental care in dinosaurs, extensive nesting grounds, evidence of dinosaur herds, and the world’s first dinosaur embryos. He's now exploring how to build a dinosaur.

Why you should listen

Paleontologist Jack Horner discovered the first dinosaur eggs in the Western Hemisphere, the first evidence of dinosaur colonial nesting, the first evidence of parental care among dinosaurs, and the first dinosaur embryos.

Horner's research covers a wide range of topics about dinosaurs, including their behavior, physiology, ecology and evolution. Due to struggles with the learning disability, dyslexia, Horner does not hold a formal college degree but was awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Science from the University of Montana in 1986. Also in 1986 he was awarded a MacArthur Fellowship.

He's the Curator of Paleontology at the Museum of the Rockies in Bozeman, Montana, and is widely acknowledged to be the inspiration for the main character in the book and film Jurassic Park.

More profile about the speaker
Jack Horner | Speaker | TED.com
TED2011

Jack Horner: Building a dinosaur from a chicken

杰克·洪那:从鸡造恐龙

Filmed:
3,387,976 views

知名古生物学家杰克·洪那花了整个职业生涯试图重造恐龙。他发掘了难得的连血管和软组织都保存得很好的化石,但是没有发现DNA。因此,他使用了新的技术,试图在鸡,恐龙的直系子孙身上使用遗传工程,重造祖先的特征,包括牙齿,尾巴,和爪子,来创造“鸡恐龙”。
- Dinosaur digger
Jack Horner and his dig teams have discovered the first evidence of parental care in dinosaurs, extensive nesting grounds, evidence of dinosaur herds, and the world’s first dinosaur embryos. He's now exploring how to build a dinosaur. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:15
When I was growing生长 up in Montana蒙大拿,
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我在蒙太拿长大
00:19
I had two dreams.
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有两个梦想
00:22
I wanted to be a paleontologist古生物学家,
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一个是成为古生物学家
00:24
a dinosaur恐龙 paleontologist古生物学家,
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研究恐龙的古生物学家
00:26
and I wanted to have a pet宠物 dinosaur恐龙.
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一个是拥有一个小恐龙作为宠物
00:29
And so that's what I've been striving努力 for
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这是我整个生命中
00:32
all of my life.
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工作的动力
00:35
I was very fortunate幸运
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我很幸运
00:37
early in my career事业.
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在我职业生涯的早期
00:39
I was fortunate幸运
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我在发掘方面
00:41
in finding发现 things.
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很走运
00:43
I wasn't very good at reading things.
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我不擅长于阅读
00:45
In fact事实, I don't read much of anything.
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事实上,我并不读什么文献
00:48
I am extremely非常 dyslexic诵读困难,
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我在阅读方面有障碍
00:50
and so reading is the hardest最难 thing I do.
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阅读对我来说是最难的事
00:53
But instead代替, I go out and I find things.
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但是我走出去,发掘东西
00:56
Then I just pick things up.
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我就能获得信息
00:58
I basically基本上 practice实践 for finding发现 money on the street.
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基本上我是靠在街上捡钱来训练的
01:01
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
01:03
And I wander漫步 about the hills丘陵,
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我对山陵感兴趣
01:05
and I have found发现 a few少数 things.
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也发现了一些东西
01:08
And I have been fortunate幸运 enough足够
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特别幸运的是
01:11
to find things like the first eggs in the Western西 hemisphere半球
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我发现了西半球上第一个恐龙蛋
01:16
and the first baby宝宝 dinosaurs恐龙 in nests,
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第一个还在巢中的恐龙宝宝
01:20
the first dinosaur恐龙 embryos胚胎
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第一个恐龙胚胎
01:22
and massive大规模的 accumulations积累 of bones骨头.
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还有数量巨大的恐龙骨头
01:26
And it happened发生 to be at a time
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那时刚好是
01:28
when people were just starting开始 to begin开始 to realize实现
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人们开始认识到
01:32
that dinosaurs恐龙 weren't the big, stupid, green绿色 reptiles爬行动物
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恐龙并不是笨重的爬虫的时期
01:36
that people had thought for so many许多 years年份.
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人们从前这样想了很多年
01:39
People were starting开始 to get an idea理念
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那时大家开始觉得
01:41
that dinosaurs恐龙 were special特别.
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恐龙其实挺特别的
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And so, at that time,
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所以那时候
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I was able能够 to make some interesting有趣 hypotheses假设
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我有机会试验很多理论
01:49
along沿 with my colleagues同事.
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当然还有我的同僚们
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We were able能够 to actually其实 say
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我们能够证明
01:53
that dinosaurs恐龙 -- based基于 on the evidence证据 we had --
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恐龙——从我们有的证据来看——
01:56
that dinosaurs恐龙 built内置 nests
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恐龙能建巢
01:59
and lived生活 in colonies群落
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群居生活
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and cared照顾 for their young年轻,
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能够照料幼小宝宝
02:04
brought food餐饮 to their babies婴儿
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捕食回巢给宝宝吃
02:06
and traveled旅行 in gigantic巨大 herds牛群.
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迁移的时候是大群一起走的
02:09
So it was pretty漂亮 interesting有趣 stuff东东.
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这些都很有趣
02:12
I have gone走了 on to find more things
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我还进一步发现
02:15
and discover发现 that dinosaurs恐龙 really were very social社会.
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恐龙其实是非常社会性的动物
02:19
We have found发现 a lot of evidence证据
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我们有很多证据
02:22
that dinosaurs恐龙 changed
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说明恐龙在从少年到成年的期间
02:24
from when they were juveniles少年 to when they were adults成年人.
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变化巨大
02:26
The appearance出现 of them would have been different不同 --
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它们的外表很不一样——
02:29
which哪一个 it is in all social社会 animals动物.
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这在社会性的动物中可见
02:31
In social社会 groups of animals动物,
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在动物的社会群体中
02:33
the juveniles少年 always look different不同 than the adults成年人.
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少年们总是和成年动物看起来不一样的
02:36
The adults成年人 can recognize认识 the juveniles少年;
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这样成年动物就能认出少年动物
02:38
the juveniles少年 can recognize认识 the adults成年人.
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少年们也能认出成年动物
02:40
And so we're making制造 a better picture图片
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我们这样就对恐龙是什么样的动物
02:43
of what a dinosaur恐龙 looks容貌 like.
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有了一个宏观的看法
02:45
And they didn't just all chase Jeeps吉普车 around.
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它们并不是仅仅乱追吉普车的
02:48
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
02:50
But it is that social社会 thing
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我想正是这社会性
02:53
that I guess猜测 attracted吸引 Michael迈克尔 Crichton克莱顿.
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引起了迈克尔·克赖顿的兴趣
02:57
And in his book, he talked about the social社会 animals动物.
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在他的书里,他讲到了这个社会性
03:01
And then Steven史蒂芬 Spielberg斯皮尔伯格, of course课程,
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接着斯蒂文·斯皮尔伯格,当然了
03:03
depicts描绘 these dinosaurs恐龙
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把恐龙们描绘成
03:05
as being存在 very social社会 creatures生物.
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非常社会性的动物
03:08
The theme主题 of this story故事 is building建造 a dinosaur恐龙,
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他们故事的主题是重造恐龙
03:10
and so we come to that part部分 of "Jurassic侏罗纪 Park公园."
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这样我们就有了“侏罗纪公园”的故事
03:14
Michael迈克尔 Crichton克莱顿 really was one of the first people
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迈克尔·克赖顿其实是第一批人
03:17
to talk about bringing使 dinosaurs恐龙 back to life.
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开始谈论怎么重新让恐龙复生的
03:21
You all know the story故事, right.
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你们都知道这个故事吧
03:23
I mean, I assume承担 everyone大家 here has seen看到 "Jurassic侏罗纪 Park公园."
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我指假设每个人都看过“侏罗纪公园”
03:26
If you want to make a dinosaur恐龙,
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如果你想造出个恐龙
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you go out, you find yourself你自己 a piece of petrified石化的 tree sap树液 --
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你出去找一块石化的天然树脂——
03:32
otherwise除此以外 known已知 as amber琥珀色 --
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也就是所谓的琥珀——
03:34
that has some blood-sucking吸血 insects昆虫 in it,
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找一个有吸血昆虫的
03:37
good ones那些,
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质量好的
03:39
and you get your insect昆虫 and you drill钻头 into it
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这样你有了昆虫,就钻个洞进去
03:42
and you suck吮吸 out some DNA脱氧核糖核酸,
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吸出一些DNA
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because obviously明显 all insects昆虫 that sucked blood血液 in those days
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当然了,因为那时候所有的吸血昆虫
03:47
sucked dinosaur恐龙 DNA脱氧核糖核酸 out.
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都吸的是恐龙的DNA
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And you take your DNA脱氧核糖核酸 back to the laboratory实验室
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你把DNA拿回实验室
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and you clone克隆 it.
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克隆一把
03:56
And I guess猜测 you inject注入 it into maybe an ostrich鸵鸟 egg,
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我猜是通过把DNA注射到一个鸵鸟蛋里
03:59
or something like that,
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或者别的什么大蛋
04:01
and then you wait,
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你就等吧
04:03
and, lo and behold不料, out pops持久性有机污染物 a little baby宝宝 dinosaur恐龙.
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运气好的话,小恐龙就破壳而出啦
04:06
And everybody's每个人的 happy快乐 about that.
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皆大欢喜
04:09
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
04:12
And they're happy快乐 over and over again.
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皆大欢喜一次又一次之后
04:14
They keep doing it; they just keep making制造 these things.
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他们不断克隆,不断造恐龙
04:17
And then, then, then, and then ...
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然后
04:21
Then the dinosaurs恐龙, being存在 social社会,
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这么多恐龙就社交起来啦
04:24
act法案 out their socialness社会性,
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社会性十足
04:27
and they get together一起,
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它们聚到一起
04:29
and they conspire合谋.
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密谋策反
04:32
And, of course课程, that's what makes品牌 Steven史蒂芬 Spielberg's斯皮尔伯格的 movie电影 --
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当然了,这就成就了斯蒂文·斯皮尔伯格的电影——
04:36
conspiring合谋 dinosaurs恐龙 chasing people around.
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造反的恐龙把人追得到处跑
04:39
So I assume承担 everybody每个人 knows知道
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我假定每个人都知道
04:41
that if you actually其实 had a piece of amber琥珀色 and it had an insect昆虫 in it,
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如果你真的拿一块琥珀,有昆虫的
04:44
and you drilled into it,
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钻个洞
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and you got something out of that insect昆虫,
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得到一些原料
04:49
and you cloned克隆 it, and you did it over and over and over again,
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克隆一把,重复做这件事
04:52
you'd have a room房间 full充分 of mosquitos蚊子.
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你只能得到一屋子的蚊子
04:54
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
04:56
(Applause掌声)
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(掌声)
05:01
And probably大概 a whole整个 bunch of trees树木 as well.
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可能还不济一些树木
05:04
Now if you want dinosaur恐龙 DNA脱氧核糖核酸,
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你想要恐龙的DNA
05:06
I say go to the dinosaur恐龙.
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就要在恐龙身上找
05:09
So that's what we've我们已经 doneDONE.
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这正是我们的策略
05:11
Back in 1993 when the movie电影 came来了 out,
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回溯到1993年,当这个电影开始放映时
05:13
we actually其实 had a grant发放 from the National国民 Science科学 Foundation基础
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我们其实已经拿了国家科学基金,
05:16
to attempt尝试 to extract提取 DNA脱氧核糖核酸 from a dinosaur恐龙,
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在试图从恐龙化石中提取DNA
05:19
and we chose选择 the dinosaur恐龙 on the left,
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我们选了图上左边的恐龙
05:22
a Tyrannosaurus暴龙 rex雷克斯, which哪一个 was a very nice不错 specimen标本.
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是个暴龙化石,保存得很好的标本
05:25
And one of my former前任的 doctoral博士生 students学生们,
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我当时的一个博士生
05:27
Dr博士. Mary玛丽 Schweitzer施魏策尔,
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现在是玛丽·施韦策博士了
05:29
actually其实 had the background背景
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有做类似研究的
05:31
to do this sort分类 of thing.
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基础
05:33
And so she looked看着 into the bone of this T. rex雷克斯,
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所以她在这个暴龙的骨头里
05:36
one of the thigh大腿 bones骨头,
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一条大腿骨里
05:38
and she actually其实 found发现
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找到了
05:40
some very interesting有趣 structures结构 in there.
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一些非常有趣的组织
05:43
They found发现 these red circular-looking圆形外观 objects对象,
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他们发现了红色的,圆形的东西
05:47
and they looked看着, for all the world世界,
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特别像
05:49
like red blood血液 cells细胞.
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红细胞
05:51
And they're in
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它们正好在
05:53
what appear出现 to be the blood血液 channels渠道
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血管里
05:55
that go through通过 the bone.
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在骨头中间
05:57
And so she thought, well, what the heck赫克.
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所以她就想,不如一试
06:00
So she sampled取样 some material材料 out of it.
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她提取了一些组织出来
06:03
Now it wasn't DNA脱氧核糖核酸; she didn't find DNA脱氧核糖核酸.
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这些不是DNA,她没找到DNA
06:06
But she did find heme血红素,
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但是她发现了原血红素
06:09
which哪一个 is the biological生物 foundation基础
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正是血红素
06:11
of hemoglobin血红蛋白.
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的基础
06:13
And that was really cool.
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这是个大发现
06:15
That was interesting有趣.
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非常有趣
06:17
That was -- here we have 65-million-year-old-million岁 heme血红素.
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这可是六千五百万年前的原血红素
06:22
Well we tried试着 and tried试着
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我们试了很久
06:24
and we couldn't不能 really get anything else其他 out of it.
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没得到任何结果
06:26
So a few少数 years年份 went by,
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几年过去了
06:28
and then we started开始 the Hell地狱 Creek Project项目.
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我们开始了地狱溪计划
06:30
And the Hell地狱 Creek Project项目 was this massive大规模的 undertaking承诺
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这个地狱溪计划是一场大发掘
06:33
to get as many许多 dinosaurs恐龙 as we could possibly或者 find,
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目的是挖出尽量多的恐龙化石
06:36
and hopefully希望 find some dinosaurs恐龙
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希望发现一些恐龙化石
06:38
that had more material材料 in them.
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是有更多的遗传物质的
06:41
And out in eastern Montana蒙大拿
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在蒙太拿东部
06:44
there's a lot of space空间, a lot of badlands废地,
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那里有很多空地,很多不毛之地
06:46
and not very many许多 people,
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没有什么居民
06:48
and so you can go out there and find a lot of stuff东东.
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你可就出去找到很多东西
06:50
And we did find a lot of stuff东东.
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我们也的确发现了很多东西
06:52
We found发现 a lot of Tyrannosaurs暴龙,
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我们发现了很多暴龙化石
06:54
but we found发现 one special特别 Tyrannosaur暴龙,
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其中一种很特殊
06:56
and we called it B-rexB-雷克斯.
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叫做B型暴龙
06:58
And B-rexB-雷克斯 was found发现
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B型暴龙是在
07:00
under a thousand cubic立方体 yards of rock.
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一片上千立方的岩石群下发现的
07:02
It wasn't a very complete完成 T. rex雷克斯,
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这并不完全是暴龙
07:05
and it wasn't a very big T. rex雷克斯,
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也不是特别大的暴龙
07:08
but it was a very special特别 B-rexB-雷克斯.
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但是这是一种十分特殊的B型暴龙
07:11
And I and my colleagues同事 cut into it,
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我和同事们把化石切开
07:13
and we were able能够 to determine确定,
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我们能够确定
07:15
by looking at lines线 of arrested被捕 growth发展, some lines线 in it,
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从看骨头里的生长线,
07:18
that B-rexB-雷克斯 had died死亡 at the age年龄 of 16.
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这个B型暴龙是十六岁时死的
07:21
We don't really know how long dinosaurs恐龙 lived生活,
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我们并不知道恐龙一般活多久
07:24
because we haven't没有 found发现 the oldest最老的 one yet然而.
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因为我们还没找到最老的
07:26
But this one died死亡 at the age年龄 of 16.
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但是这只恐龙在十六岁时死去
07:29
We gave samples样本 to Mary玛丽 Schweitzer施魏策尔,
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我们把样本给玛丽·施韦策
07:31
and she was actually其实 able能够 to determine确定
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她能确定
07:33
that B-rexB-雷克斯 was a female
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这个B型暴龙是雌性
07:35
based基于 on medullary tissue组织
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因为骨头里
07:37
found发现 on the inside of the bone.
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的髓状组织的样子
07:39
Medullary髓质 tissue组织 is the calcium build-up积聚,
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髓状组织全是积累的钙
07:42
the calcium storage存储 basically基本上,
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也就是钙库
07:44
when an animal动物 is pregnant,
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动物怀孕时会产生
07:46
when a bird is pregnant.
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鸟类怀孕时也会产生
07:48
So here was the character字符
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这是一个把鸟类
07:50
that linked关联 birds鸟类 and dinosaurs恐龙.
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和恐龙连起来的特征
07:52
But Mary玛丽 went further进一步.
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玛丽继续探索
07:54
She took the bone, and she dumped it into acid.
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她把骨头放入酸中
07:57
Now we all know that bones骨头 are fossilized化石,
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我们知道骨头已经变成化石了
08:00
and so if you dump倾倒 it into acid,
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所以把化石放在酸里
08:02
there shouldn't不能 be anything left.
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应该会全溶解
08:04
But there was something left.
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但是这次有些东西不溶
08:06
There were blood血液 vessels船只 left.
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它们就是血管
08:09
There were flexible灵活, clear明确 blood血液 vessels船只.
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这些是柔韧的,透明的血管
08:13
And so here was the first soft柔软的 tissue组织 from a dinosaur恐龙.
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也是第一次在恐龙化石里发现软组织
08:16
It was extraordinary非凡.
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这非常了不起
08:18
But she also found发现 osteocytes骨细胞,
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她还发现了骨细胞
08:21
which哪一个 are the cells细胞 that laid铺设 down the bones骨头.
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也就是组成骨头的细胞
08:24
And try and try, we could not find DNA脱氧核糖核酸,
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通过不断试验,我们还是没有发现DNA
08:28
but she did find evidence证据 of proteins蛋白质.
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但是她发现了蛋白质
08:31
But we thought maybe --
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我们认为——
08:34
well, we thought maybe
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仅仅是认为
08:36
that the material材料 was breaking破坏 down after it was coming未来 out of the ground地面.
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在组织被发掘出来后,它们就很快降解了
08:39
We thought maybe it was deteriorating恶化 very fast快速.
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我们认为这些组织降解的很快
08:41
And so we built内置 a laboratory实验室
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所以我们就在一个十八轮的大方车里
08:43
in the back of an 18-wheeler-wheeler trailer预告片,
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造了个实验室
08:46
and actually其实 took the laboratory实验室 to the field领域
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把实验室带到野外
08:49
where we could get better samples样本.
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我们发掘样本的地方
08:51
And we did. We got better material材料.
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我们这样做了,也得到了更好的样本
08:54
The cells细胞 looked看着 better.
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细胞看起来更好
08:56
The vessels船只 looked看着 better.
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血管看起来更好
08:58
Found发现 the protein蛋白 collagen胶原.
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胶原蛋白更好
09:00
I mean, it was wonderful精彩 stuff东东.
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这都很完美
09:03
But it's not dinosaur恐龙 DNA脱氧核糖核酸.
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但是还是找不到恐龙的DNA
09:07
So we have discovered发现
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我们已经知道
09:09
that dinosaur恐龙 DNA脱氧核糖核酸, and all DNA脱氧核糖核酸,
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恐龙的DNA,或者说所有的DNA
09:11
just breaks休息 down too fast快速.
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实在是降解的太快了
09:13
We're just not going to be able能够
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我们就是不能够
09:15
to do what they did in "Jurassic侏罗纪 Park公园."
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像电影“侏罗纪公园”里一样得到DNA
09:18
We're not going to be able能够 to make a dinosaur恐龙
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我们不能用恐龙
09:21
based基于 on a dinosaur恐龙.
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来重造恐龙
09:24
But birds鸟类 are dinosaurs恐龙.
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但是还在鸟类就是恐龙
09:29
Birds鸟类 are living活的 dinosaurs恐龙.
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鸟类是活恐龙
09:32
We actually其实 classify分类 them
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我们其实把鸟类
09:34
as dinosaurs恐龙.
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归为和恐龙一类
09:36
We now call them non-avian非禽类 dinosaurs恐龙
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我们现在管恐龙叫非鸟类恐龙
09:38
and avian禽流感 dinosaurs恐龙.
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管鸟类叫鸟类恐龙
09:40
So the non-avian非禽类 dinosaurs恐龙
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所以这些非鸟类恐龙
09:42
are the big clunky笨重 ones那些 that went extinct绝种.
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就是那些已经灭绝了的大家伙
09:44
Avian禽流感 dinosaurs恐龙 are our modern现代 birds鸟类.
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鸟类恐龙就是我们现代的鸟类
09:47
So we don't have to make a dinosaur恐龙
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我们不需要造什么恐龙
09:49
because we already已经 have them.
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我们已经有啦
09:54
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
09:58
I know, you're as bad as the sixth-graders六年级学生.
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你们简直就像一帮六年级学生
10:02
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
10:04
The sixth-graders六年级学生 look at it and they say, "No."
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六年级学生看看我说:“这行不通。”
10:07
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
10:09
"You can call it a dinosaur恐龙,
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“你尽管叫这个为鸟类恐龙
10:11
but look at the velociraptor迅猛: the velociraptor迅猛 is cool."
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但是看看真的迅猛龙,那才叫恐龙。”
10:14
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
10:16
"The chicken is not."
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“鸡可不那么酷。”
10:18
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
10:20
So this is our problem问题,
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这正是我们的问题
10:22
as you can imagine想像.
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你可以想象
10:25
The chicken is a dinosaur恐龙.
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鸡就是恐龙
10:27
I mean it really is.
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我是说,它真的是
10:29
You can't argue争论 with it
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你辩不过我
10:31
because we're the classifiers分类 and we've我们已经 classified分类 it that way.
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因为我们是专管分类的人,我们就爱这么分
10:34
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
10:36
(Applause掌声)
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(掌声)
10:41
But the sixth-graders六年级学生 demand需求 it.
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但是六年级学生还是不认输
10:43
"Fix固定 the chicken."
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“你得改造鸡。”
10:45
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
10:47
So that's what I'm here to tell you about:
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这就是我想告诉你们的
10:49
how we are going to fix固定 a chicken.
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我们是怎么改造鸡的
10:52
So we have a number of ways方法
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我们有几种方法
10:55
that we actually其实 can fix固定 the chicken.
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可以把鸡改造成恐龙
11:00
Because evolution演化 works作品,
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因为有进化
11:02
we actually其实 have some evolutionary发展的 tools工具.
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我们可以用进化的方法
11:05
We'll call them biological生物 modification修改 tools工具.
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我们管它叫生物改良法
11:08
We have selection选择.
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我们可以选择
11:10
And we know selection选择 works作品.
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我们也知道选择是可行的
11:12
We started开始 out with a wolf-like狼一样的 creature生物
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我们从一只狼一样的动物开始
11:15
and we ended结束 up with a Maltese马耳他语.
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最后得到一个马耳他人
11:18
I mean, that's --
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我是说,这真的——
11:21
that's definitely无疑 genetic遗传 modification修改.
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真的是基因改良工程
11:25
Or any of the other funny-looking有趣的样子 little dogs小狗.
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或者任何其它有趣的好看的小狗
11:30
We also have transgenesis转基因.
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我们还有转基因技术
11:32
Transgenesis转基因 is really cool too.
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转基因也是很有用的工具
11:34
That's where you take a gene基因 out of one animal动物 and stick it in another另一个 one.
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你把一个动物的基因拿出来,放在另一个动物里
11:37
That's how people make GloFish萤光鱼.
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这就是怎么做荧光鱼的
11:40
You take a glow辉光 gene基因
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你拿一个荧光的基因
11:43
out of a coral珊瑚 or a jellyfish海蜇
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从珊瑚或者水母中来
11:47
and you stick it in a zebrafish斑马鱼,
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放在斑马鱼体内
11:49
and, puff, they glow辉光.
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它们就能发荧光
11:51
And that's pretty漂亮 cool.
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很奇妙吧
11:53
And they obviously明显 make a lot of money off of them.
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人们用这个赚大钱
11:56
And now they're making制造 Glow-rabbits灼热的兔子
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现在他们在做荧光兔
11:58
and Glow-all-sorts-of-things辉光所有种类 - 的 - 事.
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荧光很多东西
12:00
I guess猜测 we could make a glow辉光 chicken.
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我就想我们可以做个荧光鸡
12:03
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
12:05
But I don't think that'll那会 satisfy满足 the sixth-graders六年级学生 either.
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但是我不认为这能够说服六年级学生
12:08
But there's another另一个 thing.
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还有一个武器
12:10
There's what we call atavism返祖现象 activation激活.
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叫做返祖激活
12:13
And atavism返祖现象 activation激活
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返祖激活
12:15
is basically基本上 --
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其实就是——
12:17
an atavism返祖现象 is an ancestral characteristic特性.
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返祖现象就是重现祖先的特征
12:21
You heard听说
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你听过
12:23
that occasionally偶尔 children孩子 are born天生 with tails尾巴,
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有些孩子出生时有小尾巴
12:26
and it's because it's an ancestral characteristic特性.
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这就是返祖现象
12:30
And so there are a number of atavisms返祖现象
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有些返祖现象
12:33
that can happen发生.
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常常发生
12:35
Snakes are occasionally偶尔 born天生 with legs.
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蛇有时有腿
12:38
And here's这里的 an example.
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这就是个例子
12:40
This is a chicken with teeth.
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这是个生下来有牙齿的鸡
12:43
A fellow同伴 by the name名称 of Matthew马修 Harris哈里斯
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一个叫马修·海瑞斯的人
12:45
at the University大学 of Wisconsin威斯康星 in Madison麦迪逊
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在威斯康辛麦迪逊大学工作
12:48
actually其实 figured想通 out a way to stimulate刺激
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发现了如何刺激
12:51
the gene基因 for teeth,
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牙齿基因的生长
12:54
and so was able能够 to actually其实 turn the tooth齿 gene基因 on
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所以他能够让牙齿基因生长
12:57
and produce生产 teeth in chickens.
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在鸡身上长牙齿
13:00
Now that's a good characteristic特性.
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这是个好的特征
13:03
We can save保存 that one.
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我们能保留这个科技
13:06
We know we can use that.
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我们能用这个
13:08
We can make a chicken with teeth.
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我们可以让鸡生牙齿
13:12
That's getting得到 closer接近.
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这离恐龙就近了一步
13:14
That's better than a glowing泛着 chicken.
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比荧光鸡要有用
13:16
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
13:18
A friend朋友 of mine, a colleague同事 of mine,
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我有个朋友,一个同事
13:20
Dr博士. Hans汉斯 Larsson拉尔森 at McGill麦吉尔 University大学,
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在麦克吉尔大学的汉斯·拉尔森博士
13:22
is actually其实 looking at atavisms返祖现象.
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在研究返祖现象
13:24
And he's looking at them
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他研究返祖
13:26
by looking at the embryo genesis创世纪 of birds鸟类
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是通过研究鸟的胚胎发育
13:29
and actually其实 looking at how they develop发展,
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看它们是怎么发育的
13:32
and he's interested有兴趣 in how birds鸟类 actually其实 lost丢失 their tail尾巴.
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他对鸟类的尾巴是怎么消失的感兴趣
13:36
He's also interested有兴趣 in the transformation转型
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他同时也对前肢,爪子,和翅膀
13:38
of the arm, the hand, to the wing翅膀.
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的变化感兴趣
13:41
He's looking for those genes基因 as well.
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他也研究有关的基因
13:43
And I said, "Well, if you can find those,
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我说:“如果你能找到这些基因,
13:46
I can just reverse相反 them
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我就能靠让它们倒行逆施,
13:48
and make what I need to make for the sixth-graders六年级学生."
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得到六年级学生要求的恐龙鸡”
13:51
And so he agreed同意.
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他同意了
13:53
And so that's what we're looking into.
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这就是我们研究的东西
13:55
If you look at dinosaur恐龙 hands,
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如果你注意恐龙的爪子
13:57
a velociraptor迅猛
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迅猛龙
13:59
has that cool-looking长得帅 hand with the claws on it.
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有特殊的手掌,末端有爪子
14:01
Archaeopteryx始祖鸟, which哪一个 is a bird, a primitive原始 bird,
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始祖鸟,其实是鸟,一个鸟类的先祖
14:04
still has that very primitive原始 hand.
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还有着先祖的手掌
14:07
But as you can see, the pigeon鸽子,
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但是你可以看到,鸽子
14:09
or a chicken or anything else其他, another另一个 bird,
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或者鸡,或者其它任何一个鸟类
14:11
has kind of a weird-looking看起来怪怪的 hand,
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都有这样怪怪的手掌
14:14
because the hand is a wing翅膀.
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因为手变成了翅膀
14:16
But the cool thing is
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但是有趣的是
14:18
that, if you look in the embryo,
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如果你看它们的胚胎
14:21
as the embryo is developing发展
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在胚胎发育的时候
14:23
the hand actually其实 looks容貌
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州长其实看起来像是
14:26
pretty漂亮 much like the archaeopteryx始祖鸟 hand.
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始祖鸟的手掌
14:28
It has the three fingers手指, the three digits数字.
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三个手指,三个脚趾
14:31
But a gene基因 turns on that actually其实 fuses熔断器 those together一起.
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但是后来一个基因开始运作,使得手指脚趾都混合在一起了
14:34
And so what we're looking for is that gene基因.
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我们就在找这个基因
14:37
We want to stop that gene基因 from turning车削 on,
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我们希望防止这个基因运作
14:39
fusing定影 those hands together一起,
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不让手掌混合在一起
14:41
so we can get a chicken that hatches舱口 out with a three-fingered三指 hand,
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我们就能得到三个手指的鸡
14:44
like the archaeopteryx始祖鸟.
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就像始祖鸟一样
14:46
And the same相同 goes for the tails尾巴.
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对尾巴也一样
14:49
Birds鸟类 have basically基本上
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鸟类其实
14:52
rudimentary初步 tails尾巴.
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有没发育完的尾巴
14:54
And so we know
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我们知道
14:57
that in embryo,
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在胚胎中
14:59
as the animal动物 is developing发展,
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当动物发育时
15:01
it actually其实 has a relatively相对 long tail尾巴.
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有个其实很长的尾巴
15:04
But a gene基因 turns on
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但是一个基因开始运作
15:06
and resorbs再吸收 the tail尾巴, gets得到 rid摆脱 of it.
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消融了尾巴,它就消失了
15:09
So that's the other gene基因 we're looking for.
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这就是我们在找的另一个基因
15:12
We want to stop that tail尾巴 from resorbing消溶.
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我们希望防止尾巴被消融
15:16
So what we're trying to do really
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所以我们试图做的
15:19
is take our chicken,
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是拿一只鸡
15:22
modify修改 it
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改造它
15:24
and make the chickenosauruschickenosaurus.
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并造出鸡恐龙
15:26
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
15:29
It's a cooler-looking散热器外观 chicken.
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这鸡看起来就酷多了
15:32
But it's just the very basics基本.
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但是这只是非常基本的改造
15:35
So that really is what we're doing.
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这就是我们在做的东西
15:37
And people always say, "Why do that?
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人们总是问:“为什么做这个?
15:39
Why make this thing?
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为什么造那个?
15:41
What good is it?"
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有什么好处?”
15:43
Well, that's a good question.
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这是个好问题
15:45
Actually其实, I think it's a great way to teach kids孩子
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事实上,我想这是教孩子
15:47
about evolutionary发展的 biology生物学
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进化论和发育生物学
15:49
and developmental发展的 biology生物学
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和其它很多东西
15:51
and all sorts排序 of things.
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的最好方法
15:53
And quite相当 frankly坦率地说, I think
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坦白说我认为
15:56
if Colonel陆军上校 Sanders桑德斯
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如果肯德基山德士上校
15:58
was to be careful小心 how he worded措辞 it,
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当年想得开阔一些,他的措辞留心一下
16:01
he could actually其实 advertise广告 an extra额外 piece.
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说不定也能为鸡恐龙作上额外广告
16:04
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
16:08
Anyway无论如何 --
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总之——
16:12
When our dino-chicken恐龙鸡 hatches舱口,
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当我们的恐龙鸡孵化时
16:16
it will be, obviously明显, the poster海报 child儿童,
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会变成海报明星宝宝
16:19
or what you might威力 call a poster海报 chick小鸡,
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或者你可以称它海报明星鸡宝宝
16:22
for technology技术, entertainment娱乐 and design设计.
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代言科技,娱乐和设计
16:25
Thank you.
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谢谢大家
16:27
(Applause掌声)
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(掌声)
Translated by Alison Xiaoqiao Xie
Reviewed by Angelia King

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Jack Horner - Dinosaur digger
Jack Horner and his dig teams have discovered the first evidence of parental care in dinosaurs, extensive nesting grounds, evidence of dinosaur herds, and the world’s first dinosaur embryos. He's now exploring how to build a dinosaur.

Why you should listen

Paleontologist Jack Horner discovered the first dinosaur eggs in the Western Hemisphere, the first evidence of dinosaur colonial nesting, the first evidence of parental care among dinosaurs, and the first dinosaur embryos.

Horner's research covers a wide range of topics about dinosaurs, including their behavior, physiology, ecology and evolution. Due to struggles with the learning disability, dyslexia, Horner does not hold a formal college degree but was awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Science from the University of Montana in 1986. Also in 1986 he was awarded a MacArthur Fellowship.

He's the Curator of Paleontology at the Museum of the Rockies in Bozeman, Montana, and is widely acknowledged to be the inspiration for the main character in the book and film Jurassic Park.

More profile about the speaker
Jack Horner | Speaker | TED.com