TED2011
Paul Romer: The world's first charter city?
保罗·罗摩：世界第一个宪章城市？
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回溯2009年，保罗·罗摩公开了一个“宪章城市”的设想--一种新型的用民主和通商来管理的城市。今年，在TED2011上，在他的TEDtalk的帮助下，他讲述了在洪都拉斯可能会有一座这样的宪章城市。
Paul Romer - Chief Economist and Senior Vice President, World Bank
Paul Romer's research on catch-up growth in low- and middle-income countries has emphasized the importance of government policies that encourage orderly urban expansion. Full bio
Paul Romer's research on catch-up growth in low- and middle-income countries has emphasized the importance of government policies that encourage orderly urban expansion. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
In 2007,
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2007年
00:17
I decided that we needed to reconceptualize
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我觉得我们需要重新定义
00:19
how we thought about economic development.
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我们意识中的经济发展的概念。
00:21
Our new goal should be
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我们新目标应该致力于
00:23
that when every family thinks about where they want to live and work,
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当每个家庭考虑他们想住和工作的地方的时候
00:26
they should be able to choose between
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他们能有至少5个
00:28
at least a handful
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不同的
00:30
of different cities
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可以选择
00:32
that were all competing to attract new residents.
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有竞争力吸引新住户的城市。
00:35
Now we're a long way away from that goal right now.
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对于这个目标我们还有很长的路要走。
00:38
There are billions of people in developing countries
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在发展中国家有几十亿的人
00:41
who don't have even a single city that would be willing to welcome them.
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处于没有一个城市愿意接纳他们的阶段。
00:44
But the amazing thing about cities
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但是城市的惊人之处在于
00:46
is they're worth so much more
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它的利用价值
00:48
than it costs to build them.
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要比建造消耗价值要多的多。
00:50
So we could easily supply the world
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所以我们能很轻松的为世界
00:53
with dozens, maybe hundreds,
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建造几十，或者上百的
00:55
of new cities.
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新城。
00:57
Now this might sound preposterous to you
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你可能觉得这听起来很荒谬
00:59
if you've never thought about new cities.
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如果你从来没有考虑过新城。
01:01
But just substitute apartment building for cities.
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但是这只是替代城市的住宅建筑而已。
01:03
Imagine half the people who wanted to be in apartments already had them;
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想象下半数的想住在公寓的人已经入住了；
01:06
the other half aren't there yet.
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另外半数还没有入住。
01:08
You could try and expand the capacity
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你可以加盖已有的住宅
01:11
by doing additions on all the existing apartments.
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来试着扩大面积。
01:14
But you know what you'd run into
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但是你知道你经手的
01:16
is those apartments and the surrounding areas
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住宅和周边地块
01:18
have rules to avoid discomfort
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是受法律保护保证其舒适性的
01:20
and the distractions of construction.
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和娱乐性的建筑。
01:23
So it's extremely hard to do all of those additions.
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做这些加盖是十分的困难的。
01:25
But you could go out someplace brand new,
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但是你能在未开发的地区
01:27
build a brand new apartment building,
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建设一幢新的大楼，
01:30
as long as the rules there
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就像俗话说的
01:32
were ones that facilitated construction
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重新开始强过
01:34
rather than getting in the way.
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停滞不前。
01:36
So I proposed
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所以我提议
01:38
that governments create new reform zones
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政府划定新的足够容纳
01:41
big enough to hold cities
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城市的地域
01:43
and gave them a name: charter cities.
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并起名为：宪章城市。
01:46
Later I learned that at about this same time,
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大约我了解这些的同时，
01:48
Javier and Octavio
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哈维尔和奥克塔维奥
01:50
were thinking about the challenge of reform
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正在思考在洪都拉斯重新规划的
01:52
in Honduras.
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问题。
01:54
They knew that about 75,000 Hondurans every year
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据说大约每年7万5千洪都拉斯人
01:58
would leave to go to the United States,
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移民到美国
02:00
and they wanted to ask, what could they do
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他们想问，他们能做什么
02:02
to make sure that those people could stay
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来确保能让这些人留下来
02:04
and do the same things in Honduras.
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在洪都拉斯做同样的工作，生活下来。
02:07
At one point, Javier said to Octavio,
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有一次，哈维尔对奥克塔维奥说
02:09
"What if we took some of our empty land --
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“如果我们把我们闲置的土地--
02:11
what if we just gave it to an embassy --
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如果我们把它送给大使馆会怎么样--
02:13
give some to the U.S. embassy; give some to the Canadian embassy --
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一些给美国大使馆；一些给加拿大大使馆--
02:16
and then if people want to go work
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届时如果想在
02:18
under the rules of Canada or under the rules of the United States,
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加拿大或者美国规则下本土找工作的话
02:20
they can go get jobs,
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他们就能找到工作，
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do everything they do on those embassy grounds
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在这些大使馆本土地区做工作
02:24
that they would otherwise have to go to Canada or the U.S. to do?"
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否则就得去加拿大或美国找工作？”
02:29
In the summer of 2009,
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2009年夏天
02:31
Honduras went through a wrenching constitutional crisis.
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洪都拉斯经历了一次铁血的军事政变。
02:34
At the next regularly scheduled election,
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在下一届例行选举中
02:37
Pepe Lobo won in a landslide
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佩佩·洛沃凭借选举演讲
02:39
on a platform that promised reform,
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上许诺改革以及和谈
02:42
but reconciliation as well.
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赢得了压倒性的优势。
02:45
He asked Octavio to be his chief of staff.
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他邀请奥克塔维奥作为他的参谋长。
02:49
Meanwhile, I was getting ready
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同时，我在准备一个
02:51
to give a talk at TEDGlobal.
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TEDGlobal上的演讲。
02:53
Through a process of refinement,
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通过一系列的改良
02:55
trial and error, a lot of user testing,
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试错，大量用户的测试
02:58
I tried to boil this complicated concept of charter city
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我试着把这宪章城市复杂的概念
03:01
down to the bare essentials.
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压缩成最基本的精华。
03:05
The first point was the importance of rules,
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第一点是法令的重要性，
03:07
like those rules that say
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就像法令所说的
03:09
you can't come in and disturb all the existing apartment holders.
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你不能骚扰已经入住的住户一样。
03:12
We pay a lot of attention to new technologies,
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我们关注新的科技
03:14
but it takes technologies and rules to get progress,
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但是新科技需要技术和要求来执行。
03:17
and it's usually the rules that hold us back.
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通常是这些要求拖我们的后腿。
03:21
In the fall of 2010, a friend from Guatemala
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在2010年秋，一个危地马拉的朋友
03:24
sent Octavio a link to the TEDTalk.
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发给奥克塔维奥这个TEDTalk的链接。
03:27
He showed it to Javier.
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他把它展示给哈维尔
03:29
They called me.
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他们打给我电话
03:31
They said, "Let's present this to the leaders of our country."
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说，“让我们把这个展示给我们总统吧。”
03:34
So in December we met in Miami,
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12月我们就在迈阿密
03:37
in a hotel conference room.
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在一个宾馆的会议室碰了面。
03:39
I tried to explain this point
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我试着解释这些城市
03:41
about how valuable cities are,
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的价值所在
03:43
how much more valuable they are than they cost.
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以及相比它的消耗它的价值会有多少。
03:45
And I used this slide
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我用这张幻灯片
03:47
showing how valuable the raw land is
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展示了像纽约这块地区
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in a place like New York City:
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一块未开发地块的价值。
03:51
notice, land that's worth thousands of dollars, in some cases,
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注意，在某些点，地价要
03:54
per square meter.
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每平方米几千美金。
03:56
But it was a fairly abstract discussion,
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但是这是一个大致的抽象的讨论
03:59
and at some point when there was a pause,
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当某些间隙的时候
04:02
Octavio said,
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奥克塔维奥说，
04:04
"Paul, maybe we could watch the TEDTalk."
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“保罗，也许我们可以观看TEDTalk。”
04:07
(Laughing)
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（掌声）
04:09
So the TEDTalk laid out in very simple terms,
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TEDTalk用简单的方式就讲明了
04:12
a charter city is a place
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宪章城市是一个
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where you start with uninhabited land,
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起始于无人居住的地域，
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a charter that specifies the rules that will apply there
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宪章细化了执行的条例
04:20
and then a chance for people to opt in,
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也是人们选择是否入住
04:22
to go live under those rules or not.
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是否生活在这些条例下的一个机会。
04:26
So I was asked by the president of Honduras
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洪都拉斯总统向我提问
04:29
who said that we need to do this project,
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那个表态说我们需要这个项目的人
04:31
this is important,
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这是关键
04:33
this could be the way forward for our country.
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这会是引领我们国家前进的道路。
04:36
I was asked to come to Tegucigalpa
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我被邀请造访特古西加尔巴
04:38
and talk again on January fourth and fifth.
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在1月4日，5日重述此项目。
04:41
So I presented
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我展示了
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another fact-filled lecture
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另外一个包括了这张幻灯片
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that included a slide like this,
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的案例课
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which tried to make the point that, if you want to create a lot of value in a city,
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试着讲述这个观点，如果你想在城市创造巨大价值的话
04:50
it has to be very big.
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它必须也是很巨大的。
04:52
This is a picture of Denver,
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这是丹佛市的照片
04:54
and the outline is the new airport that was built in Denver.
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高亮出的是丹佛新建的机场。
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This airport alone
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单这机场
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covers more than 100 square kilometers.
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就占地超过100平方千米。
05:00
So I was trying to persuade the Hondurans,
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我试着说服洪都拉斯总统
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if you build a new city,
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如果你要建一座新城
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you've got to start with a site that's at least 1,000 square kilometers.
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你就要在至少1000平方千米的区域入手。
05:07
That's more than 250 hundred-thousand acres.
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这要比2500万英亩还大。
05:13
Everybody applauded politely.
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每个人都很有礼貌地鼓着掌。
05:15
The faces in the audience
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观众的表情
05:17
were very serious and attentive.
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都是严肃而警惕的。
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The leader of the congress came up on stage and said,
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大会主席走到台前说
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"Professor Romer, thank you very much for your lecture,
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“罗摩教授，很感谢你的讲课
05:26
but maybe we could watch the TEDTalk.
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但也许我们能看看TEDTalk。
05:29
I've got it here on my laptop."
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我笔记本上现在就有。”
05:33
So I sat down, and they played the TEDTalk.
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于是我坐下，他们则看起了TEDTalk。
05:36
And it got to the essence,
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它同时也抓住了精髓
05:38
which is that a new city could offer new choices for people.
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就是新的城市带给了人们新的选择。
05:41
There would be a choice of a city which you could go to
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这是一个你会前往城市的选择
05:43
which could be in Honduras,
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也许在洪都拉斯
05:45
instead of hundreds of miles away in the North.
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而不是几百公里远的北方。
05:47
And it also involved new choices for leaders.
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它也给了领导者新的选择。
05:49
Because the leaders in the government there in Honduras
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因为洪都拉斯政府的领导
05:52
would need help from partner countries,
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需要友国的帮助
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who could benefit from partner countries
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那些从友国中获得利益
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who help them set up the rules in this charter and the enforcement,
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那些帮助他们设定并实行宪章中的条例
05:59
so everybody can trust
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来让每个人都会相信
06:01
that the charter really will be enforced.
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宪章实际上会得到实行。
06:04
And the insight of President Lobo
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总统洛沃的领悟
06:06
was that that assurance of enforcement
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就是对实行能力的保证
06:09
that I was thinking about
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我认为
06:11
as a way to get the foreign investors to come in and build the city
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作为一个吸引外商投资建造的城市的方法
06:14
could be equally important for all the different parties in Honduras
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应该和洪都拉斯经历了多年
06:17
who had suffered for so many years
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恐惧和怀疑的不同党派
06:19
from fear and distrust.
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一样的重要。
06:21
We went and looked at a site.
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我们实地考察了那块地区。
06:23
This picture's from there.
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这是那里的一张照片。
06:25
It easily could hold a thousand square kilometers.
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这能轻易容纳一千平方千米。
06:28
And shortly thereafter, on January 19th,
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之后不久，1月19日
06:31
they voted in the congress to amend their constitution
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他们在国会中投票修改了宪法
06:34
to have a constitutional provision
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来提供一个法律的支持
06:36
that allows for special development regions.
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来许可特定的发展地区。
06:38
In a country which had just gone through this wrenching crisis,
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在刚经历过政变的这个国家
06:41
the vote in the congress in favor of this constitutional amendment
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国会上赞成宪法修正案的票数
06:44
was 124 to one.
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是124比1。
06:47
All parties, all factions in society, backed this.
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社会上派系，所有党派都支持这修正案。
06:50
To be part of the constitution, you actually have to pass it twice in the congress.
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作为宪法的一部分，你实际需要在国会上通过两次。
06:53
On February 17th they passed it again
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在2月17日他们以114比1
06:56
with another vote of 114 to one.
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再次通过了法案。
06:59
Immediately after that vote,
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立刻在投票之后
07:01
on February 21st to the 24th,
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2月21到24日
07:04
a delegation of about 30 Hondurans
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大约30个人的洪都拉斯代表团
07:06
went to the two places in the world
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来到了世上
07:08
that are most interested in getting into the city building business.
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两个建筑业最感兴趣的两个地方。
07:10
One is South Korea.
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一个是韩国。
07:12
This is a picture of a big, new city center
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这是一张韩国将建成的
07:14
that's being built in South Korea --
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大型的，新市中心--
07:16
bigger than downtown Boston.
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比波士顿商业区还大。
07:18
Everything you see there was built in four years,
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所有你看到的刚建设了4年
07:20
after they spent four years getting the permits.
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但他们得到许可来建设就花费了4年。
07:24
The other place that's very interested in city building is Singapore.
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另外一个吸引建筑业的是新加坡。
07:26
They've actually built two cities already in China
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他们实际上已经在中国建设了两个新城
07:28
and are preparing the third.
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并准备建第三个。
07:30
So if you think about this practically,
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如果你理性地考虑这个的话
07:32
here's where we are.
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这就是我们当下处境。
07:34
They've got a site; they're already thinking about this site for the second city.
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他们有了地块，并已经考虑把它建设成第二城市。
07:37
They're putting in place a legal system
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他们正步入一个法定的程序
07:39
that could allow for managers to come in,
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来允许管理人员介入
07:41
and also an external legal system.
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同时也有个外加的法律系统。
07:43
One country has already volunteered to let its supreme court
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一个国家已经自愿让最高法院
07:46
be the court of final appeal for the new judicial system there.
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为了这新的司法体系而成为最终上诉申请的法院。
07:49
There's designers and builders of cities
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这是对其感兴趣的
07:51
who are very interested.
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城市设计师和建筑师而言。
07:53
They even can bring with them some financing.
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这些甚至能带给他们一些经济支持。
07:55
But the one thing you know they've already solved
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但是有一件你了解的早被解决的事
07:57
is that there's lots of tenants.
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是有很多的佃户。
07:59
There's lots of businesses that would like to locate in the Americas,
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有很多商家意向进驻美国
08:02
especially in a place with a free trade zone,
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特别进驻到自由交易区
08:04
and there's lots of people who'd like to go there.
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也有很多人想去那里。
08:07
Around the world, there's 700 million people
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全世界，有7亿人
08:09
who say they'd like to move permanently someplace else right now.
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想立刻永久的移民到某些其他地方。
08:12
There's a million a year
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每年100万人
08:14
who leave Latin America to go to the United States.
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从拉丁美洲前往美国。
08:16
Many of these are a father
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其中很多是远离
08:18
who has to leave his family behind to go get a job --
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家庭的来寻找工作的父亲--
08:20
sometimes a single mother
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有时是单亲妈妈
08:22
who has to get enough money to even pay for food or clothing.
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来赚钱为了衣食生计。
08:25
Sadly, sometimes there are even children
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可悲的是，有时甚至是孩子
08:27
who are trying to get reunited with their parents
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尝试着为了和很久未见的父母
08:29
that they haven't seen, in some cases, for a decade.
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有些时候，数十年，他们才团聚。
08:34
So what kind of an idea is it
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这是个怎么样的愿景
08:36
to think about building a brand new city in Honduras?
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来考虑在洪都拉斯建立一个新城？
08:38
Or to build a dozen of these,
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或者建立十几个新城
08:40
or a hundred of these, around the world?
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或者全世界建立几百个新城？
08:42
What kind of an idea is it
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这又是个怎么样的愿景
08:44
to think about insisting
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来考虑坚持
08:46
that every family have a choice of several cities
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每个家庭都有数个具有竞争力吸引新住户
08:49
that are competing to attract new residents?
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的城市的选择？
08:52
This is an idea worth spreading.
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这是一个值得传播的观点。
08:55
And my friends from Honduras
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我的洪都拉斯的朋友
08:57
asked me to say thank you, TED.
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让我来说声感谢，TED。
08:59
(Applause)
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（掌声）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Paul Romer - Chief Economist and Senior Vice President, World BankPaul Romer's research on catch-up growth in low- and middle-income countries has emphasized the importance of government policies that encourage orderly urban expansion.
Why you should listen
Paul Romer believes in the power of ideas. He first studied how to speed up the discovery and implementation of new technologies. But to address the big problems we'll face this century -- insecurity, harm to the environment, global poverty -- new technologies will not be enough. We must also speed up the discovery and implementation of new rules, of new ideas about how people interact.
Throughout human history, big improvements in systems of rules took place when new governments entered the scene. In today's world, this process has been largely shut down. To bring it back to life, Romer proposes that we create new cities where people can go to escape from bad rules and opt in to new and better ones. With better rules, people can be safe, self-interest can protect the environment, and investment can bring families all the resources that the modern world has to offer.
Romer took office as the World Bank's Chief Economist and Senior Vice President in October 2016.
Paul Romer | Speaker | TED.com