ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Paul Bloom - Psychologist
Paul Bloom explores some of the most puzzling aspects of human nature, including pleasure, religion, and morality.

Why you should listen

In Paul Bloom’s last book, How Pleasure Works, he explores the often-mysterious enjoyment that people get out of experiences such as sex, food, art, and stories. His latest book, Just Babies, examines the nature and origins of good and evil. How do we decide what's fair and unfair? What is the relationship between emotion and rationality in our judgments of right and wrong? And how much of morality is present at birth? To answer these questions, he and his colleagues at Yale study how babies make moral decisions. (How do you present a moral quandary to a 6-month-old? Through simple, gamelike experiments that yield surprisingly adult-like results.)  

Paul Bloom is a passionate teacher of undergraduates, and his popular Introduction to Psychology 110 class has been released to the world through the Open Yale Courses program. He has recently completed a second MOOC, “Moralities of Everyday Life”, that introduced moral psychology to tens of thousands of students. And he also presents his research to a popular audience though articles in The Atlantic, The New Yorker, and The New York Times. Many of the projects he works on are student-initiated, and all of them, he notes, are "strongly interdisciplinary, bringing in theory and research from areas such as cognitive, social, and developmental psychology, evolutionary theory, linguistics, theology and philosophy." 

He says: "A growing body of evidence suggests that humans do have a rudimentary moral sense from the very start of life."

More profile about the speaker
Paul Bloom | Speaker | TED.com
TEDGlobal 2011

Paul Bloom: The origins of pleasure

保罗·布鲁姆:快乐的源泉

Filmed:
2,137,903 views

为什么我们喜欢真迹不喜欢仿画?心理学家保罗·布鲁姆相信人类是本质主义者,我们对一件事物历史渊源的认知会改变我们对这个事物的感受, 并不是一种简单的错觉,而是快乐和痛苦的一个深层特点。
- Psychologist
Paul Bloom explores some of the most puzzling aspects of human nature, including pleasure, religion, and morality. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

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I'm going to talk today今天
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我今天来说说
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about the pleasures乐趣 of everyday每天 life.
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日常快乐
00:19
But I want to begin开始 with a story故事
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但是我们的故事会从
00:21
of an unusual异常 and terrible可怕 man.
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一个不同寻常的可怕的人讲起
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This is Hermann赫尔曼 Goering戈林.
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他是赫曼·戈林(Hermann Goering)
00:25
Goering戈林 was Hitler's希特勒 second第二 in command命令 in World世界 War战争 IIII,
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戈林在二战时期是希特勒的副司令
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his designated特定 successor接班人.
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他指定的接班人
00:30
And like Hitler希特勒,
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和希特勒一样
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Goering戈林 fancied空想的 himself他自己 a collector集电极 of art艺术.
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戈林也自认为是一个艺术品收藏家
00:34
He went through通过 Europe欧洲, through通过 World世界 War战争 IIII,
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他在整个二战时期足迹遍布欧洲
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stealing偷窃行为, extorting勒索 and occasionally偶尔 buying购买
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盗取,豪夺也偶尔购买
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various各个 paintings绘画 for his collection采集.
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各种绘画作为他的收藏
00:41
And what he really wanted was something by Vermeer维米尔.
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但是他真的最想要的是扬·弗美尔的作品
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Hitler希特勒 had two of them, and he didn't have any.
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希特勒有两幅,而他一幅也没有
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So he finally最后 found发现 an art艺术 dealer零售商,
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所以他最终找到一个画商
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a Dutch荷兰人 art艺术 dealer零售商 named命名 Han van面包车 MeegerenMeegeren,
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一个叫作凡·米格伦的荷兰艺术品经销商
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who sold出售 him a wonderful精彩 Vermeer维米尔
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卖给他一幅很精致的弗美尔的作品
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for the cost成本 of what would now be 10 million百万 dollars美元.
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价值相当于现在的一千万美元
00:57
And it was his favorite喜爱 artwork艺术品 ever.
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这成了他最钟爱的艺术品
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World世界 War战争 IIII came来了 to an end结束,
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二次世界大结束后
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and Goering戈林 was captured捕获, tried试着 at Nuremberg纽伦堡
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戈林被捕,在纽伦堡受审
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and ultimately最终 sentenced判刑 to death死亡.
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最后被判处死刑
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Then the Allied联盟的 forces军队 went through通过 his collections集合
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然后二战同盟部队在查找他的收藏时
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and found发现 the paintings绘画
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找到了这些画
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and went after the people who sold出售 it to him.
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然后去追查那些卖画给他的人
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And at some point the Dutch荷兰人 police警察 came来了 into Amsterdam阿姆斯特丹
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与此同时,荷兰警察也来到阿姆斯特丹
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and arrested被捕 Van面包车 MeegerenMeegeren.
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逮捕了凡‧米格伦
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Van面包车 MeegerenMeegeren was charged带电 with the crime犯罪 of treason叛逆,
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凡‧米格伦被控叛国罪
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which哪一个 is itself本身 punishable该罚的 by death死亡.
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叛国罪是要判死刑的
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Six weeks into his prison监狱 sentence句子,
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他判刑后的六周后
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van面包车 MeegerenMeegeren confessed供认不讳.
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凡‧米格伦认罪了
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But he didn't confess承认 to treason叛逆.
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但是他否认叛国罪
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He said, "I did not sell a great masterpiece杰作
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他说:“我没有出售一幅伟大的杰作
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to that Nazi纳粹.
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给纳粹
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I painted it myself; I'm a forger锻工."
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因为我自己画的,我是个仿画家。”
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Now nobody没有人 believed相信 him.
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没有人相信他
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And he said, "I'll prove证明 it.
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他说:“我能证明的
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Bring带来 me a canvas帆布 and some paint涂料,
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给我画布和颜料
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and I will paint涂料 a Vermeer维米尔 much better
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我可以画一幅比卖给那个
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than I sold出售 that disgusting讨厌 Nazi纳粹.
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可恶的纳粹好得多的弗美尔作品
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I also need alcohol and morphine吗啡, because it's the only way I can work."
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我还要酒和吗啡,因为有了这些我才能工作。”
01:53
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
01:55
So they brought him in.
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所以他们给了他这些东西
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He painted a beautiful美丽 Vermeer维米尔.
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他画了一幅美丽的弗美尔作品
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And then the charges收费 of treason叛逆 were dropped下降.
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叛国罪也随之撤销
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He had a lesser较小 charge收费 of forgery伪造品,
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他被判了个较轻的伪造罪
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got a year sentence句子
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被判刑一年
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and died死亡 a hero英雄 to the Dutch荷兰人 people.
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他死后成为荷兰人民的英雄
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There's a lot more to be said about van面包车 MeegerenMeegeren,
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关于凡‧米格伦还有很多故事可以说
02:14
but I want to turn now to Goering戈林,
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但我现在回来说戈林
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who's谁是 pictured合照 here being存在 interrogated审问 at Nuremberg纽伦堡.
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在这张照片里他在纽伦堡受审
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Now Goering戈林 was, by all accounts账户, a terrible可怕 man.
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那时的戈林,据所有的罪状,是一个可怕的人
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Even for a Nazi纳粹, he was a terrible可怕 man.
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甚至对纳粹分子来说,他也是个可怕的人
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His American美国 interrogators审讯 described描述 him
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美籍审讯管形容他
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as an amicable和睦 psychopath精神病患者.
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是一个和睦的精神变态的人
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But you could feel sympathy同情
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但是你可能会同情他
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for the reaction反应 he had
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当他在
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when he was told that his favorite喜爱 painting绘画
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被告知他所钟爱的绘画
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was actually其实 a forgery伪造品.
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其实是赝品时的反应
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According根据 to his biographer传记,
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根据他的传记作者说
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"He looked看着 as if for the first time
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“他看上去好像第一次
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he had discovered发现 there was evil邪恶 in the world世界."
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发现这个世界上存在着邪恶。”
02:43
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
02:46
And he killed杀害 himself他自己 soon不久 afterwards之后.
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之后他很快就自杀了
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He had discovered发现 after all
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他最终发现
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that the painting绘画 he thought was this
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他认为的这幅画
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was actually其实 that.
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其实是那幅赝品
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It looked看着 the same相同,
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它看上去一模一样
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but it had a different不同 origin起源, it was a different不同 artwork艺术品.
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但是它们的来源不同,这是不同的艺术品
03:00
It wasn't just him who was in for a shock休克.
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不只是他感到震惊
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Once一旦 van面包车 MeegerenMeegeren was on trial审讯, he couldn't不能 stop talking.
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有一次凡·米格伦受审讯时,他不停地唠叨。
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And he boasted吹嘘 about all the great masterpieces名作
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他吹嘘说所有其他画家
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that he himself他自己 had painted
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画的伟大作品都是
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that were attributed由于 to other artists艺术家.
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他画的
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In particular特定, "The Supper晚餐 at Emmaus以马忤斯"
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其中特别是《伊默斯的晚餐》
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which哪一个 was viewed观看 as Vermeer's维米尔的 finest最好的 masterpiece杰作, his best最好 work --
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这幅被视为弗美尔最优秀的杰作,他的极品--
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people would come [from] all over the world世界 to see it --
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全世界的人都会前来参观--
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was actually其实 a forgery伪造品.
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其实是一幅赝品
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It was not that painting绘画, but that painting绘画.
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不是这幅画,而是那幅画
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And when that was discovered发现,
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而这一被发现
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it lost丢失 all its value and was taken采取 away from the museum博物馆.
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它立刻被博物馆撤下,失去了一切价值
03:28
Why does this matter?
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为什么这个很重要呢
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I'm a psychologists心理学家 -- why do origins起源 matter so much?
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你们这些心理学家,为什么来源那么重要?
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Why do we respond响应 so much
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为什么我们对知道东西
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to our knowledge知识 of where something comes from?
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从哪里来的反应那么强烈?
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Well there's an answer回答 that many许多 people would give.
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很多人都会回答说:
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Many许多 sociologists社会学家 like Veblen凡勃伦 and Wolfe沃尔夫
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很多社会学家,比如Veblen维布伦和Wolfe沃尔夫
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would argue争论 that the reason原因 why we take origins起源 so seriously认真地
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会说我们之所以会那么重视东西的来源
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is because we're snobs势利, because we're focused重点 on status状态.
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是因为我们很势利,因为我们重视身份地位
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Among其中 other things,
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连同其他一些东西,
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if you want to show显示 off how rich丰富 you are, how powerful强大 you are,
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如果你想显示你富有,有权势
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it's always better to own拥有 an original原版的 than a forgery伪造品
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拥有一幅真迹总是比仿画要好得多
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because there's always going to be fewer originals原件 than forgeries伪造.
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因为真迹总是比仿制的少
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I don't doubt怀疑 that that plays播放 some role角色,
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我也不怀疑这也起了点作用
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but what I want to convince说服 you of today今天
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但是我今天想说服你们
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is that there's something else其他 going on.
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这其中还有别的原因
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I want to convince说服 you
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我想说服你们
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that humans人类 are, to some extent程度, natural自然 born天生 essentialists本质主义.
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从某种程度上来说,人类是天生的本质主义者
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What I mean by this
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我说这句话的意思是
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is we don't just respond响应 to things as we see them,
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我们对事物的反应不只是根据我们看到的
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or feel them, or hear them.
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感受到的和听到的做出的
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Rather, our response响应 is conditioned条件 on our beliefs信仰,
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相反,我们的反应是以我们的信奉为条件的
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about what they really are, what they came来了 from,
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他们到底是什么,从哪里来
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what they're made制作 of, what their hidden nature性质 is.
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用什么做的, 他们潜藏的内质是什么
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I want to suggest建议 that this is true真正,
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我想说这种特性
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not just for how we think about things,
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不但表现在我们怎样看待事物
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but how we react应对 to things.
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而且表现在我们对事情做出反应
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So I want to suggest建议 that pleasure乐趣 is deep --
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所以我想说快乐其实是很深层的
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and that this isn't true真正
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不光是比较高层次的快乐,
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just for higher更高 level水平 pleasures乐趣 like art艺术,
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比如艺术带给人的快乐是这样
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but even the most seemingly似乎 simple简单 pleasures乐趣
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而且大多数看似简单的快乐也是这样
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are affected受影响 by our beliefs信仰 about hidden essences香精.
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都是受我们对事物潜在本质认识的影响
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So take food餐饮.
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比如食品
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Would you eat this?
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你会吃这块肉吗
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Well, a good answer回答 is, "It depends依靠. What is it?"
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好的答案是,“要看这是什么了?”
04:51
Some of you would eat it if it's pork猪肉, but not beef牛肉.
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如果是猪肉不是牛肉你们中的有些人就吃了
04:53
Some of you would eat it if it's beef牛肉, but not pork猪肉.
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而有些人则吃牛肉而不吃猪肉
04:56
Few少数 of you would eat it if it's a rat
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如果是老鼠肉,或是人肉
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or a human人的.
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大概很少有人会吃
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Some of you would eat it only if it's a strangely奇怪 colored有色 piece of tofu豆腐.
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如果这是一块颜色奇怪的豆腐,你们中的一些人就吃了
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That's not so surprising奇怪.
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这并不奇怪
05:06
But what's more interesting有趣
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但是更有趣的是
05:08
is how it tastes口味 to you
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你觉得味道如何
05:10
will depend依靠 critically危重 on what you think you're eating.
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会取决于你认为你在吃什么
05:13
So one demonstration示范 of this was doneDONE with young年轻 children孩子.
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我们拿小孩做示范
05:16
How do you make children孩子
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你怎样才能让小孩
05:18
not just be more likely容易 to eat carrots萝卜 and drink milk牛奶,
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更可能去吃胡萝卜和喝牛奶
05:21
but to get more pleasure乐趣 from eating carrots萝卜 and drinking milk牛奶 --
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而且更喜欢吃胡萝卜和喝牛奶
05:24
to think they taste味道 better?
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觉得它们味道很好呢?
05:26
It's simple简单, you tell them they're from McDonald's麦当劳.
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很简单,你告诉他们这是从麦当劳买来的
05:29
They believe McDonald's麦当劳 food餐饮 is tastier美味,
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他们相信麦当劳的食品味道更好
05:31
and it leads引线 them to experience经验 it as tastier美味.
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这会引导他们感受更好的味道
05:34
How do you get adults成年人 to really enjoy请享用 wine红酒?
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你怎样让成年人更喜欢葡萄酒?
05:36
It's very simple简单:
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很简单
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pour it from an expensive昂贵 bottle瓶子.
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把酒从一个贵的瓶子里倒出来
05:40
There are now dozens许多, perhaps也许 hundreds数以百计 of studies学习 showing展示
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现在有几十个,可能是上百个研究显示
05:43
that if you believe you're drinking the expensive昂贵 stuff东东,
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如果你相信你在喝昂贵的东西
05:45
it tastes口味 better to you.
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你会觉得它更好喝
05:47
This was recently最近 doneDONE with a neuroscientific神经科学 twist.
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最近有个用神经科学方式的实验
05:50
They get people into a fMRI功能磁共振成像 scanner扫描器,
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他们让人躺进dMRI核磁共振成像扫描仪
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and while they're lying说谎 there, through通过 a tube,
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躺在那里的人一边用一根管子
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they get to sip wine红酒.
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吸葡萄酒
05:56
In front面前 of them on a screen屏幕 is information信息 about the wine红酒.
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他们面前是展示酒的信息的屏幕
05:59
Everybody每个人, of course课程,
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当然,每个人
06:01
drinks饮料 exactly究竟 the same相同 wine红酒.
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其实喝的都是一模一样的酒
06:03
But if you believe you're drinking expensive昂贵 stuff东东,
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但是如果你相信你在喝昂贵酒时,
06:06
parts部分 of the brain associated相关 with pleasure乐趣 and reward奖励
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大脑掌管快乐和奖赏的那个区域
06:09
light up like a Christmas圣诞 tree.
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就像圣诞树一样照亮了起来
06:11
It's not just that you say it's more pleasurable愉快的, you say you like it more,
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你不只是说你感到更快乐,或是你更喜欢这个贵酒
06:14
you really experience经验 it in a different不同 way.
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你真的是用不同的方式在感受这件事
06:17
Or take sex性别.
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就性感来说
06:20
These are stimuli刺激 I've used in some of my studies学习.
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这是我曾用在某些研究里的刺激方式
06:23
And if you simply只是 show显示 people these pictures图片,
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如果只是让人们看这些照片
06:26
they'll他们会 say these are fairly相当 attractive有吸引力 people.
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他们会说这些人挺有魅力
06:28
But how attractive有吸引力 you find them,
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但你认为他们多有魅力
06:31
how sexually or romantically浪漫 moved移动 you are by them,
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多性感,能让你产生浪漫的感觉
06:34
rests休息 critically危重 on who you think you're looking at.
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关键在于你觉得你在看谁
06:37
You probably大概 think the picture图片 on the left is male,
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你也许认为左边这张图是男性
06:40
the one on the right is female.
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右边这张图是女性
06:42
If that belief信仰 turns out to be mistaken错误, it will make a difference区别.
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但如果这样的认知是错误的,那感觉就大不一样了
06:45
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
06:47
It will make a difference区别 if they turn out to be
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如果他们比你们想象得要年轻或年长得多
06:49
much younger更年轻 or much older旧的 than you think they are.
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那也会有不同的结果
06:52
It will make a difference区别 if you were to discover发现
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当你发现你带着性欲
06:54
that the person you're looking at with lust情欲
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看着的人
06:56
is actually其实 a disguised伪装 version of your son儿子 or daughter女儿,
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其实是你的儿子或女儿
06:58
your mother母亲 or father父亲.
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是你的母亲或父亲
07:00
Knowing会心 somebody's某人的 your kin亲属 typically一般 kills杀死 the libido性欲.
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得知那人是你的亲人通常会扼杀掉欲望
07:03
Maybe one of the most heartening令人振奋 findings发现
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也许快乐心理学上
07:05
from the psychology心理学 of pleasure乐趣
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最让人振奋的发现是
07:07
is there's more to looking good than your physical物理 appearance出现.
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还有比外表好看更多的东西存在
07:10
If you like somebody, they look better to you.
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如果你喜欢某人, 你觉得他们更顺眼
07:13
This is why spouses配偶 in happy快乐 marriages婚姻
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这就是为什么幸福婚姻中的夫妇
07:16
tend趋向 to think that their husband丈夫 or wife妻子
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会觉得他们的另一半
07:18
looks容貌 much better than anyone任何人 else其他 thinks that they do.
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远比其他人认为的那样要好看得多
07:21
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
07:23
A particularly尤其 dramatic戏剧性 example of this
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一个特别典型的例子
07:26
comes from a neurological神经 disorder紊乱 known已知 as Capgras卡氏 syndrome综合征.
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是一种称做替身综合症的疾病
07:29
So Capgras卡氏 syndrome综合征 is a disorder紊乱
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替身综合症是一种精神疾病
07:32
where you get a specific具体 delusion妄想.
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会让人产生一种特别的幻觉
07:34
Sufferers患者 of Capgras卡氏 syndrome综合征
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替身综合症患者
07:36
believe that the people they love most in the world世界
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相信这世界上他们最爱的人
07:38
have been replaced更换 by perfect完善 duplicates重复.
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被完美的替身给替换了
07:40
Now often经常, a result结果 of Capgras卡氏 syndrome综合征 is tragic悲惨.
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替身综合症常常造成悲剧
07:43
People have murdered谋杀 those that they loved喜爱,
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患者杀害他们最爱的人
07:45
believing相信 that they were murdering谋杀 an imposter冒名顶替者.
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相信他们杀的是一个冒名顶替者
07:48
But there's at least最小 one case案件
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但是至少有一个案例表明
07:50
where Capgras卡氏 syndrome综合征 had a happy快乐 ending结尾.
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替身综合症患者得到了美满的结局
07:52
This was recorded记录 in 1931.
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这是1931年的一个纪录
07:54
"Research研究 described描述 a woman女人 with Capgras卡氏 syndrome综合征
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“研究记录一位患有替身综合症的女性
07:57
who complained抱怨 about her poorly不好 endowed天赋 and sexually inadequate不足 lover情人."
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曾抱怨她那位天资不足且缺乏魅力的情人”
08:00
But that was before she got Capgras卡氏 syndrome综合征.
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但这是在她患替身综合症之前
08:03
After she got it, "She was happy快乐 to report报告
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她得了病以后,“她高兴地汇报说
08:05
that she has discovered发现 that he possessed拥有 a double
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她说她发现了他有两重性
08:08
who was rich丰富, virile阳刚, handsome英俊 and aristocratic贵族的."
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他富有,强健,英俊,有贵族气质。”
08:10
Of course课程, it was the same相同 man,
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当然,这是同样一个人
08:12
but she was seeing眼看 him in different不同 ways方法.
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但是她看他的方式不一样了
08:14
As a third第三 example,
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第三个例子是
08:16
consider考虑 consumer消费者 products制品.
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关于日常用品
08:18
So one reason原因 why you might威力 like something is its utility效用.
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你喜欢一样东西可以是因为它的用处
08:21
You can put shoes on your feet; you can play golf高尔夫球 with golf高尔夫球 clubs会所;
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你可以把鞋穿脚上, 你可以用高尔夫球棒打球
08:24
and chewed咀嚼 up bubble泡沫 gum doesn't do anything at all for you.
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而嚼口香糖没带给你任何东西
08:27
But each of these three objects对象 has value
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但是这三样东西都有价值
08:29
above以上 and beyond what it can do for you
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比它们能为你做的更多的价值
08:31
based基于 on its history历史.
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基于它们的历史
08:33
The golf高尔夫球 clubs会所 were owned拥有的 by John约翰 F. Kennedy肯尼迪
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这个高尔夫球杆原来的主人是肯尼迪
08:36
and sold出售 for three-quarters四分之三 of a million百万 dollars美元 at auction拍卖.
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在一个拍卖会上卖了七十五万美元
08:39
The bubble泡沫 gum was chewed咀嚼 up by pop流行的 star Britney布兰妮 Spears布兰妮
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这泡泡糖是流行明星小甜甜布兰妮嚼过的
08:42
and sold出售 for several一些 hundreds数以百计 of dollars美元.
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后来卖了几百块美元
08:44
And in fact事实, there's a thriving market市场
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事实上,心爱的人吃剩下的食品
08:46
in the partially部分 eaten吃过 food餐饮 of beloved心爱 people.
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也是很有市场的
08:49
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
08:51
The shoes are perhaps也许 the most valuable有价值 of all.
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这双鞋可能是三样里最有价值的
08:54
According根据 to an unconfirmed未经证实 report报告,
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根据未经证实的报导
08:56
a Saudi沙特 millionaire百万富翁 offered提供 10 million百万 dollars美元
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一位沙特阿拉伯的富翁花了一千万美元
08:58
for this pair of shoes.
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买了这双鞋
09:00
They were the ones那些 thrown抛出 at George乔治 Bush衬套
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这就是那双几年前
09:03
at an Iraqi伊拉克人 press conference会议 several一些 years年份 ago.
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在一个伊拉克记者会上丢向小布什的鞋子
09:05
(Applause掌声)
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(掌声)
09:07
Now this attraction引力 to objects对象
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而这种物品产生的吸引力
09:09
doesn't just work for celebrity名人 objects对象.
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并不是只发生在名人物品上
09:11
Each one of us, most people,
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我们每一个人,大部分人的生活中
09:13
have something in our life that's literally按照字面 irreplaceable不可替代,
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有某些东西是无法被取代的
09:16
in that it has value because of its history历史 --
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它的价值来自于物品的历史
09:19
maybe your wedding婚礼 ring, maybe your child's孩子的 baby宝宝 shoes --
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也许是你的结婚戒指,也许是你孩子的婴儿鞋子
09:22
so that if it was lost丢失, you couldn't不能 get it back.
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如果它丢了,你就无法再找回来
09:25
You could get something that looked看着 like it or felt like it,
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你可以得到看上去或感觉上相似的东西
09:27
but you couldn't不能 get the same相同 object目的 back.
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但你无法找回一模一样的东西
09:30
With my colleagues同事 George乔治 Newman新人 and Gil吉尔 DiesendruckDiesendruck,
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与我的同事乔治·纽曼George Newman和吉尔·迪森德鲁克Gil Diesendruck一起
09:33
we've我们已经 looked看着 to see what sort分类 of factors因素, what sort分类 of history历史, matters事项
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我们观察是什么样的因素,什么样的背景,
09:36
for the objects对象 that people like.
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会让人们喜欢物品
09:38
So in one of our experiments实验,
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所以在我们某一个实验里
09:40
we asked people to name名称 a famous著名 person who they adored崇拜,
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我们请人们说出他们喜欢的名人
09:43
a living活的 person they adored崇拜.
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一位他们崇拜的还在世的人
09:45
So one answer回答 was George乔治 Clooney克鲁尼.
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其中有人回答乔治·克鲁尼
09:47
Then we asked them,
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然后我们问他们
09:49
"How much would you pay工资 for George乔治 Clooney's克鲁尼的 sweater毛线衣?"
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“你愿意花多少钱买乔治·克鲁尼的毛衣?”
09:51
And the answer回答 is a fair公平 amount --
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答案是一个不小的数字
09:53
more than you would pay工资 for a brand new sweater毛线衣
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比买一件全新的毛衣要价多
09:56
or a sweater毛线衣 owned拥有的 by somebody who you didn't adore崇拜.
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也比你不崇拜的人所拥有的毛衣要价多
09:59
Then we asked other groups of subjects主题 --
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然后我们问了其他的话题--
10:01
we gave them different不同 restrictions限制
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我们给他们设定了不同的限制
10:03
and different不同 conditions条件.
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和不同的条件
10:05
So for instance, we told some people,
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例如,我们告诉某些人
10:07
"Look, you can buy购买 the sweater毛线衣,
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“听好,你能买那件毛衣
10:09
but you can't tell anybody任何人 you own拥有 it,
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但你不能告诉任何人你拥有那件毛衣
10:11
and you can't resell转售 it."
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而且你也不能转卖它。”
10:13
That drops滴剂 the value of it,
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它的价值就跌了
10:15
suggesting提示 that that's one reason原因 why we like it.
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这说明了我们喜欢这件毛衣的其中一个原因
10:18
But what really causes原因 an effect影响
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而真正造成影响的是
10:20
is you tell people, "Look, you could resell转售 it, you could boast about it,
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你告诉人们:“看,你可以再把毛衣卖出去,你可以吹捧毛衣的价值
10:23
but before it gets得到 to you,
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但在你得到毛衣之前
10:25
it's thoroughly washed."
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这毛衣已经完全洗干净了。”
10:27
That causes原因 a huge巨大 drop下降 in the value.
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这点造成毛衣的价值大跌
10:30
As my wife妻子 put it, "You've washed away the Clooney克鲁尼 cooties虱子."
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像我太太说的:“你已经把克鲁尼的味道洗掉了”
10:33
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
10:35
So let's go back to art艺术.
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所以让我们回来谈艺术
10:37
I would love a Chagall夏加尔. I love the work of Chagall夏加尔.
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我喜欢夏卡尔,我喜欢夏卡尔的作品
10:39
If people want to get me something at the end结束 of the conference会议,
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如果在座有人想在演讲结束后送我礼物
10:41
you could buy购买 me a Chagall夏加尔.
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你可以送我夏卡尔的作品
10:43
But I don't want a duplicate重复,
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但是我不要复制品
10:45
even if I can't tell the difference区别.
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尽管我也不能分辨其中的差别
10:47
That's not because, or it's not simply只是 because,
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这不是因为,不是单纯因为,
10:49
I'm a snob势利 and want to boast about having an original原版的.
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我是一个势力的人,想吹嘘自己拥有一幅真迹
10:52
Rather, it's because I want something that has a specific具体 history历史.
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而是因为我想要拥有一样具有特殊历史的东西
10:55
In the case案件 of artwork艺术品,
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对艺术品来说
10:57
the history历史 is special特别 indeed确实.
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历史意义是特别重要的
10:59
The philosopher哲学家 Denis丹尼斯 Dutton达顿
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哲学家丹尼斯·达顿
11:01
in his wonderful精彩 book "The Art艺术 Instinct直觉"
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在他精彩的著作《艺术直觉》
11:03
makes品牌 the case案件 that, "The value of an artwork艺术品
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说明了“艺术作品的价值
11:05
is rooted in assumptions假设 about the human人的 performance性能 underlying底层 its creation创建."
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存在于对人类表现出来的创造力的假设”
11:08
And that could explain说明 the difference区别
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这点足以解释
11:10
between之间 an original原版的 and a forgery伪造品.
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真迹和仿画的不同
11:12
They may可能 look alike一样, but they have a different不同 history历史.
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真品和复制品看起来相同,但他们拥有不同的历史背景
11:14
The original原版的 is typically一般 the product产品 of a creative创作的 act法案,
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真品是典型的艺术创造的产物
11:17
the forgery伪造品 isn't.
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而仿画不是
11:19
I think this approach途径 can explain说明 differences分歧
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这个理论可以解释
11:22
in people's人们 taste味道 in art艺术.
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人们在艺术品味上的差别
11:24
This is a work by Jackson杰克逊 Pollock波洛克.
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这是杰克逊·波洛克的作品
11:26
Who here likes喜欢 the work of Jackson杰克逊 Pollock波洛克?
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在座有谁对杰克逊·波洛克的作品感兴趣?
11:30
Okay. Who here, it does nothing for them?
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好,那在座的谁对这幅作品毫无兴趣?
11:32
They just don't like it.
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他们就是不喜欢它
11:35
I'm not going to make a claim要求 about who's谁是 right,
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我不在这里宣布谁是对的
11:37
but I will make an empirical经验 claim要求
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但我来做一次
11:39
about people's人们 intuitions直觉,
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人类直觉的实证
11:41
which哪一个 is that, if you like the work of Jackson杰克逊 Pollock波洛克,
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也就是说,如果你喜欢杰克逊·波洛克的作品
11:43
you'll你会 tend趋向 more so than the people who don't like it
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你会比那些不喜欢他作品的人
11:46
to believe that these works作品 are difficult to create创建,
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更愿意去相信这些创造作品是很不容易的
11:49
that they require要求 a lot of time and energy能源
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这需要花上很多的时间和精力
11:51
and creative创作的 energy能源.
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还有创造力
11:53
I use Jackson杰克逊 Pollock波洛克 on purpose目的 as an example
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我故意用杰克逊·波洛克当作例子
11:56
because there's a young年轻 American美国 artist艺术家
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是因为有一位年轻的美国艺术家
11:58
who paints油漆 very much in the style样式 of Jackson杰克逊 Pollock波洛克,
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她用跟杰克逊·波洛克相同的手法绘画
12:00
and her work was worth价值
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她的作品
12:02
many许多 tens of thousands数千 of dollars美元 --
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价值成千上万美金--
12:04
in large part部分 because she's a very young年轻 artist艺术家.
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大部分的原因是因为她是一位非常年轻的艺术家
12:06
This is Marla玛拉 Olmstead奥姆斯特德
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这位是马拉·奥姆斯特德
12:08
who did most of her work when she was three years年份 old.
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三岁时就完成了她大部分的作品
12:10
The interesting有趣 thing about Marla玛拉 Olmstead奥姆斯特德
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而关于玛拉·奥姆斯特德,有意思的是
12:12
is her family家庭 made制作 the mistake错误
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她的家人犯了一个错误
12:14
of inviting诱人的 the television电视 program程序 60 Minutes分钟 IIII into their house
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他们邀请电视节目“60分钟二“ 到他们家中
12:18
to film电影 her painting绘画.
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拍摄她作画
12:20
And they then reported报道 that her father父亲 was coaching教练 her.
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然后他们报导出她父亲在教导她作画
12:23
When this came来了 out on television电视,
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当这个节目在电视上播出后
12:25
the value of her art艺术 dropped下降 to nothing.
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她的画突然就没有了价值
12:28
It was the same相同 art艺术, physically物理,
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从实际上来说, 这是一样的画
12:30
but the history历史 had changed.
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但是作品的历史背景改变了
12:33
I've been focusing调焦 now on the visual视觉 arts艺术,
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我一直在讲视觉艺术
12:35
but I want to give two examples例子 from music音乐.
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但我还要讲两个音乐的例子
12:37
This is Joshua约书亚 Bell, a very famous著名 violinist小提琴手.
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这位是约书亚·贝尔Joshua Bell,一个非常著名的小提琴家
12:39
And the Washington华盛顿 Post岗位 reporter记者 Gene基因 Weingarten魏因加滕
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华盛顿邮报的记者基恩·魏因加滕Gene Weingarten
12:42
decided决定 to enlist招募 him for an audacious胆大 experiment实验.
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决定招他参与做一项大胆的实验
12:45
The question is: How much would people like Joshua约书亚 Bell,
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问题是:大家愿意花多少钱在约书亚·贝尔的身上
12:47
the music音乐 of Joshua约书亚 Bell,
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和约书亚·贝尔的音乐
12:49
if they didn't know they were listening to Joshua约书亚 Bell?
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如果他们不知道他们是在听约书亚·贝尔的情况下呢?
12:53
So he got Joshua约书亚 Bell to take his million百万 dollar美元 violin小提琴
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因此他让约书亚·贝尔带着他价值百万的小提琴
12:56
down to a Washington华盛顿 D.C. subway地铁 station
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站在华盛顿的地铁站
12:59
and stand in the corner and see how much money he would make.
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然后站在角落看看他能赚到多少钱
13:02
And here's这里的 a brief简要 clip of this.
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这是一小段影片记录
13:04
(Violin小提琴 music音乐)
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(小提琴音乐)
13:11
After being存在 there for three-quarters四分之三 of an hour小时,
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在那里演奏了四十五分钟后
13:13
he made制作 32 dollars美元.
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他赚了32美元
13:16
Not bad. It's also not good.
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不差,但也不好
13:18
Apparently显然地 to really enjoy请享用 the music音乐 of Joshua约书亚 Bell,
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显然要真正享受约书亚·贝尔的音乐
13:21
you have to know you're listening to Joshua约书亚 Bell.
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你必须得知道你在听的是约书亚·贝尔的演奏
13:24
He actually其实 made制作 20 dollars美元 more than that,
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他实际上多赚了20块
13:26
but he didn't count计数 it.
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但是他没有算进去
13:28
Because this woman女人 comes up --
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因为这位女士出现--
13:30
you see at the end结束 of the video视频 -- she comes up.
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各位看到在影片的最后 - 她出现了
13:32
She had heard听说 him at the Library图书馆 of Congress国会 a few少数 weeks before
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因为她在几周前曾在美国国会图书馆
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at this extravagant black-tie黑领带 affair事务.
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听过他在一个衣冠楚楚的聚会上演出过
13:37
So she's stunned目瞪口呆 that he's standing常设 in a subway地铁 station.
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所以当看到他站在地铁站里,她惊呆了
13:40
So she's struck来袭 with pity可怜.
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她报以怜悯之情
13:42
She reaches到达 into her purse钱包 and hands him a 20.
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她从皮包里拿出二十块钱给他
13:44
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
13:46
(Applause掌声)
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(掌声)
13:48
The second第二 example from music音乐
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第二个音乐的例子是
13:50
is from John约翰 Cage's凯奇的 modernist现代主义 composition组成,
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是约翰·凯奇John Cage的现代派作品
13:52
"4'33"."
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《四分三十三秒》
13:54
As many许多 of you know,
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如在座各位所知
13:56
this is the composition组成 where the pianist钢琴家 sits坐镇 at a bench长凳,
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这首曲子,钢琴演奏者坐在椅子上时,
13:59
opens打开 up the piano钢琴
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打开钢琴
14:01
and sits坐镇 and does nothing for four minutes分钟 and 33 seconds --
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就坐在那儿,整整四分三十三秒都不做任何事--
14:03
that period of silence安静.
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这段时间是静默的
14:05
And people have different不同 views意见 on this.
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人们对此有着不同的看法
14:07
But what I want to point out
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但我想指出的是
14:09
is you can buy购买 this from iTunesiTunes的.
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这可以从iTunes上购买这首曲子
14:11
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
14:13
For a dollar美元 99,
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花上1.99美元
14:15
you can listen to that silence安静,
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你可以聆听那段静默的音乐
14:17
which哪一个 is different不同 than other forms形式 of silence安静.
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这和其他形式的静默是不同的
14:20
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
14:22
Now I've been talking so far about pleasure乐趣,
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到现在,我说的都是有关快乐的话题
14:25
but what I want to suggest建议
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但是我想说的是
14:27
is that everything I've said applies适用 as well to pain疼痛.
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我刚说的每一件事也能用在痛苦上
14:30
And how you think about what you're experiencing经历,
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以及如何认识我们的体验
14:32
your beliefs信仰 about the essence本质 of it,
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你们对于事物本质的信念
14:34
affect影响 how it hurts伤害.
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会影响到如何受伤害
14:36
One lovely可爱 experiment实验
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一项很可爱的实验
14:38
was doneDONE by Kurt库尔特 Gray灰色 and Dan Wegner韦格纳.
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是柯特·格雷Kurt Gray和丹· 韦格纳Dan Wegner做的
14:40
What they did was they hooked迷上 up Harvard哈佛 undergraduates本科生
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他们把哈佛的大学生连接到
14:42
to an electric电动 shock休克 machine.
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电子刺激仪上
14:44
And they gave them a series系列 of painful痛苦 electric电动 shocks震荡.
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然后给他们一系列的疼痛电子刺激
14:47
So it was a series系列 of five painful痛苦 shocks震荡.
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那是一系列五次的疼痛刺激
14:50
Half of them are told that they're being存在 given特定 the shocks震荡
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有一半的人被告知这些电击
14:52
by somebody in another另一个 room房间,
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是有人在另外一个房间传递给他们的
14:54
but the person in the other room房间 doesn't know they're giving them shocks震荡.
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但是在另一间房间的人并不知道他们在给别人刺激
14:57
There's no malevolence恶意, they're just pressing紧迫 a button按键.
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他们没有恶意,只是按一个按钮
14:59
The first shock休克 is recorded记录 as very painful痛苦.
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第一次的刺激记录是非常痛苦
15:02
The second第二 shock休克 feels感觉 less painful痛苦, because you get a bit used to it.
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第二次刺激感到轻了一点,因为你感到有些习惯了
15:05
The third第三 drops滴剂, the fourth第四, the fifth第五.
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第三,四,五次
15:07
The pain疼痛 gets得到 less.
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痛苦随次数递减
15:10
In the other condition条件,
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而在另一个条件下
15:12
they're told that the person in the next下一个 room房间
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受试者被告知在隔壁房间的人
15:14
is shocking触目惊心 them on purpose目的 -- knows知道 they're shocking触目惊心 them.
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是故意在给他们电击 -- 知道要电击他们
15:17
The first shock休克 hurts伤害 like hell地狱.
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第一次的刺激痛的像在地狱
15:19
The second第二 shock休克 hurts伤害 just as much,
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第二次一样痛
15:21
and the third第三 and the fourth第四 and the fifth第五.
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而第三第四和第五次
15:23
It hurts伤害 more
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如果你相信某人是故意要这么做
15:25
if you believe somebody is doing it to you on purpose目的.
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感受到的痛苦就更厉害
15:28
The most extreme极端 example of this
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最极端的例子
15:31
is that in some cases,
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是在某些情况下
15:33
pain疼痛 under the right circumstances情况
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痛苦在一定的情况下
15:35
can transform转变 into pleasure乐趣.
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可以转变为快乐
15:37
Humans人类 have this extraordinarily异常 interesting有趣 property属性
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人类有这个特别有趣的特质
15:40
that will often经常 seek寻求 out low-level低级别 doses剂量 of pain疼痛
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往往能在掌控的情况下
15:42
in controlled受控 circumstances情况
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常常会去寻找低层次的痛苦
15:44
and take pleasure乐趣 from it --
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然后从中获得乐趣
15:46
as in the eating of hot chili辣椒 peppers胡椒
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就像在吃辣椒
15:48
and roller滚筒 coaster杯垫 rides游乐设施.
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和玩过山车一样
15:51
The point was nicely很好 summarized总结
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这观点其实早就被
15:53
by the poet诗人 John约翰 Milton米尔顿
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诗人约翰·弥尔顿所总结过
15:55
who wrote, "The mind心神 is its own拥有 place地点,
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他写到:“心是它自己的住家
15:57
and in itself本身 can make a heaven天堂 of hell地狱,
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在它里面能把天堂变地狱
15:59
a hell地狱 of heaven天堂."
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地狱变天堂”
16:01
And I'll end结束 with that. Thank you.
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而我就以此作为结束,谢谢
16:03
(Applause掌声)
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(掌声)
Translated by Jenny Yang
Reviewed by Angelia King

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Paul Bloom - Psychologist
Paul Bloom explores some of the most puzzling aspects of human nature, including pleasure, religion, and morality.

Why you should listen

In Paul Bloom’s last book, How Pleasure Works, he explores the often-mysterious enjoyment that people get out of experiences such as sex, food, art, and stories. His latest book, Just Babies, examines the nature and origins of good and evil. How do we decide what's fair and unfair? What is the relationship between emotion and rationality in our judgments of right and wrong? And how much of morality is present at birth? To answer these questions, he and his colleagues at Yale study how babies make moral decisions. (How do you present a moral quandary to a 6-month-old? Through simple, gamelike experiments that yield surprisingly adult-like results.)  

Paul Bloom is a passionate teacher of undergraduates, and his popular Introduction to Psychology 110 class has been released to the world through the Open Yale Courses program. He has recently completed a second MOOC, “Moralities of Everyday Life”, that introduced moral psychology to tens of thousands of students. And he also presents his research to a popular audience though articles in The Atlantic, The New Yorker, and The New York Times. Many of the projects he works on are student-initiated, and all of them, he notes, are "strongly interdisciplinary, bringing in theory and research from areas such as cognitive, social, and developmental psychology, evolutionary theory, linguistics, theology and philosophy." 

He says: "A growing body of evidence suggests that humans do have a rudimentary moral sense from the very start of life."

More profile about the speaker
Paul Bloom | Speaker | TED.com