TEDxWaterloo
Michael Nielsen: Open science now!
Filmed:
Readability: 4.7
215,209 views
What if every scientist could share their data as easily as they tweet about their lunch? Michael Nielsen calls for scientists to embrace new tools for collaboration that will enable discoveries to happen at the speed of Twitter.
(Filmed at TEDxWaterloo.)
Michael Nielsen - Physicist
A physicist turned writer, Michael Nielsen believes online communication and collaboration tools are revolutionizing the way we make scientific discoveries. Full bio
A physicist turned writer, Michael Nielsen believes online communication and collaboration tools are revolutionizing the way we make scientific discoveries. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
Well, good afternoon, everybody.
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大家下午好，
非常感谢各位今天到场。
00:15
Thank you all very much
for coming along today.
for coming along today.
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我想先给大家讲一个故事。
00:18
I'd like to begin my talk with a story.
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00:21
It's a story that begins,
but does not end,
but does not end,
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这个故事有开头，但还未结束，
00:24
with a mathematician named Tim Gowers.
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一切要从数学家蒂姆 · 高尔斯说起。
00:27
Gowers is one of the world's most
renowned mathematicians.
renowned mathematicians.
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高尔斯是全球最著名的数学家之一，
他是剑桥大学的教授，
00:30
He's a professor at Cambridge University
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00:33
and a recipient of the Fields Medal,
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也是一名菲尔兹奖得主，
00:35
often called the Nobel Prize
of mathematics.
of mathematics.
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该奖项通常被认为是
数学领域的诺贝尔奖。
数学领域的诺贝尔奖。
00:39
Gowers is also a blogger,
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高尔斯还是一名博主，
00:42
and in January of 2009, he used his blog
to pose a very striking question:
to pose a very striking question:
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2009年1月，他在自己的博客中
提出了一个非常大胆的问题：
提出了一个非常大胆的问题：
00:49
Is massively collaborative
mathematics possible?
mathematics possible?
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大规模协作性数学是否可行？
00:55
So what he was proposing in this post
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他在博文中提出
00:58
was to use his blog to attack a difficult
unsolved mathematical problem --
unsolved mathematical problem --
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用他的博客来求解
一个未解的数学问题——
一个未解的数学问题——
01:03
a problem which he said
he would "love to solve" --
he would "love to solve" --
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他自称“乐意解决”的一个问题——
以完全公开的方式，
01:06
completely in the open,
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01:07
using his blog to post his ideas
and his partial progress.
and his partial progress.
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用博客来发布
他的想法和阶段性进展。
他的想法和阶段性进展。
01:13
What's more, he issued an open invitation,
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更重要的是，
他发布了一个公开邀请函，
他发布了一个公开邀请函，
01:16
inviting anybody in the world who thought
that they had an idea to contribute
that they had an idea to contribute
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邀请世界上自认为
可以贡献想法的任何人，
可以贡献想法的任何人，
01:21
to post their idea
in the comment section of the blog.
in the comment section of the blog.
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把他们的想法发布在博文的评论部分。
01:26
His hope was that by combining
the ideas of many minds,
the ideas of many minds,
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他希望通过结合许多人的想法
可以轻松求解他的数学难题。
01:30
he could make easy work
of his hard mathematical problem.
of his hard mathematical problem.
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01:33
He called this experiment
the Polymath Project.
the Polymath Project.
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他将这次实验命名为“博学者项目”。
01:37
Well, the Polymath Project
got off to a slow start.
got off to a slow start.
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“博学者项目”起步缓慢，
在最初的七个小时，
没有任何人发表评论。
没有任何人发表评论。
01:40
In the first seven hours,
nobody posted any comments.
nobody posted any comments.
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01:43
But then, a mathematician
from the University of British Columbia
from the University of British Columbia
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不过随后，不列颠
哥伦比亚大学的一位数学家
哥伦比亚大学的一位数学家
乔瑟夫 · 索力莫西
01:47
named Jozsef Solymosi
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发表了一个简短的评论。
01:48
posted a short comment.
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这似乎成了破冰之举，
因为几分钟后，
因为几分钟后，
01:50
And this seemed to break the ice,
because a few minutes later,
because a few minutes later,
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一位高中老师杰森 · 戴尔发表了一个建议。
01:53
a high school teacher named
Jason Dyer posted a suggestion.
Jason Dyer posted a suggestion.
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再过几分钟后，
01:57
And a few minutes after that,
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另一位数学家特伦斯 · 陶，
也是菲尔兹奖得主，
也是菲尔兹奖得主，
01:58
another mathematician named
Terence Tao, also a Fields medalist,
Terence Tao, also a Fields medalist,
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02:02
posted an idea.
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也发表了一个观点。
02:04
And things really started
to move quickly at this point.
to move quickly at this point.
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自此，事情才真正开始迅速发展起来。
02:07
Over the next 37 days,
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在接下来的37天，
02:09
27 different people would post
800 substantive comments
800 substantive comments
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27个人发表了800个实质性评论，
02:14
containing 170,000 words.
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共计17万字。
02:19
I was not a serious participant,
but I was following along closely
but I was following along closely
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虽然我没有认真地参与，
但从最初阶段就一直
但从最初阶段就一直
密切关注着，
02:22
from the start,
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整个过程十分精彩。
02:23
and it was just amazing.
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首先试验性地提出一个想法，
02:25
The speed with which an idea
would be tentatively proposed
would be tentatively proposed
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02:28
and then really rapidly developed
by other people and improved,
by other people and improved,
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然后经由其他人快速发展并改进，
不过有时会被抛弃——
02:32
sometimes discarded --
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02:33
it was just amazing.
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这个过程非常精彩。
02:35
Gowers described the process
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高尔斯这样描述这个过程：
与普通研究相比，差异之大就犹如
驾车与徒手推车的差别。
驾车与徒手推车的差别。
02:37
as being to ordinary research
"as driving is to pushing a car."
"as driving is to pushing a car."
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（笑声）
02:42
(Laughter)
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02:44
At the end of the 37 days,
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在37天结束时，
02:46
Gowers used his blog to announce
that they had solved the core problem;
that they had solved the core problem;
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高尔斯用他的博客宣布，
他们已解决了核心问题；
他们已解决了核心问题；
02:50
in fact, they had solved a harder
generalization of the problem.
generalization of the problem.
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实际上，他们解决了更广义的难题。
博学者项目圆满完成。
02:54
The Polymath Project had succeeded.
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02:57
So what the Polymath Project
suggests, at least to me,
suggests, at least to me,
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这个博学者项目的意义，
至少对我来说，
至少对我来说，
03:00
is that we can use
the internet to build tools
the internet to build tools
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意味着我们可以使用互联网来搭建工具，
03:04
that actually expand our ability
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切实地扩展我们的能力
03:07
to solve the most challenging
intellectual problems.
intellectual problems.
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来解决最具挑战性的智力问题。
03:12
Or, to put it in another way:
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换句话说：
03:14
we can build tools which actively amplify
our collective intelligence
our collective intelligence
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我们可以搭建工具来积极扩展集体智慧，
与千百年以来，我们使用物理工具
03:18
in much the same way as, for millennia,
we've used physical tools
we've used physical tools
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来增强我们的力量类似。
03:23
to amplify our strength.
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03:27
OK?
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对吧？
那么我今天要谈的是，
或者我今天想探讨的是，
或者我今天想探讨的是，
03:28
So what I'd like to talk about today,
or what I'd like to explore today,
or what I'd like to explore today,
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03:32
is what this means for science.
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这对科学意味着什么。
03:34
It's much more important than just solving
a single mathematical problem.
a single mathematical problem.
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它比求解单个数学问题更重要。
这意味着扩大科学问题的范围，
03:38
It means an expansion in the range
of scientific problems
of scientific problems
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使得我们有希望
从根本上解决这些问题。
从根本上解决这些问题。
03:41
we can hope to attack at all.
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03:44
It means, potentially, an acceleration
in the rate of scientific discovery.
in the rate of scientific discovery.
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这可能意味着科学发现的加速。
03:48
It means a change in the way
we construct knowledge itself.
we construct knowledge itself.
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这意味着，我们构建
知识本身的方式发生了变化。
知识本身的方式发生了变化。
03:52
So, before I get too overexcited, however,
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所以，在我变得过度兴奋之前，
03:55
I would like to talk
about some of the challenges,
about some of the challenges,
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我想谈谈一些挑战，
其中的一些问题。
03:58
some of the problems.
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我尤其想谈谈这种方法的一个失败案例。
03:59
Particularly, I'd like to describe
a failure of this approach.
a failure of this approach.
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04:03
It occurred in 2005, or started in 2005.
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这件事发生在2005年，
或者说，始于2005年。
或者说，始于2005年。
04:07
A grad student at Caltech named
John Stockton had a very good idea
John Stockton had a very good idea
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加州理工学院一位名叫约翰 · 斯托克顿的
研究生想到了一个很好的主意，
研究生想到了一个很好的主意，
04:12
for what he called the "Quantum Wiki,"
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他称之为“量子维基”，
04:15
or "Qwiki" for short.
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或简称“Qwiki”。
（笑声）
04:17
(Laughter)
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这是一个非常棒的想法。
04:18
OK? It's a great idea.
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04:20
What he did with the Qwiki was --
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针对Qwiki，他的计划是——
把它发展成一个伟大的
04:23
the idea of the Qwiki was that it
was going to be a great repository
was going to be a great repository
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04:26
of human knowledge,
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人类知识库，
与维基百科类似。
04:27
much like Wikipedia.
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但它并不专注于一般知识，
04:29
But instead of being focused
on general knowledge,
on general knowledge,
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04:32
it was going to be focused on
specialist knowledge in quantum computing.
specialist knowledge in quantum computing.
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而是专注于量子计算方面的专业知识。
04:37
It was going be kind of
a supertextbook for the field,
a supertextbook for the field,
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它将成为该领域的超级教科书，
04:40
with information about
all the latest research,
all the latest research,
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提供所有最新研究的相关信息，
04:42
about what the big open problems
in the field were,
in the field were,
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关于该领域的重大问题是什么，
人们对如何解决问题的猜测，
04:45
people's speculation
about how to solve the problems,
about how to solve the problems,
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04:48
and so on.
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等等这类的信息。
04:50
Like Wikipedia, the intention was
that it would be written by the users,
that it would be written by the users,
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像维基百科一样，
开发它的初衷是由用户编写，
开发它的初衷是由用户编写，
这里的用户指的是量子计算领域的专家。
04:54
in this case, by experts
in quantum computing.
in quantum computing.
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04:58
I was present at the conference at Caltech
in 2005, when it was announced.
in 2005, when it was announced.
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2005年，这个想法在加州理工学院
被宣布时，我出席了那次会议。
被宣布时，我出席了那次会议。
05:03
And some of the people who I spoke to
were very skeptical,
were very skeptical,
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我跟其中一些人交谈过，
他们对此非常怀疑，
他们对此非常怀疑，
05:06
but some of the people
were very excited by the idea.
were very excited by the idea.
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但有些人对这个想法非常感兴趣。
他们被实施方案所折服，
05:09
They were impressed by the implementation;
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05:11
they were impressed by the amount
of initial seed material
of initial seed material
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对初始种子材料叹为观止，
这些材料已上传到网站上；
05:14
which had been put on the site;
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最重要的是，其背后的愿景
让他们无比兴奋。
让他们无比兴奋。
05:15
and most of all,
they were excited by the vision.
they were excited by the vision.
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但是，仅仅因为他们兴奋不已，
05:18
But just because they were excited,
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05:20
didn't mean they wanted
to take the time themselves to contribute.
to take the time themselves to contribute.
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并不意味着他们乐意贡献自己的时间。
05:23
They hoped that other people would do so.
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他们希望其他人会行动起来。
05:26
And in the end, nobody, essentially,
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结果，基本上没有人
真正对做贡献感兴趣。
05:29
was really all that interested
in contributing.
in contributing.
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05:33
If you look today,
except in a few small corners,
except in a few small corners,
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如果你今天去看，
除了一些周边内容，
除了一些周边内容，
Qwiki基本已经形同虚设了。
05:36
the Qwiki is essentially dead.
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05:38
And, sad to say,
this is quite a common story.
this is quite a common story.
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很遗憾，这样的例子不胜枚举。
05:41
Many scientists, in fields ranging
from genetics to string theory,
from genetics to string theory,
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很多科学家，从遗传学
到弦论等各个领域，
到弦论等各个领域，
05:45
have tried to start science wikis
along very similar lines.
along very similar lines.
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都曾试图沿着类似的思路启动科学维基。
05:49
And typically, they've failed
for essentially the same reason.
for essentially the same reason.
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通常他们失败的原因也基本相似。
05:53
It's not just science wikis, either.
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当然，也不仅仅是科学维基。
05:55
Inspired by Facebook,
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受脸书鼓舞，
05:57
many organizations have tried to create
social networks for scientists,
social networks for scientists,
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很多组织都曾尝试过
为科学家们创建社交网络，
为科学家们创建社交网络，
06:01
which will connect scientists
to other people with similar interests.
to other people with similar interests.
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将科学家与兴趣相同的其他人联系起来。
这样，他们就能分享
数据或代码，以及想法等等。
数据或代码，以及想法等等。
06:07
So they can share things like data
or code, their ideas and so on.
or code, their ideas and so on.
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听起来是个好主意。
06:12
Again, it sounds like a good idea.
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但是，一旦加入这些网站，
06:13
But if you join one of these sites,
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06:16
you'll quickly discover
that they're essentially empty.
that they're essentially empty.
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你很快会发现内容大体上很空洞。
基本就是虚拟的鬼城。
06:19
They're virtual ghost towns.
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06:22
So what's going on?
What's the problem here?
What's the problem here?
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那么，到底发生了什么？
问题出在哪里？
问题出在哪里？
06:25
Why are these promising sites failing?
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为什么这些有前途的网站都失败了？
想象一下，你是一位
志向高远的青年科学家。
志向高远的青年科学家。
06:27
Well, imagine that you're
an ambitious young scientist.
an ambitious young scientist.
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当然，我知道在座的很多
都是志向高远的青年科学家。
都是志向高远的青年科学家。
06:31
In fact, I know some of you here
are ambitious young scientists.
are ambitious young scientists.
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假如你是一个志向高远的青年科学家，
06:35
Imagine you're
an ambitious young scientist.
an ambitious young scientist.
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你非常想找一份工作——
一份稳定的好工作——
一份稳定的好工作——
06:37
You really would like to get a job --
a permanent job, a good job --
a permanent job, a good job --
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从事自己喜欢的行业。
06:41
doing the work that you love.
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06:43
But it's incredibly competitive
to get such jobs.
to get such jobs.
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但是要获得这样的工作
竞争非常激烈。
竞争非常激烈。
通常有数百名高素质人才申请这个职位。
06:46
Often, there'll be hundreds of very
highly qualified applicants for positions.
highly qualified applicants for positions.
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06:51
And so you find yourself working
60, 70, 80 hours a week,
60, 70, 80 hours a week,
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你发现自己每周工作
60，70，甚至80个小时，
60，70，甚至80个小时，
从事着有助于你得到这类工作的一件事，
06:56
doing the one thing that you know
will get you such a job,
will get you such a job,
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那就是撰写科研论文。
07:00
and that is writing scientific papers.
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07:03
You may think that the Qwiki
is a wonderful idea in principle,
is a wonderful idea in principle,
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你可能认为Qwiki原则上是一个好主意，
07:06
but you also know that writing
a single mediocre paper
a single mediocre paper
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但你也知道，撰写一篇普通水准的论文，
07:10
will do much more for your career
and your job prospects
and your job prospects
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将对你的事业和工作前景加分更多，
而为这类网站做一系列精彩的
贡献则显得微不足道。
贡献则显得微不足道。
07:13
than a long series of brilliant
contributions to such a site.
contributions to such a site.
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07:17
So even though you may like the idea
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因此，尽管你喜欢这个想法，
认为它将更快推进科学发展，
07:19
and you may think it will advance
science more quickly,
science more quickly,
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却也发现，你无法让它
成为你工作的一部分。
成为你工作的一部分。
07:22
you find you just can't conceive of it
as being part of your job.
as being part of your job.
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07:26
It's not.
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很难接受。
07:28
The only things which can succeed
in this kind of environment
in this kind of environment
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在这种环境中唯一可以成功的事情，
就是像“博学者项目”之类的项目。
07:32
are projects like the Polymath Project,
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尽管他们采用了非常规的
方法来达到目的，
方法来达到目的，
07:34
which, even though they employ
an unconventional means to an end,
an unconventional means to an end,
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07:40
they have an essential
conservatism about them.
conservatism about them.
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他们仍然有一种必需的保守主义。
“博学者项目”的最终成果，
仍然是一篇科研论文——
仍然是一篇科研论文——
07:42
The end product of the Polymath Project
was still a scientific paper.
was still a scientific paper.
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实际上有好几篇论文，是吧？
07:46
In fact, it was several papers. Right?
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所以，采用非常规方式，
达成了常规目的。
达成了常规目的。
07:48
So unconventional means,
but conventional ends.
but conventional ends.
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因此，仍然存在一种保守主义。
07:52
So there's a kind of
conservatism about it.
conservatism about it.
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别误会我的意思——
博学者项目非常棒，
博学者项目非常棒，
07:54
And don't get me wrong --
the Polymath Project is terrific,
the Polymath Project is terrific,
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但遗憾的是，科学家们仅能使用这些
07:57
but it is a pity that scientists
can only use tools
can only use tools
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本质上是保守主义的工具。
08:02
which have this kind of
conservative nature.
conservative nature.
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08:05
So let me tell you a story
about an instance
about an instance
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那么我再讲一个故事，
关于我们摆脱这种保守主义的实例。
08:07
where we moved away
from this conservatism.
from this conservatism.
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08:10
It's a rare story where
the conservatism has been broken.
the conservatism has been broken.
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在这个罕见的故事中，保守主义被打破了。
08:14
It occurred in the 1990s,
when, as you know,
when, as you know,
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故事发生在1990年代，那个时期，
生物学家们有史以来
第一次开始采集大量的遗传数据，
第一次开始采集大量的遗传数据，
08:17
for the first time, biologists were taking
large amounts of genetic data
large amounts of genetic data
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08:22
to collect in the Human Genome Project.
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从事人类基因组计划的工作。
08:24
And there were sites online
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有些在线网站，
08:27
which would allow biologists
to upload that data
to upload that data
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允许生物学家们上传这些数据，
以便让世界各地的人们可以共享数据
08:30
so it could be shared
with other people around the world
with other people around the world
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并由其他人分析这些数据。
08:33
and analyzed by other people.
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08:35
Probably the best known of these
is the site GenBank,
is the site GenBank,
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可能其中最著名的就是GenBank网站，
08:38
which some of you may
have heard of or used.
have heard of or used.
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你们在座的一些人可能听说过或使用过。
08:41
And these sites, like GenBank,
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这些网站与GenBank网站类似，
08:43
had the problem in common with Qwiki
that scientists -- they're not paid
that scientists -- they're not paid
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与Qwiki有着相同的问题——
也不能通过分享数据
也不能通过分享数据
来获得报酬或奖励。
08:49
or rewarded for sharing their data.
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一切也都以发表论文为目的。
08:52
It's all about publishing papers.
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08:55
So there was a considerable reluctance
to actually upload the data.
to actually upload the data.
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因此很多人实际上不太愿意上传数据。
09:00
Yet, everybody could see
that this was silly --
that this was silly --
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然而，每个人都能看出
这种顾虑是多余的——
这种顾虑是多余的——
很明显，这是正确的做法。
09:03
it was obvious that this
was the right thing to do.
was the right thing to do.
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09:05
But just because it was obvious
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但是，因为它显而易见，
并不意味着人们实际上会去做。
09:07
didn't mean that people
were actually doing it.
were actually doing it.
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因此，1996年在百慕大召开了一个会议，
09:09
So a meeting was convened
in Bermuda in 1996
in Bermuda in 1996
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与会的都是世界上顶级的分子生物学家。
09:12
of many of the world's leading
molecular biologists.
molecular biologists.
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他们就这个问题讨论了好几天，
09:15
And they sat and they discussed
the problem for several days,
the problem for several days,
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最后达成了现在的“百慕大原则”，
09:18
and they came up with what are now
called the Bermuda Principles,
called the Bermuda Principles,
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09:21
which state that:
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其中陈述的是：
首先，一旦在实验室采集到人类遗传数据，
09:23
first, once human genetic data
is taken in the lab,
is taken in the lab,
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09:27
it should be immediately uploaded
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应立即上传到
09:29
to a site like GenBank;
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GenBank之类的网站；
09:30
and two, that the data
would be in the public domain.
would be in the public domain.
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其次，这些数据将出现在公共领域。
09:34
And these principles were given teeth,
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这些原则之所以能真正有效实施，
是因为受到了一些
大型科学资助机构的推崇——
大型科学资助机构的推崇——
09:36
because they were taken by the big
scientific grant agencies --
scientific grant agencies --
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如美国国立卫生研究院，
英国威康信托基金会——
英国威康信托基金会——
09:39
the US National Institutes of Health,
the UK Wellcome Trust --
the UK Wellcome Trust --
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实际上，这些原则已经融入到政策中。
09:43
and actually baked into policy.
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09:48
So it meant that if you were a scientist
who wanted to work on the human genome,
who wanted to work on the human genome,
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所以这意味着，如果你是一名科学家，
想从事人类基因组方面的工作，
想从事人类基因组方面的工作，
你必须同意遵守这些原则。
09:52
you had to agree to abide
by these principles.
by these principles.
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09:54
And today, I'm very pleased
to say, as a result,
to say, as a result,
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今天，我很高兴地说，正因为如此，
09:57
you can go online -- anybody here --
and download the human genome.
and download the human genome.
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包括在座的任何人都可以
上网下载人类基因组数据。
上网下载人类基因组数据。
10:01
So that's a terrific story.
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所以这是一个非常了不起的故事。
但是，人类基因组只是全部科学知识中，
10:03
But the human genome
is just a tiny, tiny fraction
is just a tiny, tiny fraction
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一个非常非常小的部分。
10:06
of all scientific knowledge.
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10:09
Even just in other parts of genetics,
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甚至在遗传学的其它分支中，
10:12
there is so much knowledge
that is still locked up.
that is still locked up.
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有太多的知识也仍然未被公开。
我和一位生物信息学家交谈过，
10:15
I spoke with one bioinformatician
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他告诉我，他“搜集
一整个物种的基因组数据上
一整个物种的基因组数据上
10:17
who told me that he'd been "sitting
on the genome of an entire species
on the genome of an entire species
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5417
10:22
for more than a year."
193
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1411
已经有一年多了。”
10:25
An entire species.
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这里说的是，一整个物种。
10:27
And in other parts of science,
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在科学的其它领域，
10:29
it is routine that scientists
hoard their data.
hoard their data.
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3795
科学家们会囤积他们的数据，这是惯例。
他们囤积自己写的计算机代码，
10:33
They hoard the computer code
that they write
that they write
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这些代码可能对其他人有用。
10:35
that could be useful,
potentially, to other people.
potentially, to other people.
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他们囤积最好的想法。
10:38
They hoard their best ideas.
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他们甚至经常囤积他们认为
10:40
And they often hoard even
the descriptions of the problems
the descriptions of the problems
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最有趣的问题的描述。
10:42
that they think are most interesting.
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1912
10:45
And so, what I and other people
in the Open Science movement
in the Open Science movement
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因此，我和开放科学运动中的其它其他人，
想要做的就是
10:48
would like to do is,
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改变这种情况。
10:49
we'd like to change this situation.
204
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1846
我们想要改变整个科学文化，
10:51
We would like to change
the culture of science
the culture of science
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2481
让科学家们更加积极地
10:54
so that scientists become
much more strongly motivated
much more strongly motivated
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2639
分享所有这些不同类型的知识。
10:56
to share all of these
different kinds of knowledge.
different kinds of knowledge.
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2643
我们想要改变每位科学家的价值观，
10:59
We want to change the values
of individual scientists
of individual scientists
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646568
4419
让他们开始将分享视为工作的一部分，
11:04
so they start to see it
as part of their job
as part of their job
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分享数据，分享代码，
11:07
to be sharing their data,
to be sharing their code,
to be sharing their code,
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2530
分享最好的想法，以及各自面临的问题。
11:10
to be sharing their best ideas
and their problems.
and their problems.
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11:14
So, if we can do this,
this kind of change in values,
this kind of change in values,
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5438
所以，如果我们能做到，
推动这类价值观的变化，
推动这类价值观的变化，
11:20
then we will indeed start to see
individual scientists rewarded
individual scientists rewarded
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4538
那么我们就会切实地开始看到
科学家因为他们的分享行动
科学家因为他们的分享行动
将纷纷获得奖励；
11:24
for doing these things;
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671980
1162
他们就会有动力去分享。
11:26
there will be incentives to do them.
215
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11:28
It's a difficult thing to do, however.
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2714
然而，要完成这件事，困难重重。
11:31
We're talking about changing the culture
of entire large parts of science.
of entire large parts of science.
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4941
我们正在谈论的是
改变整个科学的主流文化。
改变整个科学的主流文化。
11:37
But it has happened
before once in history,
before once in history,
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3090
但是，历史上曾有过先例，
那是在科学发展的黎明时分。
11:40
right back at the dawn of science.
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2152
11:43
Galileo, 1609: he points his telescope
up at the sky towards Saturn,
up at the sky towards Saturn,
220
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6362
1609年，伽利略把望远镜
指向天空，朝向土星，
指向天空，朝向土星，
于是人类有史以来第一次看到了
11:49
and he sees for the first time in history
221
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2601
我们现在熟知的土星环。
11:52
what we now know are the rings of Saturn.
222
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2091
11:55
Does he tell everybody in the world?
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1796
他告诉世界上的每一个人了吗？
他并没有那样做。
11:57
No, he doesn't do that.
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1255
11:58
He writes down a description, privately,
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2602
他私下写下了一段描述，
12:00
and then he scrambles the letters
in the description into an anagram,
in the description into an anagram,
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4991
然后把其中的一个个字母
打乱之后拼成了一个字谜，
打乱之后拼成了一个字谜，
12:05
and he sends that anagram
to several of his astronomer rivals.
to several of his astronomer rivals.
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4279
并把这个字谜发给了
几个天文学界的竞争对手。
几个天文学界的竞争对手。
（笑声）
12:10
(Laughter)
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1160
12:11
And what this ensures is that,
if they later make the same discovery,
if they later make the same discovery,
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6520
这确保了如果他们以后
得到了同样的发现，
得到了同样的发现，
他可以透露字谜，赢得荣誉，
12:17
he can reveal the anagram
and get the credit,
and get the credit,
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2486
12:21
but in the meantime, he hasn't given up
any knowledge at all.
any knowledge at all.
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3211
但与此同时，他并未放弃探索新知识。
不过“很遗憾”，他的做法
在当时其实并不少见：
在当时其实并不少见：
12:24
And I'm sad to say that he was
not uncommon at the time:
not uncommon at the time:
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3213
12:27
Newton, Huygens, Hooke, Leonardo --
they all used similar devices.
they all used similar devices.
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734883
4787
牛顿，惠更斯，胡克，莱昂纳多——
他们都使用了类似的策略。
他们都使用了类似的策略。
12:33
OK?
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740351
1173
我说清楚了吗？
12:35
The printing press had been around
for 150 years by this time.
for 150 years by this time.
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4477
迄今，印刷机已经存在了150年左右。
然而，在17到18世纪
发生了一场伟大的战争，
发生了一场伟大的战争，
12:40
And yet, there was a great battle
in the 17th and 18th centuries
in the 17th and 18th centuries
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3408
12:43
to change the culture of science,
237
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2463
改变了科学的文化，
12:46
so that it became expected
that when a scientist made a discovery,
that when a scientist made a discovery,
238
753144
3629
人们逐渐开始认为，
当科学家有新的发现时，
当科学家有新的发现时，
12:49
they would reveal it in a journal.
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2503
他们会在期刊杂志上发表。
12:53
Now, that's great that that change
has happened. It's terrific.
has happened. It's terrific.
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3653
发生这种变化实在是太棒了。
12:57
But today, we have new technologies,
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764193
1930
但是如今，我们有了新技术，
12:59
we have new opportunities
to share our knowledge in new ways
to share our knowledge in new ways
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766147
4429
我们有了新机遇，可以用
新的方式来分享我们的知识，
新的方式来分享我们的知识，
13:03
and the ability to create tools
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2106
并且有能力创造工具，
13:05
that actually allow us
to solve problems in entirely new ways.
to solve problems in entirely new ways.
244
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4510
让我们可以用全新的方式来解决问题。
13:11
So we need to have a second
open science revolution.
open science revolution.
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3739
因此，我们需要开展
第二次开放科学革命。
第二次开放科学革命。
13:15
It is my belief
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1226
我相信
任何公共资助的科学
都应该是开放科学。
都应该是开放科学。
13:16
that any publicly funded science
should be open science.
should be open science.
247
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4159
13:21
How can we achieve this change?
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2368
那我们如何才能实现这一改变呢？
13:24
Well, if you're a scientist -- and I know
many of you are not scientists,
many of you are not scientists,
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4464
如果你是一个科学家——
我知道在座的很多都不是科学家，
我知道在座的很多都不是科学家，
但如果你是一个科学家，
13:29
but if you are a scientist,
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1349
13:30
then there are things that you can do.
251
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2097
可以尝试做这样一些事。
你可以参与某个开放科学项目，
13:32
You can get involved
in an open science project,
in an open science project,
252
799954
3439
13:36
even if it's just for a small
fraction of your time.
fraction of your time.
253
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3077
这只需要占用你一点点时间。
13:39
You can find forums online
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2802
你可以在网上寻找论坛，
以新的方式分享你的知识，
13:42
where you can share
your knowledge in new ways,
your knowledge in new ways,
255
809759
2553
13:45
ways that allow other people
to build on that knowledge.
to build on that knowledge.
256
812336
3172
这样其他人就可以
基于这些知识进行进一步探索。
基于这些知识进行进一步探索。
13:49
You can also, if you're more ambitious,
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3013
如果你有更大的雄心壮志，你也可以
13:52
start an open science project of your own.
258
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2475
开展自己的开放式科学项目。
如果你敢于冒险，可能会希望尝试
13:54
If you're really bold,
you may wish to experiment
you may wish to experiment
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2326
全新的合作方式，
13:57
with entirely new ways of collaborating,
260
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2229
就像“博学者项目”一样。
13:59
in much the same way
as the Polymath Project did.
as the Polymath Project did.
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3064
14:03
But above all, what you should do
is be very generous in giving credit
is be very generous in giving credit
262
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4898
但最重要的是，
你应该非常慷慨地
你应该非常慷慨地
14:08
to those of your colleagues
who are practicing science in the open
who are practicing science in the open
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835549
3582
对在公开场所进行
科学讨论的同事给予肯定，
科学讨论的同事给予肯定，
14:12
and to promote their work.
264
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1828
并推动他们的工作。
14:14
It is only conservative scientific values
265
841578
3538
只有保守的科学价值观
14:18
that look down on these activities --
the sharing of data, the blogging,
the sharing of data, the blogging,
266
845140
4508
才会对这些活动不屑一顾 ——
比如数据共享，博客，
比如数据共享，博客，
14:22
or using of wikis and so on.
267
849672
1854
或使用维基百科等等。
14:25
You can reject those conservative values
268
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2485
你可以摈弃这些保守的价值观，
并让你的科学界同事们共同参与对话，
14:28
and engage your scientific
colleagues in conversation
colleagues in conversation
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2828
14:31
to promote the value
of these new ways of working,
of these new ways of working,
270
858038
3482
促进这些新工作方式所倡导的价值观，
强调做这些事情需要勇气，
14:34
to emphasize that it takes bravery
to do these things,
to do these things,
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2911
14:37
particularly by young scientists.
272
864479
1992
特别是对于年轻的科学家们。
14:39
It's through such conversation that
the culture of science can be changed.
the culture of science can be changed.
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4961
正是通过这种对话，
科学文化才能得以改变。
科学文化才能得以改变。
14:45
So if you are not a scientist,
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如果你不是科学家，
14:47
there are also things that you can do.
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也可以做些力所能及的事情。
14:50
My belief is that the single most
important thing that we can do
important thing that we can do
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我想我们唯一能做的
最重要的事情就是，
最重要的事情就是，
14:55
to give impetus to open science
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为开放科学助一臂之力，
14:58
is to create a general awareness
amongst the population
amongst the population
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在人群中形成一种关于
15:03
of the issue of open science
and of its critical importance.
and of its critical importance.
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开放科学及其重要性的普遍意识。
15:07
If there is that general awareness,
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如果社会上有了普遍意识，
那么科学界将不可避免地发现——
15:10
then the scientific community
will inevitably find --
will inevitably find --
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15:13
it will be dragged
by the population at large
by the population at large
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它将被普通民众拖向
15:16
in the right direction.
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正确的方向。
15:18
There are simple things you can do.
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你可以做一些简单的事情。
你可以和朋友以及
熟识的科学家们交谈，
熟识的科学家们交谈，
15:20
You can talk to your friends
and acquaintances who are scientists
and acquaintances who are scientists
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问他们正在做什么公共性质的工作。
15:23
and just ask them
what are they doing to work more openly.
what are they doing to work more openly.
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或者，你可以利用自己的
想象和个人魅力，
想象和个人魅力，
15:26
Or you can use your imagination
and your personal power
and your personal power
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通过其它方式来促成这种意识。
15:29
to raise awareness in other ways.
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15:32
We're talking about changing
not just what scientists do
not just what scientists do
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我们所谈论的不仅仅是
改变科学家的工作，
改变科学家的工作，
而是改变资助机构的工作，
15:35
but what grant agencies do,
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15:36
what universities do
and what governments do.
and what governments do.
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大学的工作，以及政府的工作。
15:39
And you can influence all of those things.
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你可以影响所有这些事情。
15:44
Our society faces a fundamental question:
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我们的社会面临着一个基本问题：
15:48
What kinds of knowledge
are we going to expect
are we going to expect
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我们会期待什么样的知识，
15:51
and incentivize our scientists to share?
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并鼓励我们的科学家分享？
15:55
Will we continue
as we have done in the past?
as we have done in the past?
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我们会延续过往的做法吗？
15:58
Or will we embrace new kinds of sharing,
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或者，我们是否会接受新的分享方式，
16:01
which lead to new methods
for solving problems
for solving problems
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它们将带来解决问题的新方法，
16:05
and an acceleration
in the process of science,
in the process of science,
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并全面加速科学领域的
16:07
entirely across the board?
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研究进程？
16:10
My hope is that we will
embrace open science
embrace open science
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我希望我们会接受开放科学，
16:14
and really seize
this opportunity that we have
this opportunity that we have
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并真正抓住这个机会
16:17
to reinvent discovery itself.
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来重塑发现本身。
16:20
Thank you. (Applause)
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谢谢大家。
（掌声）
（掌声）
Translated by Fanny Fan
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Michael Nielsen - PhysicistA physicist turned writer, Michael Nielsen believes online communication and collaboration tools are revolutionizing the way we make scientific discoveries.
Why you should listen
A Fulbright scholar, Michael Nielsen not only made significant research contributions in the field of quantum physics, but also co-wrote the popular Quantum Computation and Quantum Information. He left academia to focus his research on “open science,” and recently published Reinventing Discovery: The New Era of Networked Science -- a book that discusses the Internet’s ability to “amplify our collective intelligence” and the cultural obstacles of the scientific community impeding this dramatic shift.
Michael Nielsen | Speaker | TED.com