TEDxAmsterdam
Peter van Uhm: Why I chose a gun
彼得•范乌姆：我为什么拿起枪
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彼得•范乌姆虽然身为荷兰的国防部长，但是并不意味着他是个亲战者，在TEDxAmsterdam的演讲台上，他讲述了自己的一生是如何充满着对和平的热爱，而不是对杀戮的欲望——以及为什么军队是和平的必要条件。
Peter van Uhm - General
General Peter van Uhm is the Chief of the Netherlands Defence staff. Full bio
General Peter van Uhm is the Chief of the Netherlands Defence staff. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
As the highest military commander
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作为荷兰本土军队
00:18
of The Netherlands,
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以及荷兰驻外军队的
00:20
with troops stationed around the world,
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最高指挥官
00:23
I'm really honored
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我很荣幸今天
00:25
to be here today.
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来到这里
00:27
When I look around
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当我环视着
00:29
this TEDxAmsterdam venue,
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TEDxAmsterdam讲台
00:31
I see a very special audience.
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我看到了一群非常特别的观众
00:35
You are the reason
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——“你们”， 也就是我今天
00:37
why I said yes to the invitation
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同意来到这里进行演讲
00:40
to come here today.
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的源动力
00:44
When I look around,
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我环顾四周
00:46
I see people
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我看到
00:48
who want to make a contribution,
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那些想要奉献自己的人
00:50
I see people
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我看到他们想用
00:52
who want to make a better world,
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自己的努力来创造一个更美好的世界
00:55
by doing groundbreaking scientific work,
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通过进行开创性的科研工作
00:58
by creating impressive works of art,
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通过创造无与伦比的艺术作品
01:02
by writing critical articles
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通过撰写评论文章
01:04
or inspiring books,
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或是励志书籍
01:07
by starting up sustainable businesses.
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通过开创立足长远的企业
01:10
And you all have chosen
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大家都选择了
01:13
your own instruments
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各自不同的工具
01:15
to fulfill this mission
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来达成这些
01:17
of creating a better world.
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创造更好世界的目标
01:20
Some chose the microscope
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有些人选择了显微镜
01:22
as their instrument.
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作为他们的工具
01:24
Others chose dancing or painting
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其他人选择了舞蹈或者绘画
01:27
or making music like we just heard.
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或是谱写出了像刚才我们所听到的音乐
01:30
Some chose the pen.
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有些人选择了笔
01:33
Others work through the instrument of money.
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还有些人则用钱
01:37
Ladies and gentlemen,
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女士们 先生们
01:39
I made a different choice.
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我的选择有些不同
01:55
Thanks.
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谢谢
02:00
Ladies and gentlemen --
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女士们，先生们——
02:03
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
02:06
(Applause)
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（掌声）
02:11
I share your goals.
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我跟你们有相同的愿景
02:14
I share the goals
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我有着和刚才我提到的那些人
02:16
of the speakers you heard before.
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相同的目标
02:20
I did not choose
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我没有选择
02:23
to take up the pen,
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拿起钢笔
02:26
the brush, the camera.
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画笔或是相机
02:30
I chose this instrument.
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我选择了这个工具
02:34
I chose the gun.
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一把枪
02:37
For you, and you heard already,
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像你现在所感受的 或是曾经所听过的那样
02:40
being so close to this gun
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离这把枪如此之近
02:43
may make you feel uneasy.
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也许会让你感觉不舒服
02:47
It may even feel scary.
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甚至觉得有些可怕
02:49
A real gun
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一把真枪
02:51
at a few feet's distance.
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就在据你几英尺的地方
02:54
Let us stop for a moment
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让我们先稍微停一下
02:56
and feel this uneasiness.
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来感受一下这种不适感
02:59
You could even hear it.
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你甚至能听到这种感觉
03:02
Let us cherish the fact
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其实这种情况是很值得珍视的
03:04
that probably most of you
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那就是你们大多数人
03:07
have never been close to a gun.
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从来没有如此靠近过一把枪
03:10
It means
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这意味着
03:12
The Netherlands is a peaceful country.
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荷兰是一个和平的国家
03:15
The Netherlands is not at war.
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没有接受战火的煎熬
03:18
It means soldiers are not needed
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这意味着士兵们不必去
03:21
to patrol our streets.
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巡视街道
03:24
Guns are not a part of our lives.
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枪支也不是我们生活的一部分
03:28
In many countries
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但在很多国家
03:31
it is a different story.
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情况却完全不同
03:34
In many countries
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在许多国家里
03:36
people are confronted with guns.
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人们必须和枪支打交道
03:38
They are oppressed.
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他们被压迫
03:40
They are intimidated --
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他们被威胁
03:43
by warlords,
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这可能来自军阀
03:45
by terrorists,
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也可能来自恐怖分子
03:47
by criminals.
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或者来自罪犯
03:49
Weapons can do a lot of harm.
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武器可以制造很大的伤害
03:52
They are the cause
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它们是众多灾难
03:54
of much distress.
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的根源
03:56
Why then am I standing before you
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那么为什么我会拿着这把枪站在
03:58
with this weapon?
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你们面前？
04:01
Why did I choose the gun
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我又为什么会选择枪
04:03
as my instrument?
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作为我的工具呢？
04:06
Today I want to tell you why.
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今天我来告诉你们原因
04:08
Today I want to tell you
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今天我来告诉你们
04:10
why I chose the gun
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为何我选择枪
04:12
to create a better world.
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来创造一个更好的世界
04:14
And I want to tell you
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同时我想告诉你们
04:16
how this gun can help.
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这把枪是怎样帮助我们的
04:20
My story starts
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我的故事
04:23
in the city of Nijmegen
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开始于奈梅亨城
04:26
in the east of The Netherlands,
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它位于荷兰的东部
04:29
the city where I was born.
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这是我出生的城市
04:33
My father
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我的父亲
04:35
was a hardworking baker,
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是个勤劳的面包师
04:39
but when he had finished work in the bakery,
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但是当他完成了面包房的工作以后
04:42
he often told me and my brother stories.
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他经常给我们两兄弟讲故事
04:46
And most of the time,
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大多数时间
04:48
he told me this story I'm going to share with you now.
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他都会讲这个故事，我现在也想和大家一起分享
04:52
The story of what happened
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这个故事发生在
04:54
when he was a conscripted soldier
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他正值二战初期
04:57
in the Dutch armed forces
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应征入伍
04:59
at the beginning of the Second World War.
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加入荷兰军队的时候
05:02
The Nazis invaded The Netherlands.
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纳粹入侵荷兰
05:05
Their grim plans were evident.
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他们侵略野心已经凸显无疑
05:08
They meant to rule
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他们希望通过
05:10
by means of repression.
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镇压来统治
05:13
Diplomacy had failed to stop the Germans.
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外交途径已经无法阻止德国人
05:17
Only brute force remained.
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只有残忍的战争这一条路
05:21
It was our last resort.
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这是最后的手段
05:24
My father was there
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我父亲当时就在那
05:26
to provide it.
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时刻为战争准备着
05:28
As the son of a farmer
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作为一个农夫的儿子
05:30
who knew how to hunt,
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他很善于狩猎
05:32
my father was an excellent marksman.
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我父亲是个神射手
05:35
When he aimed,
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他只要瞄准
05:37
he never missed.
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就不可能射不中
05:39
At this decisive moment in Dutch history
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在荷兰历史生死攸关之际
05:42
my father was positioned
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我的父亲被派遣到了
05:45
on the bank of the river Waal
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瓦尔河河岸驻守
05:47
near the city of Nijmegen.
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离奈梅亨很近
05:50
He had a clear shot at the German soldiers
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他对那些德国士兵进行射击
05:53
who came to occupy a free country,
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阻止他们企图占领一个自由的国家
05:56
his country,
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他的国家
05:58
our country.
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我们的国家
06:00
He fired. Nothing happened.
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他开了枪，但什么也没发生
06:03
He fired again.
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他又开了一枪
06:05
No German soldier fell to the ground.
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却没有德国军人应声倒地
06:09
My father had been given
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我父亲被分配到了一把
06:11
an old gun
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老枪
06:13
that could not even reach
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根本不能打到
06:15
the opposite riverbank.
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河对岸那么远的地方
06:18
Hitler's troops marched on,
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希特勒的军队逼近
06:21
and there was nothing my father could do about it.
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我父亲却不能阻止他们
06:26
Until the day my father died,
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直到我父亲去世的那天
06:29
he was frustrated about missing these shots.
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他依然对此耿耿于怀
06:33
He could have done something.
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他本可以做些事情
06:36
But with an old gun,
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但是拿着一把老枪
06:38
not even the best marksman in the armed forces
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即使最好的射手也
06:41
could have hit the mark.
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无法命中目标
06:44
So this story stayed with me.
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这个故事一直伴随着我
06:47
Then in high school,
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然后在高中时
06:49
I was gripped by the stories
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我被联军的故事
06:51
of the Allied soldiers --
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所吸引——
06:54
soldiers who left the safety of their own homes
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那些战士们远离自己的家乡
06:58
and risked their lives
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冒着生命的危险
07:00
to liberate a country and a people
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去解放和他们素不相识的国家
07:03
that they didn't know.
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和人们
07:06
They liberated my birth town.
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他们解放了我的家乡
07:09
It was then that I decided
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就在那时我决定了
07:12
I would take up the gun --
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我要拿起枪——
07:15
out of respect and gratitude
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出于对那些解放了我们
07:18
for those men and women
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的前辈们的尊重
07:20
who came to liberate us --
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和感激——
07:23
from the awareness
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也出于意识到
07:25
that sometimes only the gun
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有的时候只有枪
07:28
can stand
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才能斡旋于
07:30
between good and evil.
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正义和邪恶之间
07:33
And that is why
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这也是为什么
07:35
I took up the gun --
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我选择拿起枪——
07:37
not to shoot,
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不为射击
07:39
not to kill,
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不为杀戮
07:41
not to destroy,
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不为毁灭
07:43
but to stop those who would do evil,
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只为阻止邪恶
07:47
to protect the vulnerable,
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保护弱者
07:50
to defend democratic values,
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保卫民主价值
07:53
to stand up for the freedom we have
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也为了捍卫我们今天
07:56
to talk here today
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所讨论的自由
07:58
in Amsterdam
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就在此时此地
08:00
about how we can make the world a better place.
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关于如何去创造一个更好的世界
08:03
Ladies and gentlemen,
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女士们，先生们
08:05
I do not stand here today
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我今天站在这里
08:08
to tell you about the glory of weapons.
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不是想对武器进行赞颂
08:11
I do not like guns.
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我其实不喜欢枪
08:15
And once you have been under fire yourself,
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而且如果你曾经饱受战火
08:19
it brings home even more clearly
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那么你就会更加明白
08:22
that a gun is not some macho instrument
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枪并不是用来展现自己男子气概的
08:25
to brag about.
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装逼工具
08:28
I stand here today
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我今天在这里
08:30
to tell you about the use of the gun
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想告诉大家的是枪是如何被用作
08:32
as an instrument of peace and stability.
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维护和平与稳定的工具
08:38
The gun may be one of the most important instruments
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枪也许是我们所在的这个世界上
08:40
of peace and stability
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用来维护和平与平稳的
08:42
that we have in this world.
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最重要的工具之一
08:44
Now this may sound contradictory to you.
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你们可能觉得这听起来有点矛盾
08:48
But not only have I seen with my own eyes
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但我不仅可以作为荷兰国防部长
08:53
during my deployments in Lebanon,
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用我在在黎巴嫩
08:55
Sarajevo and [unclear] national
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萨拉热窝和其他某些国家的
08:57
as The Netherlands' chief of defense,
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的所见所闻去证明
09:00
this is also supported
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同时，这个道理也可以被
09:02
by cold, hard statistics.
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统计数字所证实
09:06
Violence has declined dramatically
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暴力活动在过去的500年中
09:09
over the last 500 years.
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大幅减少
09:12
Despite the pictures
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除去我们每天
09:14
we are shown daily in the news,
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在新闻中看到的画面以外
09:17
wars between developed countries
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战争在发达国家中
09:19
are no longer commonplace.
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已经不常见了
09:22
The murder rate in Europe
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谋杀率在欧洲
09:24
has dropped by a factor of 30
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自中世纪以来
09:26
since the Middle Ages.
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已经下降到了1/30
09:28
And occurrences of civil war and repression
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同时内战和镇压
09:31
have declined since the end of the Cold War.
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自冷战结束后也已经显著减少了
09:34
Statistics show
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统计显示
09:36
that we are living
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我们生活在
09:38
in a relatively peaceful era.
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一个相对和平的年代
09:40
Why?
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为什么？
09:42
Why has violence decreased?
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为什么暴力会下降？
09:45
Has the human mind changed?
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人性改变了吗？
09:48
Well we were talking on the human mind this morning.
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我们今天早晨讨论的就是人性的问题
09:51
Did we simply lose our beastly impulses
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是否我们真的已经不再为某些东西怀着残忍的冲动
09:54
for revenge,
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比如复仇
09:56
for violent rituals,
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比如某些暴力仪式
09:58
for pure rage?
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以及某些纯粹的愤怒？
10:01
Or is there something else?
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亦或是其他什么原因？
10:04
In his latest book,
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根据最新的一本
10:06
Harvard professor Steven Pinker --
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哈佛教授史蒂芬·平克所写的书——
10:08
and many other thinkers before him --
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以及许多在他之前的思想家——
10:10
concludes that one of the main drivers
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都总结说 使暴力减少
10:15
behind less violent societies
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的原因之一就是
10:18
is the spread of the constitutional state
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国家法制化的盛行
10:21
and the introduction on a large scale
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以及大规模引入的
10:24
of the state monopoly
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合法使用武力
10:26
on the legitimized use of violence --
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的国家垄断——
10:29
legitimized by a democratically elected government,
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通过民选政府来合法化
10:35
legitimized by checks and balances
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通过政府之间相互制衡
10:38
and an independent judicial system.
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以及独立的司法系统来合法化
10:42
In other words, a state monopoly
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换句话说， 国家的垄断
10:45
that has the use of violence
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使得暴力使用
10:48
well under control.
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被很好控制住了
10:51
Such a state monopoly on violence,
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这种在暴力上的国家垄断
10:54
first of all, serves
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首先 它成为了
10:56
as a reassurance.
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一种保障
10:58
It removes the incentive
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它消除了社会里
11:00
for an arms race
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两个潜在的
11:02
between potentially hostile groups
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敌对双方之间
11:04
in our societies.
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武力竞争的可能性
11:06
Secondly, the presence of penalties
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其次，处罚这种存在的本身
11:09
that outweigh the benefits of using violence
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远优于使用武力所带来的好处
11:12
tips the balance even further.
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它使这种平衡得以更好的维持
11:15
Abstaining from violence
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放弃暴力
11:17
becomes more profitable
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比发起一场战争
11:19
than starting a war.
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更加有益
11:22
Now nonviolence starts to work
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现在，非暴力的成效已经得以显现
11:25
like a flywheel.
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并且有一种继续发展的惯性
11:28
It enhances peace even further.
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它进一步促进了和平
11:31
Where there is no conflict,
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没有冲突的地方
11:33
trade flourishes.
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贸易才能繁荣
11:36
And trade is another important incentive
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同样，贸易是另一个抑制暴力
11:38
against violence.
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的因素
11:41
With trade, there's mutual interdependency
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贸易的前提来自相互依存
11:44
and mutual gain between parties.
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以及双方的互利
11:48
And when there is mutual gain,
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当双方处在互利的情况下时
11:50
both sides stand to lose more
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战争的爆发
11:52
than they would gain
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对于贸易双方来说
11:54
if they started a war.
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弊要远大于利
11:57
War is simply
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很明显 战争
11:59
no longer the best option,
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不是最好的选择
12:02
and that is why violence has decreased.
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这也是为什么暴力在逐渐减少
12:07
This, ladies and gentlemen,
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女士们先生们
12:09
is the rationale behind the existence
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这就是军队之所以存在的
12:12
of my armed forces.
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本质理由
12:15
The armed forces
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军队
12:17
implement the state monopoly on violence.
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保证着国家对于暴力的垄断
12:20
We do this in a legitimized way
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我们在合法的前提下
12:23
only after our democracy has asked us
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在民主的要求下继续这种
12:27
to do so.
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暴力垄断
12:29
It is this legitimate,
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这是正当的
12:32
controlled use of the gun
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限制枪支的使用
12:35
that has contributed greatly
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从而在全球范围内
12:37
to the statistics of war,
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减少战争
12:39
conflict and violence
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冲突与暴力
12:41
around the globe.
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做出极大的贡献
12:43
It is this participation in peacekeeping missions
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正是这种维护和平的行动
12:46
that has led to the resolution
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减少了很多
12:48
of many civil wars.
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内战的爆发
12:51
My soldiers use the gun
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我的战士们用枪
12:54
as an instrument of peace.
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作为维护和平的工具
12:58
And this is exactly why failed states
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这正是为什么没有成功进行暴力垄断的国家
13:01
are so dangerous.
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是如此危险
13:03
Failed states
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这些国家
13:05
have no legitimized, democratically controlled use of force.
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缺少对于武力的法制化管理和民主化的控制
13:09
Failed states do not know of the gun
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这些国家并不了解
13:12
as an instrument of peace and stability.
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枪其实是维护和平与稳定的工具
13:16
That is why failed states
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这就是为什么这些国家
13:18
can drag down a whole region
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可以把其所在的整个地区都
13:20
into chaos and conflict.
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带入混乱冲突的深渊
13:23
That is why spreading the concept
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这也是为什么推广
13:25
of the constitutional state
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法治国家的概念
13:27
is such an important aspect
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在我们外事工作中
13:29
of our foreign missions.
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是如此的重要
13:32
That is why
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这同样是
13:34
we are trying to build a judicial system
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我们现在在阿富汗建立司法体系
13:36
right now in Afghanistan.
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的原因
13:39
That is why we train police officers,
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同样，我们在全世界范围培训警员
13:42
we train judges,
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培训法官
13:44
we train public prosecutors around the world.
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培训公诉人的原因也源于此
13:47
And that is why --
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这也是为什么——
13:49
and in The Netherlands, we are very unique in that --
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在荷兰，我们在这个方面是很独特的——
13:52
that is why the Dutch constitution states
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即在荷兰这个法制国家
13:55
that one of the main tasks
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军队所担负的主要
13:57
of the armed forces
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职责之一
13:59
is to uphold and promote
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就是撑起并促进
14:01
the international rule of law.
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国际法制体系
14:05
Ladies and gentlemen,
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女士们，先生们
14:07
looking at this gun,
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看看这把枪
14:09
we are confronted
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我们面对的是
14:11
with the ugly side of the human mind.
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人性邪恶的一面
14:15
Every day I hope
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每一天我都期望
14:17
that politicians, diplomats,
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政客们，外交官们
14:19
development workers
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社会发展工作者们
14:21
can turn conflict
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可以化干戈
14:23
into peace
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为玉帛
14:25
and threat
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化威胁
14:27
into hope.
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为希望
14:29
And I hope that one day
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我希望有那么一天
14:31
armies can be disbanded
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军队可以被解散
14:33
and humans will find a way of living together
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同时人类可以找到和平共处的方式
14:36
without violence and oppression.
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远离暴力和镇压
14:40
But until that day comes,
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但是那一天到来之前
14:43
we will have to make ideals
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我们还不得不面对
14:46
and human failure
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理想与现实中
14:49
meet somewhere in the middle.
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人类阴暗面碰撞的现实
14:51
Until that day comes,
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在那一天到来之前
14:54
I stand for my father
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我支持我的父亲
14:56
who tried to shoot the Nazis
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一位曾经试图用一把旧枪
14:59
with an old gun.
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射杀纳粹的老人
15:01
I stand for my men and women
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我支持那些
15:04
who are prepared to risk their lives
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为了全人类对抗暴力的世界
15:07
for a less violent world for all of us.
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随时准备着牺牲自己的人
15:11
I stand for this soldier
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我支持这位战士
15:14
who suffered partial hearing loss
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她丧失了部分听力
15:17
and sustained permanent injuries to her leg,
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同时承受着腿部永久性的伤害
15:20
which was hit by a rocket
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这些伤害是她在阿富汗
15:23
on a mission in Afghanistan.
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战场任务中被导弹击中所致
15:27
Ladies and gentlemen,
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女士们，先生们
15:29
until the day comes
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在我们真的可以丢掉枪支
15:31
when we can do away with the gun,
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的那一天到来之前
15:34
I hope we all agree
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我觉得我们都认同一点
15:37
that peace and stability
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那就是和平稳定
15:39
do not come free of charge.
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不会无故的到来
15:42
It takes hard work,
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这需要许多的努力
15:45
often behind the scenes.
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大部分并不会为人所知
15:48
It takes good equipment
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这需要精良的装备
15:50
and well-trained, dedicated soldiers.
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以及良好的训练，勇于献身的战士
15:54
I hope you will support the efforts
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我希望大家可以支持
15:56
of our armed forces
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军队对子弟兵
15:58
to train soldiers
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的培养
16:00
like this young captain
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就像这位年轻上尉
16:02
and provide her with a good gun,
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为她提供一把精良的枪
16:05
instead of the bad gun my father was given.
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而不是一把像我父亲用过那样的老枪
16:08
I hope you will support our soldiers
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我希望我们的军人在聚光灯之外
16:11
when they are out there,
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同样可以得到大家的支持
16:14
when they come home
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当他们回家之后
16:16
and when they are injured
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当他们受伤的时候
16:18
and need our care.
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当他们需要我们关爱的时候
16:20
They put their lives on the line,
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他们把自己的生命放在了前线
16:22
for us, for you,
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为我们，也为你们
16:25
and we cannot let them down.
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我们不应该让他们失望
16:29
I hope you will respect my soldiers,
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我希望大家可以尊重我的战士们
16:33
this soldier with this gun.
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这位战士手持钢枪
16:36
Because she wants a better world.
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因为她憧憬一个更美好的世界
16:40
Because she makes an active contribution
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因为她为了那个更美好的世界做着
16:42
to the better world,
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积极的贡献
16:45
just like all of us here today.
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就像我们今天在座的各位一样
16:48
Thank you very much.
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非常感谢大家
16:50
(Applause)
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（掌声）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Peter van Uhm - GeneralGeneral Peter van Uhm is the Chief of the Netherlands Defence staff.
Why you should listen
General Petrus J.M. "Peter" van Uhm is a four-star general in the Royal Netherlands Army and the current Chief of the Netherlands Defence Staff. He has had an outstanding carrer over four decades in the Dutch military.
In the Netherlands, he is know from his personal tragedy. On 18 April 2008, one day after Van Uhm was appointed Chief Defence Staff, his son First Lieutenant Dennis van Uhm was killed in a roadside bombing in Uruzgan. Van Uhm’s incredibly dignified and human response has astounded many.
Peter van Uhm | Speaker | TED.com