ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Melinda Gates - Philanthropist
Melinda French Gates is co-chair of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, where she puts into practice the idea that every life has equal value.

Why you should listen

The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation works to help all people lead healthy, productive lives. As co-chair, Melinda French Gates helps shape and approve strategies, review results, advocate for foundation issues and set the overall direction. In developing countries, the foundation focuses on improving people's health with vaccines and other life-saving tools and giving them a chance to lift themselves out of hunger and extreme poverty. In the United States, it seeks to dramatically improve education so that all young people have the opportunity to reach their full potential. Based in Seattle, Washington, the foundation is led by CEO Jeff Raikes and co-chair William H. Gates Sr., under the direction of Bill Gates, Melinda Gates and Warren Buffett.

In recent years, Melinda French Gates has become a vocal advocate for access to contraception, advancing the idea that empowering women to decide whether and when to have children can have transformational effects on societies. In 2012, Gates spearheaded the London Summit on Family Planning, with the goal of delivering contraceptives to 120 million women in developing countries by 2020. When asked why she got involved in this issue, Gates said, "We knew that 210 million women were saying they wanted access to the contraceptives we have here in the United States and we weren't providing them because of political controversy in our country. To me, that was just a crime. I kept looking around trying to find the person to get this back on the global stage. I realized I just had to do it."

 

More profile about the speaker
Melinda Gates | Speaker | TED.com
TEDxChange

Melinda Gates: Let's put birth control back on the agenda

梅琳达·盖茨: 让我们把人口控制重新提上日程

Filmed:
1,260,206 views

避孕,这一话题近些年来变的很有争议。那么,避孕是否有必要呢?在梅琳达·盖茨看来,很多的社会发展问题,与女性是否能够控制她们的孩子数量息息相关。在这个演讲中,她会通过大量的事实依据,告诉我们,她对这一议题的看法。
- Philanthropist
Melinda French Gates is co-chair of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, where she puts into practice the idea that every life has equal value. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:04
Today今天, I'd like to talk with you
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今天,我想和大家谈谈
00:05
about something that should be
a totally完全 uncontroversial没有争议 topic话题.
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一个本应毫无争议的话题。
但很不幸,
这个话题现在变得饱受争议。
00:11
But, unfortunately不幸,
it's become成为 incredibly令人难以置信 controversial争论的.
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00:17
This year, if you think about it,
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想想看,就在今年,
00:19
over a billion十亿 couples情侣
will have sex性别 with one another另一个.
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有超过十亿对伴侣发生性关系。
00:23
Couples情侣 like this one,
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比如这对,
00:26
and this one,
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还有这对,
00:27
and this one,
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这对,
00:29
and, yes,
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没错,
00:31
even this one.
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也包括这对。
00:32
(Laughter笑声)
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(大笑)
00:34
And my idea理念 is this --
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而我是这样想的——
00:36
all these men男人 and women妇女
should be free自由 to decide决定
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所有这些男男女女都应该自由决定
他们是否愿意生育子女。
00:41
whether是否 they do or do not
want to conceive构想 a child儿童.
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00:45
And they should be able能够 to use
one of these birth分娩 control控制 methods方法
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同时他们应该能够根据自己的决定
使用某种避孕方法。
00:49
to act法案 on their decision决定.
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00:53
Now, I think you'd have a hard time
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现在应该已经很难找到
很多不同意这个观点的人了。
00:55
finding发现 many许多 people
who disagree不同意 with this idea理念.
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01:00
Over one billion十亿 people use birth分娩 control控制
without any hesitation犹豫 at all.
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超过十亿人会毫不犹豫地
使用避孕措施。
01:07
They want the power功率
to plan计划 their own拥有 lives生活
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他们想要掌控自己的生活,
01:11
and to raise提高 healthier健康, better educated博学
and more prosperous繁荣 families家庭.
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想要营造一个更健康、教育程度更高、
更富裕的家庭。
01:18
But, for an idea理念 that is
so broadly宽广地 accepted公认 in private私人的,
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然而,避孕这么一个在私底下
被广泛接受的想法,
01:24
birth分娩 control控制 certainly当然 generates生成
a lot of opposition反对 in public上市.
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在公开场合却遭到了诸多反对。
01:29
Some people think
when we talk about contraception避孕
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有些人觉得当我们谈论避孕时,
01:32
that it's code for abortion流产,
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我们实际上是在说堕胎,
01:35
which哪一个 it's not.
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但事实并非如此。
01:36
Some people -- let's be honest诚实 --
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坦白地说,有些人
对这个话题感到不自在,
因为它和性有关。
01:39
they're uncomfortable不舒服 with the topic话题
because it's about sex性别.
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01:43
Some people worry担心
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有些人担心
01:45
that the real真实 goal目标 of family家庭 planning规划
is to control控制 populations人群.
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计划生育的真正目的是
控制人口数量。
01:50
These are all side issues问题
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但是这些都是围绕
男女各方应该自由决定
什么时候要孩子
01:54
that have attached themselves他们自己
to this core核心 idea理念 that men男人 and women妇女
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02:00
should be able能够 to decide决定
when they want to have a child儿童.
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这个核心观点的次要问题。
02:05
And as a result结果, birth分娩 control控制 has
almost几乎 completely全然 and totally完全 disappeared消失
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就这样,在全球的卫生议程上,
避孕的话题
几乎完全消失了。
02:11
from the global全球 health健康 agenda议程.
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02:14
The victims受害者 of this paralysis麻痹
are the people of sub-Saharan撒哈拉以南 Africa非洲
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这一议程缺失的受害者是
是撒哈拉周边,以及
南亚的人民。
02:20
and South Asia亚洲.
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02:23
Here in Germany德国, the proportion比例 of people
that use contraception避孕
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在德国,使用避孕措施的人口比例
大约是66%。
02:27
is about 66 percent百分.
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02:29
That's about what you'd expect期望.
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应该跟各位预期的差不多。
02:31
In El萨尔瓦多 Salvador萨尔瓦多, very similar类似, 66 percent百分.
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在塞尔瓦多也大概是66%
02:35
Thailand泰国, 64 percent百分.
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在泰国,是64%
02:39
But let's compare比较 that to other places地方,
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但把这个数字和其他地方比较一下,
02:41
like Uttar北方邦 Pradesh,
one of the largest最大 states状态 in India印度.
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比如北方邦,印度最大的邦(省)之一。
02:45
In fact事实, if Uttar北方邦 Pradesh
was its own拥有 country国家,
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实际上,如果北方邦是一个国家,
02:49
it would be the fifth第五 largest最大
country国家 in the world世界.
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它会成为世界上人口数量
第五大的国家。
02:53
Their contraception避孕 rate -- 29 percent百分.
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那里避孕率只有29%。
02:58
Nigeria尼日利亚, the most populous人口稠密
country国家 in Africa非洲, 10 percent百分.
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尼日利亚,非洲人口最多的国家,10%。
03:04
Chad乍得, 2 percent百分.
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乍得,2%。
03:09
Let's just take one country国家
in Africa非洲, Senegal塞内加尔.
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我们来看看非洲的一个国家,
塞内加尔。
避孕率大约是12%。
03:12
Their rate is about 12 percent百分.
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为什么会这么低?
03:14
But why is it so low?
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03:17
One reason原因 is that the most popular流行
contraceptives避孕药 are rarely很少 available可得到.
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其中一个原因是最常用的避孕工具
在那里都很难获得。
03:23
Women妇女 in Africa非洲 will tell you
over and over again
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非洲的女性会一次又一次地告诉你,
她们更喜欢使用一种注射剂。
03:26
that what they prefer比较喜欢 today今天
is an injectable注射.
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(把避孕药物)注射在手臂上,
一年四次。
03:29
They get it in their arm --
and they go about four times a year,
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每三个月就要去注射一次。
03:33
they have to get it every一切 three months个月 --
to get their injection注射.
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非洲女人喜欢这种方法,
是因为这样可以瞒着丈夫,
03:36
The reason原因 women妇女 like it so much in Africa非洲
is they can hide隐藏 it from their husbands丈夫,
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03:42
who sometimes有时 want a lot of children孩子.
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有些丈夫想要很多个孩子。
03:45
The problem问题 is every一切 other time
a woman女人 goes into a clinic诊所 in Senegal塞内加尔,
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但问题是,通常当她们去
当地诊所的时候,
注射剂都处于断货状态。
03:50
that injection注射 is stocked库存 out.
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03:53
It's stocked库存 out 150 days out of the year.
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全年有150天都是如此。
03:58
So can you imagine想像 the situation情况 --
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所以你们可以想象一下——
一个女人,走那么远的路去打针。
04:00
she walks散步 all this way
to go get her injection注射.
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04:03
She leaves树叶 her field领域,
sometimes有时 leaves树叶 her children孩子,
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她离开田地,有时候还得离开孩子,
去到诊所却发现没货。
04:06
and it's not there.
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她甚至也无从得知什么时候
可以恢复供应。
04:07
And she doesn't know
when it's going to be available可得到 again.
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04:11
This is the same相同 story故事
across横过 the continent大陆 of Africa非洲 today今天.
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今天,整个非洲大陆都是这样的情况。
04:16
And so what we've我们已经 created创建 as a world世界
has become成为 a life-and-death生与死 crisis危机.
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因此,我们在当今世界上创造了一个
出生和死亡的危机。
04:21
There are 100,000 women妇女 [per year]
who say they don't want to be pregnant
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有10万名女性
表示她们不想怀孕,
04:27
and they die in childbirth分娩 --
100,000 women妇女 a year.
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然后她们却死于分娩——
整整10万名女性,每一年。
04:32
There are another另一个 600,000 women妇女 [per year]
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(每年)还有60万女性
04:34
who say they didn't want to be pregnant
in the first place地点,
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一开始表示不想怀孕,
但还是把孩子生了下来,
04:37
and they give birth分娩 to a baby宝宝
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孩子在出生一个月后便夭折了。
04:39
and her baby宝宝 dies
in that first month of life.
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04:43
I know everyone大家 wants to save保存
these mothers母亲 and these children孩子.
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我知道,每个人都想拯救
这些母亲和孩子。
04:50
But somewhere某处 along沿 the way,
we got confused困惑 by our own拥有 conversation会话.
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但在这个过程中,
我们会为自己的说辞感到困惑。
我们停止了挽救生命的步伐。
04:56
And we stopped停止 trying to save保存 these lives生活.
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05:01
So if we're going to make
progress进展 on this issue问题,
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因此,如果我们希望
这个问题有所改善,
05:04
we have to be really clear明确
about what our agenda议程 is.
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我们必须非常清楚该干些什么。
05:08
We're not talking about abortion流产.
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我们在讨论的并不是堕胎,
05:11
We're not talking
about population人口 control控制.
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也不是人口控制。
05:14
What I'm talking about is giving women妇女
the power功率 to save保存 their lives生活,
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而是赋予女性权利,
使她们能够拯救自己的生命,
05:21
to save保存 their children's儿童 lives生活
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拯救孩子的生命,
和为她们的家庭创造最好的未来。
05:23
and to give their families家庭
the best最好 possible可能 future未来.
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05:28
Now, as a world世界,
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如今,放眼全球,
如果想让世界的未来变得更美好,
05:29
there are lots of things we have to do
in the global全球 health健康 community社区
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全球卫生界还任重而道远——
05:33
if we want to make the world世界
better in the future未来 --
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05:36
things like fight斗争 diseases疾病.
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比如说如何对抗疾病。
大家可能都知道,
现在还有很多儿童会死于痢疾和肺炎。
05:38
So many许多 children孩子 today今天 die of diarrhea腹泻,
as you heard听说 earlier, and pneumonia肺炎.
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这两种病每年让数百万儿童丧命。
05:42
They kill literally按照字面
millions百万 of children孩子 a year.
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05:45
We also need to help small farmers农民 --
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我们还需要帮助小农场主——
那些在小块土地上耕种的非洲农民——
05:47
farmers农民 who plow
small plots地块 of land土地 in Africa非洲 --
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05:52
so that they can grow增长 enough足够 food餐饮
to feed饲料 their children孩子.
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保证他们种的粮食足够
喂饱自己的孩子。
05:54
And we have to make sure that
children孩子 are educated博学 around the world世界.
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我们还需要确保
全世界的儿童都能接受教育。
05:59
But one of the simplest简单
and most transformative变革 things we can do
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但我们能做的最简单、
最有成效的事情之一,
06:04
is to give everybody每个人 access访问
to birth分娩 control控制 methods方法
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就是让所有人都能有效避孕,
06:08
that almost几乎 all Germans德国 have access访问 to
and all Americans美国人, at some point,
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在某种程度上说,
就是能够使用那些几乎所有
德国人和美国人常用的避孕措施。
06:13
they use these tools工具 during their life.
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06:17
And I think as long as we're really clear明确
about what our agenda议程 is,
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我认为,只要我们有明确的计划,
一场全球性的变革就会发生,
06:23
there's a global全球 movement运动
waiting等候 to happen发生
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06:25
and ready准备 to get behind背后
this totally完全 uncontroversial没有争议 idea理念.
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成为这个毫无争议的话题背后
强有力的支撑。
06:32
When I grew成长 up,
I grew成长 up in a Catholic天主教徒 home.
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我是在一个天主教的家庭长大的。
06:35
I still consider考虑 myself
a practicing Catholic天主教徒.
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我始终认为自己是
一个虔诚的天主教徒。
06:39
My mom's妈妈的 great-uncle叔公 was a Jesuit耶稣会 priest牧师.
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我曾祖父的兄弟曾是耶稣会的牧师。
06:43
My great-aunt姑婆 was a Dominican多明尼加 nun尼姑.
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我祖父的姐妹曾是
一名多米尼加的修女。
06:46
She was a schoolteacher教师
and a principal主要 her entire整个 life.
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一生中,她只担任过教师和校长。
06:50
In fact事实, she's the one who taught me
as a young年轻 girl女孩 how to read.
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是她在我小的时候,
教会了我如何认字。
06:55
I was very close to her.
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我们的关系非常密切。
06:57
And I went to Catholic天主教徒 schools学校
for my entire整个 childhood童年
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儿时的我就读的都是天主教的学校,
直到我离开家上大学为止。
07:00
until直到 I left home to go to university大学.
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07:03
In my high school学校, Ursuline乌尔苏拉 Academy学院,
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在我的高中,乌尔苏拉学院,
07:07
the nuns修女 made制作 service服务 and social社会 justice正义
a high priority优先 in the school学校.
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修女们非常看重服务和社会正义感。
07:14
Today今天, in the [Gates盖茨] Foundation's基金会 work,
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如今,在(盖茨)基金会的工作中,
07:16
I believe I'm applying应用 the lessons教训
that I learned学到了 in high school学校.
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我相信我正在运用那些
在高中学到的知识。
07:22
So, in the tradition传统 of Catholic天主教徒 scholars学者,
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按照天主教学者的惯例,
07:25
the nuns修女 also taught us
to question received收到 teachings教导.
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修女们同样会教导我们去质疑
被灌输的教义。
07:31
And one of the teachings教导 that we girls女孩
and my peers同行 questioned质疑
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而我们女孩子以及同伴们
质疑的教义之一就是,
计划生育真的是个罪孽吗?
07:36
was is birth分娩 control控制 really a sin?
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07:41
Because I think one of the reasons原因
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因为我认为
07:43
we have this huge巨大 discomfort不舒服
talking about contraception避孕
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我们谈避孕的时候
会感到很不适的原因之一,
07:47
is this lingering缠绵 concern关心
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是一个挥之不去的忧虑,
07:49
that if we separate分离 sex性别 from reproduction再生产,
we're going to promote促进 promiscuity滥交.
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如果我们独立地看待性交和生殖,
滥交将不可避免。
07:55
And I think that's a reasonable合理 question
to be asked about contraception避孕 --
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而我觉得有关避孕的问题
是非常合理的——
避孕对性道德的影响究竟是什么?
07:59
what is its impact碰撞 on sexual有性 morality道德?
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08:05
But, like most women妇女,
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但是,如同多数的女性,
08:06
my decision决定 about birth分娩 control控制
had nothing to do with promiscuity滥交.
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我对计划生育所做的决定和滥交无关。
08:11
I had a plan计划 for my future未来.
I wanted to go to college学院.
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我对未来有自己的计划。我想上大学。
我在大学里埋头苦读,
08:15
I studied研究 really hard in college学院,
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我很荣幸可以成为大学里
少数选修计算机科学的
08:17
and I was proud骄傲 to be one of the very few少数
female computer电脑 science科学 graduates毕业生
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女性毕业生之一。
08:22
at my university大学.
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08:24
I wanted to have a career事业,
so I went on to business商业 school学校
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我想拥有自己的事业,
所以我接着报读了商学院,
后来我成为了
微软最年轻的女性行政人员之一。
08:27
and I became成为 one of the youngest最年轻的
female executives高管 at Microsoft微软.
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08:33
I still remember记得, though虽然,
when I left my parents'父母' home
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我仍然还记得离开父母,
移居到另一个城市,
开始在微软的新工作的时候。
08:36
to move移动 across横过 the country国家
to start开始 this new job工作 at Microsoft微软.
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08:40
They had sacrificed牺牲 a lot
to give me five years年份 of higher更高 education教育.
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为了让我接受五年的高等教育,
我的父母牺牲了很多。
08:46
But they said, as I left home --
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可是在我离家,
08:47
and I literally按照字面 went down the front面前 steps脚步,
down the porch门廊 at home --
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走下台阶,走到门廊的时候,
他们对我说,
08:51
and they said,
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08:52
"Even though虽然 you've had
this great education教育,
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"虽然你接受了良好的教育,
08:55
if you decide决定 to get married已婚
and have kids孩子 right away,
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但如果你决定马上结婚生子,
09:00
that's OK by us, too."
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我们都会支持你的。"
09:03
They wanted me to do the thing
that would make me the very happiest最幸福.
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他们希望我能做令我最开心的事情。
09:08
I was free自由 to decide决定 what that would be.
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我有自己做决定的自由。
09:11
It was an amazing惊人 feeling感觉.
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那是一种很棒的感觉。
09:14
In fact事实, I did want to have kids孩子 --
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其实,我确实想要孩子——
09:18
but I wanted to have them
when I was ready准备.
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但我想在做好准备的情况下再去生。
09:22
And so now, Bill法案 and I have three.
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现在,我和比尔拥有三个孩子。
09:26
And when our eldest最年长 daughter女儿 was born天生,
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当我们的长女出生时,
09:28
we weren't, I would say,
exactly究竟 sure how to be great parents父母.
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我们不确定如何当好父母。
09:32
Maybe some of you know that feeling感觉.
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1960
可能你们当中会有人明白那种感觉。
09:35
And so we waited等待 a little while
before we had our second第二 child儿童.
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于是,我们隔了一段日子
才生下第二个孩子。
09:39
And it's no accident事故
that we have three children孩子
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我们三个孩子的出生都隔了三年的时间,
这并不难理解。
09:42
that are spaced间隔 three years年份 apart距离.
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09:45
Now, as a mother母亲, what do I want
the very most for my children孩子?
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身为母亲,
我对孩子最大的期望是什么呢?
09:51
I want them to feel the way I did --
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我希望他们会和当年的我
有同样的感受——
09:54
like they can do anything
they want to do in life.
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比如他们一生都可以做
所有自己想做的事。
10:00
And so, what has struck来袭 me
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过去的十年里,
10:01
as I've travelled旅行 the last decade
for the foundation基础 around the world世界
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我为了基金会的事情走遍了世界,
10:06
is that all women妇女 want that same相同 thing.
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发现所有女性也都想要这样的生活。
10:11
Last year, I was in Nairobi内罗毕, in the slums贫民窟,
in one called Korogocho科罗戈乔 --
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去年,我拜访了内罗毕(非洲)的
一个叫科罗戈乔的贫民窟——
10:16
which哪一个 literally按照字面 means手段 when translated翻译,
"standing常设 shoulder to shoulder."
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地名直译的意思是"肩并肩地站着"。
10:21
And I spoke with this women's女士的 group
that's pictured合照 here.
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我和照片里的女性团体交流。
10:24
And the women妇女 talked very openly公然
about their family家庭 life in the slums贫民窟,
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女人们坦诚地聊起在
贫民窟里的家庭生活,
10:29
what it was like.
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到底是什么样子的。
她们也毫不避讳地聊起如何避孕。
10:30
And they talked quite相当 intimately密切
about what they did for birth分娩 control控制.
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10:34
Marianne玛丽安, in the center中央 of the screen屏幕
in the red sweater毛线衣,
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这位屏幕中央穿着红外套的女人
叫马丽安,
10:38
she summed总结 up that entire整个
two-hour两小时 conversation会话
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她用了一句话为整个两小时的谈话
做了一个总结,让我十分难忘。
10:41
in a phrase短语 that I will never forget忘记.
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10:45
She said, "I want to bring带来
every一切 good thing to this child儿童
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她说,"我想确保现在这个孩子
能拥有最好的,
10:52
before I have another另一个."
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然后再考虑生第二个。"
10:55
And I thought -- that's it.
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我想——就是这样了。
这是最普遍的想法。
10:57
That's universal普遍.
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10:59
We all want to bring带来
every一切 good thing to our children孩子.
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我们都想让孩子们拥有最好的。
11:04
But what's not universal普遍 is our ability能力
to provide提供 every一切 good thing.
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但不是所有人都有能力
为孩子提供最好的。
11:09
So many许多 women妇女 suffer遭受
from domestic国内 violence暴力.
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很多女人都遭受家庭暴力。
11:12
And they can't even
broach拉刀 the subject学科 of contraception避孕,
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她们甚至根本不能提及避孕,
即便是在自己的婚姻中。
11:15
even inside their own拥有 marriage婚姻.
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11:18
There are many许多 women妇女
who lack缺乏 basic基本 education教育.
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很多女人都缺乏基础教育。
11:21
Even many许多 of the women妇女
who do have knowledge知识 and do have power功率
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很多有知识和权力的女人
11:27
don't have access访问 to contraceptives避孕药.
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甚至都无法采取避孕措施。
11:30
For 250 years年份, parents父母 around the world世界
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在过去的250年里,世界各地的父母
都决定建立比较小的家庭。
11:35
have been deciding决定
to have smaller families家庭.
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11:38
This trend趋势 has been steady稳定
for a quarter25美分硬币 of a millennium千年,
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这个趋势稳定了250年,
无论他们处在什么样的
地理和文化背景下。
11:43
across横过 cultures文化 and across横过 geographies地域,
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11:46
with the glaring刺眼 exception例外
of sub-Saharan撒哈拉以南 Africa非洲 and South Asia亚洲.
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除了南非洲和南亚地区以外。
11:53
The French法国 started开始 bringing使 down
their family家庭 size尺寸 in the mid-中-1700s.
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在18世纪中期,
法国人就开始减小家庭规模。
在接下来的150年里,
这个趋势蔓延到了整个欧洲。
11:58
And over the next下一个 150 years年份,
this trend趋势 spread传播 all across横过 Europe欧洲.
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12:05
The surprising奇怪 thing to me,
as I learned学到了 this history历史,
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我在学习这段历史的时候,
令我惊讶的是,
12:08
was that it spread传播 not along沿 socioeconomic社会经济
lines线 but around cultural文化 lines线.
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6816
导致这种趋势蔓延的并不是
社会科学的考量,而是文化的考量。
用共同语言沟通的人们携手改变了趋势。
12:15
People who spoke the same相同 language语言
made制作 that change更改 as a group.
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他们都为了家庭而作出了同样的选择,
12:19
They made制作 the same相同 choice选择
for their family家庭,
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无关贫富。
12:21
whether是否 they were rich丰富
or whether是否 they were poor较差的.
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3000
12:26
The reason原因 that trend趋势
toward smaller families家庭 spread传播
193
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3216
倾向小家庭的趋势之所以会蔓延,
是因为这个方式是
由一个想法引起的——
12:29
was that this whole整个 way
was driven驱动 by an idea理念 --
194
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3200
12:33
the idea理念 that couples情侣
can exercise行使 conscious意识 control控制
195
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那个想法就是夫妻们有权力
刻意地掌控家庭人口数量。
12:38
over how many许多 children孩子 they have.
196
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1920
12:41
This is a very powerful强大 idea理念.
197
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这是很有影响力的想法。
12:45
It means手段 that parents父母 have
the ability能力 to affect影响 the future未来,
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这意味着父母们有权力影响未来,
12:50
not just accept接受 it as it is.
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3240
而不必接受一切现实。
12:54
In France法国, the average平均 family家庭 size尺寸
went down every一切 decade
200
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4056
在法国,家庭的平均人口数量
每十年都会发生缩减,
直到150年后才稳定下来。
12:59
for 150 years年份 in a row
until直到 it stabilized稳定.
201
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3720
13:03
It took so long back then because
the contraceptives避孕药 weren't that good.
202
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4320
过渡期如此之长主要是因为
那时侯的避孕方式效果并不好。
13:08
In Germany德国, this transition过渡 started开始
in the 1880s, and it took just 50 years年份
203
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6216
在德国,这个趋势在19世纪末
就已经开始了,仅仅五十年的时间
家庭人口数量就稳定了下来。
13:14
for family家庭 size尺寸
to stabilize稳定 in this country国家.
204
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2640
13:18
And in Asia亚洲 and Latin拉丁 America美国,
the transition过渡 started开始 in the 1960s,
205
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4616
亚洲和拉美的过渡期发生在1960年代,
13:22
and it happened发生 much faster更快
because of modern现代 contraception避孕.
206
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4120
因为有了现代的避孕法,
过渡期更短了。
13:29
I think, as we go through通过 this history历史,
it's important重要 to pause暂停 for a moment时刻
207
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但我认为,在我们回顾这短历史的时候,
应该停下来想想,
13:35
and to remember记得 why this has become成为
such这样 a contentious争议 issue问题.
208
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这个话题为什么如此惹争议。
这是因为有的家庭计划项目
13:40
It's because some family家庭 planning规划 programs程式
209
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采取了不正当的奖励及强制性的政策。
13:42
resorted使出 to unfortunate不幸的 incentives奖励
and coercive强制 policies政策.
210
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4840
13:48
For instance, in the 1960s, India印度
adopted采用 very specific具体 numeric数字 targets目标
211
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6856
比如,在1960年代,
印度制定了很具体的数字指标,
他们会奖励愿意把
节育器安装在体内的女性。
13:55
and they paid支付 women妇女 to accept接受
having an IUD宫内节育器 placed放置 in their bodies身体.
212
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14:00
Now, Indian印度人 women妇女 were
really smart聪明 in this situation情况.
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3376
面对这种情况,
印度的女人表现得很聪明。
她们安装节育器时,得到了六个卢比。
14:03
When they went to get an IUD宫内节育器 inserted插入,
they got paid支付 six rupees卢比.
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3496
然后她们做了什么呢?
14:07
And so what did they do?
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1200
14:08
They waited等待 a few少数 hours小时 or a few少数 days,
216
844960
2016
她们等了几个小时或几天,
然后到另一个服务提供者那里,
用一个卢比把节育器拿出来。
14:11
and they went to another另一个 service服务 provider提供商
and had the IUD宫内节育器 removed去除 for one rupee卢比.
217
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14:18
For decades几十年 in the United联合的 States状态,
218
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2560
几十年来,在美国,
14:21
African-American非裔美国人 women妇女
were sterilized消毒 without their consent同意.
219
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4680
非洲裔美国女性往往在
未经同意的情况下被节育。
14:26
The procedure程序 was so common共同
220
862880
2216
这种程序非常普遍,
14:29
it became成为 known已知 as
the Mississippi密西西比州 appendectomy阑尾切除术 --
221
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3520
被称为密西西比阑尾切除术——
14:33
a tragic悲惨 chapter章节 in my country's history历史.
222
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3000
是我国历史中一个悲惨的章节。
14:37
And as recently最近 as the 1990s, in Peru秘鲁,
223
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2776
更近一点的,1990年代的秘鲁,
安第斯山脉地区的女性
被迫服下麻醉药,
14:40
women妇女 from the Andes安第斯山脉 region地区
were given特定 anesthesia麻醉
224
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3496
然后在不知情的情况下被节育了。
14:43
and they were sterilized消毒
without their knowledge知识.
225
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14:48
The most startling触目惊心 thing about this
226
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2616
最惊人的是,
这些强制性的政策完全是多余的。
14:50
is that these coercive强制 policies政策
weren't even needed需要.
227
886840
2736
它们实行在
14:53
They were carried携带的 out in places地方
228
889600
1816
已经开始减小家庭规模的地方。
14:55
where parents父母 already已经
wanted to lower降低 their family家庭 size尺寸.
229
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4120
15:00
Because in region地区 after region地区,
again and again,
230
896120
3296
因为在一个又一个的地区,一次又一次,
父母们都不约而同想要缩减家庭规模。
15:03
parents父母 have wanted
to have smaller families家庭.
231
899440
2920
15:07
There's no reason原因 to believe
232
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1776
我们没有理由相信
15:09
that African非洲人 women妇女
have innately天生 different不同 desires欲望.
233
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3600
非洲女性生来就有不同的欲望。
15:13
Given特定 the option选项,
they will have fewer children孩子.
234
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如果有选择的话,
她们会选择少生孩子。
15:18
The question is:
235
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问题是:
15:19
will we invest投资 in helping帮助
all women妇女 get what they want now?
236
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5480
我们会竭尽所能帮助
全体女性争取她们的权利吗?
15:25
Or, are we going to condemn谴责 them
to some century-long世纪龙 struggle斗争,
237
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4696
或者,我们只能眼睁睁
看着她们再挣扎几十年,
15:30
as if this was still revolutionary革命的 France法国
238
926600
2736
仿佛这还是法国革命时期,
而最好的方法是体外射精?
15:33
and the best最好 method方法
was coitus性交 interruptus中断法?
239
929360
2800
15:39
Empowering赋权 parents父母 --
it doesn't need justification理由.
240
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4280
赋予父母们应有的权利——
并不需要理由。
15:44
But here's这里的 the thing -- our desire欲望
to bring带来 every一切 good thing to our children孩子
241
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6856
不过,我们想让孩子拥有
最好的一切的欲望,
15:51
is a force for good throughout始终 the world世界.
242
947440
2840
是能够让世界变得更好的力量。
15:54
It's what propels推动 societies社会 forward前锋.
243
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这推动了社会的进步。
15:58
In that same相同 slum贫民窟 in Nairobi内罗毕,
I met会见 a young年轻 businesswoman女商人,
244
954600
3936
在奈罗比的同一个贫民窟,
我遇到了一个年轻的女商人,
16:02
and she was making制造 backpacks背包
out of her home.
245
958560
2216
她正在家门口做背包。
她和年幼的孩子会到当地的牛仔裤工厂,
16:04
She and her young年轻 kids孩子
would go to the local本地 jeans牛仔裤 factory
246
960800
3336
16:08
and collect搜集 scraps下脚料 of denim牛仔布.
247
964160
1736
去收集剩余的牛仔布料。
16:09
She'd create创建 these backpacks背包
and resell转售 them.
248
965920
2536
她会做好背包然后把它们转售。
在我们的谈话中,她说她有三个孩子,
16:12
And when I talked with her,
she had three children孩子,
249
968480
2381
16:14
and I asked her about her family家庭.
250
970885
1576
我问了她的家庭情况。
她说她和丈夫决定
16:16
And she said she and her husband丈夫 decided决定
251
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2091
在生下第三个孩子之后,就不再生了。
16:18
that they wanted to stop
having children孩子 after their third第三 one.
252
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3016
我问她为什么,她只是说,
16:21
And so when I asked her why,
she simply只是 said,
253
977640
2656
"如果再多一个孩子,
我就不能做生意了。"
16:24
"Well, because I couldn't不能 run
my business商业 if I had another另一个 child儿童."
254
980320
3496
16:27
And she explained解释 the income收入
that she was getting得到 out of her business商业
255
983840
3239
她解释说做生意赚来的钱,
使她有能力让三个孩子们都接受教育。
16:31
afforded提供 her to be able能够 to give
an education教育 to all three of her children孩子.
256
987103
3720
16:35
She was incredibly令人难以置信 optimistic乐观
about her family's家庭的 future未来.
257
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4280
对于家庭的未来,她表现得非常乐观。
16:41
This is the same相同 mental心理 calculus结石
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2536
这种内心的衡量,
16:43
that hundreds数以百计 of millions百万
of men男人 and women妇女 have gone走了 through通过.
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999720
4176
是成千上万的男人女人都经历过的。
16:47
And evidence证据 proves证明
that they have it exactly究竟 right.
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3800
而事实证明他们的决定是明智的。
16:52
They are able能够 to give their children孩子
more opportunities机会
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他们通过合理的控制生育,
16:56
by exercising行使 control控制
over when they have them.
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有能力让孩子们拥有更多的机遇。
17:01
In Bangladesh孟加拉国,
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在孟加拉,
17:02
there's a district called MatlabMATLAB.
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1018600
1936
有个叫 Matlab 的县。
17:04
It's where researchers研究人员 have collected data数据
on over 180,000 inhabitants居民 since以来 1963.
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1020560
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那里的研究人员从1963 年开始,
收集了超过了18万居民的资料。
在全球卫生界内,
17:11
In the global全球 health健康 community社区,
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1027319
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我们认为这是为期最久的研究之一。
17:12
we like to say it's one of the longest最长
pieces of research研究 that's been running赛跑.
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我们拥有很多很好的卫生数据。
17:16
We have so many许多 great health健康 statistics统计.
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在其中一项研究当中,他们做了什么?
17:18
In one of the studies学习, what did they do?
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1034800
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他们让一半的村民了解如何避孕。
17:21
Half the villagers村民
were chosen选择 to get contraceptives避孕药.
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1037359
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17:25
They got education教育
and access访问 to contraception避孕.
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1041480
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他们得到了避孕方面的教育,
获得了必要的避孕工具。
17:28
Twenty二十 years年份 later后来,
following以下 those villages村庄,
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在20年后对这些村子的随访中,
17:31
what we learned学到了 is that they had a better
quality质量 of life than their neighbors邻居.
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我们发现这些村民都拥有
比邻居们优越的生活水平。
17:35
The families家庭 were healthier健康.
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1051920
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实施避孕的家庭比较健康。
更少的女性会难产而死。
17:37
The women妇女 were less likely容易
to die in childbirth分娩.
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1053640
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17:40
Their children孩子 were less likely容易
to die in the first thirty三十 days of life.
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1056800
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孩子们在生下来的三十天内
死亡的可能性也减少了。
17:44
The children孩子 were better nourished营养.
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1060840
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孩子们获得了更好的营养补充。
家庭也都比较富裕。
17:47
The families家庭 were also wealthier富裕.
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1063160
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17:49
The adult成人 women's女士的 wages工资 were higher更高.
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2496
成年女性的工资都比较高。
17:51
Households住户 had more assets资产 --
things like livestock家畜 or land土地 or savings.
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1067720
4520
家家户户都有较多资产,
例如畜牧业、土地和储蓄。
17:56
Finally最后, their sons儿子 and daughters女儿
had more schooling教育.
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1072800
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最后,他们的儿女
都接受了更多的教育。
18:01
So when you multiply these types类型
of effects效果 over millions百万 of families家庭,
282
1077480
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当你们把这些影响
乘以数百万个家庭的时候,
18:07
the product产品 can be large-scale大规模
economic经济 development发展.
283
1083440
3280
得到的可能是大型的经济发展。
18:11
People talk about the Asian亚洲
economic经济 miracle奇迹 of the 1980s --
284
1087560
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人们都会谈起1980年代
亚洲的经济奇迹——
但那并不是奇迹。
18:15
but it wasn't really a miracle奇迹.
285
1091640
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那个区域的经济之所以会
快速发展的主要原因之一,
18:17
One of the leading领导 causes原因
of economic经济 growth发展 across横过 that region地区
286
1093720
3536
18:21
was this cultural文化 trend趋势
towards smaller families家庭.
287
1097280
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是倾向小家庭的文化趋势。
18:26
Sweeping笼统的 changes变化 start开始
at the individual个人 family家庭 level水平 --
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1102600
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广泛的变化发生在了个人家庭中——
家庭为孩子们的未来
做出了最好的选择。
18:30
the family家庭 making制造 a decision决定
about what's best最好 for their children孩子.
289
1106520
4440
18:35
When they make that change更改
and that decision决定,
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1111760
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他们做出的选择和改变,
18:38
those become成为 sweeping笼统的
regional区域性 and national国民 trends趋势.
291
1114800
3720
成为了地区性和全国性的广泛趋势。
18:43
When families家庭 in sub-Saharan撒哈拉以南 Africa非洲
are given特定 the opportunity机会
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1119160
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当撒哈拉以南的非洲家庭得到
18:47
to make those decisions决定 for themselves他们自己,
293
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为自己做出选择的机会时,
18:50
I think it will help spark火花
a virtuous cycle周期 of development发展
294
1126280
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我觉得这就会在整个
大洲的社区中推动
触发发展的良性循环。
18:53
in communities社区 across横过 the continent大陆.
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1129560
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18:58
We can help poor较差的 families家庭
build建立 a better future未来.
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1134000
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我们可以帮助贫困家庭建立更好的未来。
我们可以坚决主张所有人都有机会
19:01
We can insist咬定 that all people
have the opportunity机会
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1137880
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认识避孕,
19:05
to learn学习 about contraceptives避孕药
298
1141600
1936
以及得到齐全的避孕方式的途径。
19:07
and have access访问
to the full充分 variety品种 of methods方法.
299
1143560
3280
19:12
I think the goal目标 here is really clear明确:
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1148040
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我认为现在的目标很明确:
最大范围的让女性得到想要的避孕措施。
19:14
universal普遍 access访问 to birth分娩 control控制
that women妇女 want.
301
1150920
4880
19:20
And for that to happen发生, it means手段 that
both rich丰富 and poor较差的 governments政府 alike一样
302
1156360
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而为了实现这个目标,
所有的政府,不论贫富,
都必须让避孕得到重视。
19:25
must必须 make contraception避孕 a total priority优先.
303
1161680
3520
19:29
We can do our part部分,
in this room房间 and globally全球,
304
1165760
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我们可以在这个房间里,
或者在全球范围内尽自己的力量,
19:33
by talking about the hundreds数以百计
of millions百万 of families家庭
305
1169760
3256
通过谈论上亿个
19:37
that don't have access访问
to contraception避孕 today今天
306
1173040
2896
无法合理避孕的家庭,
以及他们如果能避孕,生活将如何改变。
19:39
and what it would do to change更改
their lives生活 if they did have access访问.
307
1175960
3720
19:44
I think if Marianne玛丽安
and the members会员 of her women's女士的 group
308
1180680
3736
我想如果马丽安和女性团体的成员
能够公开地谈论这个话题,
19:48
can talk about this openly公然
309
1184440
2296
能够在彼此和公众间讨论这个话题,
19:50
and have this discussion讨论
out amongst其中包括 themselves他们自己 and in public上市,
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1186760
3400
19:54
we can, too.
311
1190800
1360
我们也一样可以。
19:56
And we need to start开始 now.
312
1192760
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我们必须现在就开始行动。
19:59
Because like Marianne玛丽安, we all want
to bring带来 every一切 good thing to our children孩子.
313
1195480
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因为像马丽安一样,
我们都想让自己的孩子拥有最好的。
20:06
And where is the controversy争议 in that?
314
1202800
2640
而在这个问题上,
是否还存在任何争议呢?
20:10
Thank you.
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1206160
1216
谢谢。
(掌声)
20:11
(Applause掌声)
316
1207400
2736
克里斯 安德勋(CA):
谢谢。
20:14
Chris克里斯 Anderson安德森: Thank you.
317
1210160
1240
20:22
I have some questions问题 for Melinda梅琳达.
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1218360
3976
我有一些问题想问梅琳达。
(掌声终止)
20:26
(Applause掌声 ends结束)
319
1222360
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谢谢你的勇敢和所做的一切。
20:27
Thank you for your courage勇气
and everything else其他.
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1223680
2960
20:31
So, Melinda梅琳达, in the last few少数 years年份
321
1227480
2496
梅琳达,在过去的几年里,
20:34
I've heard听说 a lot of smart聪明 people
say something to the effect影响 of,
322
1230000
3720
我听过很多聪明的人说过类似的话,
20:39
"We don't need to worry担心
about the population人口 issue问题 anymore.
323
1235400
3456
"我们不必担心人口问题了。
20:42
Family家庭 sizes大小 are coming未来 down
naturally自然 all over the world世界.
324
1238880
3496
家庭规模已在世界范围内不断减小,
我们的人口最多增加到
90或者100亿人。就这样。"
20:46
We're going to peak
at nine or 10 billion十亿. And that's it."
325
1242400
2960
20:50
Are they wrong错误?
326
1246720
1216
他们错了吗?
梅琳达·盖茨(MG):
如果你看看非洲的数据,
20:51
Melinda梅琳达 Gates盖茨: If you look
at the statistics统计 across横过 Africa非洲,
327
1247960
2776
他们的确错了。
20:54
they are wrong错误.
328
1250760
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我认为我们需要以
不同的角度来看待问题。
20:56
And I think we need to look at it,
though虽然, from a different不同 lens镜片.
329
1252000
3056
我们需要追源溯本的看问题,
20:59
We need to look at it
from the ground地面 upwards向上.
330
1255080
2176
我觉得这是我们在避孕的问题上
给自己惹了
21:01
I think that's one of the reasons原因
we got ourselves我们自己 in so much trouble麻烦
331
1257280
3256
21:04
on this issue问题 of contraception避孕.
332
1260560
1696
这么多麻烦的原因之一、
21:06
We looked看着 at it from top最佳 down
333
1262280
1381
我们只是着眼现在这个时间点,
然后说我们想要在未来
有不同的人口数据。
21:07
and said we want to have different不同
population人口 numbers数字 over time.
334
1263685
3531
没错,我们关心地球。
没错,我们需要做出正确的选择。
21:11
Yes, we care关心 about the planet行星.
Yes, we need to make the right choices选择.
335
1267240
3296
21:14
But the choices选择 have to be made制作
at the family家庭 level水平.
336
1270560
2576
但这些选择必须以家庭为重。
只有让人们有能力和途径
选择想做的事,
21:17
And it's only by giving people access访问
and letting出租 them choose选择 what to do
337
1273160
4336
21:21
that you get those sweeping笼统的 changes变化
that we have seen看到 globally全球 --
338
1277520
3056
才能得到那些全球性的广泛变化——
21:24
except for sub-Saharan撒哈拉以南 Africa非洲 and those
places地方 in South Asia亚洲 and Afghanistan阿富汗.
339
1280600
4680
除了南非和南亚、阿富汗的某些地区。
21:31
CACA: Some people on the right in America美国
340
1287920
2096
CA: 有些在美国,
21:34
and in many许多 conservative保守 cultures文化
around the world世界
341
1290040
3400
以及在世界各地的
很多保守的文化里的人,
21:39
might威力 say something like this:
342
1295360
1816
可能会说类似这样的话:
21:41
"It's all very well to talk about saving保存
lives生活 and empowering授权 women妇女 and so on.
343
1297200
3667
"谈论拯救生命,赋予女性权利
等等的问题是没错。
但性爱是神圣的。
21:44
But, sex性别 is sacred神圣.
344
1300891
1960
21:48
What you're proposing建议
is going to increase增加 the likelihood可能性
345
1304000
4016
你的提议将会增加
性爱发生在婚姻外的可能性。
21:52
that lots of sex性别 happens发生 outside marriage婚姻.
346
1308040
2216
而那是不对的。"
21:54
And that is wrong错误."
347
1310280
1440
21:56
What would you say to them?
348
1312600
2056
你会对他们说什么?
MG:我会说性爱的确是神圣的。
21:58
MGMG: I would say
that sex性别 is absolutely绝对 sacred神圣.
349
1314680
3256
22:01
And it's sacred神圣 in Germany德国,
and it's sacred神圣 in the United联合的 States状态,
350
1317960
3096
它在德国、美国是神圣的。
它在法国和世界各国都是神圣的。
22:05
and it's sacred神圣 in France法国
and so many许多 places地方 around the world世界.
351
1321080
3096
在我国98%有性经验的女性表示,
22:08
And the fact事实 that 98 percent百分 of women妇女
in my country国家 who are sexually experienced有经验的
352
1324200
4896
使用节育措施并不会
让性爱变得不再神圣。
22:13
say they use birth分娩 control控制
doesn't make sex性别 any less sacred神圣.
353
1329120
4176
这只是代表她们
能为自己的生活做选择。
22:17
It just means手段 that they're getting得到
to make choices选择 about their lives生活.
354
1333320
3256
我觉得在做选择的时候,
22:20
And I think in that choice选择,
355
1336600
1296
我们也在尊敬家庭,
22:21
we're also honoring表彰
the sacredness神圣 of the family家庭
356
1337920
2896
22:24
and the sacredness神圣 of the mother's母亲 life
357
1340840
2256
和一位母亲的生命,
以及挽救孩子的生命的神圣。
22:27
and the childrens'儿童 lives生活
by saving保存 their lives生活.
358
1343120
2256
那也是非常神圣的。
22:29
To me, that's incredibly令人难以置信 sacred神圣, too.
359
1345400
2280
22:32
CACA: So what is your foundation基础
doing to promote促进 this issue问题?
360
1348760
4736
CA: 你的基金会如何提倡这个问题?
这里的人和在网络上的观众——
22:37
And what could people here
and people listening on the web卷筒纸 --
361
1353520
4016
你希望他们做些什么?
22:41
what would you like them to do?
362
1357560
1536
22:43
MGMG: I would say this --
join加入 the conversation会话.
363
1359120
2143
MG:我想说——要积极参与讨论,
我们在屏幕上列出了网站。
请加入我们的讨论。
22:45
We've我们已经 listed上市 the website网站 up here.
Join加入 the conversation会话.
364
1361287
4169
告诉我们避孕如何改变了你的生活,
22:49
Tell your story故事 about how contraception避孕
has either changed your life
365
1365480
3816
或你认识的人的生活。
22:53
or somebody's某人的 life that you know.
366
1369320
2016
然后说你赞同这种做法。
22:55
And say that you're for this.
367
1371360
1381
22:56
We need a groundswell风潮
of people saying, "This makes品牌 sense.
368
1372765
2715
我们需要听到越来越多的人说,
"这很有道理。
我们需要让全体女性获得避孕的措施——
不论她们身在何处。"
22:59
We've我们已经 got to give all women妇女 access访问 --
no matter where they live生活."
369
1375504
3392
23:02
And one of the things
that we're going to do
370
1378920
2096
而我们将会做的事情之一
就是7月11号在伦敦
举办一个大型的活动,
23:05
is do a large event事件 July七月 11 in London伦敦,
371
1381040
3176
跟许多国家,包括许多非洲国家,
23:08
with a whole整个 host主办 of countries国家,
a whole整个 host主办 of African非洲人 nations国家,
372
1384240
3376
宣布我们要把这个(避孕)
重新列入全球卫生议程里。
23:11
to all say we're putting this back
on the global全球 health健康 agenda议程.
373
1387640
3136
我们将会投入资源,
23:14
We're going to commit承诺 resources资源 to it,
374
1390800
1856
并与政府从基层开始策划,
23:16
and we're going to do planning规划
from the bottom底部 up with governments政府
375
1392680
3136
以确保女性受到避孕方面的教育——
23:19
to make sure that women妇女 are educated博学 --
376
1395840
2096
让她们可以在需要的时候
得到避孕工具,
23:21
so that if they
want the tool工具, they have it,
377
1397960
2456
23:24
and that they have
lots of options选项 available可得到
378
1400440
2096
也会有很多的选择,
无论是通过当地的卫生保健员,
23:26
either through通过
their local本地 healthcare卫生保健 worker工人
379
1402560
2096
还是当地的社区诊所。
23:28
or their local本地 community社区 rural乡村 clinic诊所.
380
1404680
1880
23:31
CACA: Melinda梅琳达, I'm guessing揣测 that some
of those nuns修女 who taught you at school学校
381
1407920
4576
CA:我猜想在学校教过你的一些修女
总有一天会看到这个讲座。
23:36
are going to see
this TEDTED Talk at some point.
382
1412520
2640
23:39
Are they going to be horrified吓坏了,
or are they cheering欢呼 you on?
383
1415960
2896
她们会为你的所作所为吓到,
还是会为你感到高兴?
MG:我知道她们会看到这个讲座,
23:42
MGMG: I know they're going
to see the TEDTED Talk
384
1418880
2096
因为她们知道我会举办这个讲座,
而且我打算把讲座发给她们。
23:45
because they know that I'm doing it
and I plan计划 to send发送 it to them.
385
1421000
3136
你知道吗,教过我的修女们
观念非常与时俱进。
23:48
And, you know, the nuns修女 who taught me
were incredibly令人难以置信 progressive进步.
386
1424160
3136
我希望她们会以我为荣,
23:51
I hope希望 that they'll他们会 be very proud骄傲 of me
387
1427320
1896
因为我实践了她们教会我的
社会正义和服务。
23:53
for living活的 out what they taught us
about social社会 justice正义 and service服务.
388
1429240
3936
我已经开始对这个问题非常的关切,
23:57
I have come to feel
incredibly令人难以置信 passionate多情 about this issue问题
389
1433200
3896
介于我在发展中的
世界里所看到的一切。
24:01
because of what I've seen看到
in the developing发展 world世界.
390
1437120
2776
24:03
And for me, this topic话题
has become成为 very close to heart
391
1439920
4856
对我而言,
这个课题已经根植于我的内心,
因为我亲眼见到了
这些没有话语权的女人。
24:08
because you meet遇到 these women妇女
and they are so often经常 voiceless无声.
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但她们本不应该这样——
24:11
And yet然而 they shouldn't不能 be --
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她们应该表达自己的意见,
应该有途径避孕。
24:13
they should have a voice语音,
they should have access访问.
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我希望她们会觉得
24:15
And so I hope希望 they'll他们会 feel
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24:17
that I'm living活的 out
what I've learned学到了 from them
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我实践了从她们身上,
以及我通过在基金会
几十年的工作所学到的。
24:19
and from the decades几十年 of work
that I've already已经 doneDONE at the foundation基础.
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24:24
CACA: So, you and your team球队 brought together一起
today今天 an amazing惊人 group of speakers音箱
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CA:今天,你和你的队伍集合了
一群很棒的演讲人,
我们很感激。
24:28
to whom we're all grateful感激.
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24:31
Did you learn学习 anything?
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你学到了什么吗?
(笑声)
24:33
(Laughter笑声)
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24:34
MGMG: Oh my gosh天哪, I learned学到了 so many许多 things.
I have so many许多 follow-up跟进 questions问题.
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MG:我学到了好多。
我有好多跟进的问题。
我觉得这项工作是个充满未知的旅程。
24:38
And I think a lot
of this work is a journey旅程.
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你听到了关于能量的讨论,
24:40
You heard听说 the discussion讨论
about the journey旅程 through通过 energy能源,
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或者社会设计,
24:44
or the journey旅程 through通过 social社会 design设计,
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或者还有这样的质疑,
24:47
or the journey旅程 in the coming未来 and saying,
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"为什么这个平台上没有任何的女性?"
24:49
"Why aren't there any women妇女
on this platform平台?"
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我觉得我们这些从事发展问题的人,
24:51
And I think for all of us who work
on these development发展 issues问题,
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都是通过与人交流来学习的。
24:54
you learn学习 by talking to other people.
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你通过实践来学习。
你通过尝试和犯错来学习。
24:56
You learn学习 by doing.
You learn学习 by trying and making制造 mistakes错误.
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你问的问题也很重要。
24:59
And it's the questions问题 you ask.
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有的时候是你的提问帮忙引出了答案,
25:00
Sometimes有时 it's the questions问题 you ask
that helps帮助 lead to the answer回答
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也许下一个人就能够回答你的问题。
25:04
the next下一个 person
that can help you answer回答 it.
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今天我给小组成员准备了很多问题。
25:06
So I have lots of questions问题
for the panelists小组成员 from today今天.
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我觉得这会是很精彩的一天。
25:09
And I thought it was just an amazing惊人 day.
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CA: 梅琳达,谢谢你邀请我们和你
一起搭上这个旅程。
25:11
CACA: Melinda梅琳达, thank you for inviting诱人的
all of us on this journey旅程 with you.
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非常感谢你。
MG:没问题。谢谢你,克里斯。
25:14
Thank you so much.
MGMG: Great. Thanks谢谢, Chris克里斯.
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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Melinda Gates - Philanthropist
Melinda French Gates is co-chair of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, where she puts into practice the idea that every life has equal value.

Why you should listen

The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation works to help all people lead healthy, productive lives. As co-chair, Melinda French Gates helps shape and approve strategies, review results, advocate for foundation issues and set the overall direction. In developing countries, the foundation focuses on improving people's health with vaccines and other life-saving tools and giving them a chance to lift themselves out of hunger and extreme poverty. In the United States, it seeks to dramatically improve education so that all young people have the opportunity to reach their full potential. Based in Seattle, Washington, the foundation is led by CEO Jeff Raikes and co-chair William H. Gates Sr., under the direction of Bill Gates, Melinda Gates and Warren Buffett.

In recent years, Melinda French Gates has become a vocal advocate for access to contraception, advancing the idea that empowering women to decide whether and when to have children can have transformational effects on societies. In 2012, Gates spearheaded the London Summit on Family Planning, with the goal of delivering contraceptives to 120 million women in developing countries by 2020. When asked why she got involved in this issue, Gates said, "We knew that 210 million women were saying they wanted access to the contraceptives we have here in the United States and we weren't providing them because of political controversy in our country. To me, that was just a crime. I kept looking around trying to find the person to get this back on the global stage. I realized I just had to do it."

 

More profile about the speaker
Melinda Gates | Speaker | TED.com