ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Laura Carstensen - Psychologist
Laura Carstensen is the director of the Stanford Center on Longevity, and has extensively studied the effects on wellbeing of extended lifetimes.

Why you should listen
Dr. Carstensen is Professor of Psychology and Public Policy at Stanford University, where she is the founding director of the Stanford Center on Longevity, which explores innovative ways to solve the problems of people over 50 and improve the well-being of people of all ages. She is best known in academia for socioemotional selectivity theory, a life-span theory of motivation. She is also the author of A Long Bright Future: An Action Plan for a Lifetime of Happiness, Health, and Financial Security — an updated edition will be released in 2011.
More profile about the speaker
Laura Carstensen | Speaker | TED.com
TEDxWomen 2011

Laura Carstensen: Older people are happier

劳拉.卡斯滕森:老年人更快乐

Filmed:
1,414,570 views

20世纪,我们的期望寿命史无前例地大幅增加,但生活质量同步增加了吗?出人意料地——是的!在TED女性大会上,心理学家劳拉.卡斯滕森展示了相关研究,表明人们年龄渐长的同时变得更快乐、更满足,对世界有了更积极的观点。
- Psychologist
Laura Carstensen is the director of the Stanford Center on Longevity, and has extensively studied the effects on wellbeing of extended lifetimes. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:15
People are living活的 longer
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人们现在越活越久
00:17
and societies社会 are getting得到 grayer灰白.
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社会也逐渐变得老龄化
00:19
You hear about it all the time.
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你可能总是听到别人这么说
00:21
You read about it in your newspapers报纸.
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你也从报纸上如是读到
00:23
You hear about it on your television电视 sets.
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从电视上看到
00:25
Sometimes有时 I'm concerned关心
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有时候我很担心
00:27
that we hear about it so much
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我们听过长寿太多次
00:29
that we've我们已经 come to accept接受 longer lives生活
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以至于人们带着自满
00:32
with a kind of a complacency自满,
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甚至安逸的情绪开始接受
00:34
even ease缓解.
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长寿的事实
00:36
But make no mistake错误,
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但是请别搞错
00:39
longer lives生活 can
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长寿能够 --
00:41
and, I believe, will
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而且我相信,它肯定会 --
00:43
improve提高 quality质量 of life
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改善所有年龄的人们的
00:45
at all ages年龄.
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生活品质
00:47
Now to put this in perspective透视,
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现在让我们先拉个远景
00:49
let me just zoom放大 out for a minute分钟.
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从宏观的角度来看
00:52
More years年份 were added添加
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人们的
00:55
to average平均 life expectancy期待
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平均寿命
00:57
in the 20th century世纪
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在整个20世纪增加的年数
00:59
than all years年份 added添加
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要比
01:02
across横过 all prior millennia千年
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上千年来
01:06
of human人的 evolution演化 combined结合.
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人类进化过程中所增加的总和还要多
01:09
In the blink of an eye,
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就在眨眼之间
01:11
we nearly几乎 doubled翻倍 the length长度 of time
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我们已经将我们的寿命
01:14
that we're living活的.
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延长了一倍
01:16
So if you ever feel like you don't have this aging老化 thing quite相当 pegged钉住,
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所以,如果你觉得你对变老这件事并不关心
01:19
don't kick yourself你自己.
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不要自责
01:21
It's brand new.
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这个话题太新了
01:23
And because fertility生育能力 rates利率 fell下跌
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因为在同一时期内
01:25
across横过 that very same相同 period
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生育率下降了
01:27
that life expectancy期待 was going up,
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平均寿命增加了
01:31
that pyramid金字塔
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那个用来表示
01:33
that has always represented代表 the distribution分配 of age年龄 in the population人口,
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人口年龄分布的金字塔形
01:36
with many许多 young年轻 ones那些 at the bottom底部
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底部的年轻人口总是很多
01:39
winnowed to a tiny peak of older旧的 people
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延伸到老龄人口的尖顶
01:42
who make it and survive生存 to old age年龄
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那些是成功存活到高龄的人
01:44
is being存在 reshaped重塑
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(人口金字塔)形状发生了改变
01:46
into a rectangle长方形.
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变成了长方形
01:49
And now, if you're the kind of person
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如果你是那种
01:51
who can get chills畏寒 from population人口 statistics统计,
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对人口统计感到恐惧的人
01:55
these are the ones那些 that should do it.
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这些变化应该会让你感到难受
01:57
Because what that means手段
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因为这变化表明
01:59
is that for the first time in the history历史 of the species种类,
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在人类种族历史上头一回
02:02
the majority多数 of babies婴儿 born天生
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大多数
02:04
in the Developed发达 World世界
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在发达国家出生的婴儿
02:06
are having the opportunity机会
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有机会
02:09
to grow增长 old.
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活到老年
02:11
How did this happen发生?
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这是怎么发生的?
02:14
Well we're no genetically基因 hardier胆大的 than our ancestors祖先 were
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我们并不是在基因上
02:16
10,000 years年份 ago.
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比一万年前的祖先强壮
02:18
This increase增加 in life expectancy期待
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平均寿命的增加
02:20
is the remarkable卓越 product产品 of culture文化 --
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全要归功于文化 --
02:23
the crucible
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一个包含了
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that holds持有 science科学 and technology技术
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科学和技术
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and wide-scale大规模 changes变化 in behavior行为
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以及广泛的(社会)行为改变的熔炉
02:30
that improve提高 health健康 and well-being福利.
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导致人们的健康和福利的增进
02:33
Through通过 cultural文化 changes变化,
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通过文化的改变
02:35
our ancestors祖先
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我们的祖先
02:37
largely大部分 eliminated淘汰 early death死亡
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大幅度地消除了早亡
02:40
so that people can now live生活 out their full充分 lives生活.
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所以现在的人可以走完完整的一生
02:44
Now there are problems问题 associated相关 with aging老化 --
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老龄化催生了很多问题
02:47
diseases疾病, poverty贫穷, loss失利 of social社会 status状态.
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疾病、贫困、社会地位的丧失
02:50
It's hardly几乎不 time to rest休息 on our laurels桂冠.
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这可不是坐享荣誉的时候
02:52
But the more we learn学习 about aging老化,
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不过当我们研究的越多
02:54
the clearer更清晰 it becomes
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老龄化就变得越清晰
02:56
that a sweeping笼统的 downward向下 course课程
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把它说成是一条单纯的下坡路
02:58
is grossly非常 inaccurate不准确.
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是非常不准确的
03:01
Aging老化 brings带来 some rather remarkable卓越 improvements改进 --
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衰老也带来一些非同凡响的进步
03:05
increased增加 knowledge知识, expertise专门知识 --
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知识的增加,专业的精深
03:08
and emotional情绪化 aspects方面 of life improve提高.
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人生的情绪层面也有所提升
03:14
That's right,
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这句话很对
03:16
older旧的 people are happy快乐.
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老年人是快乐的
03:19
They're happier幸福 than middle-aged中年 people,
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他们比中年人更快乐
03:21
and younger更年轻 people certainly当然.
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更理所当然地比年轻人更快乐
03:23
Study研究 after study研究
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一个又一个的研究
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is coming未来 to the same相同 conclusion结论.
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证实了相同的结论
03:27
The CDCCDC recently最近 conducted进行 a survey调查
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疾病防治中心(CDC)最近进行了一次调查
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where they asked respondents受访者 simply只是 to tell them
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他们简单地要求受试者来报告
03:33
whether是否 they experienced有经验的 significant重大 psychological心理 distress苦难
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在过去的一周里自己是否经历了
03:35
in the previous以前 week.
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重大的心理困扰
03:37
And fewer older旧的 people answered回答 affirmatively肯定地 to that question
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老年人承认有这类问题的
03:40
than middle-aged中年 people,
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比中年人少
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and younger更年轻 people as well.
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也比年轻人少
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And a recent最近 Gallup盖洛普 poll轮询
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一项近期的盖洛普调查
03:46
asked participants参与者
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询问参与者
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how much stress强调 and worry担心 and anger愤怒
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有多少压力、焦虑和愤怒情绪
03:50
they had experienced有经验的 the previous以前 day.
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他们在前一天体验过
03:52
And stress强调, worry担心, anger愤怒
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压力、焦虑、愤怒
03:56
all decrease减少 with age年龄.
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都随着年龄增长而减少
04:00
Now social社会 scientists科学家们 call this the paradox悖论 of aging老化.
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社会学家称这种现象为老龄化悖论
04:03
After all, aging老化 is not a piece of cake蛋糕.
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老龄化可不是小事
04:06
So we've我们已经 asked all sorts排序 of questions问题
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我们问了各种各样的问题
04:08
to see if we could undo解开 this finding发现.
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试图推翻这个研究结论
04:12
We've我们已经 asked whether是否 it may可能 be
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我们提出这可能是因为
04:14
that the current当前 generations of older旧的 people
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现在正值老年的这一代人
04:17
are and always have been
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一直以来都是
04:19
the greatest最大 generations.
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最伟大的一代人
04:21
That is that younger更年轻 people today今天
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而现在的年青一代
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may可能 not typically一般 experience经验 these improvements改进
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可能不会在成长过程中
04:26
as they grow增长 older旧的.
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经历同样的进步
04:28
We've我们已经 asked,
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我们也提出
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well maybe older旧的 people are just trying to put a positive spin
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也许老年人只是在发扬阿Q精神
04:33
on an otherwise除此以外 depressing压抑 existence存在.
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来应对令人沮丧的事实
04:35
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
04:37
But the more we've我们已经 tried试着 to disavow否认 this finding发现,
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然而我们越是想要颠覆这个结论
04:40
the more evidence证据 we find
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反而找到越多的证据
04:42
to support支持 it.
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来支持这个结论
04:44
Years年份 ago, my colleagues同事 and I embarked开始 on a study研究
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很多年前,我和同事一起开始了一项研究
04:46
where we followed其次 the same相同 group of people over a 10-year-年 period.
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我们对同一组人进行跟踪调查长达十年
04:49
Originally本来 the sample样品 was aged 18 to 94.
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这组人最开始的年龄从18岁到94岁不等
04:53
And we studied研究 whether是否 and how their emotional情绪化 experiences经验 changed
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我们研究了他们的情绪体验
04:56
as they grew成长 older旧的.
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是否随着岁月而改变
04:58
Our participants参与者 would carry携带 electronic电子 pagers寻呼机
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研究参与者随身携带电子纸张
05:01
for a week at a time,
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每次持续一周时间
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and we'd星期三 page them throughout始终 the day and evenings晚上 at random随机 times.
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我们在早晚的任意时间呼叫他们
05:06
And every一切 time we paged分页 them
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每一次我们呼叫他们
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we'd星期三 ask them to answer回答 several一些 questions问题 --
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我们会问他们几个问题
05:10
On a one to seven scale规模, how happy快乐 are you right now?
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用1到7的量表来衡量他们当时高兴的程度
05:13
How sad伤心 are you right now?
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悲伤的程度
05:15
How frustrated受挫 are you right now? --
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沮丧的程度
05:17
so that we could get a sense
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这样我们就能
05:19
of the kinds of emotions情绪 and feelings情怀 they were having
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监测到他们情绪和感觉上的
05:21
in their day-to-day日复一日 lives生活.
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日常状况
05:23
And using运用 this intense激烈 study研究
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通过这种
05:25
of individuals个人,
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对个人的密集调查
05:27
we find that it's not one particular特定 generation
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我们发现并没有任何一代人
05:31
that's doing better than the others其他,
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比其他人更好
05:33
but the same相同 individuals个人 over time
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但是同一个人随着年岁增长
05:36
come to report报告 relatively相对 greater更大
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开始报告
05:38
positive experience经验.
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相对更积极的体验
05:40
Now you see this slight轻微 downturn低迷
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现在你看到在非常高的年龄
05:43
at very advanced高级 ages年龄.
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这里有些许下降
05:45
And there is a slight轻微 downturn低迷.
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这里的确有一些下降
05:47
But at no point does it return返回
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但是绝没有回复到
05:49
to the levels水平 we see
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他们
05:51
in early adulthood成年.
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早期成年期的水平
05:53
Now it's really too simplistic简单化
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当然,光说
05:57
to say that older旧的 people are "happy快乐."
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老年人更“快乐”,那太过草率
06:01
In our study研究, they are more positive,
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在我们的研究里,他们更积极
06:04
but they're also more likely容易 than younger更年轻 people
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但他们也比年轻人
06:06
to experience经验 mixed emotions情绪 --
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更能体会到复杂的情感
06:09
sadness at the same相同 time you experience经验 happiness幸福;
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悲喜交加
06:11
you know, that tear眼泪 in the eye
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你们知道
06:13
when you're smiling微笑 at a friend朋友.
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就是冲着朋友微笑的同时眼含泪花
06:16
And other research研究 has shown显示
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有其他研究显示
06:18
that older旧的 people seem似乎 to engage从事 with sadness
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老年人能够
06:20
more comfortably舒服.
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更从容地应对悲伤
06:22
They're more accepting验收 of sadness than younger更年轻 people are.
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他们比年轻人更能接受悲伤情绪
06:25
And we suspect疑似 that this may可能 help to explain说明
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我们怀疑这能帮助解释
06:28
why older旧的 people are better than younger更年轻 people
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为什么老年人比年轻人
06:31
at solving hotly-charged激烈充电 emotional情绪化 conflicts冲突 and debates辩论.
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更擅长处理激烈的情绪冲突和争论
06:36
Older年长 people can view视图 injustice不公正
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老年人看待不公
06:39
with compassion同情,
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能够带着怜悯
06:41
but not despair绝望.
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而不是绝望
06:44
And all things being存在 equal等于,
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在同等条件下
06:46
older旧的 people direct直接 their cognitive认知 resources资源,
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老年人会将自己的认知资源
06:48
like attention注意 and memory记忆,
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比如注意力和记忆力
06:50
to positive information信息 more than negative.
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更多地导向积极信息,而不是消极信息
06:53
If we show显示 older旧的, middle-aged中年, younger更年轻 people images图片,
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我们向老年组、中年组和青年组展示图像
06:56
like the ones那些 you see on the screen屏幕,
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正如你们在屏幕上看到的
06:59
and we later后来 ask them
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过后我们让他们
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to recall召回 all the images图片 that they can,
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回忆他们看到的图像
07:04
older旧的 people, but not younger更年轻 people,
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老年组,而非青年组
07:07
remember记得 more positive images图片
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记得的积极图像
07:09
than negative images图片.
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多过消极图像
07:11
We've我们已经 asked older旧的 and younger更年轻 people
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我们让老年组和青年组
07:13
to view视图 faces面孔 in laboratory实验室 studies学习,
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去看实验室研究所用的脸部表情
07:15
some frowning皱着眉头, some smiling微笑.
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一些皱眉、一些微笑
07:17
Older年长 people look toward the smiling微笑 faces面孔
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老年组看向微笑的脸
07:20
and away from the frowning皱着眉头, angry愤怒 faces面孔.
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而回避皱眉的、愤怒的脸
07:23
In day-to-day日复一日 life,
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在日常生活中
07:25
this translates转换 into greater更大 enjoyment享受
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这转换成更大的乐趣
07:27
and satisfaction满意.
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以及满足
07:31
But as social社会 scientists科学家们, we continue继续 to ask
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但作为社会学家,我们继续问
07:33
about possible可能 alternatives备择方案.
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是否有其他可能
07:35
We've我们已经 said, well maybe older旧的 people
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也许老年人
07:37
report报告 more positive emotions情绪
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报告更多的积极感受
07:39
because they're cognitively认知 impaired受损.
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是因为他们认知机能受损
07:42
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
07:45
We've我们已经 said, could it be
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会不会
07:47
that positive emotions情绪 are simply只是 easier更轻松 to process处理 than negative emotions情绪,
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积极情绪比消极情绪更易处理
07:50
and so you switch开关 to the positive emotions情绪?
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所以他们更倾向于积极情绪?
07:53
Maybe our neural神经 centers中心 in our brain
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也许我们脑内的神经系统
07:55
are degraded降级 such这样
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退化了
07:57
that we're unable无法 to process处理 negative emotions情绪 anymore.
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以致无法处理消极情绪
08:00
But that's not the case案件.
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但事实并非如此
08:02
The most mentally精神上 sharp尖锐 older旧的 adults成年人
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老年组里思维最敏捷的
08:05
are the ones那些 who show显示 this positivity阳性 effect影响 the most.
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恰恰是最积极的
08:09
And under conditions条件 where it really matters事项,
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在关键时刻
08:12
older旧的 people do process处理 the negative information信息
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老年人处理消极情绪
08:14
just as well as the positive information信息.
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和处理积极情绪的能力是一样的
08:17
So how can this be?
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这是为什么呢?
08:20
Well in our research研究,
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在我们的研究里
08:22
we've我们已经 found发现 that these changes变化
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我们发现这些改变
08:24
are grounded接地 fundamentally从根本上
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在最基本上植根于
08:26
in the uniquely独特地 human人的 ability能力 to monitor监控 time --
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人类监控时间的独特能力
08:29
not just clock时钟 time and calendar日历 time,
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不光是时钟的时间和日历的时间
08:31
but lifetime一生.
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更是生命的时间
08:34
And if there's a paradox悖论 of aging老化,
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如果说老龄化悖论成立
08:36
it's that recognizing认识 that we won't惯于 live生活 forever永远
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那也是因为我们认识到生命易逝
08:39
changes变化 our perspective透视 on life
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而使我们把人生观
08:41
in positive ways方法.
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变得更积极
08:44
When time horizons视野 are long and nebulous星云,
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人生的终点遥远又朦胧
08:47
as they typically一般 are in youth青年,
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年轻时通常都这么想
08:49
people are constantly经常 preparing准备,
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人们就会一直跃跃欲试
08:52
trying to soak浸泡 up all the information信息 they possibly或者 can,
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试图尽可能地去吸收信息
08:55
taking服用 risks风险, exploring探索.
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承担风险、探索未知
08:57
We might威力 spend time with people we don't even like
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我们可能会跟不喜欢的人共度时光
09:00
because it's somehow不知何故 interesting有趣.
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因为感觉这挺有趣
09:03
We might威力 learn学习 something unexpected意外.
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我们也许不经意间学到一些不该学的东西
09:05
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
09:07
We go on blind dates日期.
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我们去相亲
09:09
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
09:11
You know, after all,
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毕竟
09:13
if it doesn't work out, there's always tomorrow明天.
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就算失败了,也还有明天
09:16
People over 50
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超过50岁的人
09:18
don't go on blind dates日期.
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就不会去相亲了
09:21
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
09:26
As we age年龄,
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当我们逐渐变老
09:28
our time horizons视野 grow增长 shorter
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跟人生终点的距离不断缩短
09:30
and our goals目标 change更改.
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我们的人生目标从而改变
09:33
When we recognize认识 that we don't have all the time in the world世界,
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当我们意识到时间不再多的可以尽情挥霍
09:36
we see our priorities优先 most clearly明确地.
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就能清楚地看到事情的轻重缓急
09:38
We take less notice注意 of trivial不重要的 matters事项.
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我们变得不在意琐碎之事了
09:41
We savor品尝 life.
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我们享受人生
09:43
We're more appreciative欣赏的,
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我们更懂感恩
09:45
more open打开 to reconciliation和解.
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更向往和谐
09:48
We invest投资 in more emotionally感情上 important重要 parts部分 of life,
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我们更致力于精神层面上重要的东西
09:51
and life gets得到 better,
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生活变得更好
09:54
so we're happier幸福 day-to-day日复一日.
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所以日益快乐
09:57
But that same相同 shift转移 in perspective透视
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但是这种观念的改变
09:59
leads引线 us to have less tolerance公差 than ever
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也降低了
10:02
for injustice不公正.
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对不公的容忍
10:04
By 2015,
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到2015年
10:06
there will be more people in the United联合的 States状态
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美国人口中
10:09
over the age年龄 of 60
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60岁以上的人口
10:11
than under 15.
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将会超过不满15岁的人口
10:14
What will happen发生 to societies社会
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社会老龄化之后
10:16
that are top-heavy头重脚轻 with older旧的 people?
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会有什么改变?
10:19
The numbers数字 won't惯于 determine确定
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数量并不能
10:22
the outcome结果.
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左右结果
10:24
Culture文化 will.
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文化才会
10:27
If we invest投资 in science科学 and technology技术
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如果我们投入科学和技术
10:30
and find solutions解决方案 for the real真实 problems问题
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为老龄化问题
10:32
that older旧的 people face面对
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找出解决之道
10:35
and we capitalize利用
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我们充分发挥
10:37
on the very real真实 strengths优势
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老年人的
10:39
of older旧的 people,
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真正优势
10:41
then added添加 years年份 of life
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那么,寿命的增加
10:43
can dramatically显着 improve提高 quality质量 of life
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将会戏剧性地改善人们的生活质量
10:46
at all ages年龄.
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无论是哪个年龄段
10:48
Societies社会 with millions百万
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社会上有上百万的
10:51
of talented天才, emotionally感情上 stable稳定 citizens公民
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有才能而且情绪稳定的市民
10:53
who are healthier健康 and better educated博学
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他们更健康,受过更高的教育
10:56
than any generations before them,
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与他们之前的任何一代人比
10:58
armed武装 with knowledge知识
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用知识武装自己
11:00
about the practical实际的 matters事项 of life
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了解人生的各种状况
11:02
and motivated动机
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积极主动地
11:04
to solve解决 the big issues问题
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去解决重大问题
11:06
can be better societies社会
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社会将变得更加美好
11:09
than we have ever known已知.
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比我们已知的更好
11:13
My father父亲, who is 92,
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我父亲已经92岁了
11:16
likes喜欢 to say,
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他喜欢说
11:18
"Let's stop talking only about
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”让我们不要再说
11:20
how to save保存 the old folks乡亲
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解救老年人这种话了
11:22
and start开始 talking about
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我们要开始谈谈
11:24
how to get them to save保存 us all."
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如何让老年人解救所有人。”
11:28
Thank you.
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谢谢
11:30
(Applause掌声)
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(鼓掌)
Translated by Karen SONG
Reviewed by Dennis Guo

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Laura Carstensen - Psychologist
Laura Carstensen is the director of the Stanford Center on Longevity, and has extensively studied the effects on wellbeing of extended lifetimes.

Why you should listen
Dr. Carstensen is Professor of Psychology and Public Policy at Stanford University, where she is the founding director of the Stanford Center on Longevity, which explores innovative ways to solve the problems of people over 50 and improve the well-being of people of all ages. She is best known in academia for socioemotional selectivity theory, a life-span theory of motivation. She is also the author of A Long Bright Future: An Action Plan for a Lifetime of Happiness, Health, and Financial Security — an updated edition will be released in 2011.
More profile about the speaker
Laura Carstensen | Speaker | TED.com