ABOUT THE SPEAKER
John Graham-Cumming - Computer programmer
Computer programmer John Graham-Cumming keeps geek history alive by raising awareness for it's heroes and their inventions.

Why you should listen

John Graham-Cumming received his Ph.D. in computer security from Oxford University. A peripatetic programmer, he has worked in Silicon Valley, New York, the UK, Germany and France. In 2004, his open source POPFile program won a Jolt Productivity Award. He has authored two books: The Geek Atlas, a travel companion for math and science history enthusiasts; and GNU Make Unleashed, a guide for programmers. In 2009, he spearheaded a successful petition to the British Government demanding an apology for its persecution of Alan Turing for his homosexuality. His personal blog was rated among the "top 30 science blogs" by The Times in February 2010. And in October, 2010, he founded an organization dedicated to build Charles Babbage's famous analytical engine.

 

More profile about the speaker
John Graham-Cumming | Speaker | TED.com
TEDxImperialCollege

John Graham-Cumming: The greatest machine that never was

John Graham-Cumming: 史上最伟大的机器

Filmed:
1,242,570 views

计算机科学是在30年代开始的....19世纪30年代.John Graham-Cumming 讲述了Charles Babbage的机械,蒸汽能量的分析引擎,并且讲述了Ada Lovelace,拜伦王的女儿以及一个数学家,是怎样从简单的计算能力去看到电脑的未来.(在帝国大学TED记录)
- Computer programmer
Computer programmer John Graham-Cumming keeps geek history alive by raising awareness for it's heroes and their inventions. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:16
So the machine I'm going to talk you about
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我马上要给你们介绍的机器呢
00:17
is what I call the greatest最大 machine that never was.
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是被我称之为有史以来最伟大的机器
00:19
It was a machine that was never built内置,
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它是一个从来没有被制造出来的机器
00:21
and yet然而, it will be built内置.
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不过呢,它将来会被造出来的
00:23
It was a machine that was designed设计
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它是一个早在人们对电脑没有概念的时候
00:25
long before anyone任何人 thought about computers电脑.
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设计出来的一种机器
00:27
If you know anything about the history历史 of computers电脑,
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如果你对电脑的历史有一些了解的话
00:29
you will know that in the '30s and the '40s,
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你知道在30和40年代的时候,
00:32
simple简单 computers电脑 were created创建
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出现了一些简单的电脑
00:35
that started开始 the computer电脑 revolution革命 we have today今天,
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标志着我们今天所看到的电脑革命的开端
00:37
and you would be correct正确,
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你这样想是对的
00:39
except for you'd have the wrong错误 century世纪.
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不过你把世纪搞错了
00:41
The first computer电脑 was really designed设计
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第一台电脑其实是在19世纪
00:43
in the 1830s and 1840s, not the 1930s and 1940s.
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30,40年代设计的,而不是20世纪的30,40年代
00:46
It was designed设计, and parts部分 of it were prototyped原型,
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它的设计和一部分原型
00:49
and the bits of it that were built内置 are here
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还有部分制造都发生在这里
00:51
in South Kensington肯辛顿.
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南肯辛顿
00:53
That machine was built内置 by this guy, Charles查尔斯 Babbage巴贝奇.
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这台机器是这个叫查尔斯·巴贝奇的人建造出来的
00:56
Now, I have a great affinity亲和力 for Charles查尔斯 Babbage巴贝奇
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我这个人对查尔斯·巴贝奇有种清切感
00:58
because his hair头发 is always completely全然 unkempt蓬头垢面 like this
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因为他所有照片里的头发都
01:01
in every一切 single picture图片. (Laughter笑声)
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乱成这个样.
01:03
He was a very wealthy富裕 man, and a sort分类 of,
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他非常的富有
01:05
part部分 of the aristocracy贵族 of Britain英国,
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而且可以说是英国的贵族成员
01:07
and on a Saturday星期六 night in Marylebone马里波恩,
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在马斯伯恩的一个周六的晚上
01:09
were you part部分 of the intelligentsia知识分子 of that period,
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假如你是当时的一名知识分子
01:12
you would have been invited邀请 round回合 to his house
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你会被邀请到他的房子去
01:13
for a soiree社交晚会 — and he invited邀请 everybody每个人:
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一个社交晚会--他会邀请每一个人
01:16
kings国王, the Duke公爵 of Wellington惠灵顿, many许多, many许多 famous著名 people —
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国王,惠灵顿的公爵,很多很多有名的人---
01:19
and he would have shown显示 you one of his mechanical机械 machines.
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然后他就会给你们看他的一个机械
01:22
I really miss小姐 that era时代, you know, where you could
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我非常想念那个时代,那时候你可以
01:25
go around for a soiree社交晚会 and see a mechanical机械 computer电脑
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去一个社交晚会,然后看到
01:27
get demonstrated证明 to you. (Laughter笑声)
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一台机械电脑的演示. (笑声)
01:28
But Babbage巴贝奇, Babbage巴贝奇 himself他自己 was born天生
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不过巴贝奇是在18世纪末
01:32
at the end结束 of the 18th century世纪,
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出生的
01:33
and was a fairly相当 famous著名 mathematician数学家.
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还是个比较有名的数学家
01:35
He held保持 the post岗位 that Newton牛顿 held保持 at Cambridge剑桥,
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他担当了当时牛顿在剑桥的职位
01:39
and that was recently最近 held保持 by Stephen斯蒂芬 Hawking霍金.
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最近又由史蒂芬霍金担当
01:41
He's less well known已知 than either of them because
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他没这些人那么有名,因为
01:44
he got this idea理念 to make mechanical机械 computing计算 devices设备
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他只有创造这台机器的想法
01:47
and never made制作 any of them.
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但却从未真正制造出来
01:49
The reason原因 he never made制作 any of them, he's a classic经典 nerd书呆子.
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原因就是他是个典型的书呆子
01:53
Every一切 time he had a good idea理念, he'd他会 think,
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每回他有一个很好的想法
01:55
"That's brilliant辉煌, I'm going to start开始 building建造 that one.
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他就会想,"太棒了,我准备去把它造出来.
01:56
I'll spend a fortune幸运 on it. I've got a better idea理念.
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我会投入一大笔钱。但我又有个更好的主意
01:59
I'm going to work on this one. (Laughter笑声) And I'm going to do this one."
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那我就造这个吧.(笑声) 不对,我应该造这个."
02:01
He did this until直到 Sir先生 Robert罗伯特 Peel, then Prime主要 Minister部长,
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他一直都是这么干,直到罗伯特·皮尔(后来成为首相)
02:04
basically基本上 kicked him out of Number 10 Downing唐宁 Street,
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把他从唐宁街10号开除
02:06
and kicking him out, in those days, that meant意味着 saying,
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当时开除就意会着对他说
02:09
"I bid出价 you good day, sir先生." (Laughter笑声)
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祝你有个愉快的一天.(笑声)
02:12
The thing he designed设计 was this monstrosity怪物 here,
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他设计的东西就是这个巨大的玩意儿,
02:14
the analytical分析 engine发动机. Now, just to give you an idea理念 of this,
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分析引擎.现在为了让你解释一下
02:17
this is a view视图 from above以上.
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这是一个俯视图
02:19
Every一切 one of these circles is a cogCOG, a stack of cogs齿轮,
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每个圈圈都是一个齿轮,一叠齿轮
02:22
and this thing is as big as a steam蒸汽 locomotive机车.
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因此这东西就跟一个蒸汽火车头一样大
02:26
So as I go through通过 this talk, I want you to imagine想像
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在我说的时候,我想让你想象一下
02:28
this gigantic巨大 machine. We heard听说 those wonderful精彩 sounds声音
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这个巨大的机器.我们可以听到这些由这个机器发出的
02:30
of what this thing would have sounded满面 like.
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美妙的声音
02:32
And I'm going to take you through通过 the architecture建筑 of the machine
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现在呢我准备给你介绍一下机器的构造
02:34
— that's why it's computer电脑 architecture建筑
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这就是为什么这是电脑的构造
02:35
and tell you about this machine, which哪一个 is a computer电脑.
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然后告诉你这台机器其实是个电脑
02:39
So let's talk about the memory记忆. The memory记忆
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我们先讨论下内存
02:42
is very like the memory记忆 of a computer电脑 today今天,
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它的内存就跟现在的电脑一样
02:44
except it was all made制作 out of metal金属,
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只不过它当时是用金属做的
02:47
stacks and stacks of cogs齿轮, 30 cogs齿轮 high.
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一叠又一叠的齿轮,有30个齿轮那么高
02:51
Imagine想像 a thing this high of cogs齿轮,
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想象一下这个高度
02:53
hundreds数以百计 and hundreds数以百计 of them,
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有几百个那么多
02:54
and they've他们已经 got numbers数字 on them.
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然后它们上面都有编号
02:56
It's a decimal十进制 machine. Everything's一切都 doneDONE in decimal十进制.
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这个机器是个十进制的.所有东西都是十进制
02:59
And he thought about using运用 binary二进制. The problem问题
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他想过用二进制.不过问题是
03:00
with using运用 binary二进制 is that the machine would have been so
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那样的话机器会高得离谱
03:02
tall, it would have been ridiculous荒谬. As it is, it's enormous巨大.
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而且还会变得极其巨大
03:05
So he's got memory记忆.
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所以它是有内存的
03:07
The memory记忆 is this bit over here.
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这部分就是它的内存
03:10
You see it all like this.
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它们都是这个样子
03:12
This monstrosity怪物 over here is the CPU中央处理器, the chip芯片, if you like.
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这个巨大的东西就是CPU(中央处理器)或者说是芯片
03:17
Of course课程, it's this big.
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没错,就这么大
03:19
Completely全然 mechanical机械. This whole整个 machine is mechanical机械.
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完全是机械化.整个机器都是如此
03:22
This is a picture图片 of a prototype原型 for part部分 of the CPU中央处理器
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这是一张展示CPU的一部分的原型照片
03:26
which哪一个 is in the Science科学 Museum博物馆.
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来自科学博物馆
03:28
The CPU中央处理器 could do the four fundamental基本的 functions功能 of arithmetic算术 --
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CPU可以做4种基本的运算
03:32
so addition加成, multiplication乘法, subtraction减法, division --
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加减乘除
03:34
which哪一个 already已经 is a bit of a feat功绩 in metal金属,
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这对于金属来说已经很不错了
03:37
but it could also do something that a computer电脑 does
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不过它还可以做一些电脑能做的事情
03:40
and a calculator计算器 doesn't:
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但是计算器做不了的
03:42
this machine could look at its own拥有 internal内部 memory记忆 and make a decision决定.
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这个机器可以通过内存的数据来做决定
03:45
It could do the "if then" for basic基本 programmers程序员,
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它可以为程序员做条件判断
03:48
and that fundamentally从根本上 made制作 it into a computer电脑.
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而这样一来它其实就成了一台电脑
03:50
It could compute计算. It couldn't不能 just calculate计算. It could do more.
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可以计算.不光是计算,还可以做更多
03:55
Now, if we look at this, and we stop for a minute分钟,
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现在,让我们看着这个,停下来想想
03:58
and we think about chips芯片 today今天, we can't
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我们当今的芯片,我们甚至都看不到
04:00
look inside a silicon chip芯片. It's just so tiny.
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里面是什么.实在太小了
04:03
Yet然而 if you did, you would see something
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不过你如果真看到了,你可以看到跟这个(机械电脑)
04:05
very, very similar类似 to this.
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很相似的东西
04:07
There's this incredible难以置信 complexity复杂 in the CPU中央处理器,
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这就是CPU里难以置信的复杂性
04:10
and this incredible难以置信 regularity规律性 in the memory记忆.
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以及内存中难以置信的规律性
04:13
If you've ever seen看到 an electron电子 microscope显微镜 picture图片,
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如果你曾经看到一个电子显微镜的照片
04:14
you'll你会 see this. This all looks容貌 the same相同,
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你就会看到这个.看起来都会是一样的
04:16
then there's this bit over here which哪一个 is incredibly令人难以置信 complicated复杂.
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然后这部分就会十分的复杂
04:19
All this cogCOG wheel mechanism机制 here is doing is what a computer电脑 does,
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所有这些齿轮运作都在做一个电脑所做的事情
04:23
but of course课程 you need to program程序 this thing, and of course课程,
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不过当然你得给这个编程,
04:25
Babbage巴贝奇 used the technology技术 of the day
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巴贝奇当时使用了
04:28
and the technology技术 that would reappear再现 in the '50s, '60s and '70s,
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一种将在20世纪50,60,70年代又会重新出现的技术
04:32
which哪一个 is punch冲床 cards. This thing over here
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那就是打孔卡片.这个东西
04:35
is one of three punch冲床 card readers读者 in here,
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就是三个中其中一个读卡机
04:37
and this is a program程序 in the Science科学 Museum博物馆, just
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而这是一个在科学博物馆里的程序
04:41
not far from here, created创建 by Charles查尔斯 Babbage巴贝奇,
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离这儿不远,是由巴贝奇写的
04:45
that is sitting坐在 there — you can go see it —
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就在那儿,你可以去看看
04:47
waiting等候 for the machine to be built内置.
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然后等待人们把机器制造出来
04:50
And there's not just one of these, there's many许多 of them.
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不过那其实还有好多
04:53
He prepared准备 programs程式 anticipating期待 this would happen发生.
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他设计了一些程序,期待着它可以实现
04:56
Now, the reason原因 they used punch冲床 cards was that Jacquard提花,
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之所以用那么多打孔卡片是因为有提花机
04:58
in France法国, had created创建 the Jacquard提花 loom织布机,
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法国创造了提花机
05:00
which哪一个 was weaving织布 these incredible难以置信 patterns模式 controlled受控 by punch冲床 cards,
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受打孔卡片所控制,可以织出这些的不可思议的图案
05:03
so he was just repurposing再利用 the technology技术 of the day,
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而他当时就在为今天的科技在准备
05:06
and like everything else其他 he did, he's using运用 the technology技术
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跟所有他所做的其他事情一样
05:08
of his era时代, so 1830s, 1840s, 1850s, cogs齿轮, steam蒸汽,
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他在用他当时19世纪30,40,50年代的科技,齿轮,蒸汽机器什么的
05:13
mechanical机械 devices设备. Ironically讽刺地, born天生 the same相同 year
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具有讽刺意味的是,跟他在同一年出生的
05:16
as Charles查尔斯 Babbage巴贝奇 was Michael迈克尔 Faraday法拉第,
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还有迈克尔 法拉第
05:19
who would completely全然 revolutionize革命化 everything
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法拉第最后彻底地将所有东西都改进了
05:21
with the dynamo发电机, transformers变形金刚, all these sorts排序 of things.
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通过发电机,变压器以及各种东西
05:24
Babbage巴贝奇, of course课程, wanted to use proven证明 technology技术,
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巴贝奇想要用久经考验的科技
05:27
so steam蒸汽 and things.
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因此就是蒸汽之类的东西
05:29
Now, he needed需要 accessories饰品.
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他需要一些配件
05:30
Obviously明显, you've got a computer电脑 now.
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显然你已经有个电脑了
05:32
You've got punch冲床 cards, a CPU中央处理器 and memory记忆.
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还有很多卡片,CPU,以及内存
05:34
You need accessories饰品 you're going to come with.
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你还是需要一些配件
05:36
You're not just going to have that,
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没有的那些配件
05:38
So, first of all, you had sound声音. You had a bell,
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首先呢,要有声音。你可以用个铃铛
05:41
so if anything went wrong错误 — (Laughter笑声) —
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如果有事情出错了的话----(笑声)
05:43
or the machine needed需要 the attendant服务员 to come to it,
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或者机器需要一个人工干预的时候
05:45
there was a bell it could ring. (Laughter笑声)
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就可以摇铃铛.(笑声)
05:47
And there's actually其实 an instruction指令 on the punch冲床 card
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在打孔卡片上实际有个说明
05:49
which哪一个 says "Ring the bell." So you can imagine想像 this "Ting!"
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上面写着:"摇铃铛."然后你就可以想象"叮!"的一声
05:52
You know, just stop for a moment时刻, imagine想像 all those noises噪音,
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你可以想象一下所有这些噪音
05:54
this thing, "Click点击, clack唠叨 click点击 click点击 click点击,"
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这玩意儿,咔嗒咔嚓咔嗒咔嚓
05:55
steam蒸汽 engine发动机, "Ding," right? (Laughter笑声)
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还有蒸汽引擎."叮,"没错吧?(笑声)
05:58
You also need a printer打印机, obviously明显, and everyone大家 needs需求 a printer打印机.
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你还需要一个打印机,当然,每个人都需要
06:00
This is actually其实 a picture图片 of the printing印花 mechanism机制 for
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这是一幅关于另外一个机器的打印原理的图片
06:03
another另一个 machine of his, called the Difference区别 Engine发动机 No. 2,
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名叫“差分机2号”
06:06
which哪一个 he never built内置, but which哪一个 the Science科学 Museum博物馆
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他从没建造出来,不过科学博物馆
06:08
did build建立 in the '80s and '90s.
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在80和90年代造出来了
06:10
It's completely全然 mechanical机械, again, a printer打印机.
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还是个纯机械打印机
06:12
It prints版画 just numbers数字, because he was obsessed痴迷 with numbers数字,
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它只打印数字,因为他对数字很着迷
06:15
but it does print打印 onto paper, and it even does word wrapping包皮,
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不过它可以在纸上打印,甚至可以自动换行
06:18
so if you get to the end结束 of the line线, it goes around like that.
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因此当你到了一行的最后时,就会自动换行
06:21
You also need graphics图像, right?
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你还需要图像,对吧?
06:23
I mean, if you're going to do anything with graphics图像,
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如果你要对图像做点什么的话
06:24
so he said, "Well, I need a plotter绘图仪. I've got a big piece of paper
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因此他说:"嗯..我需要个绘图机,我有一大张纸,
06:27
and an ink墨水 pen钢笔 and I'll make it plot情节."
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还有个钢笔,这样它就可以作图了."
06:29
So he designed设计 a plotter绘图仪 as well,
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因此他也设计了一个绘图机
06:31
and, you know, at that point, I think he got pretty漂亮 much
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在那个时候呢,他拥有一个
06:35
a pretty漂亮 good machine.
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很好的机器了
06:36
Along沿 comes this woman女人, Ada阿达 Lovelace洛夫莱斯.
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当然还有这个女人,艾达 勒夫蕾丝
06:39
Now, imagine想像 these soirees晚会, all these great and good comes along沿.
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现在,想象一下这样的社交聚会,所有这样有名利的人都来了
06:42
This lady淑女 is the daughter女儿 of the mad, bad
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这位女士就是疯狂,阴险和危险的拜伦王
06:45
and dangerous-to-know危险方知 Lord Byron拜伦,
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的女儿
06:47
and her mother母亲, being存在 a bit worried担心 that she might威力 have
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她妈担心她的女儿会继承一些
06:50
inherited遗传 some of Lord Byron's拜伦的 madness疯狂 and badness,
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她爸的疯狂和阴险
06:53
thought, "I know the solution: Mathematics数学 is the solution.
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她想到:"我知道怎么解决了.数学就可以解决.
06:56
We'll teach her mathematics数学. That'll那会 calm冷静 her down."
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我们会教她数学.这样她就安静下来了."
06:59
(Laughter笑声) Because of course课程,
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(笑声)因为
07:03
there's never been a mathematician数学家 that's gone走了 crazy,
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从来没有一个数学家最后给疯掉的
07:06
so, you know, that'll那会 be fine. (Laughter笑声)
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因此呢,那个主意还不错.(笑声)
07:09
Everything'llEverything'll be fine. So she's got this mathematical数学的 training训练,
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一切都会变好的.因此她开始了对数学的学习
07:12
and she goes to one of these soirees晚会 with her mother母亲,
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然后跟她妈妈去了一个社交聚会
07:15
and Charles查尔斯 Babbage巴贝奇, you know, gets得到 out his machine.
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然后巴贝奇拿出了他的机器
07:18
The Duke公爵 of Wellington惠灵顿 is there, you know,
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威灵顿的公爵在那儿呢,
07:20
get out the machine, obviously明显 demonstrates演示 it,
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巴贝奇示范了他的机器,
07:21
and she gets得到 it. She's the only person in his lifetime一生, really,
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然后艾达就理解了.她是在他一生中的唯一个人,真正能理解的
07:25
who said, "I understand理解 what this does,
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她说:"我知道这个机器是干嘛的
07:26
and I understand理解 the future未来 of this machine."
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我也理解这个机器的未来会怎么样."
07:28
And we owe to her an enormous巨大 amount because we know
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她对我们的帮助十分大,因为之所以
07:31
a lot about the machine that Babbage巴贝奇 was intending打算 to build建立
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很多巴贝奇想要制造的机器
07:34
because of her.
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都是因为她
07:36
Now, some people call her the first programmer程序员.
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现在呢,一些人把她叫第一个程序员
07:39
This is actually其实 from one of -- the paper that she translated翻译.
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这其实是从她当初翻译的文章得出来的
07:42
This is a program程序 written书面 in a particular特定 style样式.
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这是一个特定格式下的程序
07:45
It's not, historically历史, totally完全 accurate准确 that she's the first programmer程序员,
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不过历史上讲,她并不仅仅真正的第一个程序员
07:49
and actually其实, she did something more amazing惊人.
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实际上,她做了一些更惊人的事
07:51
Rather than just being存在 a programmer程序员,
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不光是一个编程员
07:52
she saw something that Babbage巴贝奇 didn't.
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她还看到了一些巴贝奇没有看到的东西
07:54
Babbage巴贝奇 was totally完全 obsessed痴迷 with mathematics数学.
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他对数学太着迷了
07:58
He was building建造 a machine to do mathematics数学,
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他想建造一个能做数学的机器
08:02
and Lovelace洛夫莱斯 said, "You could do more than mathematics数学
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然后勒夫蕾丝说:"你在这台机器上不光可以做数学."
08:05
on this machine." And just as you do,
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其实在这个房间里都每一个人
08:08
everyone大家 in this room房间 already's已经是 got a computer电脑 on them
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身上都有个电脑
08:09
right now, because they've他们已经 got a phone电话.
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因为他们都有手机
08:11
If you go into that phone电话, every一切 single thing in that phone电话
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如果你打开你的手机,上面的每个东西
08:14
or computer电脑 or any other computing计算 device设备
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或者电脑,或者其他任何计算设备
08:16
is mathematics数学. It's all numbers数字 at the bottom底部.
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那都是数学.在底下全部都是数字
08:18
Whether是否 it's video视频 or text文本 or music音乐 or voice语音, it's all numbers数字,
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不管是视频或者短信或者音乐,都是数字
08:22
it's all, underlying底层 it, mathematical数学的 functions功能 happening事件,
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从头到尾都是数学函数
08:26
and Lovelace洛夫莱斯 said, "Just because you're doing
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勒夫蕾丝说:"仅仅因为你在
08:28
mathematical数学的 functions功能 and symbols符号
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使用数学函数和符号
08:32
doesn't mean these things can't represent代表
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并不代表这些东西不能呈现
08:34
other things in the real真实 world世界, such这样 as music音乐."
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其他东西,比如说音乐."
08:37
This was a huge巨大 leap飞跃, because Babbage巴贝奇 is there saying,
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这是个巨大的飞跃,因为巴贝奇说
08:40
"We could compute计算 these amazing惊人 functions功能 and print打印 out
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"我们可以计算出这些神奇的函数然后
08:42
tables of numbers数字 and draw graphs," — (Laughter笑声) —
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把数学表格和图像打印出来."---(笑声)
08:46
and Lovelace洛夫莱斯 is there and she says, "Look,
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然而勒夫蕾丝则说:"你看,
08:48
this thing could even compose撰写 music音乐 if you
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只要你给它以数字的形式呈现音乐
08:50
told it a representation表示 of music音乐 numerically数字."
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它就可以用来作曲."
08:54
So this is what I call Lovelace's洛夫莱斯的 Leap飞跃.
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这就是我说的勒夫蕾丝的飞越
08:56
When you say she's a programmer程序员, she did do some,
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当你说她是个程序员的时候,她的确是
08:59
but the real真实 thing is to have said the future未来 is going to be
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不过真正的重要是说出了未来会为变成什么样
09:02
much, much more than this.
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这比作为第一个程序员要有价值多了
09:05
Now, a hundred years年份 later后来, this guy comes along沿,
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现在,一百多年后,有个人出现了
09:07
Alan艾伦 Turing图灵, and in 1936, and invents发明了 the computer电脑 all over again.
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艾兰图林。在1936年,他重新发明了电脑
09:12
Now, of course课程, Babbage's巴贝奇的 machine was entirely完全 mechanical机械.
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当然,巴贝奇的机器是纯机械的
09:15
Turing's图灵 machine was entirely完全 theoretical理论.
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图林的机器是纯理论的
09:17
Both of these guys were coming未来 from a mathematical数学的 perspective透视,
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这些人都是从数学角度的观点来考虑的
09:20
but Turing图灵 told us something very important重要.
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不过图林告诉我们一些很重要的事情
09:23
He laid铺设 down the mathematical数学的 foundations基金会
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他在计算机科学奠定了数学的基础
09:26
for computer电脑 science科学, and said,
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他说
09:28
"It doesn't matter how you make a computer电脑."
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“你怎么制造电脑并不重要."
09:31
It doesn't matter if your computer's电脑 mechanical机械,
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就像是机械电脑,像巴贝奇那种,
09:33
like Babbage's巴贝奇的 was, or electronic电子, like computers电脑 are today今天,
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或者电子的,跟今天一样的,也不重要
09:37
or perhaps也许 in the future未来, cells细胞, or, again,
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再抑或将来是细胞构成的,
09:40
mechanical机械 again, once一旦 we get into nanotechnology纳米技术.
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或者又是机械的,一旦我们进入纳米技术
09:43
We could go back to Babbage's巴贝奇的 machine
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我们可以回到巴贝奇的机器,使它变得很小。
09:45
and just make it tiny. All those things are computers电脑.
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所有这些东西都是计算机
09:48
There is in a sense a computing计算 essence本质.
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在这之中有一个计算的本质
09:49
This is called the Church教会Turing图灵 thesis论文.
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这叫做邱奇-图灵论题
09:51
And so suddenly突然, you get this link链接 where you say
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所以突然之间,你知道了其中的联系
09:54
this thing Babbage巴贝奇 had built内置 really was a computer电脑.
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巴贝奇当年造的那东西确实是台电脑
09:56
In fact事实, it was capable of doing everything we do today今天
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实际上,它可以做任何我们现在用电脑能
09:59
with computers电脑, only really slowly慢慢地. (Laughter笑声)
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做的事情,只不过极其的慢而已.(笑声)
10:04
To give you an idea理念 of how slowly慢慢地,
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你要是想知道多慢的话,
10:06
it had about 1k of memory记忆.
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它有1k的内存
10:10
It used punch冲床 cards, which哪一个 were being存在 fed美联储 in,
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它使用打孔卡片作为输入
10:13
and it ran about 10,000 times slower比较慢 the first ZXZX81.
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比第一个ZX81(1981生产的家用电脑)要慢1万倍
10:19
It did have a RAM内存 pack.
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不过呢,它的确有个RAM组
10:20
You could add on a lot of extra额外 memory记忆 if you wanted to.
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你可以扩大它的容量
10:23
(Laughter笑声) So, where does that bring带来 us today今天?
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(笑声)嗯,那么这个东西给我们今天带来什么呢?
10:26
So there are plans计划.
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我们有计划
10:27
Over in Swindon斯温顿, the Science科学 Museum博物馆 archives档案,
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在斯文顿的科学博物馆档案中
10:30
there are hundreds数以百计 of plans计划 and thousands数千 of pages网页
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有成百个计划和上千页巴贝奇写的关于
10:32
of notes笔记 written书面 by Charles查尔斯 Babbage巴贝奇 about this analytical分析 engine发动机.
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这个分析引擎的笔记
10:35
One of those is a set of plans计划 that we call Plan计划 28,
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其中一个我们把它叫“计划28”
10:39
and that is also the name名称 of a charity慈善机构 that I started开始
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这还是个我与多伦斯韦德(Doron Swade)创建的一个
10:41
with Doron多伦 SwadeSwade, who was the curator馆长 of computing计算
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慈善机构的名字,他是科学博物馆计算项目的
10:44
at the Science科学 Museum博物馆, and also the person who drove开车
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管理人,并且是他将起草了
10:46
the project项目 to build建立 a difference区别 engine发动机,
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建造差分机的计划
10:48
and our plan计划 is to build建立 it.
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我们的计划就是把它造出来
10:50
Here in South Kensington肯辛顿, we will build建立 the analytical分析 engine发动机.
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在这里南肯辛顿,我们还会造分析引擎
10:54
The project项目 has a number of parts部分 to it.
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这个工程有很多部分
10:56
One was the scanning扫描 of Babbage's巴贝奇的 archive档案.
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一部分就是扫描巴贝奇的档案
10:59
That's been doneDONE. The second第二 is now the study研究
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这个已经做完了.第二个是现在
11:01
of all of those plans计划 to determine确定 what to build建立.
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学习所有这些计划去决定应该建造什么
11:04
The third第三 part部分 is a computer电脑 simulation模拟 of that machine,
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第三部分是那个机器的一个电脑模拟系统
11:08
and the last part部分 is to physically物理 build建立 it at the Science科学 Museum博物馆.
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最后一部就是在科学博物馆真正把机器造出来
11:11
When it's built内置, you'll你会 finally最后 be able能够 to understand理解 how a computer电脑 works作品,
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当它造出来的时候,你就会真正理解电脑是怎么工作的
11:14
because rather than having a tiny chip芯片 in front面前 of you,
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因为与其有一个极小的芯片在你面前
11:16
you've got to look at this humongous堆积如山 thing and say, "Ah,
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你可以看看这个巨大的东西然后说;"噢,
11:18
I see the memory记忆 operating操作, I see the CPU中央处理器 operating操作,
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我看到内存在工作,CPU在工作
11:22
I hear it operating操作. I probably大概 smell it operating操作." (Laughter笑声)
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我还能听见它在工作.我说不定还闻到了."(笑声)
11:25
But in between之间 that we're going to do a simulation模拟.
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在这之间呢我们会做一个模拟
11:28
Babbage巴贝奇 himself他自己 wrote, he said,
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巴贝奇写到
11:30
as soon不久 as the analytical分析 engine发动机 exists存在,
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一旦分析引擎存在后
11:31
it will surely一定 guide指南 the future未来 course课程 of science科学.
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它一定会对于未来的科学有所指导作用
11:35
Of course课程, he never built内置 it, because he was always fiddling摆弄
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当然,他从未成功造出来,因为他总是在他新计划
11:37
with new plans计划, but when it did get built内置, of course课程,
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上浪费时间,不过当真有东西建造出来的时候,
11:39
in the 1940s, everything changed.
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在20世纪40年代,所有事情都被改变了
11:43
Now, I'll just give you a little taste味道 of what it looks容貌 like
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现在,我会给你看下它大概会长成什么样子
11:44
in motion运动 with a video视频 which哪一个 shows节目
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一个视频来展示
11:47
just one part部分 of the CPU中央处理器 mechanism机制 working加工.
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CPU的一部分是怎么工作的
11:55
So this is just three sets of cogs齿轮,
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这是三组齿轮
11:58
and it's going to add. This is the adding加入 mechanism机制
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它准备做加法.这是加法的工作原理
12:00
in action行动, so you imagine想像 this gigantic巨大 machine.
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这样你可以想象到这个巨大的机器
12:03
So, give me five years年份.
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给我五年时间
12:04
Before the 2030s happen发生, we'll have it.
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在2030之前,我们就会有了
12:07
Thank you very much. (Applause掌声)
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非常感谢.(鼓掌)
Translated by Yuguo Zhang
Reviewed by Hom Liu

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
John Graham-Cumming - Computer programmer
Computer programmer John Graham-Cumming keeps geek history alive by raising awareness for it's heroes and their inventions.

Why you should listen

John Graham-Cumming received his Ph.D. in computer security from Oxford University. A peripatetic programmer, he has worked in Silicon Valley, New York, the UK, Germany and France. In 2004, his open source POPFile program won a Jolt Productivity Award. He has authored two books: The Geek Atlas, a travel companion for math and science history enthusiasts; and GNU Make Unleashed, a guide for programmers. In 2009, he spearheaded a successful petition to the British Government demanding an apology for its persecution of Alan Turing for his homosexuality. His personal blog was rated among the "top 30 science blogs" by The Times in February 2010. And in October, 2010, he founded an organization dedicated to build Charles Babbage's famous analytical engine.

 

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John Graham-Cumming | Speaker | TED.com